_Rates to be paid for Carriages on the March._
One shilling _per_ mile { with 5 horses, or
for every carriage { with 6 oxen, or
{ with 4 oxen and 2 horses;
Nine pence _per_ mile for any cart with 4 horses, and so in proportion
for less carriages; or a further sum, not exceeding 4d _per_ mile
for every carriage with 5 horses, or with 6 oxen, or with 4 oxen and
2 horses; or 3d _per_ mile for every cart with 4 horses; and so in
proportion for less carriages, as the same shall be fixed and ordered
by the justices of the peace. The waggons, &c. not to carry more than
30 cwt.
_Regular_ ferries are only to be paid for on the march at half the
ordinary rate.
_Mutiny Act._
_Marching Money._—Innkeepers are obliged to furnish troops on the march
with diet and small beer, for the day of their marching in, and two
days afterwards; unless one of the two days be a market day. For which
the publican by the King’s warrant, 17th of March, 1800, is to receive
16d, and which is paid in the following manner:
Paid by Government, Cavalry 9d. Infantry 11d.
” by the soldier ” 6d. ” 4d.
Soldiers beer money ” 1d. ” 1d.
—— ——
Total 16 16
_MEASURES._
_Long Measure._
12 Inches make 1 Foot.
3 Feet ” 1 Yard.
5½ Yards ” 1 Pole, or perch.
40 Poles ” 1 Furlong.
8 Furlongs ” 1 Mile.
4 Inches ” 1 Hand.
6 Feet ” 1 Fathom, or toise.
3 miles ” 1 League.
60 Nautical, or }
geographical miles, or } ” 1 Degree.
69½ statute miles. }
_Square Measure._
144 Square inches make 1 Square foot.
9 Square feet ” 1 Square yard.
30¼ Square yards ” 1 Square pole.
40 Square poles ” 1 Square rood.
4 Square roods ” 1 Square acre.
_Solid, or Cubic Measure._
1728 Cubic inches make 1 Cubic foot.
27 Cubic feet ” 1 Cubic yard.
251 Cubic inches ” 1 Gallon, wine measure.
281 ” ” ” 1 Gallon, beer measure.
168⅗ ” ” ” 1 Gallon, dry measure.
_Dry Measure._
8 Pints make 1 Gallon.
2 Gallons ” 1 Peck.
4 Pecks ” 1 Bushel.
4 Bushels ” 1 Coom.
2 Cooms ” 1 Quarter.
5 Quarters ” 1 Wey.
2 Weys ” 1 Last.
_Avoirdupois Weight._
16 Drams make 1 Ounce.
16 Ounces ” 1 Pound.
25 Pounds ” ¼ of a hundred.
4 Quarters ” 1 Hundred.
20 Hundred ” 1 Ton.
14 Pounds ” 1 Stone.
_French Weights and Measures._
The toise is commonly used in France for military purposes, and is
divided into 6 feet: each foot 12 inches; each inch 12 lines; each line
12 points. The pace is usually reckoned at 2½ feet.
_Poids de Mare_, ou _de Paris_.
24 Grains make 1 Den’r.
3 Den’rs ” 1 Gros.
8 Gros ” 1 Ounce.
8 Ounces ” 1 Marc.
2 Marcs ” 1 Pound.
The French have lately formed an entire new system of weights and
measures: the following short account of them, and their proportion to
the old weights and measures of France, and those of English standard,
is extracted from _Nicholson’s Nat. Philosophy_.
+---------------+---------------+
|Proportions of | First part of |
|the measures of| the name which|
|each species to| indicates the |
|its principal | proportion to |
|measure or | the principal |
|unity. | measure or |
| | unity. |
+---------------+---------------+
| 10,000 | Myria |
| 1,000 | Kilo |
| 100 | Hecto |
| 10 | Deca |
| 0 | ——— |
| 0.1 | Deci |
| 0.01 | Centi |
| 0.001 | Milli |
+---------------+---------------+
=(A)= = Proportion of the principal measures between
themselves and the length of the Meridian.
=(B)= = Value of the principal measures in the ancient
French measures.
=(C)= = Value in English measures.
+-----+------------------------------------------------------------+
| | PRINCIPAL MEASURES, or UNITIES. |
| +------------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+
| | Length. | Capacity. | Weight. | Agrarian.|For Firewood.|
| +------------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+
| | Metre. | Litre. | Gramme. | Are. | Stere. |
+-----+------------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+
| |10,000,000th| A | Weight |100 square| One cubic |
| | part of the| Decimetre | of a | metres. | metre. |
| (A) | dist. from | cube. |centimetre| | |
| | the Pole | | cube of | | |
| | to the | |distilled | | |
| | Equator. | | water. | | |
+-----+------------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+
| | 3 feet |1 pint and |18 grains | 2 square |1 demi voie, |
| (B) | 11 lines | 1-20, or a| & 841,000| perches |or ¼ of a |
| | and ½ |litron and | parts. | des eaux |cord des eaux|
| | nearly. |1-4 nearly.| | et toret.|et fore. |
+-----+------------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+
| | Inches |6.083 inch,| 22,966 | 11.968 | |
| | 39.383 | which is | grains. | square | |
| (C) | | more than | | yards. | |
| | | the wine | | | |
| | | & less | | | |
| | | than the | | | |
| | |beer quart.| | | |
+-----+------------+-----------+----------+----------+-------------+
_Reduction of the old French Weights and Measures to English; and the
contrary._
1st. To reduce English Avoirdupois to Paris weight:
The avoirdupois pound of 16 }
ounces, or 7000 troy grains. = 8538 } Paris grains.
The ounce = 533.6250 }
2d. To reduce Paris running feet or inches into }
English, multiply by }
” ” English running feet or inches into} 1.065977
Paris, divide by }
3d. To reduce Paris cubic feet or inches into }
English, multiply by }
” ” English cubic feet or inches into } 1.211278
Paris, divide by }
4th. To reduce the Paris pint to the English, }
multiply by }
” ” the English pint to the Paris, } 2.0171082
divide by }
LAVOISIER CH.
_German Measures._—The Rhinland rood is the measure commonly used
in Germany and Holland, and in most of the northern states, for all
military purposes. It is divided into 12 feet. The Rhinland rood is
sometimes divided into tenths, or decimal feet, and the pace is made
equal to 2 decimal feet, or ²/₁₀ of a rood.
_Proportion between the English Weights and Measures, and those of the
principal Places in Europe._
+===========+================+=================+
| Places. | Foot in Parts. | Pound in Parts. |
+-----------+----------------+-----------------+
|London | 1000 | 100 |
|Paris | 1068 | 108 |
|Amsterdam | 942 | 93 |
|Rhinland | 1033 | 96 |
|Antwerp | 946 | 98 |
|Lovaine | 958 | 98 |
|Middleburgh| 991 | 98 |
|Strasburgh | 920 | 93 |
|Bremen | 964 | 96 |
|Cologne | 954 | 97 |
|Frankfort | 948 | 93 |
|Leipsig | — | 117 |
|Hamburg | — | 95 |
|Venice | 1153 | 151 |
|Prague | 1026 | 106 |
|Copenhagen | 965 | 94 |
|Nuremburgh | 1006 | 94 |
|Bavaria | 954 | — |
|Vienna | 1053 | 83 |
|Madrid | 1001 | 99 |
|Toledo | 899 | 100 |
|Bologne | 1204 | 127 |
|Naples | 861 | — |
|Florence | — | 123 |
|Genoa | — | 142 |
|Mantua | 1569 | 143 |
|Turin | 1062 | — |
|Dantzig | 944 | 119 |
+===========+================+=================+
_Measures_—for gunpowder.
_Diameters and Heights of Cylindric Powder Measures,
holding from 1 to 15 Ounces._
+======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
|Ounces| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 0 | 0 | 1.256 | 1.583 | 1.811 | 1.994 | 2.148 |
+------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 2.706 | 2.793 | 2.876 | 2.953 | 3.027 | 3.098 |
+======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
_Diameters and Weights of Cylindric Powder Measures,
holding from 1 to 15 Pounds._
+=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
| Pounds. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 0 | 0 | 3.165 | 3.988 | 4.565 | 5.024 | 5.412 |
+---------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
| 1 | 6.890 | 7.039 | 7.245 | 7.442 | 7.628 | 7.805 |
+=========+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======+
The above are in inches and decimals.
_MECHANICS._—The whole momentum or quantity of force of a moving
body, is the result of the quantity of matter, multiplied by the
velocity with which it is moved; and when the product arising from
the multiplication of the particular quantities of matter in any two
bodies, by their respective velocities are equal, their momentum will
be so too. Upon this easy principle depends the whole of mechanics; and
it holds universally true, that when two bodies are suspended on any
machine, so as to act contrary to each other; if the machine be put in
motion, and the perpendicular ascent of one body multiplied into its
weight, be equal to the perpendicular descent of the other, multiplied
into its weight: those bodies, how unequal soever in their weights,
will balance each other in all situations: for, as the whole ascent
of the one is performed in the same time as the whole descent of the
other, their respective velocities must be as the spaces they move
through; and the excess of weight in one is compensated by the excess
of velocity in the other. Upon this principle it is easy to compute the
power of any engine, either simple or compound; for it is only finding
how much swifter the power moves than the weight does, (_i. e._ how
much further in the same time,) and just so much is the power increased
by the help of the engine.
The simple machines usually called mechanic powers, are six in number,
_viz._ the _Lever_, the _Wheel and Axle_, the _Pulley_, the _Inclined
Plane_, the _Wedge_, and the _Screw_.
There are four kinds of _Levers_: 1st, Where the prop is placed between
the weight and the power. 2d, Where the prop is at one end of the
lever, the power at the other, and the weight between them. 3d, Where
the prop is at one end, the weight at the other, and the power applied
between them. 4th, The bended lever, which differs from the first in
form, but not in property.
In the first and 2d kind, the advantage gained by the lever, is as the
distance of the power from the prop, to the distance of the weight from
the prop. In the 3d kind, that there may be a balance between the power
and the weight, the intensity of the power must exceed the intensity
of the weight, just as much as the distance of the weight from the
prop exceeds the distance of the power from the prop. As this kind of
lever is disadvantageous to the moving power, it is seldom used.
_Wheel and Axle._—Here the velocity of the power is to the velocity of
the weight, as the circumference of the wheel is to the circumference
of the axle.
_Pulley._—A single pulley, that only turns on its axis, and does not
move out of its place, serves only to change the direction of the
power, but gives no mechanical advantage. The advantage gained in this
machine, is always as twice the number of _moveable_ pullies; without
taking any notice of the _fixed_ pullies necessary to compose the
system of pullies.
_Inclined Plane._—The advantage gained by the inclined plane, is
as great as its length exceeds its perpendicular height. The force
wherewith a rolling body descends upon an inclined plane, is to the
force of its absolute gravity, as the height of the plane is to its
length.
_Wedge._—This may be considered as two equally inclined planes,
joined together at their bases. When the wood does _not_ cleave at
any distance before the wedge, there will be an equilibrium between
the power impelling the wedge, and the resistance of the wood acting
against its two sides; when the power is to the resistance, as half
the thickness of the wedge at the back, is to the length of either of
its sides; because the resistance then acts perpendicular to the sides
of the wedge: but when the resistance on both sides acts parallel to
the back, the power that balances the resistance on both sides will
be, as the length of the whole back of the wedge is to double its
perpendicular height. When the wood cleaves at any distance before the
wedge, (as it generally does) the power impelling the wedge will be to
the resistance of the wood, as half the length of the back is to the
length of either of the sides of the cleft, estimated from the top, or
acting part of the wedge.
_Screw._—Here the advantage gained is as much as the circumference of
a circle described by the handle of the winch, exceeds the interval or
distance between the spirals of the screw.
There are few compound engines, but what, on account of the friction of
parts against one another, will require a third part more power to work
them when loaded, than what is required to constitute a balance between
the power and the weight.
FERGUSON’S _Nat. Philosophy_.
_MILE._—Comparison of the different miles, in geometric paces, each of
which is equal to 5 feet French royal, 5.6719 feet Rhinland, or 6.1012
English feet.
The mile of Sweden = 5761 geometric paces.
” ” ” Switzerland 4512
” ” ” Denmark 4071
Common, of Germany 4000
” ” Holland 3158
League of France 2400
” ” Spain 2286
” ” Scotland 1500
Mile of Italy 1000
” ” England 868
Werste of Russia 575
_MINE._—The excavation formed by the blowing up of a mine is found by
experiment to be nearly a paraboloid. It was formerly supposed that
the diameter of the entonnoir, or excavation, was always equal to only
double the line of least resistance; but experiments have proved, that
the diameter of the excavation may be increased to six times the line
of least resistance; and that the diameter of the globe of compression
may be increased to eight times that line; this is called the _maximum_
of a mine, or the greatest effect that can be produced by a globe of
compression. In any mine intended to produce an effect within this
extent, the effects will be nearly as the charges.
The globes are to each other as the cubes of their radii. Their radii
are the hypothenuses of rightangled triangles, of which the line of
least resistance, and the semi-diameter of the excavation, are the
other two sides. Therefore, to find the charge to produce any required
diameter of the excavation, the following will be the rule, the radius
being found as above:
As the cube of the radius of the globe of compression
in the following table, (having the same line of least
resistance as the required globe,)
Is to the cube of the radius of the required globe;
So is the charge corresponding in the following table,
To the charge required.
_Table for the Charges of Mines, according to Valiere._
+-------------+--------------++-------------+--------------+
| Line of | Charge for || Line of | Charge for |
| Least | the Mine. || Least | the Mine. |
| Resistance. | || Resistance. | |
+-------------+--------------++-------------+--------------+
| Feet. | lbs. oz. || Feet. | lbs. oz. |
| 1 | 0 2 || 21 | 868 3 |
| 2 | 0 12 || 22 | 998 4 |
| 3 | 2 8 || 23 | 1140 10 |
| 4 | 6 — || 24 | 1296 — |
| 5 | 11 11 || 25 | 1558 9 |
| 6 | 20 4 || 26 | 1647 12 |
| 7 | 32 2 || 27 | 1815 4 |
| 8 | 48 — || 28 | 2058 — |
| 9 | 68 5 || 29 | 2286 7 |
| 10 | 93 12 || 30 | 2530 4 |
| 11 | 124 12 || 31 | 2792 4 |
| 12 | 162 — || 32 | 3072 — |
| 13 | 205 15 || 33 | 3369 1 |
| 14 | 257 4 || 34 | 3680 12 |
| 15 | 316 4 || 35 | 4019 8 |
| 16 | 384 — || 36 | 4374 — |
| 17 | 460 9 || 37 | 4748 11 |
| 18 | 546 12 || 38 | 5144 4 |
| 19 | 643 — || 39 | 5561 2 |
| 20 | 750 — || 40 | 6000 — |
+-------------+--------------++-------------+--------------+
This table is calculated upon a supposition that the excavation of
the mine is a paraboloid, having a base double the line of least
resistance; and that 10 lbs. 10 oz of powder is sufficient for raising
one cubic fathom of earth, by making the line of least resistance of
the required globe only equal to the radius of the globe of compression.
The charges thus found by means of this table, being only for one
nature of soil; _viz._ light earth and sand, (that for which the table
is calculated) must be augmented according to the following table of
Vauban’s, by one, four, five, seven, or nine elevenths of the charge
found.
_Table of the Quantity of Powder required to raise a Cubic Fathom,
according to the Soil._
1 Light earth, mixed with sand 11 pounds.
2 Common earth 12
3 Strong sand 15
4 Clay, or fat earth 16
5 Old and good Masonry 18
6 Rock 20
The following rule is however laid down by Belidor, and generally
adopted, if it be intended that the mine shall produce its maximum or
greatest effect: Multiply the line of least resistance, expressed in
feet, by 300, the product will be the charge in pounds.
In making mines of any kind, the following remarks may be of service.
The best form for the chamber would be spherical; but from the
difficulty of its construction, it is always made a cube, of one inch
larger dimensions than the box to contain the powder.
The chamber must not be made in the prolongation of the branch of the
mine, but at one side, and lower than the level of the branch, if the
soil be dry; but higher if it be wet.
One cubic foot will contain 75 lbs. of powder; upon which principle the
size of the case to contain the powder must be regulated. The auget is
generally one inch square interior dimensions, and the end of it must
reach the centre of the chamber; where the saucisson must be fastened,
to prevent its being easily pulled out.
The branch of the mine to be sprung must be closed in the strongest
manner by doors well secured by props, and must be stopped with earth
or rubbish to a distance, taken in a straight line, equal to 1½ times
the line of least resistance.
In proportioning the length of saucisson, in order that any number of
mines may be fired at the same instant, a return of a right angle is
generally reckoned equal to 4 inches in a right line.
The first step in making a mine, whether for attack or defence, is to
sink a shaft to the depth of the bottom of the gallery, having two of
its sides in the direction of the sides of the gallery. These shafts
should be where the galleries are to cross each other, or in the centre
of the length of gallery to be made. These shafts should never be
further apart than 40 or 50 fathoms; for it is found, that the air is
not fit for respiration in the larger galleries at a greater distance
from the shaft than 25 fathoms; at 20 fathoms in those of medium
dimensions; and at 15 in the smallest.
The rectangular frames used in sinking a shaft are commonly placed 4
feet asunder; and in the galleries they are only 3 feet. A gallery
intended to be lined with masonry, must be 7 feet high, and 6 feet
wide, in order that it may be, when finished, 6 feet high, and 3 feet
wide.
Temporary galleries are only made 4½ feet high, and 2½ or 3 feet wide.
The branches, at the ends of which the chambers are to be placed, are
only made 2½ or 3 feet high, and 2 feet, or 2 feet 3 inches wide.
The first of these is dug on the knees; the second sitting or lying.
The miners are divided into brigades of 4 each; and the rate of work
for each brigade is 3 feet of the temporary gallery in 4 hours. The
first brigade is relieved by a second, after having worked 4 hours, or
laid one frame; which second brigade is again relieved by the first, at
the expiration of the same time.
In the most easy ground to work, a miner may be heard to the distance
of 14 or 15 fathoms under ground; and the noise made by fixing the
frames of the galleries may often be heard as far as 20 or 25 fathoms.
A drum braced, standing on the ground, with a few peas or other
round substances on the head, will be very sensibly affected by an
approaching miner.
It is of the most essential consequence to place the entrances to the
countermines beyond the reach of any surprise from the enemy.
To prevent an enemy gaining possession of the galleries of the
countermines, they should be well secured by strong doors, at every 15
fathoms. These should be musquet proof.
A glacis, properly countermined, and every advantage taken of it to
retard the besiegers, may, with proper management, prolong a siege at
least 2 months; and if the rest of the works are also countermined,
and properly defended, they may add another month to the siege. Every
system of countermines must depend upon the system of fortification
to which they are to be adapted; the general principle for their
regulation is, that the galleries should occupy situations, from
which branches can be most readily run out under the most probable
points of the besieger’s batteries and approaches. The general system
of countermines commonly used in a place prepared beforehand, is as
follows:—The principal or _magistral_ gallery runs all round the work,
under the banquette of the covert way, and across the places of arms,
having the entrances at the re-entering places of arms. Nearly parallel
to this at 20, 25, or 30 fathoms distance is another gallery, called
the _envellope_. These two galleries are connected by galleries of
_communication_, under the gutters of the re-entering parts of the
glacis, and under the ridges of the salient parts. From the envellope
are run out about 15 or 16 fathoms, galleries, in directions parallel
to the capitals of the works, and at 23 fathoms distance from each
other. These are called _listeners_.
Sometimes, shafts are sunk from the ends of these listeners, and by
connecting these shafts, a second envellope formed. Behind the escarps
of the different works, galleries are likewise made, about the level of
the bottom of the ditch; from whence branches may be run out into or
under the foundations of the walls; and if the ditch be dry, galleries
of communication may be made from these to the magistral gallery; and
from which communications branches may be run out for chambers to annoy
the besiegers in their passage of the ditch. The entrances to the
escarpe galleries are by means of posterns, which descend from behind
the interior slope of the rampart.
If a place be not countermined before hand, a great deal may be done,
even after the investment of the place, to prolong the siege by
countermines. In this case, the first thing to be done immediately that
the place is invested, to sink a shaft in each of the places of arms
of the covert way; one in each branch of the covert way, opposite
that part of the bastion where the breach will most probably be made;
and one in the flanked angle of each bastion. Those on the covert way
will be on the banquette, and sunk to about 18 inches below the bottom
of the ditch. Those in the bastions to about 12 feet below the bottom
of the ditch. Thus prepared, the moment the side on which the attack
is to be made can be ascertained, galleries must be carried on from
these shafts on the side attacked along the capitals, in the form of
tressles; or double T; and advanced as far into the country as the time
will admit. Communication galleries may likewise be driven between
these different works on the covert way, and from them to the work in
the bastion; which will prevent the enemy gaining possession of their
entrances. All these works may be carried on after the investment of
the place; and be in sufficient forwardness by the time the enemy gains
the third parallel.
The following rules are given by Vauban for fougasses, or small mines,
having the diameter of the excavation equal to double the line of least
resistance: The side of the chamber must be exactly a sixth part of the
depth of the shaft. The side of the box to hold the powder exactly a
ninth part of the depth of the shaft.
These remarks respecting mines are principally extracted from the
General Essay on Fortification before mentioned, written in French, and
published at Berlin, 1799.
_MORTARS._—_Weight and Dimensions of English Mortars._
+------------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
| | | | Powder | Range |
| Nature. | Weight. | Length. | contained |at 45°.|
| | | |in Chamber.| |
| | | | [10] | |
+------------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
| |ct. qr. lbs.| Ft. In. | lbs. oz. | Yds. |
| Brass Sea S. |82 — 8 | 5 3 | 32 — | 4100 |
| Iron |82 1 — | | 20 — | |
| 13 --------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
| Brass Land. |25 — 10 | 3 7½ | 9 12 | 2100 |
| Iron |36 2 12 | | 9 8 | |
+------------------+------------+---------------------+-------+
| Brass Sea S. |33 — — | 4 8 | 12 8 | 3800 |
| Iron |41 — — | | 10 — | |
| 10 --------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
| Brass Land. |10 1 25 | 2 9 | 4 10 | 1900 |
| Iron |16 — 6 | | 4 8 | |
+------------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
| Brass Land. | 4 1 8 | 2 1¾ | 2 — | 1600 |
| 8 Iron | 8 — 11 | | 2 4 | |
+------------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
| 5½ Brass Land. | 1 — 20 | 1 4¼ | — 9 | 1200 |
+------------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
| 4⅖ Brass Land. | — 3 11 | 1 1½ | — 4½ | 1000 |
+------------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
[10] See the word _Chambers_, for Experiments on the best form.
_French Mortars, in their own Weights and Measures._
+------------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
| | lbs. | | | |
|12 Inches | 2060 | | 3 7 | 2400 |
|10 for long Ranges| 2000 | | 7 4 | 2800 |
|10 ” short ” | 1560 | | 4 — | 2200 |
| 8 ” ” ” | 595 | | 1 4¾ | 1160 |
|Stone Mortars.[11]| 1100 | | 2 8 | |
|12 inch } | 2750 | | 12 — | 2700 |
|10 ” } Gomers | 2000 | | 6 8 | 2800 |
| 8 ” } | 600 | | 2 — | 1400 |
+------------------+------------+---------+-----------+-------+
[11] Stone Mortars should not be fired at a greater distance than 250
yards.
_Ranges with a 10 Inch Sea Mortar, at 21 Degrees, on a Horizontal
Plane._
+-------------+-----------+---------+----------+-------+-------+
| Weight of | Weight of | Charge. |Elevation.|Flight.|Range. |
| Mortar. | Shell. | | | | |
+-------------+-----------+---------+----------+-------+-------+
|ct. qrs. lbs.| lbs. oz. | lbs. oz.| Deg. | Sec. |Yards. |
|34 2 14 | 86 — | 5 8 | 21 | 14¾ | 2335 |
| | 87 — | | | 16 | 2510 |
+-------------+-----------+---------+----------+-------+-------+
_Ranges with Sea Service, Iron Mortars, at 45 Degrees, upon a
Horizontal Plane. 1798_
+--------------------------++-------------------------+
| 13 Inch. || 10 Inch. |
+---------+--------+-------++--------+--------+-------+
| Charge. | Flight.|Range. || Charge.| Flight.|Range. |
+---------+--------+-------++--------+--------+-------+
|lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yards.||lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yards.|
| 2 — | 13 | 690 || 1 — | 13 | 680 |
| 4 — | 18 | 1400 || 2 — | 18 | 1340 |
| 6 — | 21 | 1900 || 3 — | 21 | 1900 |
| 8 — | 24½ | 2575 || 4 — | 24 | 2500 |
| 10 — | 26½ | 2975 || 5 — | 26 | 2800 |
| 12 — | 29 | 3500 || 6 — | 27 | 3200 |
| 14 — | 29½ | 3860 || 7 — | 29 | 3500 |
| 16 — | 30 | 3900 || 8 — | 30 | 3800 |
| 18 — | 30½ | 4000 || 9 — | 30¼ | 3900 |
| 20 — | 31 | 4200 || 9 8 | 30½ | 4000 |
+---------+----------------++--------+--------+-------+
_Ranges with French Mortars, at 45 Degrees, in French Weights and
Measures._
+---------------+---------------+----------------+---------------+
| 12 Inch. | 10 Inch, | 10 Inch, | 8 Inch. |
| | long Ranges. | short Ranges. | |
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+------+--------+------+
|Charge. |Range.| Charge.|Range.| Charge. |Range.| Charge.|Range.|
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+------+--------+------+
|lbs. oz.|Yards.|lbs. oz.|Yards.|lbs. oz. |Yards.|lbs. oz.|Yards.|
| 1 — | 388 | 1 — | 450 | 1 — | 658 | — 5 | 316 |
| 1 8 | 632 | 2 — | 1080 | 1 8 | 964 | — 10 | 794 |
| 2 — | 862 | 3 — | 1536 | 2 — | 1280 | — 15 | 1112 |
| 2 8 | 954 | 4 — | 2070 | 2 8 | 1428 | 1 4 | 1280 |
| 3 — | 1292 | 5 — | 2206 | 3 — | 1432 | | |
| 3 8 | 1390 | 6 2½ | 2304 | 3 10¼ | 1920 | | |
+--------+------+--------+------+---------+------+--------+------+
_Medium Ranges with Land Service Iron Mortars, at 45 Degrees. 1798._
+------------------------++------------------------+
| 13 Inch. || 10 Inch. |
+--------+-------+-------++--------+-------+-------+
|Charge. |Flight.|Range. || Charge.|Flight.|Range. |
+--------+-------+-------++--------+-------+-------+
|lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yards.||lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yards.|
| — 14 | 6½ | 245 || — 8 | 6½ | 235 |
| 1 — | 7½ | 318 || — 10 | 8 | 358 |
| 1 4 | 8½ | 412 || — 12 | 9 | 464 |
| 1 8 | 9½ | 523 || — 14 | 10 | 534 |
| 1 12 | 10½ | 613 || 1 — | 10½ | 638 |
| 2 — | 11 | 697 || 1 2 | 11½ | 749 |
| 2 4 | 12½ | 840 || 1 4 | 13 | 873 |
| 2 8 | 13 | 906 || 1 6 | 13½ | 956 |
| 2 12 | 14 | 1054 || 1 8 | 14 | 1028 |
| 3 — | 15 | 1132 || 1 10 | 15 | 1123 |
| 3 4 | 16 | 1244 || 1 12 | 15 | 1226 |
| 3 8 | 16½ | 1317 || 1 14 | 16 | 1325 |
| 3 12 | 17 | 1424 || 2 — | 16½ | 1357 |
| 4 — | 17 | 1490 || 2 2 | 17 | 1480 |
| 4 4 | 17½ | 1580 || 2 4 | 17½ | 1532 |
| 4 8 | 18½ | 1656 || 2 6 | 17½ | 1571 |
| 4 12 | 19 | 1744 || 2 8 | 18½ | 1700 |
| 5 — | 19½ | 1824 || 2 10 | 19 | 1780 |
| 5 4 | 19½ | 1900 || 2 12 | 19½ | 1825 |
| 5 8 | 20 | 1950 || 2 14 | 20 | 1880 |
| 5 12 | 20½ | 2062 || 3 — | 20 | 1916 |
| 6 — | 21 | 2095 || 4 — | 25 | 2485 |
| 7 — | 24 | 2510 || 4 8 | 26 | 2536 |
| 8 — | 25 | 2706 || | | |
+------------------------++------------------------+
| 8 Inch. || 5½ Inch, Brass. |
+--------+-------+-------++-------+--------+-------+
|Charge. |Flight.|Range. ||Charge.| Flight.|Range. |
+--------+-------+-------++-------+--------+-------+
|lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yards.||oz. dr.| Sec. | Yards.|
| — 5 | 6 | 225 || 1 8 | 5½ | 155 |
| — 6 | 7½ | 328 || 1 12 | 6 | 198 |
| — 7 | 8½ | 428 || 2 — | 6½ | 255 |
| — 8 | 9½ | 474 || 2 4 | 7½ | 316 |
| — 9 | 10 | 560 || 2 8 | 8 | 380 |
| — 10 | 11 | 664 || 2 12 | 8½ | 426 |
| — 11 | 12 | 762 || 3 — | 9½ | 470 |
| — 12 | 12½ | 801 || 3 4 | 10 | 540 |
| — 13 | 13½ | 859 || 3 8 | 10½ | 590 |
| — 14 | 14 | 960 || 3 12 | 11 | 630 |
| — 15 | 14½ | 1011 || 4 — | 11½ | 725 |
| 1 0 | 14½ | 1115 || 4 4 | 12 | 746 |
| 1 1 | 15 | 1156 || 4 8 | 12½ | 800 |
| 1 2 | 16 | 1262 || 4 12 | 13½ | 910 |
| 1 3 | 16½ | 1320 || 5 — | 13½ | 935 |
| 1 4 | 17 | 1380 || 5 4 | 14 | 1016 |
| 1 5 | 17½ | 1446 || 5 8 | — | — |
| 1 6 | 18 | 1530 || 5 12 | — | — |
| 1 7 | 18½ | 1600 || 6 — | 15 | 1175 |
| 1 8 | 19 | 1660 || | | |
| 1 9 | 19½ | 1720 || | | |
+--------+-------+-------++-------+--------+-------+
_Medium Ranges with Brass Mortars, at 45 Degrees. 1780._
+----------------++----------------++----------------+
| 13 Inch.[12] || 10 Inch. || 8 Inch. |
+--------+-------++--------+-------++--------+-------+
|Charge. | Range.||Charge. | Range.||Charge. | Range.|
+--------+-------++--------+-------++--------+-------+
|lbs. oz.| Yards.||lbs. oz.| Yards.|| oz. dr.| Yards.|
| 2 12 | 862 || 1 10 | 823 || 10 8 | 580 |
| 2 14 | 939 || 1 11 | 852 || 11 — | 635 |
| 3 — | 998 || 1 12 | 783 || 11 8 | 711 |
| 3 2 | 1003 || 1 13 | 758 || 12 — | 708 |
| 3 4 | 1090 || 1 14 | 823 || 12 8 | 701 |
| 3 6 | 1139 || 1 15 | 888 || 13 — | 777 |
| 3 8 | 1165 || 2 — | 892 || 13 8 | 825 |
| 3 10 | 1209 || 2 1 | 940 || 14 — | 870 |
| 3 12 | 1270 || 2 2 | 941 || 14 8 | 853 |
| 3 14 | 1322 || 2 3 | 1041 || 15 — | 866 |
| 4 — | 1309 || 2 4 | 1128 || 15 8 | 899 |
| 4 2 | 1331 || 2 5 | 1103 || 16 — | 921 |
| 4 4 | 1391 || 2 6 | 1221 || 16 8 | 987 |
| 4 6 | 1363 || 2 7 | 1258 || 17 — | 987 |
| 4 8 | 1324 || 2 8 | 1215 || 17 8 | 1062 |
+--------+-------++--------+-------++--------+-------+
[12] For the Ranges with the 5½ inch Brass, see the _Iron Mortars_.
_Ranges with a 5½ inch Brass Mortar, at 15 Degrees._
+-------+-------+------------+---------+
|Charge.|Flight.|First Graze.|Rolled to|
+-------+-------+------------+---------+
|oz. dr.| Sec. | Yards. | Yards. |
| 2 8 | 3 | 209 | 303 |
| 3 — | 3½ | 256 | 330 |
| 3 8 | 4 | 375 | 443 |
| 4 — | 4½ | 457 | 501 |
| 4 8 | 5 | 530 | 600 |
| 5 — | 5½ | 561 | 627 |
| 5 8 | 6½ | 667 | 715 |
| 6 — | 7 | 709 | 780 |
+-------+-------+------------+---------+
_Medium Ranges with Land Service Iron Mortars, at 10 Degrees
Elevation.—Powder in Cartridges._
+-------------------------------++-------------------------------+
| 10 Inch. || 8 Inch. |
+-------+--------+------+-------++-------+--------+------+-------+
|Flight.| Charge.|First |Extreme||Flight. |Charge.|First |Extreme|
| | |graze.|Range. || | |graze.| Range.|
+-------+--------+------+-------++-------+--------+------+-------+
| Sec. |lbs. oz.|Yards.| Yards.|| Sec. |lbs. oz.|Yards.| Yards.|
| 3 | — 12 | 198 | 415 || 3 | — 8 | 202 | 403 |
| 3 | 1 — | 278 | 458 || 3 | — 10 | 266 | 461 |
| 4 | 1 4 | 366 | 564 || 3¼ | — 12 | 351 | 614 |
| 4½ | 1 8 | 451 | 685 || 4 | — 14 | 413 | 630 |
| 4 | 1 12 | 432 | 686 || 4¾ | 1 — | 468 | 754 |
| 4¾ | 2 — | 559 | 938 || 5 | 1 2 | 562 | 811 |
| 5 | 2 4 | 602 | 798 || 6 | 1 4 | 664 | 950 |
| 4¾ | 2 8 | 597 | 976 || 6½ | 1 6 | 700 | 1028 |
| 5 | 2 12 | 664 | 1121 || 6½ | 1 8 | 768 | 1064 |
| 5¼ | 3 — | 764 | 1169 || | | | |
+-------+--------+------+-------++-------+--------+------+-------+
_Medium Ranges with the above Mortars, at 15 Degrees._
+------------------------++-------------------------+
| 10 inch. || 8 Inch. |
+--------+-------+-------++---------+-------+-------+
|Charge. |Flight.|Range. ||Charge. |Flight.|Range. |
+--------+-------+-------++---------+-------+-------+
|lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yards.|| lbs. oz.| Sec. | Yards.|
| 1 4 | 5 | 464 || — 11 | 4½ | 427 |
| 1 6 | 5½ | 543 || — 12 | 4½ | 485 |
| 1 8 | 6 | 590 || — 13 | 5 | 513 |
| 1 12 | 6¾ | 685 || — 14 | 5½ | 559 |
| 1 14 | 7 | 765 || 1 — | 6½ | 690 |
| 2 — | 7 | 805 || 1 2 | 7 | 822 |
| 2 4 | 7½ | 884 || 1 4 | 7 | 827 |
| 2 8 | 7¾ | 960 || 1 6 | 7¾ | 1004 |
| 2 12 | 8 | 1070 || 1 8 | 8½ | 1012 |
| 3 — | 8½ | 1154 || 1 10 | 8½ | 1196 |
| | | || 1 11 | 9 | 1337 |
+--------+-------+-------++---------+-------+-------+
_NAVY._--
_Number and Nature of Ordnance for each of the Ships in his Majesty’s
Navy._
+--------+----+------------------------------++----------------+
| Rates. |No. | Nᵒ. of Guns of each Nature. || Carronades. |
| |of +---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
| |Guns| 42| 32| 24 | 18| 12| 9| 6 || 32| 24| 18 |12 |
+--------+----+---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
| 1st. |100 | 28| — | 28 | — | 30| — | 18 || 2| 6| — | — |
+--------+----+---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
| 2d. | 98 | — | 28| — | 30| 40| — | — || 2| — | 6 | — |
+--------+----+---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
| | 80 | — | 26| — | 26| — | 24| 4 || |
| | 74 | — | 28| — | 28| — | 18| — || 2 6 — |
| 3d. | 70 | — | 28| — | 28| — | 14| — || |
| | | | | | | | | |+---+---+----+---+
| | 64 | — | — | 26 | 26| — | 12| — || — | 2| 6 | — |
+--------+----+---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
| 4th. | 60 | — | — | 24 | — | 26| — | 10 || — | — | — | — |
| | 50 | — | — | 22 | — | 22| — | 6 || — | 6| — | 6 |
+--------+----+---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
| | 44 | — | — | — | 20| 22| — | 6 || — | — | 8 | — |
| 5th. | 36 | — | — | — | 26| 2| 8| — || 8| — | — | — |
| | 32 | — | — | — | — | 26| — | 6 || — | 6| — |— |
+--------+----+---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
| | 28 | — | — | — | — | — | 24| 4 || — | 6| — | — |
| 6th. | 24 | — | — | — | — | — | 22| 2 || — | 2| 6 | — |
| | 20 | — | — | — | — | — | 20| — || — | — | — | 8 |
+--------+----+---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
| Sloops.| 18 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 18 || — | — | — | 8 |
+--------+----+---+---+----+---+---+---+-----++---+---+----+---+
_Dimensions of Ships, Number of Men, and Draught of Water._
+------+--------+--------+----------------------+----------+
|Number| Length |Extreme | Complement of |Depth of |
| of | on the |Breadth.|--------+-------------| water |
| Guns |Gundeck.| |Sailors.| Marines. | required |
| | | | | |for each. |
+------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+----------+
| |Ft. In. |Ft. In. | Nᵒ. | Officers. | Feet. |
| 110 |190 — | 53 — | | | 24 |
| 100 |186 — | 52 — | 875 | | |
+------+--------+--------+--------+ +----------+
| 98 |180 — | 50 — | 750 | 1 Captain. | 23 |
| 90 |177 6 | 49 — | | 3 Subalt’s.| |
+------+--------+--------+--------+ +----------+
| 80 |182 — | 49 6 | | | |
| 74 |182 — | 48 7 | 650 | | |
| 74 |169 — | 46 11 | +-------------+ 18 |
| 64 |160 — | 44 6 | |1 Cap. 2 Sub.| |
+------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+----------+
| 50 |146 — | 40 6 | 420 |2 Lieuten’ts.| |
+------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+ |
| 44 |140 9 | 38 8 | | | 16 |
| 38 |144 — | 39 — | 300 | | |
| 36 |142 — | 38 — | | +----------+
| 32 |126 — | 35 4 | | | |
+------+--------+--------+--------+ 1 Subalt. | 15 |
| 28 |120 — | 33 6 | | | |
| 24 |114 7 | 32 3 | 200 | | |
| 20 |108 — | 30 — | | | |
+------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+----------+
| 18 |110 — | 29 6 | 125 | Serjeant. | 13 |
| 16 |106 — | 28 — | | | |
+------+--------+--------+--------+-------------+----------+
|=N. B.= The usual Complement of Marines is one |
| for every Gun in the Ship. |
+----------------------------------------------------------+
_ORDNANCE._—The value of all brass ordnance is at £84: 17_s._ _per_
ton, for the metal; that is, the weight of the gun, and 12lbs. _per_
hundred weight for waste: to which is added for casting, on the total
weight of metal used, £64 _per_ ton for light pieces; £54 for medium;
and £44 for heavy.
Iron ordnance costs £20 _per_ ton. See also the words _Guns_,
_Mortars_, _Howitzers_, &c.
For the proof of all kinds of ordnance, see the word _Proof_.
_PACE._—The common pace is of no determined length; though made use of
as a measure by most military writers.
In Germany, and amongst most of the northern powers, the pace is
considered equal to ²/₁₀ of a Rhinland rood.
In France the pace is commonly reckoned at 2½ feet.
In England it is usually reckoned at 2½ feet.
The geometrical pace is equal to 5 French royal feet; 60,000 of which
make a degree of the equator. This makes the geometrical pace equal
6.102 English feet, and 5.6719 Rhinland feet.
For the military pace, see _Marching_.
_PARALLELS_—or places of arms at a siege. See the words _Trenches_ and
_Sap_.
_PAY._—_Table of the Full Pay of the Officers, Noncommissioned
Officers, and Privates in the Army._
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-----------------+
| | Life |Cavalry.| Foot |Infantry| Artillery. |
| Rank. | Guards.| | Guards.| of the +--------+--------+
| | | | | line. | Horse. | Foot. |
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
| |£. s. d.|£. s. d.|£. s. d.|£. s. d.|£. s. d.|£. s. d.|
|Colonel | 1 16 — | 1 12 10| 1 19 — | 1 2 6 | — | 2 3 6|
|Colonel en Second| — | — | — | — | 1 9 8| 1 3 9|
|1st. Lt. Colonel | 1 11 — | 1 3 — | 1 8 6| 0 15 11| 1 5 8| — 19 9|
|2d. Lt. Colonel | — | — | — | 0 15 11| — | — 16 10|
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|1st. Major | 1 6 — | — 19 3 | 1 4 — | 0 14 1| 1 — 9| — 14 10|
|2d. Major | — | — | — | | — | — |
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|Captain | — 16 — |— 14 7 | — 16 6| 0 9 5| — 15 4| — 9 11|
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|Captain Lieut. | 0 11 — | — 9 — | — 7 10| 0 5 8| 0 10 — | — 7 — |
|1st. Lieut. | | | | | 0 9 — | — 6 — |
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|2d. Lieutenant | — | — | — | — | — 8 — | — 5 — |
|Cornets | — 8 6 |— 8 — | — | — | — | — |
|Ensigns | — | — | — 5 10| — 4 8 | — | — |
|Pay Master | — | — 15 — | — | — 15 — | — | — |
|Quarter Master | — 6 — | — 5 6 | — 5 8| — 5 8 | — 6 — | — 6 — |
|Adjutant | — 11 — | — 5 — | — | — 5 — | — 5 — | — 5 — |
|Surgeon | — 12 — | — 12 — | — 12 — | — 9 5 | — 11 10 |— 9 11|
|Assistant Surgeon| — | — 5 — | — 7 6| — 5 — | — 6 — | — 5 — |
|Veterinary ” | — | — 8 — | — | — | — | — |
|Serjeant Major | — | — | — | — | — 3 4| — 3 2|
|Quarter Master ” | — | — | — | — | — 2 10| — |
|Serjeant | — | — 2 2 | — 1 10¾|— 1 6¾| — 2 4| — 2 2|
|Corporal | — 2 6¼| — 1 7¾ |— 1 4¾|— 1 2¼| — 2 2¼| — 2 2¼|
|Bombardier | — | — | — | — |— 2 2¼| — 1 10¼|
|1st. Gunner | — | — | — | — | — | — 1 7|
|2d. Gunner | — | — | — | — | — 1 5¼| — 1 3¼|
|Private | — 1 11¼| — 1 3 | — 1 1| — 1 — | — | — |
|Farrier and Smith| — | — | — | — | — 3 4¾| — |
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|Collar Maker | | | | | | |
|Wheeler | — | — | — | — | — 2 4¾| — |
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
|Trumpeter | | | | | | |
|Drummer |— 2 6| — 1 7| — 1 2¼| — 1 1¼| — 2 1¾| — 1 3¼|
+-----------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+
_PARK OF ARTILLERY_—should always be placed, if possible, within a
short distance of water-carriage, and have the most ready communication
with every part of the line of the army. Its form must depend on its
situation. Ten feet are usually allowed in front for one carriage and
its interval, and near 50 feet from the hind wheels of the front row to
the fore wheels of the second; this interval should allow sufficient
room for putting the horses to the carriages, and for a free passage
along the line. In parks not on immediate service, it is customary to
arrange the guns with their muzzles to the front; but where the guns
are likely to be wanted at a short notice, appearances must not be
studied, and the gun carriages must be parked with their shafts to
the front, ready to receive horses to them. A quarter-guard is placed
in front of the park, and the noncommissioned officers and gunners’
tents on the flanks, at about 20 paces distance and 40 paces to the
rear the subaltern officers; at 10 more to the rear the captains, and
10 more the commanding officer. The mess tent is 15 in the rear of
the officers. At a convenient distance in the rear of the whole, are
the horses, picketed in one or more lines, with the drivers on their
flanks. The horses are sometimes picketed in lines perpendicular to the
front, and on the flanks of the carriages, between the men and the
carriages. See the word _Camp_, and _Artillery in the Field_.
_PENDULUM_—Pendulums for military purposes are best made with a musquet
ball, and a piece of silk, or other small line. Their length must be
measured from the centre of the ball to the end of the loop on which
they are to swing. In a cylinder, or other uniform prism or rod, the
centre of oscillation, (from whence they must be measured,) is at the
distance of ⅓ from the bottom, or ⅔ below the centre of motion.