Indicative: Present: guin-iipagsusurat, s; guin-iipanunurat.
Past: guin-ipagsusurat s; guin-ipanunurat.
Future: pag-iipagsusuráton s; pag-iipanunuraton.
Imperative: pag-ipagsusurata
Subjunctive: pag-ipagsusuraton.
(The permissive verbs have no passive)
ABSOLUTE IMPERATIVE
Infinitive: papagsuratán s; papanuratán p.
Indicative: Present: ipinasusurat.
Past: ipinasurat.
Future: ipasusurat.
Imperative: ipasurát.
Subjunctive: ipasurát.
RELATIVE IMPERATIVE
Conjugational root: pasurát
Infinitive: papagsuratán, s; papanuratán, p.
Indicative: Present: ipinápagsurát, s; ipinápanurát, p.
Past: ipinapagsurát, s; ipinapanurát, p.
Future: ipápagsurát, s; ipápanurát, p.
Imperative: ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p.
Subjunctive: ipapagsurát, s; ipapanurát, p.
IMPREMEDITATIVE
Conjugational root: susuráta
Infinitive: pagsusuráta, s; panunuráta, p.
Indicative: Present: sinususurat.
Past: sinusurát.
Future: sususuráton.
Imperative: susuráta.
Subjunctive: susuráton.
ABSOLUTE DIMINUTIVE
Conjugational root: sinuratsúrat
Infinitive: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p.
Indicative: Present: sinusuratsúrat,
Past: sinuratsúrat.
Future: susuratsuraton.
Imperative: suratsurata.
Subjunctive: suratsuráton.
RELATIVE DIMINUTIVE
Conjugational root: guinsuratsúrat
Infinitive: pagsuratsuratá, s; panuratsúrata, p.
Indicative: Present: guinsusuratsurat, s; pinanunuratsurat, p.
Past: guinsuratsurat, s; pinanuratsurat, p.
Future: pagsusuratsuraton, s; panunuratsuratón, p.
Imperative: pagsuratsuráta, s; panuratsuráta, p.
Subjunctive: pasuratsuraton, s; panusatsuráton, p
(The repetitive have the same form as the diminutive)
(The reciprocate have no passive)
(The imitative, gradual and figurative have no passive)
INDIRECT PASSIVE
The indirect passive is similar to the ordinary progressive indirect
passive (see page 76), except in that in the continuative form the
interfix in is used.
The potential have no indirect passive.
The optative have their indirect passive as that of the ordinary form
(see page 73 et seq.), as to the affixes.
The imperative have no indirect passive.
The impremeditative has its indirect passive the same as that of the
primitive indirect passive (see page 74) as to the affixes.
The indirect passive of the diminutive is the same as that of the
ordinary, primitive (See page 78 et seq) as to the affixes.
INSTRUMENTAL PASSIVE.
The instrumental passive of the continuative impremeditative and
diminutive verbs is similiar to that of the progressive (page 79 and
80) as to the prefixes.
The other verbs above mentioned have not instrumental passive.
NOTE. There are other classes of verbs formed by other particles and
combinations; but their conjugation will be of no difficulty if the
different forms hereinbefore given are thoroughly mastered.
DEPRECATIVE VERBS
There are verbs used in a depreciative tone. Examples.
for cáon (to eat) ásoc, lámon, etc.
,, lacát (to walk) laág
,, yacán (to talk) yaquimbot, etc.
These verbs are conjugated as ordinarily.
ADVERBS
The adverbs are of the following classes:
ADVERBS OF PLACE
DIIN (where),—BISAN DIIN (wherever, anywhere),—DIDI (here, nearer to
the speaker then to the listener),—DINHI (here),—DIDÂ (there, nearer to
the listener than to the speaker),—DIDTO (there),—HARANI (near),—HARAYÒ
(far).
ADVERBS OF TIME
CACAN-O (when, past),—SAN-O (when, future),—BISAN CACAN-O (whenever,
past),—BISANSAN-O (whenever, future),—NIYÁN (now),—CANINA (before,
short time ago, in the same day),—CAGAB’I (last night),—CACOLÓP
(yesterday),—CASANGAB’I (the night before last),—CASANGCOLOP (the day
before yesterday),—CASANGYADTO (the day previous to the day before
yesterday),—ANAY (before, anciently),—UNINA (after, in the same
day),—BUAS (to-morrow),—ISANGBUÁS (the day after to-morrow),—ISANGYÁDTO
(the day following the day after to-morrow),—CANONAY (always),—DAYÓ-DAY
(persistently),—LAYON (soon),—DÁYON (immediately),—HADTO (then,
before),—NG̃ANÌ, CUN (when, whenever),—NAMAN (again),—LIUAT (again),—PA
(yet),—NA (already),—AGSOB (frequently),—DANAY (sometimes),—NGÁHAO
(then).
ADVERBS OF DEGREE
CAPIN, LABIS, LAPÁS (more),—ORÓG (most),—URAÚRA (excessively),—TUMAN (a
little scarcely).
ABVERBS OF MANNER
AMO, ASYA (so, thus),—ONAN-O (how),—MAN (also),—COLAÓNG, COLASÓT,
COLANTOY (for example, for instance).
ADVERBS OF DOUBT
ADÂ, MAHAMOC, MASAGNI, MAHARANI, CADUÁS TING̃ALI, BANG̃IN, SABALI
(probably, perhaps),—BAGÁ (as).
ADVERBS OF AFFIRMATION
OO (yes),—MANGUD (indeed),—CAIYA, UGA, CAY UGÂ, GUI-HÁPON (of course).
ADVERBS OF NEGATION
DIRI (no),—UARAY (no, past),—AYAO (no, future).
ADVERBS OF CAUSE
CAY (because),—TUNG̃ÚD (because).
OBSERVATIONS 1. Many adjectives and phrases are employed as adverbs, as
igbao (above)
niyán ng̃a adlao (to-day)
damò (much)
etc.
2. Some of the adverbs are frequently contracted, as those composed of
“bisan” which is contracted into “bis.” Examples:
bisan diín contracted bis diín
guihapon ,, guiháp.
3. The adverbs have diminutive, comparative and superlative. As
from harani, haraníay, haroharaní, guihaharanií; etc.
PREPOSITIONS
HA (to, from, over, under),—TIPA (against, towards),—TUNG̃UD
(for),—PATI, UPOD (with),—GAUÁS (without),—CAN (of, to),—TICANG, GUICAN
(from, since),—TUBTUB (up to, till, until),—TALIUAN (after),—LÁBUT
(except).
CONJUNCTIONS
The conjunctions are of the following classes:
COPULATIVE
UG, NG̃AN (and),—MAN (also),—NG̃A (that).
DISJUNCTIVE
O, CUN, [102] BA (or).
ADVERSATIVE
CUNDÌ (but),—SABALI, UGARING (but, though), CUN, NGANÌ (if),—BISAN
(even, though),—BACAY (as),—CUNTÀ (which bears the idea of past or
future desire: it may frequently be translated in English with the
phrase: “if possible”).
CONDITIONAL
CUN NG̃ANÌ, ABI, [103] UGARING (if).
CAUSAL
CAY, TUNGUD, BACAY, SANGLIT, CAY (inasmuch, because).
FINAL
BASI (in order to),—BANGIN (lest).
CONTINUATIVE
TACAY (then),—BUSA (therefore),—TARA (then).
INTERJECTIONS
Admiration: ¡a!, ¡ay!, ¡báá!, ¡abaá!, ¡baadao!, ¡abaadao! ¡pastilan!,
¡pauican!, ¡pauísac!, ¡palipac!, ipalísac!, ¡pauiday!, ¡aguimpauican!,
¡aguimpastilan!, ¡aguimpauisac!, ¡aguimpali, pac!, ¡aguimpalisac!,
¡aguimpauiday!, ¡pascalan!, ¡bongansiso!, !odoy!, ¡alágad!, ¡alagad
dao!, ¡an ac pa!, ¡ito ngahao!, etc.
Pain and sorrow: ¡ay!, ¡ayhay!, ¡aguí!, ¡aroy!, ¡óhoy!, ¡pastilan!,
etc.
Attention: ¡óho!, ¡ohondá!, ¡tabí!, ¡oy!, ¡acay! ¡hacay!, ¡solibangco!,
etc.
Insistence: ¡gad!, ¡daó!, ¡uga!, ¡lugá!, ¡ugaring!, ¡lugaring!,
¡caiyá!, ¡pudó!, ¡haromámay!, etc.
Reprobation: ¡diri!, ¡uaráy!, ¡ayao!, ¡hulát!, ¡bodó!, ¡buró!, etc.
Surprise: ¡ay!, ¡an!, ¡alágad!, ¡ús!, ¡balitao!, ¡bayá!, etc. [104]
Pity: ¡cairó!, ¡in tauo!, ¡pastilán!, ¡odóg!, ¡baadao!, ¡aguí!, etc.
Desire: ¡cunta!, ¡upayda!, ¡unta!, ¡mangad pa!, ¡ihinaotpa!, ¡tubangan
pa la!, etc.
Joy: ¡ay!, ¡ahay!, ¡upayda!, ¡salamat!, ¡ta!, etc.
Aversion: ¡á!, ¡aguí!, ¡ambot!, ¡sabá!, etc.
Invitation: ¡cadí!, ¡taná!, ¡halá!, etc.
Self-correction: ¡au!, ¡ay!, ¡sapayán!
Suspension: cuan.... inín.... ¡hulat!, ¡niyan!, etc.
Despair: ¡sahó!, etc.
Gratitude: ¡salamat!, ¡Dyos mag báyad!, ¡Dyos mag sugá!, etc.
SYNTAX
SUBJECTIVE RELATION
The subject of a verb may be either a noun or its equivalent, namely a
pronoun, a verb in the infinitive mood, or an entire phrase. As
An Dyos macagagáhum (God is omnipotent)
Acó nagsusurát (I write)
An paguaon maopay (The meal is good; literally: the
eating is good)
An guinquiquinauanglan ta ámo an (what we need is union).
pag-orosa
PREDICATIVE RELATION
The verb agree with its subject in person and number. As
panurát quitá (let us write)
magsurát hiyá (let him or her write)
ATTRIBUTIVE RELATION
The nouns and their equivalents may be modified by substantives,
adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, possessive pronouns, and
participles. Except in cases of possessive pronouns, relative ng̃a is
placed between the noun or its equivalents, and the modifying word. As
batá ng̃a sorogóon (the young servant; literally: the boy
servant)
an sangcay ng̃a macpay (the good friend)
iní ng̃a baláy (this house)
an acon amáy (my father)
hinigugma nga iróy (loved mother)
NOTE.—When the pronoun “adton” and its inflections are equivalent to
“deceased”, “late”, the particle ng̃a is not employed. As
adton Pedro (the late Peter)
The article also modifies the noun and its equivalents, in that it
limits them. The articles always precede the word or words to which
they refer. As is seen before (page 9) the personal article is always
employed before the proper nouns, except in the vocative case. As
an lang̃it (the heaven, or the sky)
hi Eudong (Peter)
The definite article is sometimes used before proper nouns, and
frequently before the demonstrative and possessive pronouns. The
indefinite article is sometimes employed before the possessive
pronouns. The personal article is sometimes used before the personal
pronouns, except the third person. As
an Dyos (God)
an iní ng̃a batà (this boy)
an amon búngto (our town)
macanhi in acon sangcay (a friend of mine will come)
hi camó ng̃an hi acó (you and I)
COMPLEMENTARY RELATION
The object of the verb is always in the objective case determined by
the corresponding article, or by a preposition. As
hi Pedro nagbabasa han surat (Peter reads the letter)
hirá nang̃atúrog ha sacayán (they sleep on the boat)
hi Tomás naruruyag hin pagcanhi (Thomas wishes to come; literally:
Thomas wishes a coming)
mácadto acó ha Abúyog (I shall go to Abuyog).
The object of the verb to be is in the nominative case. As
an imo bahín, amo iní (your part is this)
an táuo mamarátyon (the man is mortal)
ADVERBIAL RELATION
The adverbs and the adverbial phrases modify a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb. As
“dánay” acó cumádto (I go there sometimes)
nabasa ng̃ani acó, nábasa “man” hiyá (If I read, he reads also).
The adverbs are generally placed next to the word that they modify,
some before the said word as “agsob” (frequently), “dánay” (sometimes),
“masócot” (often), “macatalagsa” (seldom), etc., and other after the
said word as “pa” (yet), “na” (already), “man” (also), “gud”
(precisely), etc., and some before or after the said word as “lugúd”
(on the contrary), etc.
REPRESENTATIVE RELATION
The important Bisayan word that expresses representative relations is
the relative pronoun nga, which is invariable.
an batá nga tinmauag ha acon (the boy who called me)
an cabatáan ng̃a tinmawag ha acon (the boys who called me)
As to cases, we have seen (page 52) that this relative nga never refers
to the object of the verb. The sentences in the English and other
languages, where the corresponding relative pronoun relates to the
object of the verb and where consequently the said relative is in the
objective case, are expressed in Bisayan in passive voice which is the
most used in this tongue. [105] Thus, if we wish to say
the boy whom I called
we should say
an bata ng̃a tinauag co
which literally is: the boy who was called by me.
The personal, demonstrative and possessive pronouns agree in person and
number with their antecedents or the word or words that they represent.
There is no agreement in gender because the pronouns have no gender.
CONNECTIVE RELATIONS
The prepositions join the nouns, their equivalents, or the pronouns to
some other word. They place in the objective case the word that depends
on them.
The most important preposition in, Bisayan is ha, which is equivalent
to nearly all of the prepositions of other languages. Examples:
He saw me— hiyá quinmitá ha acon
He wrote to me— hiyá nagsurát ha acon
I come to Tacloban— nacanhi acó ha Tacloban
I come from Palo— ticang acó ha Palô
I pass by your house— linmabáy acó ha iyo baláy
He is in the room— aadto niyá ha solód
etc.
ABSOLUTE AND INDEPENDENT CONSTRUCTIONS
Absolute and independent constructions take place in Bisayan with
vocatives, and interjections.
Vocatives, as
Pedro, ng̃a niya, cadí dao (Peter, he said, come, please)
Interjection, as
Pastilan, caloóyi gad acó (oh!, have pity of me)
Some independent phrases are connected with the rest of the thought by
the adverb man, as
naabot camí, natutunod man (when we arrived, the sun set;
an adlao literally: we arrived, the sun also
set).
SYNTAX OF VERBS
THE INFINITIVE. The present has the construction of the noun, as
an pag-arám hin maopay ámo an (to learn well is the duty of a
catungdánan han batà boy).
The gerund expresses the idea of past when preceded by the particle
han, contraction of the preposition ha and the article an, as
han pagsírang han adlao, nagmamatá (when the sun raised, I was
na acó already awake).
The past participle has the construction of an adjective, as
binilangò ng̃a táuo (prisoner; literally: an imprisoned man)
INDICATIVE. Besides its ordinary use, its present is frequently
employed with the particle cuntà, to express the idea of an interrupted
or intended action. As
cun uaráy ca cánhi, nalacát cunta (If you had not come, I would have
acó gone)
SUBJUNCTIVE. It being used in a subordinate propositions, it is always
constructed with the conjunctions ng̃a (thato), cun, ng̃anì (if), cuntà
(if possible).
Ng̃a and cun always precede the verb; ng̃anì and cunta when used for the
subjunctive, is always placed after the verb. As
caruyag co ng̃a cumanhi ca buas (I wish you to come to-morrow;
literally: I wish that you may come
to-morrow). [106]
cun lumabay hi Juan, tanága. (If John passes by, call him)
lumabáy ng̃anì hi Juan taúaga.
lumabáy cuntà hi Juan (God grant that John passes).
NOTE.—The subjunctive form is frequently constructed with the modal
adverbs and adjectives and then such combinations have the construction
of an adjective. As
táuo ng̃a maopay sumurat (a good writer: literally; a man who
writes well)
macosóg sumáog ng̃a carabao (a strong dragger carabao)
etc.
ARRANGEMENT OF WORDS
The adjectives and verbs are always preferably employed, whenever
possible, at the beginning of a phrase, clause, or sentence.
Examples:
maópay ng̃a táuo (good man)
nagsusurát acó (I write)
etc.
VIOLATIONS OF GOOD USE
BARBARISMS
The most frequent violation of good use of the Bisayan tongue is the
Barbarism.
It is committed by using foreign words, and foreign constructions.
FOREIGN WORDS
Many foreign words have been and are being introduced in the Bisayan
conversations and writings. Must of such words are being adopted, not
because they are necessary, but simply thru affectation and love of
innovation, thus attempting against the purity of Bisayan. Some of the
words introduced however are necessary as they have no corresponding
word in Bisayan.
FOREIGN WORDS UNNECESSARILY USED IN BISAYAN
SPANISH WORDS
Abierto, abre (open) for Binucsan, inucáb, bucás
ucáb.
Adorno (adornment) ,, Dayan, rayandayan
Agua (used to mean perfume) ,, Talamhot
Aguanta (wait suffer) ,, Ílob, hulát
Alisto (from listo) ,, Andam
Amigo (friend) ,, Sángcay
Apique (close) ,, Sóoc
Apura, apurado (hurry) ,, Dagmit, cadagmitan
Atrever, atrevido (bold) ,, Paggahúm, gamhánan
Aver (for “give me”) ,, Icadí
Aver pa (God grant) ,, Mangad pa
Bajado, Bajar (low) ,, Habobó, obós
Bancó (bench) ,, Pongcóan, lincoran, pápag
Bando (edict) ,, Pahamatngon
Batido (for “experienced”) ,, Lasgud, hiara
Bote (for boat) ,, Sacayan
Cada usá (each one) ,, Tágsa
Calabozo (jail) ,, Bilangóan
Calculo (calculus) ,, Igoigo
Calle (street) ,, Dalan
Campana (bell) ,, Linganay
Canta (sing) ,, Laygay, laylay
Cantodes (from “cantores”) ,, Paralaygay
Carcel (jail) ,, Bi1angóan
Cargo (for “debt”) ,, Útang
Carne (flesh meat) ,, Unód
Capaz (able) ,, Sadang, angay, tacús
Castigo (punishment) ,, Siroc
Cocina (kitchen) ,, Lotoán
Coger ,, Pagdacóp pacasacób
Colá (from “colar”) ,, Bacá
Color (color) ,, Tina, samay, culay
Comósta (from “como está” how are
you) ,, Matiónan-o ca
Común (common) ,, Casahirác
Convida (invite) ,, Áabiabi, sabi
Contra (against) ,, Tipa, patoe, caauay
Cortina (curtain) ,, Biráy
Cuarta (money) ,, Salapí
Cuarto (room) ,, Solód
Cuerdas (strings) ,, Dolós
Cuello (collar) ,, Balióg
Cuenta (account) ,, Iháp, ísip
De balde (unusefully) ,, Cáuaug
De buenas (fortunate) ,, Paláran
Decir (for “ask”) ,, Siring hingyap
Defecto (defect) ,, Casaquihán, carát’an
De malas (unfortunate) ,, Uaráy palad
Derecho (right) ,, Tádong, dáyon, catadung̃an
Descanso (rest) ,, Pahúuay
Despedida (farewell) ,, Panamilit
Dibujo (drawing) ,, Badlis, Baguis
Diferencia (difference) ,, Guincalainan, guicaíbban
Dilatar (for delay) ,, Pag-uláng, pagpahalawig
Disgusto (unlikeness) ,, Cangalas
Dispensa (excuse) ,, Pasaylo, paguará
Diversion (amusement) ,, Caliáuan, liáoliáo
Dulce (sweet candy) ,, Matam’is
Empezar (to commence) ,, Pagticáng
Entra (for “to make love”) ,, Pangasáua
Entremés (joke) ,, Tíao
Escuela (school) ,, Liborán
Espejo (glass) ,, Salamíng
Esquina (corner) ,, Casóngnan
Estampa (image) ,, Ladáuan
Fino (fine) ,, Gamay, pilí
Firme (for always) ,, Agsub, ónob
Fuerza (strength) ,, Cusóg
Fuerte (strong) ,, Macusóg, mabácod
Fusil (gun) ,, Lutbang
Ganancia (gain) ,, Polós, tubo
Gracia (grace, favor) ,, Parábul
Gratis (used for “payment”) ,, Himúdlay
Gusto (wish) ,, Caruyag
Hasta (until) ,, Tubtub, ngadá
Hechura (shape) ,, Daguay
Interes (interest) ,, Guinsisiring, guinlalánat
Jardin (garden) ,, Tanáman
La mesa (table) ,, Dulang
Latigo (whip) ,, Latós
Lavá (from “lavar”, to wash) ,, Búnac
Lavandero, a (launderer, laundress) ,, Magburunác
Licencia, pag (to take leave) ,, Sárit, panamilit
Limós (from “limosna”, alms) ,, Calóoy, hatag
Limpio (clean) ,, Mahínis
Lóa (praise) ,, Dáyao
Lugar (for “near” or “almost”) ,, Dapit, ma
Macetas (flower-pot) ,, Tinanóm, taranman
Maestro (teacher) ,, Magtorótdo
Manteca (butter) ,, Pinahagas
Mantel (tablecloth) ,, Basnig ha dulang
Mantilla (mantilla) ,, Taóng
Masiado (from “demasiado”, too) ,, Uraura
Masque (from “por más que”,
although) ,, Bisan
Medio (half) ,, Catunga, bagá
Mismo (self-same) ,, Ngábao, gud
Muchacho (for servant) ,, Surogóon
Número (number) ,, Iháp
O bien (or) ,, O cun, ó, lugúd
Oración (prayer) ,, Pangadye, paugamuyo
Orden (order) ,, Sugo
Pabyon (from “pabellón”) ,, Biráy
Paciencia (patience) ,, Pag-ilub
Pago (for “debt”) ,, Utang
Palati (from “palatico”, from
“práctico”) ,, Mag-oróna
Paño (cloth) ,, Panapton, pudóng
Pañolito (handkerchief) ,, Modongpódong
Para (for, halt) ,, Basi, ngada, hulat, ocóy,
toróoc
Parecer (opinion) ,, Sagbang
Parejo (equal) ,, Sáma, sandag
Paseada (from “paseo”) ,, Lacatlácat
Peligro (danger) ,, Cataragman
Pensar (for talent) ,, Talíno
Perdona (from “perdonar”) ,, Pasaylo
Pero (but) ,, Cundi
Pertina (for “pretina”, waistband) ,, Háuac
Pierde (from “perder” to lose) ,, Lupig, nara
Pintar (to paint) ,, Dum-it, díhog
Pintura (paint) ,, Idirihóg
Plato (plate) ,, Pingan
Platito (a little dish) ,, Lampay
Pliegues (plaits) ,, Lopi
Pobre (poor) ,, Cablas
Polvo (powder) ,, Bócboc
Posta (from “apuesta” bet) ,, Butáng
Precio (price) ,, Pulít
Preparar (to prepare) ,, Pag-andam, pagtíma
Preso (prisoner) ,, Binilangá.
Probar (to taste) ,, Tilao, sari
Propecto (from “perfecto,” perfect) ,, Guinóod
Prueba (proof, evidence) ,, Paacamatóod
Principal (chief, capital) ,, Labáo, pohonan
Provecho (profit) ,, Polós
Puerta (door) ,, Ganghaán
Pulido (neat) ,, Hag-id, mahamis
Puro (pure) ,, Putli, lonlon, sandag,
sáhid
Queja (complaint) ,, Sumbong
Querido (dear) ,, Hinigugma, pinalanga
Que ver (for “to do”) ,, Láhot
Quinolá (from colar) ,, Bináchan
Rabenque (from “rebenque”, whipe) ,, Latob, latos
Recibi (from “recibir”) ,, Carauat
Reclamo (claim) ,, Paglánat
Redondo (round) ,, Lipóron, malídong
Regalo (present) ,, Higugma, hatag, bucad
Regular (regular) ,, Igó, socol
Relo, relos (from “reloj” watch,
clock) ,, Orasán [107]
Remo (oar) ,, Gaód
Renuncio (from “renunciar”, to
renounce) ,, Pagdiri, pagdiuara
Reventa (from “reventar” to
explode) ,, Pagbotó
Rico (rich) ,, Mangáran
Rugal (from “lugar”, spot) ,, Caraanan, tuna, umá
Saco (sack) ,, Sopót
Sadá (from “cierra”, close) ,, Locób
Sala (hall) ,, Ruáng
Saya (skirt) ,, Tampí, Talapí
Seguro (for “probably”) ,, Mahámoe, angay la
Señor (Sir, Mister) ,, Guinoo
Sirve (from “servir” to serve) ,, Pagmangno pag-ágad
Suerte (for “talk”) ,, Himangrao
Sustento (maintenance) ,, Pagbubi, iburuhi, cabuhian
Tabla (board) ,, Bugha
Tachar (for “contempt”) ,, Yúbit, támay
Taza (cup) ,, Yahóng
Tiempo (time) ,, Adlao, túig
Tienda (merchandise, store) ,, Baligya, baligyáan
Tieso (stiff) ,, Dángag, tadóng
Tocar (to play) ,, Pagtonóg
Tocador (for glass) ,, Salamíng
Tonto (fool) ,, Lórong, palinqui, pádlas
Trabajo (work) ,, Buhat
Tranea (cross-bar) ,, Síol, Balabág
Tumba (to tumble) ,, Púcan
Vacio (empty) ,, Lungág
Ventana (window) ,, Tambóan
Verde (green) ,, Saguindáhon
Vicio (vice) ,, Casaquihán
Virtud (for “power”) ,, Gahúm
Zurce (for “zurcir” to darn) ,, Pagtábing,
And many others.
CHINESE [108] WORDS
Bochang (for sow) for Cablas
Buísit (unfortunate) ,, Uaray pálad
Camsya (for “thank”) ,, Salámat
Gonggong (foolish) ,, Uaray salabótan
Lamloc (dear, fat) ,, Matamboc
Laotuy (old) ,, Lagás, gurang
Syâ (for eat) ,, Cáon
Sinqui (new) ,, Bag-o
Tampuâ (excess, present) ,, Táuad, labis
Uchang (rich) ,, Mangáran
Uísit (fortunate) ,, Paláran.
and some others.
ENGLISH WORDS
Haló (halloo) for Ohó
Miting (“meeting”) ,, Catirócan
Háyc (“hike”) ,, Paglacát, sódoy
Moning (for “money”) ,, Salapí
Sausau (chow-chow) ,, Pagcáon, caraonón
And others.
NOTE.—At present, among the students it is frequent to hear “¿háin an
ac dyografi (geography), an ac arismitic (arithmetic)?” “¿aada ca ha
fif (fifth) greyd (grade)?” “maaram na acó mag espeling (spelling)”—Why
do they not talk in English?
OBSERVATION. There are some Tagalog words and constructions used in
Bisayan; but we do not consider their use as a barbarism, because
Tagalog and Bisayan are both dialects of a common tongue, and because
such use may help the formation of a possible Filipino language.
FOREIGN CONSTRUCTIONS
Among others, the following is a barbarism in the construction:
“maoroopay iní QUE hitón”, (this is better than that). The use of the
QUE (which is Spanish meaning “than”) is entirely Spanish and is not
necessary in Bisayan, as the mentioned sentence is expressed simply and
with the same strength and more purity and correctness: “maooropáy iní
hitón”.
FOREIGN WORDS NECESSARILY ADOPTED IN BISAYAN
But there are many words now in use in Bisayan the adoption of which
enriches rather then destroys the language. We refer to those words
that have been necessarily imported from other languages to express
ideas not represented by any word, or whose corresponding words are
lost in Bisayan.
We do not consider their use as a barbarism, as it is not considered us
such in English, Spanish, French and other European languages the
adoption of Greek and Latin words. We not only do not criticize such
adoption in the Filipino dialects but rather desire and encourage it,
because it will undoubtedly enable our dialects to be used in all kinds
of scientific and artistic expressions.
Among the foreign words already adopted, the following may be counted:
Dyos (from the Spanish Dios). It is true that we have the Tagálog
Bathala which refers to the omnipotency, and the Bisayan Laón which
refers to the eternity. But in view of the fact that the word Dyos
derived from the Latin Deus, from the Greek Zeus which means Divinite,
Supreme Being, has been so much used in Bisayan, and it represent
another phase of the attributes of God, we think that the said word
DYOS ought to be adopted in Bisayan, adapting its form to the
inflections of our dialect.
Oras (from the Spanish hora “hour”).—We have to adopt this word, as
there is no corresponding expression known in Bisayan. By its adoption
we have a way to avoid the use of reloj, with the derivative orasan
already used.
Bapor (from the Spanish “vapor” steamboat). It has no corresponding in
Bisayan. We have sacayán (boat), but it does not include the idea of
the “steam.”