types, the Secretary of the Association will be glad to correspond
with owners of prize stud dogs with a view of securing a reduction
of fees in favour of members of the Association. All members will be
duly advised through _The Gamekeeper_ of such reductions when they
are allowed, and the Executive hope that the efforts they are making
in this direction will be to the advantage of both members and owners
of stud dogs. Members of the Association, who have valuable dogs, are
particularly requested to place them at the service of other members
for stud purposes.
_Notice_
The Secretary will be pleased to forward particulars to members who
are desirous of making the Association known amongst their Gamekeeper
friends. It is hoped that each member will do his best to add to
the roll of the Association by inducing others to join. Forms of
application for intending members may be obtained of the Secretary, who
will be glad to answer all inquiries.
A monthly report concerning the work and position of the Association
will be found in each issue of its organ, _The Gamekeeper_.
A list of stud dogs, placed at the service of members at reduced fees,
is also occasionally published in _The Gamekeeper_, copies of this
paper being obtainable from the EDITOR, Hertford, Herts.
Recently efforts have been made towards instituting a fund for the
benefit of keepers during later life.
CHAPTER XVI
=Feeding Sporting Dogs=
Amongst Masters of Hounds and breeders of other Sporting Dogs, it
is a general custom to feed the animals but once a day, and in most
instances this is economical and satisfactory.
To maintain an even condition of the whole pack is one of the best
tests as to the huntsman's management of the pack, and the kennelman's
skill in feeding them.
Like all other varieties of dogs, Hounds differ in their likes and
dislikes to food, so that whilst certain members of the pack are
thriving on the food set before them, others are losing flesh,
otherwise not improving in condition. Another reason why one or more of
the Hounds may not be "doing well" is often due to the weaker members
being "snapped at" by their stronger and peevish brethren when at the
feeding vessels. Observation will soon settle whether this be the cause
of particular hounds not thriving.
Shy feeders should either be allowed to have the first cut at the food,
or else fed by themselves, say two couples at one time. Horse-flesh
and good oatmeal--or some form of Hound meal--constitutes the best
staple food for Hounds. During the hot weather the flesh requires to
be boiled twice or thrice weekly. As a substitute, skimmed milk can be
used.
Nothing but sound horse-flesh ought to be used. Cattle, sheep, or pigs,
that have died suddenly--unless certain that cause of death is of a
harmless nature--should be avoided.
There is a risk of the animals contracting anthrax, deaths from this
malady amongst dogs by no means being unknown.
Tuberculous cattle are equally objectionable as food for dogs.
In every instance the author recommends boiling the flesh, so that no
redness, or uncooked portions remain.
The Hounds should be fed at least a couple of hours before starting
off. Nothing can be worse than to run dogs with a full stomach.
Precisely the same remark applies to all other Sporting Dogs, but to
the working Hound in particular.
The advantages of placing puppies "out at walk" is, as in the past,
largely carried out, and the system leaves little to be desired. Most
puppy walkers do justice to their charges, but huntsmen and others
will do well to see that thin puppies are kept in _fat conndition_,
and not _low_. The erroneous opinion, though so general, that a puppy
ought to be kept down in condition when distemper is approaching, is
the greatest fallacy under the sun, and one that ought to have exploded
long ago.
My advice to "walkers" and to owners is to feed your puppies well and
get them fat, because distemper will soon plough out their ribs, etc.,
if unfortunate enough--as most of the good ones are--to contract it.
A little black treacle (teaspoonful), mixed with meal, rice, etc., and
given once a week, is beneficial. If too much be used, it makes the
bowels loose, especially after the dogs get warm with work, etc.
A change of food is of course desirable. Pointers, Setters, Retrievers,
Beagles, Terriers, etc., etc., may have dry dog-biscuits--or soaked if
preferred--given to them in a morning, and soaked stale bread--with
water squeezed out--mixed with cut-up meat for the evening meal.
Boiled (or raw) paunches make a splendid food for dogs, and have great
nutritive value. Boiled rice, flour, and various other meals are
suitable, only must have a proportionable amount of flesh added to them.
Many sportsmen believe that flesh destroys a gundog's scenting power,
and others that it makes thin dogs hard-mouthed. The author cannot
share this belief. For the satisfactory performance of work, a dog
must be allowed flesh, and shortness of this--a dog's natural diet--is
one of the chief causes of so many dogs breaking out in skin eruptions.
In addition to good food, regularly given in suitable quantities, it is
necessary to see that the dogs have a plentiful supply of pure water,
but it is not a good plan to give water immediately after feeding.
Another matter, in connection with feeding, that gamekeepers, etc.,
will do well to bear in mind, is to avoid feeding a dog on the
entrails, etc., of rabbits and hares--a fruitful source of worms.
=Conditioning Dogs=
First of all, let us ask the apparently simple question, what is meant
by "Condition?"
Our answer is: "The highest standard of excellence for a given purpose."
To the uninitiated, it may seem a very simple matter--only a question
of plenty of food--to get a dog into condition--or, we ought to say,
with a good layer of flesh upon his ribs.
But the huntsman, sportsman, and exhibitor know different to this.
It is not merely a question of food, but one of well-carried-out
training--at anyrate in the eyes of the two first-named.
Foxhounds, Harriers, Greyhounds, Beagles, Otterhounds, Whippets, etc.,
must be "well winded," and this can only be obtained by daily exercise,
first on foot, and then on horseback, gradually increasing the distance
and pace.
The late Mr Apperley ("Nimrod") said: "That the highest virtue in a
Foxhound is his being true to the line his game has gone, and _a stout
runner at the end of the chase_." In the words printed in italics
is embodied the term "Condition," as understood by the huntsman and
hound-master.
Accepting the statement as correct, it is not necessary to say the
amount of flesh a dog should carry.
With the exhibitor, matters are rather different, _show_ condition
being his desideratum.
If a sporting dog is going to a show, feed night and morning on meat
and bread, so that by the time fixed for the show the ribs will have
a good layer of flesh over them, being felt in outline only when the
fingers are passed across them.
When a dog is very thin, give him a tablespoonful of malt or cod-liver
oil and malt, night and morning.
Raw flesh will help matters greatly.
Before starting to lay on flesh by extra feeding, oil, etc., it is
generally advisable to satisfy oneself that the dog is practically free
from worms, otherwise the extra nourishment will be wasted. Try for
tape-worm with a dose of areca nut, and for round-worms, three days
afterwards, with 10 grains of santonin, mixed with a dessertspoonful of
treacle and one tablespoonful of castor oil.
The use of a hound-glove, chamois leather, and brush and comb, with an
occasional bath, will do the rest.
It is better to wash your dog several days before the show, because the
water destroys the natural lubricant, or that making the hair glossy.
Curly-coated Retrievers are improved in tightness of curl by the use of
cold water.
CHAPTER XVII
=Specific Ailments=
DISTEMPER--RABIES--BLOOD-POISONING--RHEUMATISM OR KENNEL LAMENESS
Under the title of "Specific" Ailments, the author deems it advisable
to give a brief account of such diseases as distemper, blood-poisoning,
rabies or madness, rheumatism, kennel lameness, or chest founder,
these complaints having as their cause germs, or micro-organisms; the
production of these ailments--in three of them at least--being due to
the entrance of minute organisms into the system, the excretions, or
poisonous products resulting in the several forms of disease, as named
above.
By far the commonest of these specific canine ailments is--
DISTEMPER
This malady is only too well known amongst owners and breeders
of sporting dogs, and to its almost constant presence in certain
kennels the rearing of puppies is seriously handicapped. It is
readily communicable from one dog to another--more particularly the
young--either by direct or indirect means.
Some kennels are singularly exempt from its presence, whereas others
are hardly ever without it.
In the latter case, the disease obviously exists upon the premises,
measures for its extinction having been inadequately carried out.
One would hardly credit the multifarious channels through which this
canine scourge can be propagated.
Feeding utensils, benches, the hands and clothing of attendants,
hampers, collars and chains, bedding, water vessels, by contact of the
diseased and healthy, and possibly by wind carrying the dessicated
discharges, are all liable to become active agents for the production
of the malady.
So varied is distemper in its method of attack, that the most expert
professional may ignore its existence. Previous to the development of
the symptoms, there is the so-called period of incubation, _i.e._, the
time during which the germs are, as it were, dormant, though in reality
they are maturing, the advent of their maturation being the development
of the specific lesions designated distemper. By far the commonest
manifestation of this horrible canine scourge is that in connection
with the mucous membranes lining the eyelids, and upper air passages.
Possibly these are the chief portals for the entrance of the germs, and
if the specific poison would only confine its ravages to these regions,
the ultimate results would be of a much less serious nature.
No amount of good government will confine the assaults of the germs
to positions so readily accessible to amelioration by medicinal
applications, bronchial and pneumonic complications being common
results, or what is, equally severe, bowels and brain lesions
supervene, proving an additional source of depleting an already
weakened economy. Masters of Foxhounds and proprietors of other
dogs, are, we fear, only too well acquainted with the truth of this
statement. The usual period of incubation is from four to fourteen
days, and this should be borne in mind, so that any puppies that
have been in contact with the disease may be isolated, and their
temperatures taken for the next two or three weeks night and morning.
The normal temperature is 101° Fahr. or a trifle over; therefore, if
the mercury rises above 102° Fahr. in the morning--more particularly
so--this is sufficient to warrant the animal's separation from the rest
of the puppies.
It has been stated that distemper may exist without any rise of
temperature, or even the presence of catarrhal signs, but the author
does not attach the slightest importance to such statements, and
claims an experience equal to that of any other veterinary expert.
If there is no rise of temperature, no prostration, and no catarrhal
signs, one may at once conclude that the animal is not affected with
distemper.
Dulness, loss of appetite, sneezing, redness, heaviness of the eyes,
slight husky cough, and, it may be, vomiting, are the premonitory signs
of distemper.
If temperature be taken in the rectum or vagina, it will probably
be about 103° or 104° Fahr.--the best positive evidence. There will
generally be either constipation--more especially if a young dog--or
an opposite condition of the evacuations. One well-known M.R.C.V.S.
believes that distemper in adult dogs is of very rare occurrence.
This is not the author's experience, he having encountered and treated
numerous cases when the animals have had _distinct_ attacks of
distemper two, and three times. Like scarlatina, measles, small-pox,
etc., in the human subject, once the patient has passed through a
well-marked attack of the disease, it is to a great extent "protected,"
but certainly not immune, to succeeding ones.
There is indisputable evidence in support of this statement, even the
oldest observers being aware of its truth.
Following upon the preliminary symptoms already indicated, there is a
profuse discharge from the nasal and ocular openings, at first watery
in character, subsequently creamy.
The discharge (unless cleaned off) irritates the margin of the eyes,
occluding these and the nasal openings.
Sometimes the malady remains in this--the so-called simple or catarrhal
form--for several days, and then convalescence begins.
In the case of coarse-bred dogs (mongrels, etc.) the foregoing is the
usual condition of affairs. Bronchial and lung troubles are frequent,
and probably more puppies die from the broncho-pneumonia of distemper
than from other causes. Bronchitis is indicated by frequent attempts
at expectoration, and the so-called "rale," heard within the chest.
This sound is due to the air passing through the inflammatory exudate
in the tubes. If pleurisy is present, there will, during the earlier
stages, be friction or dry rubbing sounds, heard when the ear is placed
against the chest wall. It is generally associated with varying degrees
of pneumonia, either single or double. Quick breathing--more especially
noticeable in the region of the flanks--is the best guide as to its
presence for the amateur physician. Dropsy of the chest is not at all
an uncommon result of pleuritic inflammation.
When consolidation of the lungs has taken place, their respiratory
usefulness becomes materially interfered with, so that, frequently, the
animal has to make use of his lips as an auxiliary, the cheeks being
inflated in a spasmodic manner. Recovery in this advanced condition of
disease is exceedingly rare, though we have known it occur.
Pericardial (heart sac) inflammation is not uncommon in distemper,
resulting through extension of inflammation from the pleural membranes.
A disordered liver is indicated by yellowness of the skin and mucous
membranes, this bilious or hepatic form of the complaint being fairly
common.
A fetid breath and pustular eruption over the belly, and on the skin
inside the thighs are commonly observed; in fact, the pustular eruption
is the most significant sign one can find.
Its presence is at once demonstrative that the animal is affected with
what is known to the professional as a specific eruptive fever, which
will run a definite course, and no amount of medicinal agents can cut
it short.
One may control it by good nursing, suitable surroundings, and the
judicious use of medicinal agents, but for any man to say that it is
within his power to stay its normal progress, would, we opine, be
bordering on madness. So much for distemper cures and their curers.
Ordinary small-pox vaccine has been employed as a preventative for
distemper. Almost everyone knows that when the arm of the human subject
is scarified with the lancet, so as to admit the reception of the
vaccine into the system, the part becomes inflamed and swollen, the
seat of vaccination also showing a vesicle, etc., typical of a mild
form of the disease, and if this does not take place the vaccine is
said not to have "taken," _i.e._, it has done no good.
This is exactly what happens when used in the same way upon the dog,
there being neither inflammation nor yet other signs, typical of local
reaction, therefore it can be no use.
The mere fact of the disease never having occurred in a certain dog
that has been vaccinated is not the least evidence in support of its
utility.
Many dogs are very refractory to certain diseases, amongst these being
distemper.
The Commission of Veterinary Surgeons, appointed to inquire into the
utility of Dr Physalix's Vaccine, has convinced the writer that it
was a failure from beginning to end, and he advises all dog admirers,
Masters of Hounds, etc., to steer clear of its use.
There is no doubt that in course of time an anti-toxin, or some other
attenuated form of distemper virus will be produced for the cure, or
prevention of, this deadly canine malady.
Regarding the treatment of distemper, it has been suggested that a dose
of castor oil may, with advantage, be given at the outset.
The author does not consider this advisable: the oil, owing to its
extremely nauseating properties, tends to further weaken the animal by
the production of vomition, etc. Moreover, castor oil leaves the bowels
in a drier condition than before--an undesirable effect.
A soft--not dysenteric--condition of the evacuations is advantageous,
much of the poison being got rid by the alimentary canal in this way.
A moist condition of the bowels is best maintained by the daily use of
some of the natural aperient waters, such as Apenta, Hunyadi-Janos,
etc., given in small doses once a day; say, every morning, taking
particular care not to go too far.
The superiority of these saline aperients to those of oleaginous and
other resinous purgatives, is further evidenced by the fact that they
also act as febrifuges, lowering the excessive heat, thus diminishing
the rapid loss of flesh, so characteristic of this affection.
For the husky cough give from one teaspoonful to a tablespoonful of
ipecacuanha wine, just as it is. This should induce vomiting, and ought
not to be repeated, at least for several days.
As a rule, very satisfactory results follow its use. Inhalations of
turpentine, eucalyptus, and spirit of camphor, or a little menthol, are
exceedingly beneficial.
Four teaspoonfuls of each of the three first-named may be mixed
together, and then one teaspoonful added to half a pint of boiling
water, the dog being made to inhale the steam.
Five to ten drops of oil of eucalyptus, mixed with a little fine
sugar, and placed inside the mouth night and morning, is good for the
catarrhal symptoms of distemper, and the author can, from experience,
recommend its employment.
When chest complications are marked, the application of mustard paste
to the sides will do good.
Put the fore and hind limbs through holes cut in a thick piece of
woollen blanket, and fasten it over the back. This will keep the chest
warm and prevent the mustard from being rubbed off, more especially if
a bit of brown paper be interposed.
Stimulants are indispensable in distemper, so that bovril, claret, and
brandy are required. Brand's Essence is the best for nourishment. Give
it in teaspoonful doses every hour. One may add the same quantity of
brandy or whisky to it.
Bovril is a good stimulant in distemper, but it will certainly make
the dog vomit, unless given in very small quantities, so long as the
stomach is in an irritable condition, one or two tablespoonfuls each
time being quite sufficient.
As restoratives, claret and Coca Wine are excellent.
When dysenteric symptoms are troublesome, give an injection into the
rectum night and morning. Use two to six tablespoonfuls of tepid boiled
starch, to which ½ drachm of laudanum, 10 drops of turpentine and 1
drachm of tincture of hamamaledin has been added, injecting the lot,
and then keeping the dog very still until the discomfiture of the
injection has subsided.
In addition to this, from 5 to 15 grains of grey powder may be given,
and repeated in the doses first named, daily. If no improvement, give
10 grains of powdered ipecacuanha every 10 hours.
To relieve the congested condition of the liver, the use of hot linseed
and mustard poultices over the organ will be of service, followed by 10
to 20 grains of sal ammoniac, along with 5 grains of hyposulphite of
soda, given in a tablespoonful of water night and morning.
Most reliance must be placed upon careful nursing, and if this is
properly carried out better may be the issue, though, as already
stated, no amount of careful nursing, or use of medicinal agents, will
stop the ravages of distemper.
Fits are frequent, and another very common result is chorea, or St
Vitus' dance, also called the twitch, jumps, etc. For fits, give 20
grains of bromide of potash, and if this does no good, double the dose,
and for chorea try a course of Easton's Syrup--in capsules--malt,
cod-liver oil, etc. Paralysis is not an uncommon sequel.
Dialysed iron--10-drop doses in a tablespoonful of water--is a very
satisfactory drug to use so as to restore the weakened constitution,
and bring back the appetite after distemper.
RABIES
Although not present in our own country, it is very prevalent in
certain provinces in India, etc.
The muzzling order and quarantine has been the means of abolishing this
deadly malady from England.
In ninety-nine per cent. of cases in India, the disease is directly due
to animals left to stray from the bazaars and villages.
At one time rabies was very prevalent in England, therefore cases of
hydrophobia were not infrequent. Moreover other animals (horses, sheep,
cattle, deer, etc.) had the malady through having been bitten by a
rabid dog.
This disease assumes two distinct forms, one known as the "furious"
and the other "dumb" rabies. One of the earliest indications of rabies
is an alteration of the dog's manner. He becomes restless, quarrelsome,
and shy, having a strong inclination to wander from home.
At first the animal is able to drink, but very shortly he is unable,
though evidently willing to do so. A depraved appetite is a singularly
constant feature of rabies, gnawing at wood and snapping at imaginary
(also real) objects.
A rabid dog has no particular inclination to seek objects for revenge;
the injuries he inflicts beings agents that he regards as intercepting
his onward march.
The author had, some years since, considerable experience amongst
cases of rabies, and often innocent owners would bring rabid dogs for
treatment!!
A very characteristic--though we cannot say pathognomonic--sign
of rabies, is an alteration in the bark, and this is changed to a
semi-bark and howl, easily recognised when heard a second time.
A rabid dog generally knows his master until overcome by the fury of
the disease.
Most dogs succumb within a week after the advent of the first signs
of the complaint. From a week to three months may be set down as the
minimum and maximum periods for the development (incubation) of rabies,
after the dog has been bitten by a rabid animal, or received the virus
of the malady into its system, such as might occur through rubbing,
licking, etc., upon a mucous surface.
There are many other minor signs of rabies, and in the so-called "dumb"
form, the most diagnostic one is dropping of the lower jaw, accompanied
by a snuffling sound.
Although this latter might be confused with paralysis of the lower jaw
from injury to the nerve, etc., the history of the case will afford the
most reliable guide, when forming an opinion.
If rabies is suspected, isolation and destruction should be carried out
at once. The speedier the better.
Before concluding, the writer wishes to say that the bite of a dog in
ordinary health is no more injurious than a wound inflicted by any
other means, and that the sooner this stupid fallacy explodes the
better for beast and man.
To destroy a healthy dog because it happens to have bitten a person is
akin to madness.
BLOOD-POISONING
This is almost always due to absorption of septic matter, usually from
the seat of a wound or other injury. We have frequently seen it follow
a bite from another dog. It is generally fatal. The skin assumes a
bluish tint, and beneath it inflammatory products accumulate, giving,
when pressed with the fingers, a crackling sensation.
In other instances, abscesses form both internally and externally,
sometimes the whole of a limb being infiltrated with pus, etc.
Very little can be done.
To support the severe depression, give brandy, eggs, and Brand's
Essence of Beef. Also 25 grains of salicylate of soda every six hours
in a little cold water.
RHEUMATISM OR KENNEL LAMENESS
Masters of Hounds and Sporting-dog men in particular, are nearly all
acquainted with this troublesome complaint.
Where dogs are kenneled on damp or low-lying ground, there may we
expect to find kennel lameness--a title under which it has been known
for many and many a score of years.
A previous attack is a predisposing influence to its recurrence.
Rheumatism may be either acute or chronic.
Although not common in its acute form, the writer has treated dogs that
could hardly bear anyone to enter--much less shake--the rooms where
they have been kept, the slightest shake causing the dog to howl from
the agony of pain so induced.
Under these circumstances, the diagnosis of rheumatism becomes a
certainty, much more so than in its chronic condition, when confined to
a limb, joint, etc.
The muscles of the chest--Chest-founder--and the neck, are commonly
affected.
Stiffness and difficulty in moving--the dog often suddenly howling from
pain--are the chief signs. There is not much (if any) swelling in this
complaint, as it occurs in the dog.
The shifting character of rheumatism is a great aid to diagnosis.
_Treatment._--Keep dog in a dry and warm kennel.
Don't wash, especially in winter.
Give soda water to drink.
For the chronic manifestation of the affection, administer 5 grains of
iodide of potash night and morning.
Open bowels with a purgative.
If acute, 20 grains of salicylate of soda every eight hours in a
tablespoonful of water.
Rub the muscles with some stimulating liniment, such as white oil,
belladonna, or aconite liniments.
Feed on soft food and nurse dog well.
Many cases of rheumatism never get any better, the dog remaining a
confirmed cripple, though worse in damp weather.
CHAPTER XVIII
=Constitutional Skin Diseases=
ECZEMA--BOILS--HERPES--NETTLE-RASH
ECZEMA
This is a very common complaint, indeed much more so than need be if
proper attention were paid to the feeding and exercising of dogs.
That eczema is of a hereditary nature there seems abundant evidence to
prove, the progeny of eczematous parents predisposing the offspring
to suffer--when the exciting cause comes into play--in a like manner.
Derangement of the digestive organs and impaired nerve force must be
reckoned as chief amongst such causes.
Sarcoptic mange and certain other parasites are of course capable of
producing eczema, but this is chiefly mechanical irritation, ceasing
with the destruction of the irritant.
Not so, however, with eczema of a constitutional nature, the irritation
requiring internal medication for its subjugation.
Eczema is denoted by the appearance of one or more patches of inflamed
skin, and unless checked, the whole of the skin may become inflamed,
the hairs broken and shed, reducing the dog to a condition of misery
and suffering.
Any portion of the body or extremities are the seats of eruption, but
where the parts can be licked or scratched by the dog, the worse the
zone of inflammation.
In the moist form of eczema small vesicles appear; the rupture of these
and the dessication of their contents, along with scales, hair, etc.,
forms a scab or crust on the surface.
Many sporting (and other) dogs have a dry form of eczema known as
_Psoriasis_, showing itself upon the points of the elbows and buttocks.
Here the patches are very intractable, the skin having a dry and
leathery appearance.
Between the toes, around the eyelids, margins of the ears, are common
situations for eczema to make its appearance.
_Treatment._--This must be both local, _i.e._, applied to the diseased
part or parts, and general, _i.e._, directed towards improving the
constitution.
Plenty of exercise and a reasonable supply of good, sound, boiled
flesh, mixed with bread, night and morning, will do much towards a cure.
Give a bath of sulphurated potash (2 ounces of sulphate of potash to 6
gallons of water) weekly, dry thoroughly and then dress the parts with
sulphur ointment, or boracic acid ointment.
If the disease has spread more, or less, over the whole skin, dress
with the following liniment.
Rx Paraffin oil 4 ounces
Sulphur flowers 4 ounces
Oil of tar 2 ounces
Olive oil 30 ounces
Mix. Wash off in six days' time, and repeat once every ten days until
cured.
_N.B._--A cheap oil (rape, colza, etc.), can be substituted for the
olive oil, though these are all distinctly inferior for the purpose.
In addition to the treatment, give the dog a 5-grain blue pill,
say once every three or four weeks, and have the following mixture
compounded.
Rx Liquid extract of sacred bark 2 drachms
Acetate of potash 1 drachm
Ammoniated citrate of iron 1 drachm
Tincture of orange 1 ounce
Fowler's Solution of Arsenic 80 drops
Water to 8 ounces
Directions: Give one tablespoonful night and morning before food.
Several weeks' or months' treatment will be required ere a complete
cure can be anticipated.
Mild cases of eczema are not difficult to bring under control, but
those of long-standing demand perseverance. If skin scaly, use tar
ointment daily.
BOILS
A common situation for these to make their appearance is upon or
between the toes.
Frequently they are very troublesome, appearing and reappearing.
The best treatment is to poultice freely with hot linseed meal, and if
at all tardy in healing, paint with Friar's Balsam.
Keep feet very clean, soaking in hot water at each time of removal of
poultice.
Give a dose of Epsom salts, and don't allow dog to run about without a
leather boot for a few days, or at anyrate until the sores have become
perfectly healed. A little powdered boracic acid powder can be dusted
upon the sore places. For drawing sores turpentine ointment is very
useful.
HERPES
By this term we mean an eruption of vesicles or small blisters in
groups upon an inflamed skin. These blisters are larger than those of
eczema. It is not uncommon to see them around the lips during an attack
of distemper, causing the mouth to become extremely sore and painful.
In ringworm, the patch is of a kindred nature, though contagious.
NETTLE-RASH
This complaint is characterised by the sudden appearance of numerous
wheals or elevations upon various parts of the skin, causing a burning
and itching sensation, provoking the dog to bite and scratch the parts
affected.
Generally these wheals disappear as suddenly as they came, though now
and again some are very stationary.
The best treatment comprises the administration of a 5-grain blue pill
and the application of a little vinegar and water to the irritable
patches.
CHAPTER XIX
=External Parasites and Parasitic Skin Diseases=
FLEAS--PEDICULI OR LICE--RINGWORM--SARCOPTIC MANGE--FOLLICULAR MANGE
FLEAS
During the warm weather more particularly, fleas are a source of great
annoyance to dogs, and frequently to their owners, more especially if
the animal be kept in the house.
Owing to the rapid multiplication of fleas, dogs that are not regularly
groomed or washed, soon become swarmed with these pests, consequently
the severe irritation they produce upon the skin causes the animal to
lose condition, whilst the scratching and biting destroys its coat.
Regularity of washing, both dog and kennel, constitutes the best means
of checking these pests.
Wash all woodwork with boiling water and Stone Ammonia, then expose to
air.
Turpentine is a capital thing to sprinkle the kennel, benches, etc.,
with. Fleas seem to dislike this drug more than any other agent we have
employed.
A very good dressing for destroying fleas is composed of an ounce each
of turpentine and terebene, dissolved in a pint of methylated spirits
of wine.
PEDICULI OR LICE (PHTHIRIASIS)
Whenever dogs get into this condition, it is reasonable to conclude
that there has been a want of proper attention.
One may go further, by saying that it is generally the outcome of
neglect, and a lousy dog should only be found in the kennel of the
sluggard, no matter whatever be the source of infection. Detection at
an exhibition leads to exclusion, and rightly so.
The eggs or "nits" are attached firmly to the shafts of the hairs close
to the root, and hatch in about five days after being deposited.
Any part of the body may be the seat of these parasites, but those
parts where the hairy covering is dense, constitute the most favourable
cover.
Loss of condition soon follows the invasion.
_Treatment._--Use the brush and comb freely. Scrub all kennel fittings
with strong decoction of tobacco.
Dress dog with the following:--
Rx Oil of Stavesacre 1 ounce
Olive Oil 14 ounces
Mix and rub in with a stiff brush.
An infusion of quassia is an excellent and harmless remedy.
Buy 4d. of quassia chips, and add a quart of boiling water, with the
addition of half an ounce of shag tobacco, infusing for six hours.
Dress dog all over, rubbing well into "under" coat, if dog has one.
Dog ticks may be snipped off with scissors.
RINGWORM
Although now and then affected with ringworm, the dog does not suffer
from the skin disease anything like so commonly as cattle.
The chief variety seen upon the dog is that induced by the vegetable
parasite, _Tricophyton tonsurans_, which assumes a circular, or
shield-like form. Honeycomb ringworm is another variety. The patch is
about an inch long as a rule, scaly, and shows the hairs broken across,
giving it a stubbly appearance. It is easily recognised.
Ringworm can be readily transferred from one dog to another, or to
animals of different species, and the converse.
_Treatment._--Paint the bare patch or patches with iodine liniment;
groom well and feed well. Keep dog away from others until cured.
SARCOPTIC MANGE
This is a very common form of mange, though often confused with
non-parasitic eczema.
The mange mite is known as _Sarcoptes canis_, and takes up its abode
upon the superficial dermoid structures.
The irritation thus induced, causes the dog to bite and scratch the
part, ending in the production of a raw, weeping surface, extending
from point to point, unless something is done to check the ravages of
the mites. With licking, biting and scratching, these parasites are
transferred as indicated, and an artificial form of eczema induced.
The diagnosis can be confirmed by microscopic examination of the under
surfaces of the crusts upon the sores.
_Treatment._--Being contagious, keep the diseased dog from healthy ones
until cured.
All fittings, clothing, and other appliances likely to have been in
contact with the diseased dog ought to be thoroughly scalded with
boiling water and soda.
Short-coated dogs are more readily curable than heavily-coated
varieties.
Wash dog twice weekly, and after thoroughly drying, dress all over with
a dressing, composed of 4 ounces of flowers of sulphur, ½ ounce of
oil of tar, and a pint of train, or colza oil.
This dressing should be washed off in about three or four days, and
repeated until cured.
A bath of sulphurated potash is a capital remedy.
Add an ounce of sulphurated potash to every ten gallons of tepid water.
In some instances it is advisable to clip the dog, thus facilitating
the penetration of the dressing.
Almost every kennel man and doggy man has his so-called mange cure, but
the first principles are to make a diagnosis of the complaint under
which the animal is labouring.
FOLLICULAR MANGE
This is a very intractable variety of mange, resulting from the
invasion of the hair-follicles by a minute mite, known as _Demodex
folliculorum_, easily recognisable on microscopic examination. It is of
lobster-like shape.
It will readily be understood that the inaccessible habitats of these
mites renders the effective application of medicinal agents at a
disadvantage.
Destruction of the roots of the hairs is a common result, and a
permanent bare patch often remains as a legacy of the parasitic attack.
Like the sarcoptic, follicular mange is transferable from one dog to
another, though less readily than the former.
Bare patches should be shaved all around, and the part painted with
colourless tincture of iodine daily, or twice daily.
The most satisfactory way of dealing with this complaint is to consult
a qualified veterinary surgeon.
CHAPTER XX
=Diseases of the Gullet, Stomach, Bowels, and Digestive Glands=
DISEASE OF GULLET--INFLAMMATION OF STOMACH--TWIST AND
INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE BOWELS--INFLAMMATION OF THE
BOWELS--VOMITING--WORMS--DIARRHŒA--DYSENTERY--HÆMORRHAGE--HÆMORRHOIDS
--DYSPEPSIA--JAUNDICEOR YELLOW--RUPTURES.
GULLET
This begins at the back part of the mouth, the entrance into it is
known as the pharynx, and ends at the stomach.
Stricture, or narrowing of the gullet, and injury to it, such as
sometimes produced by the dog swallowing a sharp-pointed body, is not
an uncommon accident.
External compression, such as the presence of a morbid growth in
juxtaposition to the gullet, is capable of interfering with the
functional use of the tube, thereby preventing the animal from
swallowing properly.
Diseases of the gullet always demand the exercise of professional
skill, and until this is obtained, nothing beyond trifling amounts of
liquid nourishment ought to be given.
INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH (GASTRITIS)
Probably the most frequent cause of gastric inflammation in the dog
is that arising through the ingestion of irritant poisons, such as
arsenic, antimony, etc.
Less frequently an inflamed stomach is due to the presence of worms, or
to the specific poison of distemper: in the latter case the areas of
disease generally being of an extensive nature.
The chief symptoms of stomach inflammation are vomiting; pain in the
belly; prostration; thirst, and other signs of the dog being in a
critical condition.
Treatment must be in accordance with the cause.
TWIST OR STRANGULATION; AND INTUSSUSCEPTION OF THE BOWELS
Neither of these morbid conditions are of uncommon occurrence amongst
dogs, more especially so in young dogs, but why this should be so, is
difficult of explanation.
A twisted bowel is certainly not so frequently met with as a telescoped
or intussuscepted one. In both cases inflammation is set up, chiefly
confined to the area involved, or in those parts in juxtaposition to
the lesion.
Practically speaking, one issue is the rule in both cases, and that is
death.
Spontaneous reduction is rare, and as the diagnosis is attended with
difficulty, relief by operation seldom attempted.
The true nature of these bowel complaints is generally only revealed on
after-death examination.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS
We have already alluded to this in the previous paragraph, but
inflammation of the bowels also arises from other than the causes
therein named.
In the author's opinion, the most frequent causes of this complaint in
puppies are round-worms (_Ascaris marginata_).
To avoid puppies being troubled with these parasites, small quantities
of lime-water are of service. A tablespoonful will be sufficient at
once.
Teaspoonful doses of Brand's Essence of Beef constitutes one of the
very best substances that can be used when vomition is troublesome,
and later on the yolk of an egg, with the addition of a teaspoonful of
brandy.
As a medicinal agent, bismuth is particularly useful, so that the
following mixture should be obtained from the chemist:--
Rx Carbonate of bismuth 3 drachms
Pepsin 30 grains
Bromide of potash 2 drachms
Bicarbonate of soda 3 drachms
Compound tincture of cardamoms 1 ounce
Water to make 4 ounces
Mix. Dose: One tablespoonful every four hours until the vomiting
ceases. For Terriers, etc., half this dose will suffice.
This mixture will be found specially suitable for the vomiting of
distemper, and when arising from other causes, of a general nature.
In case the dog has been poisoned or picked up some material of an
objectionable nature, it may not be advisable to try and check the
vomiting. Under these circumstances, it must be regarded as a salutary
process. It is only when it becomes excessive that it is advisable to
stop it.
Another very important matter when dealing with a case of excessive
vomition, is that of keeping the dog as quiet as possible, together
with the application of hot, dry flannels, applied over the belly for
several hours at a time, and continued with until improvement sets in.
The bitch should be thoroughly dosed with worm medicine before she
comes into season, otherwise repeated purgation by worm medicine
may have a prejudicial influence after service. Refusing to suck and
crying from the pain in the belly are the surest indications of this
condition in suckers. In adult dogs irritant poisons are not at all
an uncommon cause of inflammation of the bowels. The specific poison
of distemper is another cause. External injuries will produce it,
and probably exposure to severe wet, such as lying on a damp kennel
floor. Peritonitis is a frequent accompaniment. It is generally fatal,
therefore the best of skill should be obtained. Hot fomentations and
15-to 20-drop doses of chlorodyne every three hours can be tried in the
meantime.
VOMITING
The dog finds vomiting the readiest means of ejecting objectionable
substances from within its stomach, and consequently many medicinal
agents are conveniently--sometimes inconveniently--got rid of by this
means.
Even this ready means does not safeguard our canine friends against
death from the ingestion of various poisonous agents, though doubtless
this prompt action of the stomach in response to stimulation of the
vomiting centre in the brain, does confer a certain degree of immunity
against toxic substances. Rapidity of absorption has an important
bearing in this respect, such deadly agents as strychnine being
absorbed by the stomach, passing into the circulation to other vital
organs in a very rapid manner.
During distemper, vomiting is common, its frequent repetition being an
additional exhausting factor in this malady.
To avoid this, minute quantities of readily assimilable nourishment is
essential.
When the ejected material is stained with blood or actually contains
blood as blood, it points to ulceration of the lining membrane of the
stomach--a condition of gravity.
Stoppage of the bowels is often followed by vomiting, and frequently
brings on paralysis.
_Treatment for Vomition._--Rest for the stomach is one of the first
essentials of treatment. Nourishment must be given, and, if necessary,
this can be in the form of nutrient enemas. (_See_ CLYSTERS.)
Fatty substances, milk, vegetables, and solid food, must be rigidly
excluded until such time as the organ has regained its tone and proper
power of assimilating the nutritive pabulum supplied. Soda-water to
drink and 20 grains of powdered bismuth three times a day, along with a
tablespoonful of the soda-water. If dog is paralytic give it an enema.
WORMS
Although fairly common in other situations, worms are most frequently
found infesting the intestines and stomach.
The cavities of the heart, nasal and respiratory passages, cranial
cavity, and bile-duct are more rarely the seats of parasitic invasion
in the dog. When the heart and respiratory tubes are affected, the
parasites are of a minute, thread-like character, hence known as
_Filaria_, or thread-worms.
The flat, lancet-shaped worm, sometimes found up the nose, is spoken of
as a trematode; the round-worms in the stomach and bowels as nematodes;
whilst the other long, flat, or tape-like worms, are called _Tænia_.
Very few dogs are entirely free from worms of one sort or another,
though it is only when these become numerous that the dog shows signs
of having these pests.
Gradual loss of condition, irregular appetite, irregular evacuations,
harsh coat, sometimes vomiting, and increased redness of the membranes
lining the eyelids, are the usual signs, significant of internal
parasites. Positive proof is of course the passage of segments of
tape-worms, or round-worms, either by vomiting, or in the evacuations.
Sneezing and a catarrhal discharge from the nose is generally present
when the nasal passages are infested with the lancet-shaped worms
already alluded to. An uncommon true blood-sucking worm (_Spiroptera
sanguinolenta_) is occasionally found in the stomach.
Newly-born puppies seem predisposed to become infected with
round-worms, known as _Ascaris marginata_, such infection taking place
from the dam, hence the necessity for ridding her of worms, and the
most suitable time to administer vermifuge medicine, in an efficacious
manner, is prior to her coming in season.
With reference to the preventative measures against worm infestation,
speaking practically, not a great deal can be done, the sources of
infection being so varied. Feeding dogs on the viscera of animals must
of course be condemned, and with the abolition of this practice so will
diminish one source of infection. Many so-called worm specifics are now
largely advertised, rival proprietors claiming superiority and even
infallibility.
Some of these nostrums are given without fasting the dog, but said
to be equally efficacious. This statement must be accepted with
reservation, as all worm medicines act more energetically when the
stomach and bowels are empty. Before administering worm medicine, it is
advisable to fast adult dogs for twenty-four hours, but puppies should
not be kept longer than fifteen hours without food.
Although an old, but well-tried remedy against both round and flat
worms, areca nut still maintains its position, and rightly so, because
when given in suitable doses, and in accordance with the old rules, it
seldom fails to give a satisfactory account of its action.
The freshly grated nut has advantages over the powder, more especially
if the latter has been kept in stock for a considerable time, as
usually happens where the demand for a certain drug is limited. When
combined with santonin, its action on round-worms is greatly enhanced.
Areca nut, santonin, and male fern, are now all sold in capsular form,
thus diminishing their nauseating effects.
The average dose of areca nut for such breeds as Pointers, Setters,
Retrievers, Fox and other Hounds, is a drachm and a half, combined with
8 grains of santonin, and given as a bolus mixed with honey, treacle,
etc., or in a little milk, though less liable to be vomited when given
without any liquid.
About three hours afterwards give a full dose of castor oil.
Repeat weekly, for a month if needful. A course of tonic medicine may
then follow, so as to brace up the constitution.
Such substances as powdered glass and other mechanical irritants ought
to be avoided, being liable to set up gastro-enteritis. Powdered tin,
glass, etc., belong to this class. Calomel, hellebore, pomegranate
bark, spirit of turpentine, Barbadoes tar, garlic, wormwood, Kousso,
Kamala, etc., have been, and still are, much used, and abused.
Whatever be the drug employed, it is advisable to isolate dog both
before and after dosing, so that the results can be properly noted.
Through neglect of this precaution, many failures or indifferent
results arise.
The indiscriminate employment of worm medicines is but too frequently
resorted to, and may further deplete an already exhausted system.
In many instances, a course of iron and arsenic tonics, followed by
cod-liver oil and malt, does more good than the administration of
anti-worm remedies.
DIARRHŒA
Like almost every other animal, the dog is a frequent sufferer from a
too loose condition of the evacuations, constituting diarrhœa.
A variety of causes are capable of bringing this about, but the
presence of worms, cold, feeding on liver and other unsuitable foods,
are, in all probability the most frequent causes.
During distemper, superpurgation is a frequent sign, calling for active
but well-regulated treatment to control it.
It must be borne in mind that this excessive discharge of liquid fæces
is but symptomatic of derangement of the stomach, bowels, or digestive
glands, and that it can only be successfully treated when viewed in
this light, the administration of diarrhœa mixtures being often a
failure, because these facts are ignored.
A little careful consideration will often determine the cause, the
discharge ceasing with its removal.
In other instances it can only be conjectured, treatment becoming
speculative.
Boiled rice and milk, arrowroot and milk, to which two or three
tablespoonfuls of port wine has been added, constitutes suitable
dietary whilst the evacuations are in a fluid, or semi-fluid state.
When arising through a chill, or the animal becoming overheated, the
following mixture can, with benefit, be used:--
Rx Rubini's Essence of Camphor 1 drachm
Chlorodyne 2 drachms
Mix, and give 25 drops three times per day, along with a tablespoonful
of cold arrowroot gruel.
Diarrhœa arising through the irritation of unsuitable food in the
stomach and bowels must be treated as follows:--
1. Give a full dose of castor oil, along with 20 drops of laudanum.
2. After this has had time to work itself out, follow up with doses of
the diarrhœa mixture, as sold by chemists for the human subject.
DYSENTERY
When diarrhœa is allowed to continue, it is liable to end with
dysenteric symptoms, the lower end of the bowel becoming implicated,
producing bloodstained evacuations, or the disease may be of a specific
nature from the beginning.
No matter how arising, dysentery is an exhausting disease, and one that
demands prompt treatment for its alleviation.
Internally, powdered ipecacuanha is the best remedy, and it should be
given.
First give an injection of tepid water (½ to 1½ pints) to wash out
the bowel, and then administer from 5 to 20 grains of the above drug,
mixed with the same quantity of bicarbonate of soda, in a tablespoonful
of honey and water. Repeat in eight hours.
Give no food, and keep dog very quiet for next twenty-four hours.
Injections of starch gruel and laudanum are often very useful for
dysentery, and can be used twice daily.
Twenty to 60 drops of laudanum may be added to a couple of
tablespoonfuls of tepid boiled starch, then injected into the lower end
of the bowel by means of a vulcanite, glass, or ball syringe.
Particular attention must, of course, be paid to the animal's diet.
Nothing but farinaceous foods should be allowed unless it be Brand's
Essence, or some stimulating liquid, such as bovril or Oxo, to which
isinglass has been added. If pain severe, apply hot poultices to the
belly.
HÆMORRHAGE
Loss of blood may arise either from within or without the body, be of
varying amount, and either arterial, venous, or capillary.
Excessive hæmorrhage is of course always injurious, but its gravity is
greater when issuing from some vital part, such as the lungs, stomach,
kidneys, cranium, etc.
In lung hæmorrhage the blood is coughed up, and of a bright-red
colour--fresh blood.
When coming from the stomach it is generally intermingled with the
vomited material.
If issuing from the urinary apparatus, it is either mingled with the
urine, so as to stain this fluid, or passed as blood at the end of the
act of urination.
In the latter case, it will most probably be coming from the bladder,
or the kidneys.
Hæmorrhage from the bowels is passed along with the stools, or
immediately following the act of defecation, as frequently happens in
piles.
Rupture of the heart, or the larger vessels gives rise to a rapid and
fatal hæmorrhage.
The treatment, with a view to arrest the bleeding, will of course
depend upon the conditions through which it has been brought about.
If from without, _e.g._, a wound, the bleeding vessel ought to be
ligatured, or else have a compress fastened on so as to exercise
sufficient pressure upon and above the injured vessel.
When bleeding is due to small blood-vessels having been torn, tincture
of steel, Friar's Balsam, etc., will sometimes be sufficient to arrest
it.
Cold water, or an ice compress is equally useful. When blood comes from
the lungs, _e.g._, a gunshot wound in this region, there is generally
a certain amount of bronchial irritation, so that the dog must be kept
warm. Have ice compresses applied to the chest, and 15 grains of gallic
acid given three times a day. If this fails, Adrenalin Tablets can be
tried.
HÆMORRHOIDS (PILES)
The dog, like other animals, is liable to suffer from piles, causing it
considerable discomfiture. The disease may be external, or internal.
External piles consist of enlarged veins, the result of a sluggish
circulation, and are more frequently seen in ladies' lap-dogs, or
those leading an indolent and useless existence. Internal piles
generally cause bleeding and pain during defecation, and are often seen
protruding during the latter act.
Exercise, a liver laxative, such as 1 to 4 of Carter's Little Liver
Pills now and then, with the application of a little gallic acid
ointment, constitutes the safest treatment that the amateur can adopt.
DYSPEPSIA (INDIGESTION)
Although the dog has remarkable powers of digesting such apparently
insoluble substances as bones, etc., he, like most other animals, is a
frequent sufferer from digestive disturbance, though this derangement
of the digestive organs is certainly of more frequent occurrence
amongst dogs leading inactive lives.
Probably the most frequent cause of dyspeptic symptoms are the various
forms of worms, so prevalent amongst dogs.
Following this as a cause, decayed teeth are liable to provoke it,
whilst prolonged feeding on unsuitable food, over, under, and irregular
feeding, are equally fruitful sources of mischief to the digestive
apparatus.
General unthriftiness, want of energy, and a morbid appetite, together
with foul breath, are the leading features of disordered digestion.
It must be borne in mind, however, that the digestive organs are
frequently in a perverted condition through disease in other parts,
such as the heart, kidneys, liver, etc., and can only be regulated for
proper assimilation when treatment is directed towards the mischief, in
connection with any of the foregoing organs.
Most suitable food is that containing a due proportion of flesh and
carbohydrate; therefore a mixture of boiled paunch and boiled rice will
meet this end.
Feed the dog regularly, and give no more than the dictates of common
sense suggest as sufficient for the size of the dog. Give extract of
malt daily.
Hounds and other sporting dogs should not be allowed to eat as much as
they like, no matter however hard they may have been working.
If sickness is a troublesome symptom, it will generally be advisable to
give the dog a dose of worm medicine. Should the results be negative,
give one of the following powders night and morning.
Rx Bismuth carbonate 1 drachm
Pepsin 20 grains
Powdered charcoal 2 drachms
Powdered sugar 1 drachm
Mix and divide into one dozen powders, giving in their dry state, by
placing on the back of the tongue.
Any loose or carious teeth ought to be removed, and a dose of compound
liquorice powder given occasionally to regulate the bowels.
From a quarter to one teaspoonful of this powder will be a suitable
dose.
Should there be no improvement in the animal's condition, it will be
advisable to obtain skilled advice--not such as is frequently offered
by unqualified canine specialists, or others of this class professing a
knowledge of "all pertaining to the doggy world."
JAUNDICE
Affections of the liver, or when the secretion or excretion of bile is
perverted, the symptom known as jaundice results.
Very few people are unacquainted with the characteristic yellow
colouration of the skin and visible mucous membranes.
The word "jaundice" comes from the French "jaune," yellow, and
"icterus," a Greek word for golden thrush.
The yellow colour of the skin, white of eyes, mucuous membranes lining
eyelids and cheeks is, of course diagnostic that the colouring matter
of the bile is circulating throughout the system.
The urine is usually deep yellow and very scanty, and the motions often
clay-coloured and hard, though this latter condition is frequently
absent, in fact diarrhœa present.
This is particularly well marked in the so-called hepatic or bilious
form of distemper.
Gall-stones, when impacted in the bile-ducts, give rise to jaundice and
colic pains.
There is also a catarrhal condition of the bile-ducts that leads to the
same jaundiced condition.
As a considerable number of dogs succumb to this affection, very
careful treatment is necessary. Linseed and mustard poultices over
the region of the liver, and a hot bath, will often work miracles.
Soda-water and milk should constitute the only nourishment for a few
days, unless it be teaspoonful doses of Brand's Essence of Beef.
A grain of calomel along with a quarter teaspoonful of sugar, night
and morning for two or three days (until the bowels are open), will
be found to do good in most instances. Further treatment can, with
advantage, be left to the veterinarian, so much depending upon
individual conditions.
RUPTURES
Although purely of a surgical nature, it may not be out of place to
mention that any organ or tissue in any part of the body may be the
seat of a rupture.
Ruptures of the stomach (rare in the dog), bladder, liver,
blood-vessels, bowels, muscles, etc., are of occasional occurrence.
A very common rupture is that known as "umbilical," many puppies
showing this swelling in the region of the navel. Frequently it
disappears with increasing age. It is of little importance.
Rupture of the wall of the belly and protrusion of the bowels, etc., is
a serious condition, demanding immediate professional aid.
This is equally applicable when the generative organs or perinæum are
injured.
Another form of rupture is that known as "inguinal," denoted by a
variously-sized swelling in the region of the groin.
In scrotal rupture the testicular sac is enlarged.
CHAPTER XXI
=Poisons and their Remedies=
POISONING BY ARSENIC--BY ANTIMONY--STRYCHNINE--PHOSPHORUS--RAT AND
OTHER VERMIN-KILLERS--BY LEAD--MERCURY--PTOMAINE POISONING
POISONING BY ARSENIC
Very small quantities of this drug are capable of bringing on a fatal
inflammation of the stomach and bowels, and it is only prescribed in
the most minute doses.
Fowler's Solution of Arsenic is the compound generally selected for
administration of the drug in the liquid form, the average dose of
it for the larger sporting dogs being 10 drops. Arsenious acid or
white arsenic is an extremely cheap compound, and one that enters
largely into the composition of many sheep-dips, a fact that it may
be worth while to bear in mind should a dog be poisoned in a manner,
suspiciously regarded.
This same poison is not uncommonly used for the destruction of rats and
other vermin, though the facilities for obtaining it are, to a great
extent, a barrier against its frequent employment for such purposes.
Arsenic is a corrosive and irritant poison, producing vomiting,
dysentery, acute pain within the belly, thirst, prostration, and a
speedy but painful death.
As a rule, dogs poisoned by arsenic die, only the mildest forms making
recovery.
Under any circumstances it is advisable to seek the assistance of a
M.R.C.V.S., acting in accordance with his instructions.
In the absence of professional aid, provided the animal is not too
much exhausted, an emetic should be given, and for this purpose there
is nothing more suitable than 20 grains of white vitriol (sulphate of
zinc), or the same quantity of blue vitriol (sulphate of copper), mixed
with a couple of tablespoonfuls of tepid water. If neither of these
agents are handy, use mustard, salt, and water.
Teaspoonful doses of brandy, mixed with the same quantity of olive or
salad oil, can be given at frequent intervals.
Twenty-drop doses of chlorodyne, may be added if the pain is severe.
Hot fomentations to the belly will do good.
ANTIMONY
The compound of this element most commonly in use for medicinal
purposes is that known as tartar emetic--an exceedingly active poison.
Minute doses are sometimes prescribed in order to induce vomiting, and
in bronchial complaints to produce expectoration.
The symptoms and treatment are practically on a par with those laid
down for arsenic. Vomiting and extreme depression of the vital powers
are specially significant symptoms.
Both arsenic and antimony have their special antidotes, though even
these are of very doubtful efficacy.
STRYCHNINE
Although a difficult poison to procure from any source, it is
surprising the number of dogs that are annually poisoned by this agent.
In appearance, strychnine is a harmless-looking crystalline (or
powdered) white solid, the most minute particles readily inducing
muscular spasms and death.
Strychnine also occurs in the form of a buff-coloured powder, known as
nux vomica, the alkaloid or active principle being strychnine.
Many gamekeepers make use of strychnine for destroying such birds as
hooded crows, etc.
Farmers now and then soak maize in a solution of strychnine, in order
to destroy crows in a wholesale manner.
We merely mention these facts, as showing the various sources from
which a dog might accidentally get poisoned.
In a very few minutes after swallowing strychnine the dog becomes
convulsed all over. The muscular spasms may completely render the dog
paralytic; in fact, this usually happens. Quick and laboured breathing
is soon followed by complete collapse.
So rapidly does strychnine--especially if the dog has taken a few
grains--produce death, that there is seldom much chance for the
employment of remedial agents, or to call professional assistance.
If there seems reasonable hopes of recovery, call in a qualified
veterinary surgeon at once. Twenty grains of chloral hydrate, 25 grains
each of potassium, iodide and bromide, in water, can be used in the
meantime.
PHOSPHORUS
It is hardly necessary to go beyond mentioning the possibility of
poisoning by this agent.
It is a constituent of so-called "phosphor paste" largely used for the
destruction of vermin, such as rats and mice.
Dogs have been known to partake of it, usually ending in death.
A most important matter is to avoid giving the dog any oily substances,
if poisoned by this element.
RAT AND OTHER VERMIN KILLERS
We have already spoken of phosphorus being the active agent in some of
these compounds. Barium and arsenic are likewise employed. Most of
these being proprietary articles, their exact composition is not of any
particular interest.
Sickness, thirst, severe pain and prostration, are chief amongst the
symptoms produced by such agents.
Empty stomach with an emetic; give small doses of brandy in water,
along with 40 grains of carbonate of bismuth, every three hours, or
oftener.
Keep dog quiet, and apply hot dry flannels to the belly continuously.
LEAD
The most likely method for lead-poisoning to occur in a dog is through
the animal licking paint, or drinking out of a leaden vessel.
It is an uncommon form of poisoning in the dog. Lead poisoning can
be either "acute" or "chronic," and is denoted by colicky pains,
constipation and a blue line around the gums. Paralysis and other
nervo-muscular signs supervene.
Give half an ounce of Epsom's salts until bowels are freely open, and
later on, 5 grains of iodide of potash night and morning.
Warm fomentations to belly.
MERCURY
Mercurial poisoning but seldom occurs, and when it does, it is chiefly
the result of the continued medicinal use of the drug, or as an
over-dose.
Dogs seem particularly susceptible to the action of mercurial
compounds, so that this drug requires to be given with circumspection.
An excessive discharge of saliva from the mouth and loosening of the
teeth are amongst the most prominent signs.
PTOMAINE POISONING
To this class belongs various organic poisons produced in food
substances (fish, etc.), as the result of fermentative changes, arising
through the presence of bacteria or other minute living organisms.
Although cases of ptomaine poisoning are more frequently met with in
the human subject, there is a possibility of the occurrence of such in
the dog.
Empty stomach with an emetic, say 20 grains of white vitriol and given
in two tablespoonfuls of tepid water.
CHAPTER XXII
=Diseases of the Urinary Organs=
DISEASE OF THE KIDNEYS--STONE IN THE BLADDER--INFLAMMATION OF THE
BLADDER--STRICTURE OF THE URETHRA
DISEASE OF THE KIDNEYS
One or both of the kidneys may be the seat of acute or of chronic
inflammation. Chronic inflammation of the kidneys is not uncommonly
the result of stone, or gravel, accumulating within what is called the
"pelvis" of the kidney.
Under these circumstances, the dog suffers great discomfiture in
passing his water, the latter being ejected in very small quantities,
and it is generally stained with blood.
In some instances a single stone will occupy the whole of the pelvis
of the kidney, destroying its functions, whereas in other cases the
particles of stone are small, or even gritty, rendering them extremely
liable to wander into other portions of the urinary tract.
Abscess of the kidney is induced by the presence of injecting material
gaining admission.
Severe pain during urination, bloody-coloured urine passed in drops,
loss of condition and tenderness across the loins, are some of the more
prominent signs of this malady. If there is the least suspicion as to
the presence of this complaint, consult a M.R.C.V.S.
In the meantime, if the animal is in pain, give 30 drops of laudanum,
in a little water, or, as a substitute, 20 drops of chlorodyne. Avoid
giving the dog much liquid, but easily-digested solid food, such as
rice, boiled chicken, etc.
STONE IN THE BLADDER
The dog is not uncommonly a sufferer from stone in the bladder, the
writer having seen the whole cavity practically obliterated by the
presence of one or more calculi.
Considerable numbers have been removed by operation.
When there are a number of calculi in the bladder, the rubbing of one
against another causes the faces of them to become very smooth.
Calculi vary in size, hardness, weight, shape, and position; likewise
are more frequent in dogs than bitches.
The chief indications of stone in the bladder are the passage of small
quantities of urine at very frequent intervals, often bloodstained.
For the relief of this condition, surgical aid is necessary.
INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER
This arises through chemical, mechanical, and specific causes.
To the first class belong certain drugs; to the second, stone; whilst
the third class includes the germs of distemper, blood-poisoning, etc.,
and the extension of inflammation from adjacent parts.
It may also occur as the sequel to an operation for stone in this organ.
The urine is passed in drops, and the dog is in considerable pain, more
so when the parts in this region are pressed. It is generally fatal.
STRICTURE
The urethra is a tube leading from the bladder to the exterior, serving
for the passage of the urine.
Sometimes it is the seat of obstruction or stricture, _i.e._, a
narrowing of it.
Congestion, spasmodic contraction, and organic changes are the
principal causes.
The chief sign is the passage of urine in drops, together with pain.
Give a hot bath, 20-drop doses of chlorodyne in a little water, and
consult a qualified veterinary surgeon.
CHAPTER XXIII
=Diseases of the Ear=
DROPSY OF THE EAR-FLAP--OTITIS OR INFLAMMATION OF THE
EAR--OTORRHŒA OR CANKER--SPLIT MARGIN--ECZEMA OF
EARS--DEAFNESS--MORBID GROWTHS IN PASSAGE--CONCRETIONS--SYRINGING
EARS.
DROPSY OF THE EAR-FLAP
Long-eared dogs--more especially Spaniels and Retrievers--are very
liable to suffer from this complaint. In some instances the causes are,
probably, of a constitutional nature, but as a rule it is the result of
a bruise.
The bruise gives rise to the production of an inflammatory effusion
between the skin and cartilage of the external ear, causing a
baggy-like swelling, compressible with the finger, and alterable in
shape when the external ear is manipulated.
The old, and by far the most satisfactory way of dealing with this
serous (watery) abscess is to make a free cut into it. Introduce the
finger into the wound and break down adhesions; then wash out with
a little iodine and water. Keep wound open for a few days. This will
always effect a cure.
OTITIS OR INFLAMMATION OF EAR
The passage of the ear is reddened and causes the dog to rub his
sore ear, or even cry from the pain. Very frequently this condition
is accompanied by a fetid discharge; if so, it is spoken of as
internal canker of ear. A little cooling lotion, such as a couple of
teaspoonfuls of Goulard, in eight ounces of water, applied night and
morning, will usually suffice to cure this complaint. At same time give
a dose of purgative medicine.
OTORRHŒA OR CANKER OF EAR
This is an exceedingly common disease of dogs, and when it has been
allowed to run on unchecked becomes very intractable.
When the internal ear is in a diseased condition, _i.e._, disease of
the bones, etc., the malady is incurable.
In the majority of instances the middle ear alone is the seat of
inflammatory action and suppuration, and usually curable.
One form of ear canker is produced by parasites (_Symbiotes auricularis
canis_) invading the passage.
The ordinary form of canker is the result of some slight abrasion of
the middle ear, and subsequent infection of the wound by germs.
The secretion of the ear and constitutional predisposition towards
eczema have no doubt an influence in determining the onset of canker,
of a non-parasitic nature.
The entrance of water and other foreign materials is thought to be
equally productive of this disease, but, as already stated, in all
probability it is necessary to have some slight excoriation of the
lining membrane.
Turning the head to one side--when one ear is affected, though
frequently both are diseased--pain when the ear is manipulated,
revealing, on close inspection of the passage, increased redness, with
a sooty-like deposit (dry form), or moisture (moist form), passing into
various stages of suppuration, are the usual signs of this disease.
Frequently the pus is mingled with blood, the latter either coming from
the tender abraded lining of the middle ear, or, may be, from disease
of the bones.
Careful inspection will generally settle the matter. The duration of
the malady is of importance when forming an opinion.
In bad cases the discharge drops from the ears, emitting a most
offensive odour.
_Treatment._--Cleanse ears thoroughly with warm water and a little
spirit of wine.
Syringe out daily.
Pour in some of the following lotion night and morning.
Rx Glycerine 2 ounces
Laudanum ½ ounce
Lead acetate ½ drachm
Water added 8 ounces
Mix. Warm before use.
Milder cases can be cured by dusting boracic acid powder into ear night
and morning, and for parasitic canker, use in the same way a little
white precipitate (ammoniated chloride of mercury).
Give a dose of purgative medicine, such as Epsom salts, and then follow
up with a course of alterative medicine. (_See_ RECIPES).
SPLIT MARGIN
Injuries of the flap of the ear are often very troublesome to treat
successfully. On this account such sores are spoken of as _external
canker_, in contradistinction to the disease previously discussed.
When the ear has been torn, it is necessary to have professional aid to
make a satisfactory job of it.
An effort must be made to get the edges of the torn surfaces to heal by
what is called first intention.
ECZEMA OF THE EARS
The margins of the flaps of the ears are commonly the seat of a dry
eczematous eruption. They become scaly, thickened, and hairless.
Many dogs have their ears in this condition for years; nevertheless,
it is very unsightly, and the longer it exists the more the trouble of
eradicating it.
Apply with friction an ointment, composed as follows, night and morning.
Rx Oil of tar 2 drachms
Glycerine 2 drachms
Powdered sulphur ½ ounce
Creosote 1 drachm
Lard added 4 ounces
Mix and rub well in all around the margins, for twenty minutes each
time.
In addition to this, give a 5-grain blue pill, feed on meat and bread,
giving less dog-biscuit, if this has been the principal food. A course
of alterative medicine will be required.
DEAFNESS
Deafness may be "complete" or only "partial," and confined to one, or
affecting both ears.
In some dogs it is congenital, _i.e._, present from birth; in others
acquired.
Severe canker will cause deafness, so will a blow over the ear.
Morbid growths in the passage, and accumulation of waxy material, etc.,
will likewise produce "partial" or "complete" loss of hearing.
Treatment must be directed to the removal--whenever possible--of the
cause.
MORBID GROWTHS IN THE EAR-PASSAGE
Occasionally the middle ear is the seat of various morbid growths,
either of a wart-like character, or as small-stalked tumours, causing
complete or partial deafness, in accordance with the occluding area
involved.
Surgical treatment is necessary, excepting in the case of a
single-stalked growth (polypus), around which a thin piece of twine or
wire can be fixed. It will then slough off.
_Concretions._--These are chiefly accumulations of wax within the ear,
and should be removed first by softening with a little warm almond oil
and then syringing with weak spirit and tepid water.
_Syringing Ears._--Special glass, vulcanite and rubber syringes are
sold for this purpose. Before injecting the fluid, warm it.
The stream of liquid should be forced well into the ear.
For cleansing the ears, add a dessertspoonful of spirit of wine to a
teacupful of rose-water, warmed before use.
This liquid can be syringed into the depths of the passage once a day.
The dog should have a tape muzzle put on, and then held by an
assistant.
CHAPTER XXIV
=Diseases of the Eye=
OPHTHALMIA--BLINDNESS--INVERTED EYELIDS--EVERTED EYELIDS--TORN
EYELIDS--BARENESS AROUND MARGINS
OPHTHALMIA
Inflammation of one or both eyes is of fairly frequent occurrence
amongst dogs, more especially when a dog has distemper; in fact, the
eyes nearly always participate in this malady. Injuries, such as those
produced by passing through thickets, etc., are also causes of this
condition: likewise chemical, and other mechanical agencies.
The conjunctiva, or membrane lining the eyelids becomes an intense red:
the eyes are intolerant to light, and tears flow freely over the face:
the eyelids adherent, more especially after sleep, with a purulent
discharge issuing therefrom.
Prolonged inflammation is liable to end in the production of opacity of
the cornea, the surface of this membrane becoming a bluish white.
In distemper, ulceration of it is not uncommon. When Hounds are kept
in damp kennels, where the sanitary arrangements are bad, very severe
forms of distemper ophthalmia are frequent. The remark applies also to
other dogs so situated.
_Treatment._--This must be of both a "local" and general kind.
Sponge eyes several times daily with a weak boracic acid lotion
(30 grains to 6 ounces of water), using a sponge or piece of linen
previously dipped in boiling water. Good results sometimes follow
fomenting with luke-warm tea, its simplicity being a recommendation.
When the cornea is ulcerated, use a solution of nitrate of silver (4
grains to the ounce of distilled water) as drops, night and morning.
Keep the dog's head steady, part the lids, and then apply.
These drops will be equally useful for "cloudy cornea."
Rest the eyes by keeping dog in a dark place. Around the margins a
little of Singleton's Golden Eye Ointment will be of as much service
as aught else that can be recommended, and can be procured at any drug
stores.
BLINDNESS
A predisposing factor in the production of blindness is that of
old age, many aged dogs having what is known as senile cataracts.
Injuries of any kind to the eye are liable to end in either partial, or
complete, blindness.
In cataract, it is the lens, its covering, or both, that are the seats
of disease.
In the so-called glass eye (_Amaurosis_), the appearance of the eye is
that of a normal one, the optic nerve being in a paralytic state.
Opacity of the cornea does, in accordance with the degree and situation
of such deposit, produce corresponding deficiency of sight.
INVERTED EYELIDS
In this diseased condition it is generally the upper eyelid that
is turned inwards. If the eyelashes grow inwards, it is called
_Trichiasis_. In both conditions it follows that the lashes must be in
contact with the globe of the eye.
If only a few lashes are growing inwards, they should be pulled out,
but, if numerous, this is not a good plan. To cure it, a surgical
operation is necessary.
EVERTED EYELIDS
Like inverted or turned-in eyelid, everted, or turned-out eyelid is not
a diseased condition, but the outcome of disease, probably of a weak
orbicular muscle.
It is the lower eye that is usually affected, and is curable by
operation only.
TORN EYELIDS
Injuries to the eyelids, unless properly treated, are liable to result
in permanent unsightliness, or, it may be, affect the sight.
Either of the conditions last alluded to can be produced through injury
to the eyelids externally, or internally.
Unless very slightly torn, it will be better to consult a M.R.C.V.S.
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EYES
Minute particles of foreign substances, such as thorns, the outer
covering of various seeds, etc., are liable to gain admission into the
eyes.
If the glume of an oat seed, etc., lodges on the cornea, it may remain
adherent, setting up inflammation of it. Blindness is a common result.
When the cornea is punctured, it is advisable to have professional
advice.
After the removal of a foreign body--best done by turning the upper
lid outwards and upwards with the fingers--insert a drop or two of
castor oil daily for a few days, or as long as seems necessary. Severe
injuries to the eyeball are liable to be followed by sympathetic
inflammation in the sound eye.
BARENESS ROUND MARGINS OF EYES
It commonly happens that around the margins, through several causes,
the hairy part becomes destitute of hair, giving the dog a very
unsightly appearance.
In most instances the disease is of an eczematous nature, requiring
constitutional treatment for its removal. (_See_ ECZEMA.)
As an erythema it is seen in distemper, arising through the acrid
discharge from the eyes scalding the surrounding areas.
Smear the part with a little Singleton's Golden Eye Ointment, or with a
little vaseline, cold cream, or boracic acid ointment.
CHAPTER XXV
=Injuries and Minor Operations=
WOUNDS--OVERGROWN CLAWS--FRACTURES
WOUNDS
Lacerated and punctured wounds are very common, more especially amongst
sporting dogs, and this chiefly owing to the thickets, etc., they have
to face during work.
Wounds and fractures are not uncommonly associated; if so, the injury
is spoken of as compound. The gravity of a dual injury is much greater
than where either exists as a single one.
Gunshot wounds are not uncommon, and when examining such, a good deal
of care is necessary. Sometimes the shots are simply lodged beneath the
skin, and can be felt by rolling the skin beneath the fingers.
In other instances the flesh is penetrated, and, it may be, the
internal organs injured.
Although shot may have penetrated the cavity of the chest, or the
belly, it does not follow that the injury be of a vital nature; in
fact, the author's experience of gunshot wounds in the dog has been as
a rule favourable, most of the dogs showing but little after effects.
If shot have passed deeply in, penetrating the chest, etc., no attempt
should be made to interfere with the wounds.
When shots are lodged in tendons, etc., about the knee, they should be
removed forthwith.
Lacerated or torn wounds will probably require sewing up; if so, they
must first of all be thoroughly cleansed with some warm water, to which
a little disinfectant has been added.
Special care must be taken to remove all irritating particles, and the
hair ought to be clipped closely off in juxtaposition to the injury.
Severe bleeding must be arrested with cold water, or by touching the
end of the bleeding vessel with the point of a hot iron, or through
the application of a few drops of strong tincture of iron, tow, and a
bandage.
A stout needle and boiled string can be used to sew up the wound.
A very common situation to find a clean-cut (incised) wound is upon the
pads of the feet, caused by the dog stepping upon some sharp object,
such as a bit of glass, flint, etc.
Put the foot in hot water and cover it with a pad of tow or lint,
soaked in a little carbolic oil or other antiseptic liniment, bandage,
and keep dog at rest for a few days.
A little compound tincture of myrrh is an excellent remedy for painting
superficial wounds, so is boracic acid as a dusting powder.
Every kennelman should keep these handy in case of emergency, likewise
tow, a bandage, and some antiseptic, such as carbolic acid, chinosol,
etc.
OVERGROWN CLAWS
It is very common to find the length of the claws so excessive that the
resulting overgrowth penetrates the soft structures, causing the part
to suppurate, and the dog lameness.
Clip off the offending part with a sharp pair of nippers. As a rule,
nothing further is required.
FRACTURES
The long bones, _i.e._, the bones of the limbs, are those commonly
broken, but short, flat and irregular bones are frequently injured.
Broken back may happen when a dog is run over, but this is more liable
to happen to a non-sporting dog, or rather to such as are kept in the
neighbourhood of busy thoroughfares.
A senseless puppy sometimes meets with an accident of this class.
A dislocation is an injury whereby the bone is forced out of its place.
The short bones of the feet are often broken, and their repair is
usually an easy one, though, as in the case of the other fractures,
complicated, if a wound be present.
Fractures of the skull are not common injuries amongst dogs, and when
they do occur, call for special skill in treatment.
If the broken ends of a bone are not accurately adjusted, a deformed,
or false, union results, more or less spoiling the utility of the
animal.
As a rule, considerable swelling comes on after fracture of the long
bones, especially of the forearm, therefore an effort must be made to
subdue this by bathing freely with warm water.
Well-padded splints should be used--if applicable--and applied directly
to the skin, being retained in position by a bandage.
If the bandage is too tightly applied, the circulation to the part will
be interfered with, probably destroying the vitality of it. Coldness
and numbness are the chief signs of this.
Leather, wood, gutta-percha, starch, egg and gum, etc., are all used as
supports to a broken limb. A plaster bandage is very useful.
In the case of a valuable dog, it is advisable to consult a qualified
veterinary practitioner.
Rest is of course an indispensable factor in the treatment of both
fractures and dislocations.
When a dislocation accompanies a fracture, or wound and fracture, at a
joint, the animal should be destroyed, as the results of surgery under
these conditions is not often satisfactory.
CHAPTER XXVI
=Minor Operations=
DOCKING--SETONING--ENEMAS--FOMENTATIONS--BLISTERING--TUMOURS AND WARTS
DOCKING
Such varieties as Fox, Airedale, Irish Terriers, Spaniels, etc.,
require to have their tails shortened, and this should be done when
the puppies are, say, a couple or three weeks old. An old, but rather
revolting custom is that of biting off the requisite portion.
A sharp pair of serrated scissors, or a chisel, will do the work
satisfactorily, and nothing should be done to the cut end, beyond
allowing the healing to follow its natural course.
SETONING
Setons and rowels are not used in the present day so much as in times
gone by, nevertheless, when employed with discretion, are of service.
At one time setons were largely used for insertion into the poll when
a dog had fits, especially during distemper. In the author's opinion
they are injurious for this purpose, but as a counter-irritant in lung
and bronchial complaints, good often results from their employment.
Many local swellings can be dispersed through the insertion of either a
set-on or a rowel. Tape, horse-hair, tow, or a circular piece of leather
wrapped in tow, are the issues used. If a seton, the skin must be
snipped at the inlet and outlet; the needle threaded and passed along
under the skin (no deeper as a rule) to the point of exit, and the
tape fastened off. It is usual to smear the tape with some stimulating
substance, such as resin or turpentine ointment, in order to excite a
speedy local inflammation. The tape must be moved (not removed) daily,
kept clean, and smeared with the ointment twice weekly.
CLYSTERS OR ENEMAS (LAVEMENTS)
These may be either plain, medicated, or nutritive. For the two
first-named purposes, either warm or cold water may be used, the amount
varying with the effect it is desired to produce.
To empty the lower end of the bowel, from half to three pints will be
found sufficient for most sporting dogs.
A little salt, soft soap, and glycerine, will increase the activity of
the clyster.
A chronic, torpid condition of the lower end of the bowel is best
overcome by injecting about half a teacupful of cold water into it
every morning, at the same time allowing plenty of exercise and a soft
diet, such as oatmeal, or wet bread and meat.
In diarrhœa, dysentery, etc., good results are often obtained by
giving a cold boiled-starch clyster. About four tablespoonfuls will be
enough at a time. When it is desirable to administer nourishment by the
rectum, it is necessary to wash out the lower end of the bowel with a
warm-water clyster, before injecting the nutritive medium.
The yolk of an egg, a dessertspoonful of brandy, and a teaspoonful of
sulphuric ether makes a useful, sustaining enema.
Another good injection is a couple of teaspoonfuls of salt, dissolved
in half a pint of tepid water, then injected.
Loss of blood, etc., can often be made up by the use of this saline
injection.
FOMENTATIONS
For many purposes fomentations are superior to poultices, the chief
difficulty being in keeping up the heat to the desirable standard.
A pad of thick flannel should be planned, and this soaked in boiling
water, then wrung dry in a roller.
To assist in maintaining the heat, a piece of mackintosh sheeting ought
to be put over the pad, and a dry flannel above all.
For difficult breathing, pain in the belly, or local pain, etc.,
moist warmth is exceedingly beneficial, and quite harmless under any
circumstances.
In animals, it is a general custom to bathe the seat of disease with
the hot water.
Perseverance is essential to success, and more harm results from hot
fomentations applied in a half-hearted manner than where they are not
used at all.
BLISTERING
Beyond the application of mustard, turpentine, or hot water, blistering
agents are not much employed in the treatment of canine ailments.
As a remedy for external use in diseases of the bronchial tubes and
lungs, mustard has not, in the author's opinion, any superior.
It can be used either as a paste applied directly to the skin, or in
combination with boiled linseed poultices.
In long-haired dogs it is advisable to clip off some of the hair, so as
to facilitate the full counter-irritant properties of the mustard.
It requires very little rubbing in, and it is not advisable to repeat
the application, unless specially called for.
TUMOURS AND WARTS
A multiplicity of morbid growths are liable to occur in dogs, some of
these growths being of a very simple nature, others of a malignant or
recurrent order.
By far the commonest are warty growths upon lips, tongue, and
generative organ.
It is remarkable, but these often disappear spontaneously.
Solitary warts, if sufficiently large, can be removed by tying a piece
of strong whip-cord around the root of the growth. This remark is
equally applicable to other small tumours.
Dressing with some caustic agent such as lunar caustic, strong acetic
acid, blue-stone, etc., may be effected in some cases, and others (when
on tongue), dusted with dry calcined magnesia.
Tumours about the belly, etc., demand professional skill.
Polypi, or stalked tumours, are commonly found growing from the mucous
membrane of the ears, nose, and female generative passage.
They can be removed by ligature.
APPENDIX
=White West Highland Terrier=
STANDARD OF POINTS AS AGREED UPON AT THE MEETING OF THE CLUB REPORTED
UNDER "CLUB NOTICES."
1. The General Appearance of the White West Highland Terrier is that of
a small, game, hardy-looking Terrier, possessed with no small amount of
self-esteem, with a varminty appearance, strongly built, deep in chest
and back ribs, straight back and powerful quarters, on muscular legs,
and exhibiting in a marked degree a great combination of strength and
activity. The Coat should be about 2½ in. long, white in colour,
hard, with plenty of soft under coat, and no tendency to wave or curl.
The Tail should be as straight as possible, and carried gaily, and
covered with hard hair, but not bushy. The Skull should not be too
narrow, being in proportion to the terribly powerful jaw, but must be
narrow between the ears. The Ears should be as small and sharp-pointed
as possible, and carried tightly up, but must be either erect or
semi-erect, and both ears must be exactly alike. The Eyes of moderate
size, dark hazel in colour, widely placed, rather sunk or deep-set,
with a sharp, bright, intelligent expression. The Muzzle should be
proportionately long and powerful, gradually tapering towards the nose.
The Nose, Roof of Mouth, and Pads of Feet distinctly black in colour.
2. _Colour._--White.
3. _Coat._--Very important and seldom seen to perfection: must be
double-coated. The outer coat consists of hard hair, about 2½ ins.
long, and free from any curl. The under coat, which resembles fur, is
short, soft, and close. Open coats are objectionable.
4. _Size._--Dogs to weigh from 14 lbs. to 18 lbs., and bitches from 12
lbs. to 16 lbs., and measure from 8 ins. to 12 ins. at the shoulder.
5. _Skull._--Should not be too narrow, being in proportion to his
powerful jaw, proportionally long, slightly domed, and gradually
tapering to the eyes, between which there should be a slight
indentation or stop. Eyebrows heavy. The hair on the skull to be from
¾ in. to 1 in. long, fairly hard.
6. _Eyes._--Widely set apart, medium size, dark hazel in colour,
slightly sunk in the head, sharp and intelligent, which, looking from
under the heavy eyebrows, give a piercing look. Full eyes and also
light-coloured eyes are very objectionable.
7. _Muzzle._--Should be powerful. The jaws level and powerful, and
teeth square or evenly met, well set, and large for the size of the dog.
8. _Ears._--Small, carried erect or semi-erect, but never drop, and
should be carried tightly up. The semi-erect ear should drop nicely
over at the tips, the break being about three-quarters up the ear, and
both forms of ears should terminate in a sharp point. The hair on them
should be short, smooth (velvety), and they should not be cut. The ears
should be free from any fringe at the top. Round-pointed, broad, and
large ears are objectionable, also ears too heavily covered with hair.
9. _Neck._--Muscular, and nicely set on sloping shoulders.
10. _Chest._--Very deep, with breadth in comparison to the size of the
dog.
11. _Body._--Compact, straight back, ribs deep and well arched in the
upper half of rib, presenting a flattish side appearance. Loins broad
and strong. Hind-quarters strong, muscular, and wide across the top.
12. _Legs and Feet._--Both fore-and hind-legs should be short and
muscular. The shoulder-blades should be comparatively broad, and well
sloped backwards. The points of the shoulder-blades should be closely
knit into the backbone, so that very little movement of them should be
noticeable when the dog is walking. The elbow should be close in to
the body, both when moving or standing, thus causing the fore-leg to
be well placed in under the shoulder. The fore-legs should be straight
and thickly covered with short, hard hair. The hind-legs should be
short and sinewy. The thighs very muscular, and not too wide apart. The
hocks bent and well set in under the body, so as to be fairly close to
each other, either when standing, walking, or running (trotting), and,
when standing, the hind-legs, from the point of the hock down to the
fetlock joint, should be straight or perpendicular, and not far apart.
The fore feet are larger than the hind ones, are round, proportionate
in size, strong, thickly padded, and covered with short, hard hair. The
foot must point straight forward. The hind feet are smaller, not quite
as round as fore feet, and thickly padded. The under surface of the
pads of feet, and all the nails, should be distinctly black in colour.
Hocks too much bent (cow hocks) detracts from the general appearance.
Straight hocks are weak: both kinds are undesirable, and should be
guarded against.
13. _Tail._--6 ins. or 7 ins. long, covered with hard hair (no
feather), as straight as possible, carried gaily, but not curled over
back. A long tail is objectionable.
14. _Movement._--Should be free, straight, and easy all round. In
front, the leg should be freely extended forward by the shoulder. The
hind movement should be free, strong, and close. The hocks should be
freely flexed and drawn close in under the body, so that, when moving
off the foot, the body is thrown or pushed forward with some force.
Stiff, stilty movement behind is very objectionable.
FAULTS.
1. _Coat._--Any silkiness, wave, or tendency to curl is a serious
blemish, as is also an open coat.
2. _Size._--Any specimens under the minimum weight, or above the
maximum weight, are objectionable.
3. _Eyes._--Full or light-coloured.
4. _Ears._--Round-pointed, drop, broad, and large ears, also ears too
heavily covered with hair.
5. _Muzzle._--Either under, or overshot and defective teeth.
SCALE OF POINTS.
General Appearance 5
Colour 5
Coat 10
Size 7½
Skull 7½
Eyes 5
Muzzle 5
Ears 5
Neck 10
Chest 10
Body 10
Legs and Feet 7½
Tail 5
Movement 7½
____
Total 100
INDEX
A
Afghan Greyhound, 333
---- neck, 334
---- colour, 334
---- height at shoulders, 334
Airedale Terrier, 293
---- Standard of Points, 298
---- Club, 298
Antimony poisoning, 414
Appendix, 443
Arsenic, 413
Association of Bloodhound Breeders, 146
B
Bareness round margin of eyes, 432
Basset-hounds, 206
---- colour, 208
---- coat, 208
---- head, 208
---- fore-quarters, 225
---- chest, 225
---- Club, 226
---- Club rules, 226
---- (Smooth), points, 233
---- (Rough) points, 235
Beagle, 181
---- Club (English), description of points, 187
---- (American), points, etc., 190
Bedlington Terrier, 274
---- height, 277
---- weight, 277
---- colour, 277
---- nose, 277
---- coat, 277
---- skull, 277
---- body, 277
---- tail, 277
---- limbs, 278
---- quarters, 278
---- Club, 278
Black-and-tan Setter (Gordon Setter), 29
Blindness, 429
Blistering, 441
Bloodhounds, 141
---- head, 142
---- legs and feet, 145
---- chest and shoulders, 145
---- neck, ribs, back and loins, 145
---- hind-quarters and limbs, 146
---- tail, coat and colour, 146
---- height, 146
---- Club, 146
Blood poisoning, 381
Boils, 387
Borzois or Russian Wolfhound, 179
---- chest, neck, 180
---- fore-limbs, 180
---- colour, 180
---- coat, height, 181
---- faults, 181
---- Club, 181
C
Canker of ear, 423
Clumber Spaniel, 71
Clysters or Enemas, 439
Cocker Spaniel, 84
---- head, ears, 87
---- coat, colour, 87
---- Club, 88
---- prices, 88
---- faults, 88
Conditioning Dogs, 366
Constitutional Rules of the Retriever Society, 59
D
Dachshund, 194
---- head, 194
---- chest, shoulders, 205
---- hind-quarters, 205
Dandie-Dinmont Terrier, 310
---- head, 313
---- neck, tail, 314
---- fore and hind-limbs, 314
---- colour, 314
---- Society, 315
---- Standard of Points, 315
Deafness, 426
Deerhound, 128
---- head, ears, 129
---- neck, shoulders, stern, 130
---- legs, feet, 135
---- faults, 135
---- colour, 136
---- coat, 136
---- height and weight, 137
Diarrhœa, 403
Docking, 438
Dropsy of the ear-flaps, 422
Dysentery, 405
Dyspepsia, 408
E
Eczema, 384
English Setter, 18
---- points, etc., 23
---- faults, 24
English Water Spaniel, 92
Everted eyelids, 430
F
Feeding Sporting Dogs, 363
Field Spaniels, 82
Fleas, 389
Follicular Mange, 393
Fomentations, 440
Foreign bodies in the eyes, 431
Foxhound, the, 113
Foxhound, Stud Book, 114
Fox Terriers, 239
---- Club, 247
---- Standard of Points, 247
---- (Rough), 265
---- points of, 265
---- Disqualifying Points, 266
Fractures, 435
G
Gamekeepers' Kennel Association, 351
---- Rules, 352
Greyhounds, 157
---- head, eyes, 158
---- ears, neck, 158
---- fore and hind-quarters, 158
---- coat and colour, etc., 167
Gullet, disease of, 394
H
Hæmorrhage, 406
Hæmorrhoids, 407
Harriers, 122
---- loins, back, ribs, 125
---- chest, fore-limbs, 125
---- coat, 125
Herpes, 387
I
Inflammation of stomach, 395
---- of bowels, 396
---- of bladder, 420
---- of ear, 423
International Gundog League, 32
Inverted eyelids, 430
Irish Setter, 25
---- coat, etc., 26
Irish Terrier, 287
---- coat, colour, etc., 288
---- weight, 293
---- Club, 293
---- prices, 293
Irish Water Spaniel, 88
---- colour, coat, height, 91
---- general appearance, 91
---- faults, 92
---- Club, 92
Irish Wolfhound, 155
---- points, etc., 156
J
Jaundice, 410
K
Kidneys, disease of, 418
L
Labradors, 56
Lead poisoning, 417
Lurcher, 337
M
Mange, Follicular, 393
Mange, Sarcoptic, 391
Mercury, 417
Morbid growths in the ear passage, 427
N
Nettle-rash, 388
Night-dogs, the Training, Use, and Abuse of, 337
O
Ophthalmia, 428
Otterhound, 126
---- colour, 126
---- skull, neck, 127
---- height, 127
Overgrown claws, 435
P
Pediculi or lice, 390
Phosphorus poisoning, 416
Pointer and Setter Society, 32
Pointer, the, 3
Poisons, 413
Ptomaine poisoning, 418
R
Rabies, 379
Retrievers, 41
---- head, 47
---- ears, back limbs, 48
Retrievers (Flat-coated), 41
---- (Curly-coated), 55
Rheumatism, 382
Ringworm, 391
Rules adopted at the Retriever Society, 63
Ruptures, 411
S
Sarcoptic Mange, 389
Scottish Terrier, 278
---- coat, weight, colour, 283
---- neck, chest, etc., 284
---- head, muzzle, 284
---- height, 287
---- Clubs, 287
Setoning, 438
Skye Terrier, 269
---- head, 273
---- weight, 273
---- faults, 273
---- Club, 273
---- prices, 273
Spaniels, 66
---- colour of, 68
---- Sussex, 76
Specific ailments, 369
Split margin, 425
Stone in the bladder, 419
Stricture, 421
Strychnine poisoning, 415
T
Torn eyelids, 431
Training Spaniels, 102
Tumours and warts, 441
Twist of the bowels, 395
V
Vomiting, 398
W
Welsh Terrier, 308
---- head, neck, 308
---- arms, and forearms, 309
---- back, loins, tail, and feet, 309
---- Club, 309
Whippet, 167
---- coat, 168
---- constitution, 168
---- fore-limbs, 168
---- hind-quarters, 171
---- tail and feet, 171
---- General appearances, 171
White West Highland Terrier, 305, 307 (see Appendix, p. 443)
Worms, 399
Wounds, 433
THE END
_Colston & Coy. Limited, Printers, Edinburgh_
FOOTNOTES
[1] Liver-coloured flat and wavy coated specimens are not at all
uncommon, though not generally preferred.
[2] A moderate degree of development of the Membrana Nictitans (so
called Haw) is not only typical of the Clumber, but advantageous. To
remove this useful Membrane (unless for surgical reasons) is a cruel
and useless procedure, deserving severe condemnation.
[3] The heights of the Crickhowell Harriers are as follows:--Dogs, 17½
to 18½ inches; bitches, 17 to 18 inches.
* * * * * *
Transcriber's note:
--Obvious errors were corrected.