pigment for ornamenting pottery; about four inches in diameter, cavity
about one inch deep, bottom ground flat.
92. (40716). Flat paint mortar, of quartz rock, almost round, about an
inch thick, depression quite shallow; used for grinding a pigment of
azurite or carbonate of copper, small nodules of which they collect
at copper mines. This pigment is used in painting and decorating
wooden images and gods.
[Illustration:
Fig. 353 (40731) (1/3)
Fig. 355 (42245) (1/3)
Fig. 354 (42266) (1/3)
Fig. 357 (40808) (1/4)
Fig. 356 (41289)
Fig. 358 (42272) (1/2)
Figs. 353-358.--Stone Implements from Zuni.]
93. (40717). Mortar similar to the above, and used for the same purpose.
94. (40718). Paint mortar made from a large irregularly round
ferruginous sandstone. Used in pulverizing a reddish pigment for
decorating pottery.
95. (40719). Mortar of a globular shape, made from a coarse-grained
sandstone, used for grinding or mixing vermilion.
96. (40720). Paint mortar of sandstone. The whole mortar is only about
an inch thick; made from a section of an old metate rubber.
97. (40722). Paint mortar of quartzite; blue pigment grinder. Size about
four by three inches. This, like many of the flat mortars, has been
first used as a rubbing stone and subsequently converted into a paint
mortar.
98. (40723). Mortar made from a quartz boulder.
99. (40724). Sandstone mortar.
100. (40725). Paint mortar of sandstone, very flat.
101. (40726). Paint mortar, with oblong shallow depression; sandstone.
102. (40728). Square paint mortar; cavity about half an inch deep;
sandstone impregnated with iron. Quartzitic pestle accompanying it.
103. (40729). Paint mortar of quartzite; almost square; depression
almost worn through by use; quartz pebble pestle accompanying it.
104. (40730). Small round paint mortar of basalt, with white quartz
pebble pestle.
105. (40731). Fig. 353. Paint mortar and pestle of quartz, with a knob
on the end, which serves as a handle. This mortar was used in grinding
an azurite pigment.
106. (40732). Mortar shaped somewhat like a ladle; the projecting end is
provided with a small groove out of which the paint is poured.
107. (40733). Small sandstone mortar.
108. (40864). Paint mortar of sandstone.
109. (40868). Paint mortar of basalt, almost square.
110. (40869). Flat, square sandstone paint mortar; black water-worn
pebble for pestle.
111. (40907). Chili or red pepper mortar of very porous lava rock; oval
bottom, shallow cavity, about four inches thick and eight in diameter.
These lava mortars may have been used for other purposes, but at the
present time the Indians use them in crushing the pods and seeds of
red pepper, and occasionally for crushing parched corn. They are quite
common.
112. (40908). Food mortar of lava rock; square with flat bottom.
Mortars of this kind are used in crushing grain and seeds.
113. (42272). Fig. 358. Paint mortar of very hard, fine-grained
sandstone. The specimen is a very fair type of all the square paint
mortars and pestles. The depression is often square instead of round.
In grinding pigments the Indians generally move the pestle backward
and forward instead of around as is done by our druggists.
114. (41273). Small sandstone paint mortar, much like the preceding.
115. (40227). Small egg-shaped paint pestle of white quartz. The general
name of these in Zuni is _[ae]h-sh[)o]c-t[-o]n-ne_.
116. (42276). Flat sandstone, circular and about five inches in
diameter; used as a quoit; originally a rubbing stone.
_MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS._
117. (39755). Eight specimens not very well defined. They are flint
flakes, showing, by their shape, that they were designed for scrapers
and groovers, being flat or slightly concave on one side and oval on
the other.
118. (41289). Fig. 356. This is a sandstone mould for shaping metal
into such forms as suit the fancy of the Indians for bridle and other
ornaments; one cavity is rectangular, about four inches long by one in
width; the other about two inches in diameter. Silver, which has long
been a metal of traffic among these tribes, is the one which is
usually melted down for ornamental purposes. After it is taken from
the mould it is beaten thin, then polished.
119. (41290). Is a portion of the same mould, with one cavity square and
the other in the shape of a spear-head.
120, 121. (42266), Fig. 354, and (42267), are crucibles, which were used
in connection with the moulds for melting silver and other metals.
Many other ornaments are made in the same manner.
122. (40808). Fig. 357. This is a large, rudely chipped spear-head
of mica schist, obtained at Zuni, which was carried in the hand
of one of the performers in a dance. It does not show any
evidences of having been used in any other way. They called it
_[ae]h'-chi-[ae]n-t[-e]h-[ae]-hla_.
123. (42245). Fig. 355. Handsomely-shaped and well-polished skinning
knife of a remarkably fine-grained silicious slate. Above the
shoulders on one side it is worn off to an oval surface, and is flat
on the other.
124. (40915). Round sandstone, which is called a gaming stone; it is
quite round, and bears the same name in Zuni as the pestle,
_[-a]h-k[ae]-mon-ne_.
125. (40916). Quartz stone, flat and rounded at the ends as a sort of
last to keep moccasins in shape while being sewed; called
_y[ae]'-l[)i]n-ne_.
126. (41239). String of alabaster beads, _tem-thla_.
127. (41240). Charm, representing the upper part of the body and head of
a bird.
128. (41241). Charm; representing a horse; quartz.
129. (41242). Charm; bird's head and upper part of body.
[Illustration:
Fig. 359 (39871) (1/5)
Fig. 360 (39916) (1/4)
Figs. 359, 360.--Zuni Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 361 (39834) (1/5)
Fig. 362 (41150) (1/4)
Figs. 361, 362.--Zuni Water Vases.]
130. (41243). Charm; horse and saddle.
131. (41244). Charm; representing entire bird; quartz.
132. (41245). Charm; head and upper part of body of a bird.
133. (41246). Charm; the same.
134. (41247). Agate arrow-head.
135. (40870). Disk of sandstone, slightly convex in the centre; used in
games.
136. (42325). Flat sandstone slab, with the horns of male and female
deer engraved on one side.
137, 138. (40721) and (41249). Flat sandstones, used for baking
_wi-a-vi_, a thin, wafer-like bread, by heating the rocks and then
spreading a gruel-like mixture of corn meal over them. The largest one
of these stones is about three feet in length by two in width. They are
used by the Zuni and Moki pueblos quite extensively.
139. (42324). Eighty chip flints and flakes of agate, quartz,
chalcedony, &c.
ARTICLES OF CLAY.
_WATER VASES._
140. (39871). Form and decorations shown in Fig. 359. The slender
shading lines only are brown, the rest of the figuring black; the base
in this as in most Zuni pottery is reddish or slate colored. This may
be considered as the type of one variety of decorations, readily
distinguished by the unadorned circular spaces, the large scrolls, and
the absence of animal forms. The larger forms of these vases are
called by the Zunians _k[-a]h'-wi-n[-a]-k[ae]-t[-e]hl-le_; the smaller
forms, _det-tsan-na_.
141. (39916). The ornamentation is well shown in Fig. 360. The
combinations on this piece are rare on Zuni pottery, and the chief
figure on the body is more symmetrical than is usual in this group of
ware. This may also be considered as representing a second type of
decorations of which there is but one other example in the collection.
142. (39920). This belongs to the variety represented by Fig. 360, and
varies chiefly in having the neck decorated with leaf-like figures,
and in having the scrolls replaced by triangles with inner serratures.
143. (39934). The largest size; Fig. 361. The decorations of this piece
belong to a third variety, distinguished chiefly by the presence of
the elk or deer. Attention is called to the three figured zones or
belts on the body, the upper with the arch inclosing an elk; the
middle and narrow belt adorned with figures of birds with a long crest
feather. The helix or scroll is freely introduced in this variety. The
one here figured is typical of quite a large group. The animals are
usually black, as are the lines separating the spaces.
144. (41150). This is similar in size and decorations to Fig. 361, and
is shown in Fig. 362. The difference in the form of the bird in this
from that in the preceding is worthy of notice.
145. (39933). Similar to No. 143 (Fig. 361); bird scrolls as in No. 144.
146. (40322). Medium size, represented in Fig. 364. It may be grouped in
the variety of which Fig. 359 is given as the type.
147. (39936). Large size; decorations resembling those in Fig. 364, but
with two belts of scrolls on the body.
148. (41154). Medium size; figures as in No. 147.
149. (41155). 150. (41162). Medium size; decorations similar to the
preceding, except that No. 150 (41162) has figures of sheep on the
neck.
151. (41158). Large size; the ornamentation of this piece, as will be
seen by reference to Fig. 363, belongs to the variety represented by
Fig. 359 and 364, but differs in having on the body a middle zone of
bird-like figures.
152. (41161). Large size; similar to Fig. 363.
153. (39943). Decorations very similar to those shown in Fig. 359.
154. (39937). Medium size; ornamentation similar to that seen in Fig.
361.
155. (40312). Large size; shown in Fig. 365. As will be seen by
comparison the decorations are the same as those in Fig. 361, except
that the elk is omitted and a figure of scrolls introduced in its
place.
156. (40310). Fig. 366. Large size. In the decorations of this piece we
observe a new feature, a rosette or flower, showing a decided
appreciation of the beautiful, either suggested by the flowers of the
Helianthus or by something introduced by Europeans, but most probably
the former. The different forms of this figure found on this ware
furnish, perhaps the best evidence of taste exhibited by the Zunian
artists.
157. (40313). Fig. 368. Large size. In this we see the same figures as
in Figs. 363 and 366 brought into combination with the rosette, the
birds being replaced by sheep.
158. (40318). Large size; similar to No. 149, except that the rosette is
introduced in place of the circle.
159. (40314). }
160. (40316). }
Decorations belong to the variety shown in Fig. 361.
161. (40317). Fig. 367. A little study of these figures will satisfy any
one that although there is an apparently endless variety in details,
there are, in fact, but comparatively few different figures.
162. (41146). Fig. 370. This belongs to the same variety as Fig. 368.
163. (40315). Large size, similar to that represented in Fig. 370, but
varying in form, having the expansion at the shoulder more prominent
and tapering more rapidly from thence to the base. The figures remind
us of the trappings often seen in Japanese cuts.
[Illustration:
Fig. 363 (41158) (1/5)
Fig. 364 (40322) (1/3)
Figs. 363, 364.--Zuni Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 365 (40312) (1/5)
Fig. 366 (40310) (1/5)
Figs. 365, 366.--Zuni Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 367 (40317) (1/5)
Fig. 368 (40313) (1/5)
Figs. 367, 368.--Zuni Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 369 (40701) (1/4)
Fig. 370 (41146) (1/4)
Figs. 369, 370.--Zuni Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 371 (39935) (1/4)
Fig. 372 (41149) (1/4)
Figs. 371, 372.--Zuni Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 373 (39774) (1/4)
Fig. 374 (41167) (1/4)
Figs. 373, 374.--Zuni Water Vases.]
164. (40319). Medium size; decorations similar to those in Fig. 361,
except that here the elk or deer stands on a broad black band in which
there is a row of white diamonds.
165. (40321). Medium size; of the variety represented in Fig. 361, but
in these smaller pieces the bird zone is omitted, and there is but one
figured zone on the body. In this example a small elk is represented
as standing on the back of a larger one.
166. (40700). Medium size, belonging to the same type as the preceding.
On the neck are figures of grotesque kite-shaped birds.
167. (40701). Medium size; Fig. 369. This and the preceding one are not
designated as vases in the original Smithsonian Catalogue, nor in my
field list, but according to the form should be classed in this group.
168. (41165). Medium size; decorations similar to those of Fig. 367, but
varying in having the figure of a bird introduced in the middle belt
with a small double scroll arising out of the back. The lower belt has
the same bird reversed.
169. (39935). Medium size. The unusual decorations of this piece are
shown in Fig. 371. It differs, as does also Fig. 369, from the usual
form; the body is more nearly spherical, the neck more gracefully
curved, and the rim slightly flaring. The proportions are also
different; height, 8.75 inches; diameter of body, 10; of mouth, 6.5.
170. (41144). }
171. (41147). }
Decorations similar to those in Fig. 364; (41144) varies in having the
figures of elk or deer on the neck and in the coarser or ruder
scrolls.
172. (41149). This somewhat abnormal form is well shown in Fig. 372. It
is of medium size.
173. (41152). This belongs to the same type, both as to form and
decorations.
174. (41153). Large size; of the usual form, but the decorations on the
body peculiar, the design being crudely architectural.
175. (41156). Medium size, belonging to the type represented by Fig.
361.
176. (41163). Medium size. This pretty vase has a somewhat peculiar
decoration, which can be best described as a kind of patch-work
representing small fragments of pottery.
177. (41166). Medium size, with the usual elk and scroll figures.
178. (41167). This specimen, which is rather above medium size, presents
one of the most chaste designs in the entire group. It is represented
in Fig. 374. Attention is called especially to the leaves and to the
simple meander in the stripes.
179. (41168). Marked with the usual elk and scroll figures. Medium size.
180. (39774). The decorations of this piece, shown in Fig. 373, may be
classed with the peculiar type with oblique and vertical bands
represented in Fig. 374.
181. (39917). Figures similar to those in Fig. 363.
182. (40768). The decorations on this piece consist entirely of
representations of pyramids or possibly of pueblos, and are arranged
in bands, one on the neck and two on the body; the two upper bands
show the figures inverted.
183. (40770). }
184. (40771). }
No. 183 is decorated with scrolls and bird scrolls and a scalloped
line around the shoulder; No. 184 with elks and scrolls on the body.
185-188. 185, (40800). Fig. 378. The grotesque or kite-like bird seen on
the neck, though rarely seen on the large water vase, is common on the
small ones. To this type belong the following Nos. 186, (40769); 187,
(40772); 188, (40791).
189. (40773). }
190. (40776). }
These have the usual triangular and scroll designs without animal
figures, as in Fig. 364.
191. (40777). Fig. 377. The decorations on this evidently belong to the
same type as those represented in Fig. 359, the bird on the neck being
the only variation. To this type also belong the following numbers:
192, (40778); 193, (40792); 194, (40794).
195. (40779). }
196. (40781). }
197. (40788). }
198. (40787). }
199. (40788). }
200. (40801). }
These belong to the type represented by Fig. 361, distinguished
chiefly by the elk, triangular figures, and scrolls.
201. (40780). }
202. (40784). }
203. (40786). }
204. (40790). }
The decorations on these are similar to those shown in Figs. 366, 367,
368, and 370, in which the rosette is a distinguishing characteristic.
Nos. 201, 202, and 203 are without figures of animals; No. 204 has a
double belt of elk figures between the rosettes.
205. (40782). The designs on this remain unfinished; except that the
triangles on the neck and the arches in which it was evidently the
intention to place the figures of animals, are shown.
206. (40785). Fig. 375. This pretty vase, as will be seen by reference
to the figure, has the diameter greater in proportion to the height
than usual. Although the design is tasteful the hues are coarse and
not so well drawn as the figure indicates.
207. (40789). On this there is an evident attempt to represent a pueblo
or communal dwelling and the ladders.
208. (40793). Shown in Fig. 376.
209. (40795). Neck and lower belt of the body marked with vertical lines
and oblique diamonds; upper belt with inverted pyramidal figures.
210. (40849). Very small; marked with oblique scalloped lines.
211. (40850). Very small; elk and grotesque bird on the body.
212. (40851). Very small; decorations similar to those on the middle
belt of Fig. 373.
[Illustration:
Fig. 375 (40785) (1/3)
Fig. 376 (40793) (1/3)
Fig. 377 (40777)
Fig. 378 (40800) (1/4)
Figs. 375-378.--Zuni Water Vases.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 379 (39659)
Fig. 380 (39618)
Fig. 381 (40798)
Fig. 382 (39592)
Fig. 383 (41145)
Fig. 384 (41052)
Figs. 379-384.--ZUNI POTTERY.]
213. (41105). Similar to that shown in Fig. 361.
214. (40774). Marked with transverse lines and scrolls; design simple
and unique.
The following specimens are red ware:
215. (40311). Large size; without ornamentation.
216. (40775). Small; form peculiar, diameter of the body greatest at the
base, mouth flaring; decorations in black, consisting of triangles
pointing downwards, and lines.
217. (40798). Medium size. See Fig. 381.
218. (40799). }
219. (40802). }
Small; without ornamentation.
220. (41145). Large. See Fig. 383.
221. (41052). Medium size. See Fig. 384.
222. (41151). }
223. (41157). }
224. (41159). }
Medium size; without ornamentation.
225. (41160). Medium size; with a scalloped band in black around the rim
and shoulder.
Black ware:
226. (39930). Large size; without ornamentation.
The only black water vase obtained at Zuni; it was doubtless procured
from some other tribe. The black ware obtained from, this tribe is in
nearly all cases used for cooking, or holding liquids or moist foods. As
remarked in another place, the Zuni black ware is generally small except
in cases where large quantities of food are to be cooked, which occurs
at feast tunes, when very large vessels are employed.
_WATER JUGS AND JARS._
These vary so greatly in form that it is impossible to give any general
description that would convey a correct idea.
227. (39885). Somewhat mug-shaped, with handle; the top is rounded to
the small mouth, no neck. White ware with scalloped bands and a
Maltese cross.
228. (39886). Similar in form, but smaller, without handle or
decorations.
229. (39899). Somewhat similar in form to the preceding, except that it
is lower and more depressed, and instead of a mouth, at the top there
is an orifice at the side as in the canteens, with which this should
probably be classed.
230. (39940). Similar to No. 228.
231. (40062). Similar in form to No. 227, but without handle; with a
double scalloped band around the constricted portion, and a single one
around the mouth; figure of an insect on the upper half; apparently
intended to represent a butterfly or large moth.
232. (40608). Small unhandled jug in the form of a smelling bottle.
Unadorned.
233. (40611). Similar to No. 232.
234. (40697). }
235. (40608). }
Like No. 228, with slight decorations.
236. (41140). An amphora or slender jug with two handles.
237. (39928). A jar shown in Fig. 399.
238. (39922). _M[-e]-h[-e]-t[-o]_, canteen of large size. Plain brown,
as are also the following specimens:
239-242. 239, (40079); 240, (40081); 241, (40082), this has a small
flower on one side; 242, (40083).
243-245. 243, (40088); 244, (40090); 245, (40091).
246-248. 246, (40085); 247, (40086), and 248, (40676), plain, white.
249. (40077). White with color decorations. Fig. 387.
The following eight specimens are also white with colors:
250. (40078). Decorated profusely with scrolls, leaves, and other
figures. See Fig. 400.
251. (40080). Figure of a coiled snake or worm, without head or other
character to indicate what it was intended to represent.
252. (40084). Usual scroll figures.
253. (40087). Decorated with simple loops and bands.
254. (40089). Radiating serrate lines.
255. (40092). Vase-shaped, with three colored bands.
256. (40093). Shown in Fig. 385.
257. (40886). Handsome piece, with floweret at the apex, scrolls on the
side, and a scalloped band around the middle. The bands are always
horizontal, the vessel being on its side. See Fig. 398.
258. (39914). _M[-e]-h[-e]-t[-o]-ts[-a]n-n[-a]_, canteens of small size.
Red. Double, with two sets of handles and two chambers, but with
only one orifice. Decorations in white, those on the larger piece
consisting of meanders of the simplest form, a figure very unusual on
Zuni pottery.
259. (39659). Brown, with handle and decorations in black. See Fig. 379.
260. (39923). Plain brown.
The following are also plain brown, red, or yellow:
261-271. 261, (40094); 262, (40095); 263, (40096); 264, (40097), Fig.
390; 265, (40099); 266, (40100); 267, (40101); 268, (40687), Fig. 386;
269, (40688); 270, (40689); 271, (40690).
272. (40102). White, with an oblique scalloped band.
273. (39872). White, shown in Fig. 389.
274. (40686). White, decorations as in Fig. 389.
275. (40685). White, with a single flower.
276. (40691). White, egg-shaped, with a single handle; decorated with a
figure of the horned toad.
277. (40692). White, form and decorations like those shown in Fig. 385.
278. (40098). With outline figures of birds.
279. (40695). White, shown in Fig. 388. Although obtained at Zuni, this
piece may have been manufactured at one of the other pueblos.
[Illustration:
Fig. 385 (40093) (1/3)
Fig. 386 (40687) (1/3)
Fig. 387 (40077) (1/6)
Figs. 385-387.--Zuni Canteens]
[Illustration:
Fig. 388 (40695) (1/3)
Fig. 389 (39872) (1/3)
Fig. 390 (40097) (1/3)
Fig. 391 (40106) (1/3)
Figs. 388-391.--Zuni Canteens.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 392 (39889) (1/5)
Fig. 393 (40104) (1/3)
Fig. 394 (39915) (1/3)
Fig. 392-394.--Zuni Canteens.]
[Illustration:
Fig. 395 (39913) (1/3)
Fig. 396 (39837) (1/3)
Fig. 397 (39914) (1/6)
Figs. 395-397.--Zuni Canteens.]
_JUGS OF FANCIFUL FORMS._
280. (39913). Fig. 395. Zuni name _M[-e]'-wi-i-p[ae]-chin_.
281. (39887). Similar to No. 280.
282. (39889). Fig. 392. _M[-e]'-wi-k[-e]-lik-t[-o]n-ne_. Plain red.
283. (39915). Fig. 394.
284. (40103). White, bottle-shaped, with constriction below the middle;
scalloped bands and bird figures around the upper third. See Fig. 402.
285. (40104). Shown in Fig. 393.
286. (40105). Similar to No. 285. Marked with the figure of a bird
having the wings spread. Navajo. _K[-o]'-s[-e]-t[)o]m-me._
287. (40106). Fig. 391.
288. (39887). Fig. 396. A double-globed canteen; triangular, with
orifice at upper convexity.
289. (39914). Fig. 397. Red ware, with white lines on the lower globe
and decorations in black on the upper, with orifice in each globe.
_PITCHERS._
These are of the usual form, of such vessels, except that they are
generally without the lip. It is possible that to a certain extent they
have been patterned after those observed in use among the Europeans or
white races with whom these Indians have come in contact. But we shall
presently find specimens similar in form among the ancient pottery found
in the ruins of the cliff houses. We are inclined to believe that the
form is original and not borrowed. The figures introduced will suffice
to illustrate the form and usual decorations. The specimens obtained are
generally small, varying in capacity from a pint to half a gallon. These
are known in Zuni by the name _[-E]'-m[-u]sch-t[-o]n-ne_.
290. (39918). Shown in Fig. 403.
291. (40668). With scalloped margin and decorations similar to those on
Fig. 403.
292. (40669). Without handle and should be classed with the cups.
Figures of plants.
293. (40671). Triangles on the upper portion; simple meander on the
bowl.
294. (40672). Similar to the following.
295. (40673). With scalloped margin and zigzag lines on white ground;
small right-angle handle.
296. (40674). With scalloped marginal and middle bands. The following
are brown ware with but slight decorations: