Man modified by nature and nature modified by man, i. 20. Inquiry into

the laws of this double modification, 20. Inferences respecting human

actions, 21. Two classes of actions, 22. The powers of man unlimited,

51. Modes in which his energies are checked by the energies of nature,

119. Laws of the process by which the mind of man is influenced by the

aspects of nature, 119. Effects of the force and majesty of nature in

the tropics, 120. Causes which give birth to superstition, 122, 123.

Fictions in Sanscrit literature as to the longevity of the human race

at an early period of the world, 135. Moral and intellectual progress

of man, 174. No evidence of the improvement of the natural faculties

of man, 176. Dependence of his progress on an improvement of the

circumstances under which his faculties come into play, 178. The

standard of action having varied in every age, the causes of action

must be variable, 179. Stationary character of moral principles, 180.

Progressive aspect of intellectual truths, 181. Ignorant men always

mischievous in proportion to their sincerity, 183. Religious

persecutions in Rome and Spain, 185-188. More virtue than vice in

every country, 221. Inferences to be drawn as to the causes of social

progress, 224. The totality of human actions governed by the totality

of human knowledge, 229

Manchester, Earl of, joins the Parliamentary forces, ii. 151

Manichæans, their doctrine of predestination, i. 13

Manrent, in Scotland, iii. 65 _note_

Mansfield, Lord, his speech on the Theological Society, i. 436 _note_

Manufactures, few and insignificant improvements made in, in France

during the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 193. Sudden rise of the

manufactures in Scotland, in 1707, iii. 171, 172

Marat, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 224

Marchand, Prosper, his 'Dictionnaire Historique,' ii. 267 _note_

Margat, suppression of his 'History of Tamerlane,' ii. 235

Marlborough, Duke of, character of, i. 201

Marmontel, how treated by a French noble, ii. 239, 240

Marriages, determined by uniformity of sequence, and not by the temper

and wishes of individuals, i. 32. Effects of the price of food upon

marriages, 32

Marsy, his 'Analysis of Bayle' suppressed, ii. 236

Martin, bishop of Tours, Bossuet's estimate of, ii. 287. The

Benedictines' life of, 288. His miracles, 288 _note_

Martyrs, adoration of, in the early ages of the Church, i. 145 _note_

Mary, Queen, restores England to Catholicism, ii. 7. But fails to

effect a restoration of church property, 7 _note_

Mary of Guise, her marriage with James V. of Scotland, iii. 63. Her

attempt to establish a standing army, 77. Becomes regent, 77. Deposed,

80

Masillon, the last of the great French pulpit orators, ii. 348

Masquerades forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Mathematicians, their pretence to certainty in their own pursuits,

ii. 326. The study of mathematics in France in the seventeenth

century, 189

Mathew of Westminster, his history of Judas, i. 316. His origin of the

custom of kissing the Pope's toe, 317. His etymology of the Lateran,

317

Maxwell, Lord, iii. 71. His venality, 71 _note_

Mazarin, Cardinal, his anti-ecclesiastical policy, ii. 96. His

toleration, 96, 97. His alliance with Oliver Cromwell, 98. Signs the

treaty of the Pyrenees, 98

Mechanics, why less superstitious than agriculturists, i. 376-379

Medici, Catherine de', her protection of the French Protestants,

ii. 25. Her foreign policy, 35

Medicine, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV.,

ii. 195, 196

Meetings, public political, establishment of the right of, i. 434.

Passing of an Act intended to stifle religious or political meetings,

489

Melrose Abbey robbed by the English, iii. 15

Melville, Andrew, takes the lead of the Scotch reformed church,

iii. 93. Begins a struggle with the State, which lasted for sixty

years, 94. His name of [Greek: episkopomastix], 97 _note_. Appointed

moderator at St. Andrew's in 1582, 101. His personal insult to the

king, 110. Summoned by the king to England, 124. Imprisoned in the

Tower, 124

Memory, aberrations of, the laws respecting the, i. 32

Mental laws, examination of the method employed by metaphysicians for

discovering, i. 152. Failure of their two methods, 164. Mental laws

either moral or intellectual, 168. Comparison between moral and

intellectual laws, 168, 175. Necessity of ascertaining the fundamental

laws of intellectual progress, 242. Advantages to be gained in that

respect from studying the histories of Germany, America, France,

Spain, and Scotland, 243

'Mence, Institutes of,' authority of in India, i. 75. Vast antiquity

of the, according to the Hindu writers, 137

Menzies, John, the Aberdeen preacher, iii. 203 _note_

Mercenaries employed by William the Conqueror and his immediate

successors, ii. 114

Mercury, mine of, at Almaden, ii. 540

Mescua, Mira de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479

Metaphysics; metaphysical inquiry preceded and often controlled by the

physical, i. 10 _note_. The only successful mode of prosecuting the

study of metaphysics, 17. Examination of the two metaphysical methods

of generalizing mental laws, 156. Definition of the term metaphysics,

164 _note_. The English inductive and the Scotch deductive methods,

245 _et seq._ Robert Simson and Matthew Stewart, 247. Adam Smith, 249.

David Hume, 250. Examination of the method employed by metaphysicians

for discovering mental laws, 152. Failure of their two methods, 164.

Descartes, the originator of the modern method of philosophy, ii. 81,

82. Analogy of his philosophy with the anti-theological policy of

Richelieu, 83. The eminent characteristic of the philosophy of

Descartes, 87. Analysis of his principles, 88, 89. Services which

metaphysicians formerly rendered to the Church, 262. Analysis of the

works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353-360. Rise of the reactionary

party in France at the beginning of the present century, 389. See also

Philosophy

Meteorology, causes which have retarded the progress of,

i. 377 _note_. Supernatural causes attributed by ignorance to changes

in the weather, 378 _note_

Method, importance of the philosophy of, ii. 387

Mey, suppression of his treatise on 'French Law,' ii. 237

Mexico, authentic existing materials for forming an opinion on the

ancient state of, i. 95. Characteristics of the climate of, and

reasons for its early civilization, 99. Exuberance of the maize plant

in, 109. The potato introduced by the Spaniards into, 110, 111.

Extraordinary fecundity of the banana in, 111. Success with which

astronomy was cultivated in, 112. Condition of the upper and lower

classes of the inhabitants of, when discovered by the Europeans, 114.

Custom of caste in Mexico, 115. Frivolous waste of labour of the

Mexicans, 116. Their immense buildings, 117

Mezeray, character of his 'History of France,' ii. 270, 271. How

treated by Louis XIV., 274, 275. His 'Abrégé Chronologique,'

275 _note_

Michael, St., foundation of the order of, i. 313 _note_

Micrometer, discovery of the, ii. 192

Microscope, invention of the, ii. 198, 199

Middle Ages, the childish admiration of the, dispelled by Voltaire,

ii. 305

Middleton, Dr., ferment caused by his 'Free Inquiry,' i. 428

Mill, James, his method of investigating speculative jurisprudence,

i. 426

Mill, John, his inquiry into the method of investigation which

political economists ought to follow, i. 250 _note_

Millet, use of, as food in India, i. 71 _note_

Millington, Sir Thomas, his botanical discoveries, ii. 200. Causes of

his opposition to ecclesiastical authority, i. 363

Milton, John, parts of his works translated into French by Mirabeau,

ii. 225

Minana, Spanish historian, ii. 480

Mineralogy, French researches in, at the end of the eighteenth

century, ii. 399. Doubts as to the true method of investigating, 399.

The discovery of isomorphism, 400

Mines, military employment of gunpowder in, i. 206 _note_

Mirabeau, his knowledge of the English language and literature,

ii. 225. His professed atheism, 352

Miracles, the celebrated dispute respecting, i. 428

Missionaries, influence of religion on the progress of society

illustrated by the efforts of the, i. 255

Mississippi, area drained by the, i. 97 _note_

Mohammed, cause of his death, according to Mathew Paris, i. 315. And

cause of his becoming a heretic, 316. How regarded by Bossuet,

ii. 286

Mohammedanism, area of the countries in which it is professed,

ii. 286. Lofty ideas of the Mohammedan writers on the oneness of God,

287 _note_. The Mohammedans in Spain, 439

Molina, Tirso de, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 480

Monboddo, Lord, his lamentation over the extinction of pedantry in

English literature, i. 437 _note_

'Monconys, Voyages de,' i. 371 _note_

Money, notions of the use of, in trade, in the seventeenth and

eighteenth centuries, i. 210-212. Right of coining allowed to the

aristocracy of France, but never in England, ii. 115

Monks, results of Latin being colloquially employed by the, of the

Middle Ages, i. 271 _note_

Monotheism, forms of religion preceding, according to Hume and Comte,

i. 250 _note_

Monsoons, causes of the, i. 102 _note_

Monstrosities, animal, discoveries respecting, ii. 396 _note_

Montaigne, Michel de, first appearance of his essays, ii. 16.

Difference between him and Rabelais, 16. Regarded as the first French

sceptic, 16. Opinions of Dugald Stewart and Rousseau of his writings,

18 _note_. Immense influence of his works, 18 _note_. Compared with

Charron, 19. His scepticism compared with that of Descartes, 86. His

the first sceptical work published in France, 266

Montalvan, Spanish dramatist, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 479

Montbarey, Prince de, character of his censures of Louis XV.,

ii. 406 _note_

Montesquieu, his erroneous notions as to political economy, i. 212

_note_. His knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 218.

His admiration for England, 228. His the first information concerning

the real history of Rome, 314. Character of his 'Spirit of Laws,' 314.

His method, and its value, 315

Montgomery, Robert, appointed Archbishop of Glasgow, iii. 100.

Excommunicated by the General Assembly, 100. Submits, 100.

Montgon, suppression of the 'Letters' of, ii. 237

Montlosier, his geological labours, ii. 368

Moral truths, little changes which they have undergone, i. 180. Moral

truths in the New Testament quoted from pagan authors, 180 _note_.

Influence of moral feelings on individuals, but not on society in the

aggregate, 228. Separation of theology from morals, 424. Consequences

of this separation, 425-427

Morals, Charron's, the first attempt to create a system of morals

independent of theology, ii. 19

Morellet, l'Abbé, his translation of the 'Wealth of Nations' into

French, ii. 219, 239. His punishment in the Bastille, 240

Moriscoes, their expulsion from Spain, ii. 485 _et seq._ Number

expelled, 494

Morris-dances forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Mortmain, Machault's edict against, in France, ii. 332

Morton, the Regent, his persecution of the reformed clergy of

Scotland, iii. 91

Mosaic cosmogony first impugned, i. 429

Mounier, his familiarity with the English language and English

institutions, ii. 225. His proposal for the establishment of two

Chambers in France, 225

Muhlberg, results of the battle of, ii. 446

Municipal privileges in England, ii. 119. Futility of, in France, 121

Murder, uniform reproduction of the crime of, i. 24, 25

Muscular system, waste or decomposition of the, i. 56 _note_

Music forbidden by the Scotch clergy, iii. 258

Muskets, the, of the fifteenth century, i. 206 _note_

Names, origin of the habit of generalizing, i. 297 _note_

Nantes, edict of, confirmed by Catherine de' Medici, ii. 25. By her

son Louis XIII., 25. And by Mazarin, 96

Napier, Sir William, his military genius and works, i. 200

Napier, John, his discovery of logarithms, iii. 183

Naples, foundation of the city of, according to the writers of the

Middle Ages, i. 313

Napoleon I., compared with Richelieu, ii. 27

Nasmyth, his researches into the structure of the teeth, ii. 385

'Nations, Morals, Manners, and Character of,' Voltaire's, ii. 297

Nature, laws of, origin of the perception of the, i. 9. Causes of the

disturbances in the laws of, 30. Influence and results of the general

aspects of, on the human race in its infancy, 39, 118. Modes in which

the energies of Nature hamper the energies of Man in South America,

106. Laws of the process by which the aspects of Nature influence the

human mind, its natural movements, and natural progress, 119. Feelings

inspired by the force and majesty of natural phenomena in tropical

regions, 120, 121. Physiological effects of the fear of earthquakes,

122, 123. Comparison of the material phenomena of Greece and India,

139, 140. Instance in the proportion of births of the sexes of the

regularity of natural laws, 168

'Nature, the System of,' publication of, ii. 351

Necessity, doctrine of, its displacement of the doctrine of Chance,

i. 9. Origin of the doctrine, ii. 343

Necker, M., his Report on the Finances of France, ii. 329. Eagerness

of the French to read it, 329. Character of the work, 330. His

anti-ecclesiastical policy, 333. His Calvinist opinions, 345.

Newspapers, first publication of, on Sundays, i. 431. Establishment of

political ones, 434. And of the right to publish parliamentary

debates, 435. Vast increase in the circulation of newspapers in the

latter half of the last century, 439 _note_

Newton, Sir Isaac, his imagination i. 124 _note_. His death, ii. 374

Niebuhr, his arguments as to the early history of Rome anticipated by

Voltaire, ii. 311. The three principles fundamental to his history

which it is impossible to refute, 311

Nile, effects of the overflow of the, on the civilization of Egypt, i.

48, 49. Herodotus's expression [Greek: dôron tou potamou], 49 _note_

Nîmes, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60

Nobles. See Aristocracy

Nonconformists. See Dissenters

Nonjurors, the, amongst the bishops and inferior clergy, i. 408-412.

The last of the nonjuring bishops, 412 _note_

Norfolk, Duke of, concludes the treaty of Berwick, iii. 81

North, Lord, overpersuaded by George III. to engage in war with

America, i. 480 _note_

Norwegians, their invasion of Scotland, iii. 10

Nosology, the, of Cullen, iii. 426

Nutrition, M. Chevreul's generalizations of the laws of,

ii. 198 _note_

Oaths, causes which have given rise to, in England, of every kind and

in every direction, i. 282. Amount of perjury in England caused by

legislation, 282 _note_

[OE]pinus, his experiments on electricity, ii. 362

Oils, amount of carbon in, i. 61

Okey, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Opinion, public, origin of the supremacy of, i. 209. The real cause of

the abolition of the corn-laws, 273

Optics, discoveries of Descartes in, ii. 78

Orders of chivalry, origin of the, ii. 132, 133

Ordinance, the Self-denying, passed, ii. 153

Oregon or Columbia river, the only river of importance on the western

coast of North America, i. 97

Orkney Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10

Orleans, Duke of, his residence in England, ii. 226

Osteology, comparative, Ambrose Paré's contributions to, ii. 195

Owen, Professor, his researches into the structure of the teeth,

ii. 384, 385. His services to comparative anatomy, 386

Oxford, effort of the clergy to instil their principles at, i. 442

_note_. Pitt's denunciation, 442 _note_. Execution of the first

heretic at, ii. 109

Oxygen in food, i. 55 _et seq._

Paganism, large amount of, existing in every Christian sect,

i. 260 _note_

Paisley, population of, in 1700, iii. 28. Rise and progress of, 176

Palæontology, Cuvier the founder of, ii. 369. Its importance to

geology, 369 _note_. Daubenton's labours, 371. Owen's, 386

Palatine, endeavours of Richelieu to save the, ii. 38 _note_

Paley, Dr., effect of his utilitarian moral system, i. 426 _note_

Palm-tree, the date, its importance in Africa, i. 83, 84

Palm-wine, of Africa, i. 84 _note_

Paravicino, Spanish poet, his sermons, ii. 480

Paré, Ambroise, his eminence in surgery, ii. 195. One of the founders

of comparative osteology, 195

Paris, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the

Middle Ages, i. 310. State of the pulpit oratory of, in 1771, ii. 348

Paris, Mathew, his statement as to the reason why Mohammedans refuse

to eat pork, i. 315. Sismondi's eulogy of him as an historian,

315 _note_

Parliament, gradual diminution of the number of ecclesiastics in,

i. 416, 417. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons,

418. Establishment of the right to publish the debates in Parliament,

435. And of the doctrine of personal representation, 435

Parr, Dr., classical style of his English, ii. 307

Pascal, Blaise, period in which he flourished, ii. 189. His great

works, 189. His 'Provincial Letters,' 209

Pathology, characteristics of, iii. 410. Compared with Physiology,

411. Account of the generalizations of Cullen and of Hunter, 413.

Difference between the science of pathology and the art of

therapeutics, 416. Cullen's theory of the solids and fluids, 418. His

theory of fever, 424. His nosology, 426. His services to pathology,

429, 447

Patin, his opinion of the English of the seventeenth century,

ii. 214 _note_

Patronage of literature. See Protective spirit

Pecquet, his discovery of the chyle, ii. 194

Pedantry of ancient English authors, i. 436. Discarded for a lighter

style, 437

Pelagius, his doctrines as to free will, ii. 338. Absence of the

speculative spirit in, 342. His learning, 342

Penal code, increasing severity of the, in the reign of George III.,

i. 463

Pensions, literary, injurious effect of, ii. 183-187

Perjury, cause of the increase of, i. 281. Amount of, in England,

282 _note_

Persecution of the Christians under the Roman Emperors, causes of,

i. 185. And of those of Spain, 187. Causes of the diminution of

religious persecution, 188. Number of persons put to death in Holland

and Spain, 189. Old theological theory of the justification of

persecution, 344

Persia, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Causes of the absence of authentic

information respecting the early history of, 303. The 'Shah Nameh' of

Ferdousi, 303. Antagonism between Mohammedanism and the old Persian

history, 303. Results anticipated from a decipherment of the Persian

cuneiform inscriptions, 304 _note_

Perth burnt by the English, iii. 14, 16. Population of, in the

sixteenth century, 30

Peru, physical condition of, i. 107. Exuberance of maize of, 109. And

of the banana of, 111. Condition of the upper and lower classes of the

people of, when discovered by the Europeans, 113. Rigid enforcement of

caste in Peru, 114 _note_. Frivolous waste of labour of the Peruvians,

117. Their immense buildings, 117. The effect of earthquakes in Peru

in encouraging superstition, 122, 123

Pestilence, superstitions respecting, i. 127. Pestilences 'the

harvests of the ministers of God,' 130 _note_

Petit, Antoine, popularity of his lectures on anatomy, ii. 406 _note_

Pharamond, authorities for the existence of, ii. 265 _note_

Philip Augustus, his policy in regard to the French aristocracy,

ii. 115

Philip II. of Spain, his fondness for bacon, i. 314 _note_. His hatred

of the Calvinists, ii. 341. His character, 449, 450. His war against

the Dutch Protestants, 451. Object of all his wars and negotiations,

452. His celebrated Armada, 453. Supported in everything by his loyal

subjects, 453. Ascendancy retained by him over the ecclesiastical

hierarchy, 473 _note_. His cruelty to the Moriscoes, 485, 486. His

character as a ruler, 468, 473. His part in the extension of the

influence of the Church, 475

Philip III. of Spain, his cruelty to the Moriscoes, ii. 489

Philip IV. of Spain, his character, ii. 468

Philip V. of Spain, his accession, ii. 513. His policy, 513. Attacks

the inquisition, but is unable to abolish it, 521. Opposed by his

people in everything, 522 _note_

Philip the Fair, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage private

war, ii. 116

Philippine Islands, pure form of the Polytheism of the, i. 305.

Spanish conquest of the, ii. 464

Philology, study of, i. 2. Buffier the only Jesuit whose name has a

place in the history of abstract philosophy, ii. 342 _note_.

Examination of the Scotch philosophy of the eighteenth century, iii.

281. Causes of the success of the deductive and not of the inductive

method in Scotland, 282. The Scotch method compared and contrasted

with those of Germany and England, 289, 290. Summary of the most

important distinctions between deduction and induction, 290.

Hutcheson's philosophy, 292. Adam Smith's, 304. Hume's, 331. Reid's,

348. See also Metaphysics

Phlebitis first recognized by Hunter, iii. 454

Phosphorus, amount of, in the brain, i. 57 _note_. First announced by

Hensing, 57 _note_

Phrenologists, the principal obstacle in the way of the, i. 176 _note_

Phyllotaxis, ii. 397 _note_

Physical science, present state of, compared with history, i. 7.

Physical, the natural precursor of metaphysical inquiries, 10 _note_.

Remarks on the influence exercised by physical laws over the

organization of society and over the character of individuals, 39.

Effects of food, climate, and soil, 40 _et seq._ Democratic character

of the physical sciences, ii. 409. Popular works of Desaguliers and

Hill on physical truth, 432 _note_. Examination of the Scotch method

employed in physical philosophy, iii. 361. The laws of heat, 362.

Black's philosophy of latent heat, 367. Reasons why it is incumbent on

physical philosophers to cultivate the imagination, 381, 382. Leslie's

philosophy of heat, 383. Geological speculations in Scotland, England,

and Germany, 388-393. Watt's invention of the steam-engine, 402.

Methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of the

composition of water, 403. Nature of the supposed difference between

the organic and inorganic world, 407. Life probably a property of all

matter, 408. Division of organic science into physiology and

pathology, 411. Theory in science, 414. Hunter's idea of uniting all

the physical sciences, 443. The deductive method supreme in Scotland

in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 462. The two methods

compared, 462-464. Science the ally of religion, 477. Attempts of the

clergy of the reign of Charles II. to oppose the spread of physical

science, i. 372. The term _natural_ science, in contradistinction to

_supernatural_, as used at this period, 372 _note_

Physiologists, view taken by, of the origin of the sexes, i. 170.

Probable causes of the small contributions of physiologists towards

the power of predicting events, 171 _note_

Physiology, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV.,

ii. 194. Glisson's services to, 196. Characteristics of the science

of, iii. 410. Compared with pathology, 411. John Hunter's

generalizations, 428 _et seq._

Piracy of the Rochellois, in the seventeenth century, ii. 63

Pistols, invention of, i. 206 _note_

Pitt, William, the elder, his reputation as a statesman, i. 449.

Reason why he was hated by George III., 450

Pitt, William, his subserviency to George III., i. 447, 448. His

abandonment of liberal principles, 447. Prosecutes and persecutes his

brother reformers, 447 _note_

Plague, the Great, i. 387

Plants, effects of heat and moisture on, the geographical distribution

of, i. 96

Plato, his conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of spectral

phenomena or dreams, i. 16 _note_

Platonism, its natural precursor the atomic doctrine, i. 10 _note_.

Influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea of the

Logos, ii. 286

Poetry cultivated solely by the ancient Sanscrit authors, i. 132, 133.

Indian metres, 133. Cause of the reverence felt for great poets,

294 _note_

Poisons, general theory of, i. 56 _note_

Poissy, conference of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in

the, ii. 10

Political economy, study of, i. 2. Influence of the discoveries made

in, in lessening the warlike spirit, 209. Misconception of the true

nature of barter in early times, 210-212. Movement of the eighteenth

century, 213. Smith's 'Wealth of Nations,' 214. His method of treating

the laws of wealth, 249. Mr. John Mill's and Mr. Rae's inquiry into

the proper method of investigation, 250 _note_. French translations of

the 'Wealth of Nations' in the eighteenth century, ii. 219. Voltaire's

opinions respecting, 304. Rise of the French political economists in

the middle of the eighteenth century, 327. The revolutionary tendency

of this economical movement, 327. Schism effected between the nation

and government by the economists, 328. Influence exercised shortly

before the revolution by the economists, 329. Examination of Adam

Smith's 'Wealth of Nations,' iii. 314. Salutary effects of man's

constant endeavours to better his condition, 319. Malthus's work on

population, 326. Constant struggle between capital and labour,

according to Adam Smith, 326, 327. Views of David Hume, 333

Politics, separation of theology from, i. 424. Consequences of this

separation, 425-427. Effect of the protective spirit carried into

politics, ii. 107

Polytheism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Hume,

i. 251 _note_. Natural creed of the Romans, 252. The religion of the

Malayo-Polynesians, 304, 305

Pope, origin of kissing his toe, according to Mathew of Westminster,

i. 317. Voltaire's Reasons for the unity and consolidation of the

power of the popes as compared with that of the Greek patriarchs,

ii. 303

Population, connexion between food and the laws of, i. 57. Case of the

potato and Irish population, 66. A poor diet said to be more

favourable to fecundity than a rich one, 68 _note_. Voltaire's ideas

respecting the ratios by which population and food increase, ii. 304.

Malthus's work on, iii. 326

Pork, in general use in Europe as food, for centuries, i. 314. Cause

of the refusal of the Mohammedans to eat pork, according to Mathew

Paris, 315. Eaten in Asia and Africa, 315 _note_

Porson, Richard, his letter on the texts of the Heavenly Witnesses,

i. 429. His appreciation of the beauties of the English language,

ii. 307

Portugal, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123.

Absence of science and triumph of the imagination in, 124

Potato, the principal food of the labouring classes in Ireland, i. 65.

Time of its introduction into that country, 65 _note_. The potato crop

compared with that of wheat, 65. Used as food by the ancient

Peruvians, 110. Introduced into Mexico by the Spaniards, 110, 111. The

starch of the potato frozen into saccharine in Southern Peru,

111 _note_

Pouissin, his works of art, ii. 209 _note_

Prathama-Raja, the Hindu poets' account of, i. 136

Precision contrasted with certainty in writing history, ii. 325

Predestination, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of

the theory, 13. Calvin, Augustin, and the Manichæans, 13. Ambrose, 13

_note_. Writers on the absurdity of 'an omnipotent arbitrary deity,'

13 _note_. Barrenness of the hypothesis of predestination in a

scientific investigation, 14. The doctrine of providential

interference bound up with that of predestination, 19 _note_

Preëmption, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385

Prerogative, royal limits set to the, after the expulsion of the

Stuarts, i. 402. None of our sovereigns since Queen Anne allowed to be

present at state deliberations, 442 _note_. Reaction in favour of

divine right, 445

Prescription, old customary French law of, ii. 115

'Presidial Jurisdiction,' by Jousse, suppressed, ii. 238

Press, efforts made by governments to destroy the liberty of the, i.

284, 285. Foundation of the public press in England, and its effect on

English civilization, 386. Final abolition of the censorship over the,

in England, 402. Practice of the English clergy of censuring all books

that encouraged free inquiry, 414. First publication of Sunday

newspapers, 431. Speech of Danvers as to the power of the press in his

time, 484 _note_. War carried on in the reign of George III. against

free discussion of the acts of the government, 488, 491. Vindictive

prosecutions and persecutions of eminent men, 488. Importance of the

press in England and France in the middle of the seventeenth century,

99

Preston-pans, battle of, iii. 154

Prévost de la Jannes, his 'Life of Domat' suppressed, ii. 237

Prévost, his views as to the laws of the radiation of heat, ii. 362

Priapus, Voltaire's remarks on the worship of, quoted, ii. 303 _note_

Pride compared with vanity, ii. 163

Pride, Colonel, his origin, ii. 155

Primi, the Abbé, his 'History of Louis XIV.,' ii. 276. Thrown into the

Bastille, 277

Printing, early knowledge of, in China, i. 302 _note_. Legislative

restrictions in former times on, 386 _note_. When first generally

practised in country towns, 431, 432 _note_

Probability, Romish doctrine of, i. 22 _note_

Profits, in what they consist, i. 52. Always reduced by high wages,

74

Progress, moral and intellectual, i. 174. Comparison of the moral with

the intellectual element, 175. See Knowledge; Intellect; Man

Progress, social, inferences to be drawn as to the causes of, i. 224

Proselytism, why opposed by Charron, ii. 20 _note_

Protective spirit, effect of the prevalence of the, in France, in

trade and in politics, ii. 106, 107. History of the protective spirit,

and comparison of it in France and England, 108. This spirit not

destroyed by the feudal system, but only assumed a new shape, 111. New

form of the protective spirit which continues in France to the present

time, 122. The results compared in France and England, 126. Activity

of the protective spirit in France, as shown by the history of

chivalry, 131-134. Effect of this spirit carried into religion at the

period of the Reformation, 137. Attempts of Charles I. to revive the

old protective spirit, 147. Results of the energy of the protective

spirit on the issue of the Fronde, 160-174. The protective spirit

carried by Louis XIV. into literature, and its result, 176 _et seq._

Lamentable results of the system of patronage in the reign of Louis

XIV., 202. Reasons why government patronage should take a wrong

course, 203. Illustrations of, 206. Reaction against the protective

spirit in France, and preparations for the French Revolution, 213, 226

Protestantism, compared with Roman Catholicism, i. 261. Intolerance,

bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of Sweden, 264.

Intolerance of Protestants compared with that of the Catholics, ii.

51. Policy of Mazarin as to the French Protestants, 96 _et seq._ The

war of Philip II. against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Refusal of Henry

IV. of France to punish them at the request of the pope, 22, 23. The

King's measures for their protection, 23, 24. The Edict of Nantes

confirmed by Catherine de Medici and by Louis XIII., 25. Richelieu's

liberal treatment of the Protestants, 37-39, 42. The Protestant

Confederation of 1633, 39. Desertion of the Protestant leaders, and

consequent fall of the Protestant party into the hands of the clergy,

47-50. De Rohan and his brother the only staunch Protestant leaders in

1621, 49. Causes of the intolerance of the French Protestants, 50, 51.

Causes which produced their former superstition, 52-54. Evidence of

their intolerance, 55. Decisions of the assembly at Saumur, 56. And of

other assemblies, 57. Their interference in the functions of

government and in other matters, 60. Bitterness of feeling exhibited

in the works put forth by them, 61. Join the rebellion under Condé,

and are defeated, 61. Their rebellion in Béarn, 61, 62. Civil war

raised by them, and its character, 63. Their wealth, accumulated by

industry and piracy, 63. The General Assembly of La Rochelle and its

decisions, 64, 65. The consequent civil war, 66. Treaties of

Montpelier and La Rochelle, 66. Interference of the Protestants in the

commonest occurrences of life, 68. Results which would have happened

to France if the Protestants had gained the upper hand, 71, 72. The

rebellion of the Protestants put down by Richelieu, who, however,

refuses to persecute them, 73. Siege of La Rochelle, 74. Civil rights

conceded to Protestant by a royal edict, 335

Providential interference, doctrine of, i. 19 _note_

Prussia, Extent of popular superstitions in, i. 238 _note_. Origin of

the name of, according to the historians of the Middle Ages, i. 311

Punishments future, Charron's views as to the doctrine of,

ii. 22 _note_

Punjab, Arab conquest of the, i. 46.

Puppet-shows forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 70

Puritans, their government of England, i. 360. Their fanaticism, and

little superstition, 361. Instances of their ignorance of the real

principles of government, 361

Purveyance, destruction of the prerogative of, i. 385

Pyramids of Egypt, a testimony of the degraded condition of the

people, i. 90, 92. Weight of the great pyramid, 90 _note_. Hypotheses

as to the purposes for which they were built, 90 _note_. Estimate of

the expense of building one of the pyramids, 91 _note_

Pyrenees, treaty of the, signed by Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 98

Quæns, historical error to which their name gave rise, i. 298

Quid emptores, statute of, ii. 119

Quiché Indians, corrupt Christianity of the, i. 265 _note_

Quinault, the poet of French music, ii. 207

Rabelais, not the first French sceptic, ii. 15, 16. His ridicule of

the clergy, 15. Difference between him and Montaigne, 16

Racine, his works, ii. 208. Pensioned to write a history of France for

Louis XIV., ii. 277

Rae, Mr., his inquiry into the method of investigation which political

economists ought to follow, i. 250 _note_

Ragi, use of the grain called, in the south of India, i. 71

Ragnar Lodbrok, confusion in Saxo-Grammaticus's life of, i. 298

Raikes, Robert, his organization of Sunday schools, i. 430 _note_

Railways, effect of, in correcting national prejudices, and in

diffusing desires for peace, i. 221-223

Rainbow, the causes of the, detected by Descartes, ii. 79. Notions of

the Hebrews and of other nations respecting the, 79 _note_

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his military genius and works, i. 200

Ravaillac, murders Henry IV. of France, ii. 24. Accounts of him,

24 _note_

Raynal, l'Abbé, suppression of his work on the Indies, ii. 236

Reading clubs, formation of, i. 433

Reaumur, appearance of his work on the natural history of animals,

ii. 197 _note_

Rebellion, the Great English, causes which gave rise to, ii. 147.

Characteristics of the, 148. Difference between it and the Fronde,

149. Conduct of the nobles, 151, 152. The true character of the

Rebellion, 154. Plebeian origin of the leaders, 155-159. Causes of its

success, 174, 175

Reboulet, suppression of his 'History of Clement XI.,' ii. 238

Red Sea Canal, number of lives sacrificed in the construction of the,

i. 93

Reform, the principle of, abandoned by William Pitt, i, 447. Mr.

Grey's remarks on Pitt's conduct, 447 _note_

Reformation, connexion between the, and the views advocated by Richard

Hooker, i. 351 _note_. Immediate fall of the Church in England at the

first assault of the Reformation, ii. 4. Influence of the Reformation

generally in increasing the power of the Catholic clergy, 5 _note_.

The Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Analogy

between the Reformation and the Revolutions of the seventeenth

century, 138-140. Short existence of the Reformation in Spain, 450.

Causes which brought about the Reformation in Scotland, iii. 62. John

Knox, 75. The Reformation established, 78

Reform Bill, important effects of the, i. 502

Reid, Thomas, examination of his philosophy, iii. 348. Estimate of the

value of what he effected, 353. Opposition between his method and that

of Bacon, 356

Religion; views of Hume and Comte respecting monotheism, i. 251

_note_. Influence of religion on the progress of society, 254.

Illustration from the efforts of the missionaries, 255. From the

history of the Jews, 257, 258. From the early history of Christianity,

259. And from Sweden and Scotland, 263-266. Baneful results of

legislative attempts to encourage religious truth and discourage

religious error, 281-285. Origin of religious toleration in England,

337. The last executions in England for heresy, 345. The right of

private judgment held sacred by Chillingworth, 349. Whose work formed

a decisive vindication of religious dissent, 352. Passing of the

Toleration Act, 402. Easy and rapid changes in the national faith

under Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth, ii. 7. Charron's

the first instance in modern language of the doctrine of religious

development, 21. An end put to religious wars by Richelieu, 40.

Authorities respecting religious wars, 40 _note_. Effect of the peace

of Westphalia, 42. Origin of the difference between religious theory

and religious practice, 51. Eagerness of the clergy rather directed

against error than against virtue, 52 _note_. Causes of the energy and

vitality of a religion not protected by the government, 53, 54.

Descartes' remarks on the slaves to form in religion, 85. Causes which

lessen the disposition to form new creeds, 263 _note_. Religious wars,

massacres, and persecutions, the result of ignorance of the duties of

governments, i. 262

Rent, theory of, i. 51 _note_. Considered as a division of wealth, 53

_note_. Rent in England, Scotland, France, and the United States, 75.

In India, 76. Mode of ascertaining the true theory of rent,

250 _note_. Remarks on the theory of, iii. 336

Representation, personal establishment of the political doctrine of,

i. 435

Reptiles, noxious, worship of, i. 126 _note_

Respiration, theory of, ii. 367

Retz, Cardinal de, character of, ii. 102. Secular view taken by him of

political affairs, 102

Reviews, literary periodical, origin of, i. 433

Revolution of 1688, proximate cause of the, i. 399, 400. Importance

of the, to England, 402. Sudden repentance of the clergy in having

promoted it, 403

Revolution, the French, preparations for the, ii. 213. Precursors of

the, 230, 247. Causes of the hideous peculiarities of the, 248. Its

proximate causes, after the middle of the eighteenth century, 323. The

first epoch through which the French intellect passed in the

eighteenth century, viz., the attack on the Church, 323. The second

epoch, viz., the attack on the State, 327. Rise of the political

economists, 327. Sudden increase of works relating to finance and

other questions of government, 328. Influence of Rousseau, 330, 331.

Attack of the government on the Church, 332. Machault's edict against

mortmain, 332. Excitement caused by the edict, 333 _note_. The

anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault's successors, 333. Religious

toleration of the government, 434. Revival of Jansenism in France, and

consequent overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345. After the fall of the

Jesuits, the fall of the clergy inevitable, 347. Reasons for this,

349. Rise and progress of atheistical opinions in France, 351. Study

of physical phenomena in France in connexion with the Revolution,

375-404. Effect of the American Rebellion in hastening the Revolution

in France, 416, 417. Jefferson's part in the final blow dealt to the

French government, 418. Summary of the causes of the French

Revolution, 418

Revolution, the Scottish, of 1559, iii. 81

Rey, the first European philosophic chemist, ii. 197

Rhyme, antiquity of, i. 293 _note_

Rice, the general food of the people of India, i. 70. Nutritive

qualities of, 70, 71. Immense yield of a rice-crop, 71

Richard I. of England, historical error as to his appellation of the

Lion, i. 299

Richardson, admiration of Diderot for the works of, ii. 218

Richelieu, Cardinal, his character, ii. 27, 29. Compared with

Napoleon, 27. Fails to diminish the power of the French nobility, 28.

Effectually humbles the clergy, 29-31. His treatment of the clergy how

regarded by them, 33. Charges brought against him, 34. Review of his

career, 34, 35. Supports the new secular scheme of government against

the old ecclesiastical schemes, 36. His liberal treatment of the

Protestants, 37-42. His endeavours to save the Palatine, 38. The

peculiar glory of his administration, 39. Correspondence of his policy

in regard to the French Protestant and Catholic Churches, 42 _et seq._

Puts down the rebellion of the Protestants, but abstains from

persecuting them, 73. Confirms the Edict of Nantes, 74. Determines on

the siege of Rochelle, 74. Reasons why he put down the Protestant

party, 75, 76. His liberal policy part only of a much larger movement,

76. Analogy of the philosophy of Descartes with Richelieu's

anti-theological policy, 83, 92

Rio de Janeiro, vigour and profusion of the vegetation near,

i. 103 _note_

Rioja, Spanish poet, ii. 480

Riolan, period in which he flourished, ii. 194

Ripperda, his services to Spain, ii. 519, 542

Roads in Scotland in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, iii. 5,

6 _note_. Aversion of the Highlanders to roads, 159, 160 _note_

Robertson, Dr., value of his 'History of Scotland,' iii. 19 _note_

Robinson, John, Bishop of Bristol, the last ecclesiastic who held any

of the high offices of state, i. 417 _note_

Rochelle, La, intolerance of the Protestants in the town of, ii. 57.

Determinations of the general assembly of 1620, ii. 63, 64. The civil

war and its character, 63-66. Peace of La Rochelle, 66. The great

siege of, 74

Rochester, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_

Rohan, Duc de, employed by Richelieu, ii. 44. De Rohan and his brother

Soubise the only staunch Protestant leaders in 1621, 49. An amnesty

granted to him by Richelieu, 75

Rohan, Chevalier de, his ill-treatment of Voltaire, ii. 231

Roland, Madame, her knowledge of the English language and literature,

ii. 226

Rolle, his remark on the peers created by George III., i. 454

Romans, the, in Scotland, iii. 7. Character of their civilization in

their best days, 8. Cause of their decline, 8, 9

Rome, causes of the persecutions of the Christians by the Emperors of,

i. 185. Reason of the evanescence of the civilization of ancient, 267.

Voltaire's services in purging the early history of Rome of its

absurdities, 309, 310. Niebuhr's arguments anticipated by Voltaire,

310, 311. Montesquieu's the first account of the real history of Rome,

314. Machiavelli's views, 314 _note_. Vico's opinions, 314 _note_

Roses, wars of the, effect of the, upon the English nobles, ii. 138

Ross, Western, seized by the Norwegians, ii. 11. Annexed to the Crown

of Scotland, 46

Ross, John, his violent sermon against James VI., iii. 107.

Rouelle, his geological labours, ii. 368

Roundheads, title first bestowed, ii. 149

Rousseau, J. J., his opinion of the works of Montaigne, ii. 18 _note_.

Persecuted by the Government, 236. Influence of his works, 330.

Enthusiasm of the nation in his favour, 331 _note_. Immense demand for

his works, 331 _note_. Belongs to the Calvinistic sect, 345

Royal Society, avowed object of the establishment of the, i. 371

Rubis, De, his work on the European monarchies, ii. 270

Russia, cause of the war between Turkey and, i. 195. And of Russian

predilection for war, 196

Ruthven, Raid of, iii. 103, 104

Sabbath, the Scotch, iii. 265

Sahara desert, its extent, i. 47. Condition of its inhabitants, 48

Sailors, causes of the superstitions of, i. 375, 379

Saint-Fargeau, Pelletier de, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Saint Lambert, his professed atheism, ii. 352

Salamanca, reply of the University of, when urged to teach the

physical sciences, i. 125 _note_

Sales, Delisle de, persecuted for his writings, ii. 237

Sancroft, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392.

Dr. Birch's opinion of him, 392 _note_. His attempts to convert James

II. to Protestantism, 395 _note_. His open disloyalty, 401, 407, 408

Sandoval, Spanish historiographer, ii. 480

Sanscrit, character of the works written in, i. 132, 133. And of the

Sanscrit language, 134 _note_

Saracens, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the

Middle Ages, i. 312

Saragossa besieged by Childebert and Clotaire, ii. 435 _note_

Saumaise, his opinion of the English people of the seventeenth

century, ii. 214 _note_

Saumur, decisions of the Protestant assembly at, ii. 56

Saveur, considered as the inventor of acoustics, ii. 190 _note_

Saxe, Maurice de, his treatment of the actress Chantilly, ii. 243

Saxo Grammaticus, confusion in his life of Ragnar Lodbrok, i. 298

Scandinavia, causes of error in the early history of, i. 300. The

elder and younger Eddas, 301. Pork the chief food of the Scandinavians

in early times, 314 _note_. Scandinavian pirates in Scotland, iii. 5

Scepticism; the spirit of doubt the necessary precursor of

improvement, i. 334. Hence the immense importance of scepticism, 335.

First open appearance of scepticism in England and France, 336.

Authorities as to the increase of scepticism in England since the

latter part of the eighteenth century, 356 _note_. What the author

means by the term scepticism, 357 _note_. Degree of suffering produced

on some minds, 357. Legislative improvements of the reign of Charles

II. caused by the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. Encouragement

given to scepticism by the conduct of the clergy, 414. Rapid

succession of sceptical controversies early in the eighteenth century,

427. First appearance of scepticism in France, ii. 14. Rabelais, 15.

Intimate connexion between scepticism and toleration in France, 16.

Montaigne, the first systematic sceptic in that country, 16. The first

open declaration of scepticism in France, 18. Reason why scepticism

was favoured by Henry IV. of France, 23. Scepticism of Hooker and

Chillingworth, and of Montaigne and Descartes, 86, 87. Spread of

scepticism in France in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95

_note_. Analogy between the progress of scepticism in England and

France, 103, 104. Period when the spirit of inquiry began to weaken

the church, 109. Commencement of the struggle between the advocates of

inquiry and the advocates of belief, 109, 110. Rise and extent of

historical scepticism, 261. The first sceptical book in the French

language, by Montaigne, 266

Schism Act, passing of the, i. 452

Scholastic prejudices overthrown by Descartes, ii. 92

Science unknown to the Egyptians, i. 49. Relation between inventions,

discoveries, and method, ii. 386, 387

Scotland, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross

produce, i. 75. Character of the method of investigation of the great

thinkers of, 245. Cause and effect of the divergence and hostility

between the practical and speculative classes of, 246. Robert Simson

and Matthew Stewart, 247. Superstition, intolerance and bigotry of the

clergy and people, 264, 265. The bards of Scotland, 292 _note_. Origin

of the Scotch people, according to the writers of the Middle Ages,

312. Abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, by William III., 406.

Condition of Scotland to the end of the fourteenth century, iii. 1 _et

seq._ Scotland and Spain compared as to loyalty, 2. Similarity of the

two countries as to superstition, 4. Investigation of the causes of

Scotch liberality in politics united with illiberality in religion, 4

_et seq._ Influence of the physical geography of the country on the

course of events, 5. Scotch roads in the seventeenth century, 5

_note_. The Roman invasion, 7. The Irish invasion, 9. The Norwegian

invasion, 10. Attacks of the English, 12. Immediate consequences of

their struggle with the English in the Scottish character, 13.

Agriculture stopped, 16. Cannibalism, 17. Wars on the borders, 18. The

growth of towns stopped by the wars, and the power of the nobles

thereby increased, 18. Circumstances favourable to the authority of

the nobles, 19. Weakness of the Crown, 20, 21. Ravages of the

Highlanders, 21, 22. Prevalence of barter, 23. Industry impossible,

and the commonest arts unknown, 23, 24. Dirty habits of the people, 25

_note_. Scanty population of the Scotch towns, 26 _et seq._ Their

utter feebleness, 32. Causes of the alliance of the Crown with the

Church, 34. Superstition of Scotland, and its causes, 35, 36.

Witchcraft, 37. Ignorance of the upper and lower classes, 41, 42.

Triumph of the aristocracy over the Church and Crown, 43. Their

subsequent decline, 43. Condition of Scotland in the fifteenth and

sixteenth centuries, 45. Vigorous measures of Albany against the

nobles, 45. And of James I., 46. And of James II., 49. Clanship, 50.

The Crown encouraged by the clergy against the nobles, 54. Struggle in

consequence, 55 _et seq._ The Reformation in Scotland the result of

this struggle, 62. Battle of Solway and death of James V., 68, 69.

Murder of Cardinal Beaton, 74. Career of John Knox, 75. Influence of

the Guises, 77, 78. Mary of Guise deposed from the Regency, 80. Treaty

of Berwick, 81. Supremacy of the nobles established, and destruction

of the Church, 81. Quarrel between the nobles and the preachers about

the wealth of the Church, 84. Presentation of the First Book of

Discipline, 87. The shares of the new and old clergy, 87. The nobles

said to have been instigated by the devil, 88. Persecution of the new

clergy by Morton, at the head of the nobles, 91. The consequent

rupture between Church and State, 93. The struggle under the leader,

ship of Andrew Melville, 94. Attack on the bishops, ending with the

abolition of episcopacy, 94 _et seq._ The Second Book of Discipline,

98. Struggle between the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy,

100. Violent language used by the clergy, Melville's personal insult

to the King, 110. The Gowrie conspiracy, 110. Boons conferred upon

their country by the clergy, 112. Condition of Scotland during the

seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 115 _et seq._ Attempts of James

VI. (now James I. of England) to subjugate the clergy, 115. He forces

episcopacy upon them, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission, 125.

Tyrannical conduct of the bishops, 128. The reaction, and its causes,

129. Framing of the National Covenant, 132. Overthrow of the Bishops,

133. Oppressions of Charles II., 137-139. His attempts to establish a

permanent despotism baffled, 140. Episcopacy re-established, 141.

Dragonnades in the west, 143, 144. Cruelties of James II., 147.

Consequences of the alliance between the Crown and the clergy, 147.

The reaction of 1688, 151. Causes of the rebellion of the Highlanders

in 1715 and 1745 in favour of the Stuarts, 153. Insignificance into

which the Highlanders sank after 1745, 157. Beginning of the trading

spirit, 160. Connexion between the rise of the trading spirit and the

abolition of hereditary jurisdictions, 161, 162. Armour ceased to be

worn, 161. Causes of the decline of the power of the nobles, 162, 167.

Treatment which they received in London, 163, 164. Rage in Scotland

for speaking with an English accent, 163 _note_. Causes of the

abolition of clanship, 167, 168. Sudden rise of trading and

manufacturing interests, 171. Their growth assisted by the union with

England, 172. Facts illustrative of the history of Scotch industry

down to the middle of the eighteenth century, 178 _et seq._ The first

banks in Scotland, 181. Rise of a new and splendid literature, 183.

Which, however, fails to diminish the national superstition, 184.

Recapitulation of the history of the struggle with episcopacy, 191 _et

seq._ Cromwell's chain of fortresses in Scotland, 194. Causes of the

war of the people against Charles I., 197. Events which produced the

solemn League and Covenant, 198. Effect and cause of Scotch

superstition, 203. Zeal of the people to hear sermons of inordinate

frequency and of terrible length, 203. Effect of the pretensions and

arrogance of the clergy on the Scotch mind, 203, 269 _et seq._

Examination of Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth

century, 281. And of Scotch physical philosophy, 361. Superstition and

illiberality in religion still existing in Scotland, 469. Notions

countenanced there respecting the origin of epidemics, 471.

Correspondence between the Presbytery of Edinburgh and Lord Palmerston

on the origin of the cholera in 1853, 473

Sculpture, condition of, in the reign of Louis XIV., ii. 209

Segovia, appearance of, in 1659, ii. 503 _note_. Decline of the silk

and wool manufactures of, 503 _note_

Seiks, cause of their superstition respecting the wounds inflicted by

the tiger, i. 125 _note_

Serpent, worship of the, i. 126 _note_

Serra, his views as to the exportation of the precious metals,

i. 212 _note_

Serres, historiographer of France, importance attached by him to

correct dates in history, ii. 267

Severus, his expedition against Scotland, iii. 8

Sévigné, Madame, her name for Queen Mary, consort of William III.,

ii. 214 _note_

Seville, decline of, in the seventeenth century, ii. 501

Sewell, Mr., his remarks on the doctrines of passive obedience and

divine right, i. 394 _note_

Sexes, proportion kept up by the law of Nature in the births of the,

i. 168. Opinions respecting the origin of the, 170 _note_, 173 _note_.

Method by which the discovery of the proportion has been made, 172

Shaftesbury, Earl of, Lord Chancellor, his notions of political

economy, i. 211 _note_

Shakspeare, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 _note_. His

pure English, ii. 307 _note_

Sharp, archbishop of St. Andrews, iii. 141. His cruelty and rapacity,

141

Sheldon, Gilbert, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391,

392

Shetland Isles, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 10

'Siam, History of,' by Turpin, ii. 238

Silk trade of Toledo, lost, ii. 502

Sinclair, Sir John, his services to statistical science, i. 33 _note_

Sion College, the only public library in London at the end of the

seventeenth century, i. 431 _note_

Sigfussen Sæmund, his compilation of the Elder Edda, i. 301

Silesia, origin of the name of, i. 312

Simson, Professor Robert, his efforts to revive the pure Greek

geometry, i. 247. Notice of him, 247 _note_. His reasons for

recommending the old analysis, 248 _note_

Sines, law of the, pointed out by Descartes, ii. 278

Sins, specimens of the, invented by the Scotch clergy, iii. 261

Siva, antiquity of the worship of, in India, i. 141. How represented

by the Hindus, 141. His wife Doorga or Kali, 141

Skye, Isle of, seized by the Norwegians, iii. 11

Slavery, favour with which it was regarded by George III., i. 447,

463. Burke's attack on, 463. Extinction of slavery in England,

ii. 128. Its recent extinction in France, 129

Small-pox, extra European origin of, i. 130 _note_

Smith, Adam, publication of his 'Wealth of Nations,' i. 214. Its

influence in a few years, 214, 215. His views as to the usury laws,

214 _note_. His services to mankind, 216. His method of metaphysical

investigation, 249. French translations of his 'Theory of the Moral

Sentiments,' ii. 219. And of his 'Wealth of Nations,' 219. Examination

of his philosophy, as shown together in the 'Moral Sentiments' and in

the 'Wealth of Nations,' iii. 305. His obliviousness and disregard of

facts, 340, 341. His method of studying pathology compared with that

of Cullen, 417

Smith, William, character of his geological speculations, iii. 391

Smuggling, the only means of keeping up trade during the evil

interference of legislation, i. 277. Moral evils of smuggling, 278,

279

Social laws, triumph of, over every obstacle, i. 31. Best method of

arriving at social truth, ii. 1

Socrates, effect produced by his method of dialectics upon some Greek

minds, i. 357

Soil, influence of, on the human race, i. 40. The Great Sahara, 47.

The valley of the Nile, 48, 49. Heat and moisture the causes which

regulate the fertility of every country, 96

Soldiers, why less superstitious than sailors, i. 376, 379

Solids, Cullen's theory of the, iii. 418

Solis, the Spanish historian, ii. 480

Solway, battle of, iii. 68

Somers, Lord, prosecution instituted against him by the House of

Commons, i. 452. Protected by the House of Lords, 452

Sorbonne, Duvernet's history of the, ii. 237

Sowrdis, Archbishop of Bordeaux, ignominiously beaten, ii. 32. Flies

to Carpentras, 33

Space, the idea of, of the metaphysicians, i. 160. Authorities on the

different theories of space, 161 _note_

Spain, Arab conquest of, i. 46. Physical causes of the superstition

existing in, 123. Triumph of the imagination, and absence of science

in, 124. Causes of the persecutions in, 187. Numbers of persons put to

death by the inquisition in, 189. Pork, a common food in, in former

ages, 314 _note_. Archbishop Turpin's account of Charlemagne's

conquest of, 319, 320. Scepticism punished, and its promulgation

prevented in, 336. Influence of French literature in, in diffusing

scepticism late in the last century, 336 _note_. Outline of the

history of the intellect of, from the fifth to the middle of the

nineteenth century, 425. Heat and dryness of the climate, 427. And

therefore droughts and famines frequent and serious, 427. Earthquakes,

428. Causes of the prevalence of a pastoral life in Spain, 432.

Settlement of the Visigoths and establishment of their opinions, 434.

Attacks of the Franks upon their Arian neighbours, 435. Rise of the

influence of the Spanish priesthood, 436. Character of Durham's

'History of Spain and Portugal,' 438 _note_. Proofs of the power of

the Spanish clergy, 437, 438. Harsh character of the Spanish laws

against heresy and the Jews, 438. The eight centuries of struggle

between the Arabs and Spaniards, 439, 440. Effect of the dangers of

the Spaniards in exciting their superstitious feelings, 441. Their

chest of relics in the Asturias, 441. Their miracles and dreams, 442.

The three ways in which the Mohammedan invasion strengthened the

devotional feelings of the Spanish people, 444. Capacity and honesty

of Isabella in the war with the Arabs, 444. Ferdinand and Isabella's

decree against the Jews, 445. The number of Jews actually expelled

from Spain, 446 _note_. Domestic and foreign policy of Charles V.,

446. His obedience to the tendencies of his age, 447-449. Character of

Philip II., 449, 450. His war against the Dutch Protestants, 451.

Number of persons put to Death by Alva, 451. Object of all the wars

and negotiations of Philip II., 452. The Armada prepared to humble

England, 453. Unshaken loyalty of Philip's subjects, 454, 455. Causes

of the spirit of loyalty which has distinguished the Spanish above

every other European nation, 455. The Arab invasion one of the causes,

456. The old ballads, 456. The poem of 'The Cid,' 457. Loyalty of the

Spanish codes, 458. Consequences of Spanish loyalty and superstition,

461 _et seq._ Rapid progress of Spain in the fifteenth and sixteenth

centuries, 463. Her territories in America and in other parts of the

world, 464. Her military superiority over her contemporaries, 464. Her

eminent literary men who were also soldiers, 464. Causes of her

decline, 465, 467. Essential difference between English and Spanish

civilization, 465, 466. The decay of Spain in the seventeenth century

due to the weakness of her people, 470. The declining energy of the

government the cause of the increasing influence of the clergy, 472.

Davila's statement of the Spanish theory of government, 472 _note_.

Flourishing state of the Church, 475. Her hold over the highest as

well as the lowest intellects, 478, 479. Great numbers of works on

Spanish ecclesiastical history, 483. Expulsion of the Moors from

Spain, 483-485. Cruelty with which they were treated, 485-494. Effect

of the expulsion of the Moors in impoverishing the country, 497. Steps

which mark the decline of Spain, 500. Loss of population and of

manufactures, 501-504. Increase of poverty, 504-506. Destruction of

the military reputation of Spain, 506, 515. The whole kingdom

unprotected, 509. Gangs of robbers and murderers in the capital, 510

_note_. The Austrian dynasty succeeded by the Bourbons, 513. Policy of

the first Bourbon, Philip V., 513. The Dukes of Berwick and Vendôme,

515-517. The finances of Spain administered by Orry, 518. Alberoni

Ripperda, and Konigseg, 519. Endeavours of foreigners to improve the

country by weakening the Church, 521. The clergy forced to contribute

to the taxes, 523. Alliances formed between Spain and the Mohammedans,

525, 549. Inertness and ignorance of the people, high and low, at this

period, 526. State of medical science in the seventeenth century, 532.

Foreign aid called in to remedy native ignorance, 536. Expulsion of

the Jesuits, 546. Attacks made on the Inquisition, 547. Foreign policy

of Spain under the influence of foreigners, 549. A prospect of the

return of wealth opened up, 550, 551. Effects of the vigour displayed

by Charles III., 552 _et seq._ Causes of his failure to produce

permanent good, 553. Decline of Spain under Charles IV., 571.

Endeavours in the nineteenth century to improve the country, 574.

Causes of their failure, 575. Immense natural advantages of Spain,

583. Her great men, 585. Her progress prevented by national ignorance,

589. The essential vice of the Spanish people, 592, 593. Causes which

keep Spain in her miserable condition, 593 _et seq._ Scotland

contrasted with Spain as to loyalty and superstition, iii. 1

Stafford, William, his work on the theory of politics, 'A Brief

Conceipt of English Policy,' i. 212 _note_

Stanyan's 'History of Greece,' ii. 218

Starch, amount of oxygen in, i. 62

Starvation, proximate causes of, i. 58 _note_

States-General of France, feebleness of the, ii. 121

Statesmen, why as a body they are always in the rear of their age,

i. 213

Statistics, study of, i. 2. Importance of, 23 _note_. Of murder and

other crimes, 24-29. Value of statistics in the light thrown upon the

study of human nature, 33. Early writers on statistics, 33 _note_.

Dislike of Adam Smith and David Hume for statistics, iii. 339.

Objections to them, 339 _note_

Steam, effect of the application of, to purposes of travelling, in

weakening the love of war, i. 219-221

Steam-engine, Watt's invention of the, iii. 402

Stearn, Richard, his character as Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 392

Stepney, Mr., his notions of political economy, i. 211 _note_

Stewart, Professor Matthew, his crusade against the algebraic or

symbolical analysis, i. 247

St[oe]ffler, John, his predictions as to the deluge of 1524, i. 330

Stoics, the, on the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in

insanity, i. 17 _note_

Stuart, Charles, the young Pretender, his stupidity and drunkenness,

i. 444 _note_

Subinfeudation, effects of, in France, ii. 119

Suicide, the crime of, dependent upon the individual, i. 26. Futility

of endeavours to diminish, by legislation, 26 _note_. Bentham on the

perjury of English juries in cases of, 26 _note_. Regularity of the

recurrence of, 28. Causes of, 28. Supposed effect of gloomy weather on

the love of, 220 _note_. Statistics of, 28, 29

Sully, Marshal, ii. 43. His historical work, 266

Sumatra, superstitions of the people of, respecting tigers,

i. 126 _note_

Sumbawa, the great earthquake and volcanic eruption of 1815 at,

i. 126 _note_

Sunday schools begun, i. 430. Opposition of the clergy to their

establishment, 431 _note_

Superstition, physical causes which give birth to, i. 122, 123.

Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, 123, 126. The worship of ferocious

animals, 125, 126. The fear of death, 127. Pestilences, 127. Extent of

popular superstition in Prussia, 238 _note_. Progress of the English

intellect in the seventeenth century in shaking off ancient

superstitions, 363. Instance in Scotland of the popular belief in

supernatural causation, 373. Causes of the superstitions of sailors

and agriculturists, 375. Terror inspired by comets and eclipses, 376.

The study of final causes abandoned by Descartes, ii. 91. Connexion

between loyalty and superstition, 455. Similarity between Scotland and

Spain as to superstition, iii. 4. Scotland favourable to superstition,

35. Sources of superstition, 35. Cause and effect of Scotch

superstition, 203. Superstition of the Scotch still existing, 471.

Superstitions every day becoming effaced as physical science advances,

477

Surgery, decline of the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV.,

ii. 195

Surnames, origin of, in Europe, ii. 112

Sweden, intolerance, bigotry, and persecution of the Protestantism of,

i. 264. Swedish heroes of antiquity, 298

Switzerland, Calvinism the popular creed of, ii. 339

Sydenham, Thomas, his reformation in therapeutics, ii. 196

Sympathy, examination of, iii. 310. Hunter's pathological speculations

respecting the principles of, 450

Taille, the, in France, ii. 129. Authorities respecting the,

129 _note_. The diminution of the, proposed by the Fronde, 150 _note_

Talleyrand, M. de, his admiration for Charron's 'De la Sagesse,'

ii. 19 _note_

'Tamerlane, History of,' by Margat, suppressed, ii. 237

Tarrega, the Spanish dramatist, ii. 479

Tartars, origin of the, according to the writers of the Middle Ages,

i. 313. And according to Whiston, 313 _note_. Effects of the

barrenness of the steppes of, in keeping the people uncivilized, 45

'Taste, Essay on,' by Cartaud, suppressed, ii. 237

Taxation; settlement of the right of the people of England to be taxed

entirely by their own representatives, i. 384. Disputes between the

two Houses of Parliament respecting taxation, 384 _note_

Taylor, Jeremy, his abilities and virtues, i. 393. Marked neglect with

which he was treated by Charles II., 393. His assertion of the

doctrine of passive obedience, 401 _note_

Teeth of animals, researches of Nasmyth and Owen on the structure of,

ii. 384, 385

Temperaments, the theory of, the principal stumbling-block of the

phrenologists, i. 176 _note_

Teratology, formation of the science of, ii. 396, 397 _note_

Terray, M., his attack on Church property in France, ii. 333. His open

protection of the Jansenists, 345

Test Act, the, i. 396. Suspended by James II., 397. Repealed,

426 _note_

Theology, state of the, of Europe from the sixth to the tenth

centuries, i. 270. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of

theology, 326-328. Theological justification of persecution, 344.

Increasing indifference to theological matters in England in the

seventeenth century, 350. Chillingworth's views, 350, 351. Connexion

between the Reformation and the dogma of an infallible church, 350,

351. The authority of private judgment recognized, 352. Ecclesiastical

power almost extinct in Europe, 354 _note_. Decline in British

theology at the present time, 355 _note_. Efforts of the clergy to

check the progress of scepticism, 356. Political character of the

opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns of James I. and

Charles I., 359. Antagonism in the reign of Charles II. between the

physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Reasons of the

hostility of the clergy, 373. Separation of theology from morals and

politics, 424. Effect of this separation, 425. Attempts to put down

the Theological Society, 436 _note_. Theological influence greater in

France in the sixteenth century than in England, ii. 6. Charron's the

first attempt made in a modern language to construct a system of

morals without the aid of theology, 19. Preparation of the way for the

separation of theology from politics, 40, 41. Analogy of the

anti-theological policy of Richelieu with the philosophy of Descartes,

83. Mischief done to the old theology by Descartes' principles, 90.

Effect of the protective spirit carried into theology, 107. Former

subservience of philosophy to theology, and universal interest which

theological discussions once inspired, 262. Exactness of the knowledge

of theologians on subjects on which nothing is known, 284 _note_.

Reasons why theology is inferior to history, 289. Voltaire's attack on

mere theologians, 308, 309. The question of free will taken up by

theologians, 338. De Maistre's method of investigation, 389 _note_.

Reasons why the theological or deductive method of philosophy was

followed in Scotland, iii. 284. The deductive method of philosophy

only applicable to theology, 464

Theory, necessity of, in science, but dangerous in practice, iii. 414

Thermotics, attention given to, in France, in the eighteenth century,

ii. 361, 362

Therapeutics, Sydenham's reformations in, ii. 196. Difference between

the art of, and the science of, pathology, iii. 416

Thibet, bards of, i. 292 _note_

Thomas, suppression of his 'Eloge on Marcus Aurelius,' ii. 238

Thomson, Hugh, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 204 _note_

Thread manufacture of Paisley, rise of the, iii. 176

Thumb-screw, torture of the, iii. 149

Tigers worshipped by the Hajin tribe, i. 125 _note_. Superstitions of

the Garrows and Seiks respecting them, 125 _note_. How regarded by the

Malasir, 125 _note_. And by the inhabitants of Sumatra, 126 _note_

Tissues, food necessary for repairing the waste of the, i. 55, 58.

Bichat's views respecting the, ii. 379-382. The degenerations of,

382 _note_. The study of, neglected by Cuvier, 383 _note_

Toledo, power of the clergy at, in the seventeenth century, ii. 437.

Captured from the Arabs, 440. Decline of, in the seventeenth century,

502

Toleration, religious, origin of, in England, i. 337. Unusual amount

of toleration in Holland two centuries back, 337 _note_. State of the

two hostile creeds in England in the reign of Elizabeth, 338. Hooker's

'Ecclesiastical Polity' compared with Jewel's 'Apology for the Church

of England,' 340. Causes which always hasten the march of toleration,

53, 54. Summary of the progress of toleration in England and France,

102. The religious toleration of the French government in the middle

of the eighteenth, century, 334

Toleration Act, passing of the, i. 402

Toolholos, or bards of Thibet, i. 292 _note_

Tooth, golden, work of Dr. Horst on the, i. 332

Tories, the, re-established in power under George III., i. 443, 446

Tournaments, origin of, ii. 134. Extinction of, 134

Tournefort, his inferiority as a botanist, ii. 201

Townsend, his views respecting political economy, ii. 304

Tracheæ of plants, discovery of the, ii. 199

Trade-wind, tract north and south of the equator covered by the,

i. 101. Causes of the, 192. Way in which the trade-wind is connected

with the civilization of South America, 103

Trade, absurd notions respecting, in the 17th and 18th centuries,

i. 213. Number of laws passed by the English legislature respecting,

213 _note_. Struggles of Parliament against the principles of free

trade, 215. Objects of early commercial treaties, 216 _note_. Why the

commercial spirit, formerly warlike, is now pacific, 218. Injuries

inflicted upon trade by the interference of legislators, 276.

Uncertainty of legislation the bane of commerce, 277, 278. Burke's

advocacy of free trade, 462. Effect of the protective spirit carried

into trade, ii. 107. Voltaire the first historian to recommend free

trade, iii. 304. The free trade of the American colonies in the

eighteenth century, 186

Tragedies of Corneille, period in which they appeared, ii. 209

Transubstantiation, relation of the Cartesian philosophy to the

doctrine of, ii. 90. Development of the doctrine of, by the

metaphysicians, 262

Travelling, advantages of, in producing contact and respect, and in

weakening the love of war, i. 219-221

Travis, George, his letters on the text of the Heavenly Witnesses,

i. 429

Trojan origin of different nations, believed in, in the Middle Ages,

i. 309

Tuffnel, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Turenne, created a marshal, ii. 98

Turgot, M., his lectures and their influence, ii. 320. Sir James

Mackintosh's opinion of his writings, 321. Influence he exercised

shortly before the Revolution, 329. His anti-ecclesiastical policy,

333. Said to have been a Jansenist, 345

Turkey, causes of the war between Russia and, i. 95

Turks, their defeat before Vienna, ii. 447

Turku, the ancient name of Abo, i. 299

Turner, Sir James, his cruelties in Scotland, iii. 143, 144 _note_

Turpin, Archbishop of Rheims, his absurd history of Charlemagne,

i. 318

Turpin, M., suppression of his 'History of Siam,' ii. 238

Understanding, Kant's views as to the scientific conception of the,

i. 18 _note_. Why controlled by the imagination in India, and

paramount in Greece, 138-146

United States of North America, rent paid by the cultivator in, in

proportion to the gross produce of the land, i. 75. Causes of low

rent, 76 _note_. Comparison of the history of England with that of the

United States, 240. Characteristics of American literature, 241. Love

of the people for the study of the law, 241 _note_. Policy of George

III. respecting, 477, 479. His hatred of the Americans, 480 _note_.

Effect of the Declaration of Independence in hastening the French

Revolution, ii. 416

Usury-laws, Adam Smith's views as to the, i. 214 _note_. Jeremy

Bentham's demolition of the, 214 _note_. Increase of usury due to the

attempts of legislators to keep it down, 283. Efforts of the Church to

suppress it, 283 _note_. Jeremy Bentham's treatment of the usury-laws

referred to, 284 _note_

Vanity compared with pride, ii. 163

Vassy, massacre of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in

the, ii. 11

Vattel, his views as to political economy, i. 212 _note_. His

principles of foreign policy compared with those of Grotius,

ii. 40 _note_

Vega, Lope de, his offices in the Church and in the Inquisition,

ii. 479. His joy at the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, 496 _note_

Velly, character of his 'History of France,' ii. 300

Vendôme, Duc de, his command of the Spanish army, ii. 517

Veneration, origin of, ii. 171

Venner, the fifth-monarchy man, ii. 155

Vergil, Polydore, his attack of the popular belief in the Trojan

descent of the English kings, i. 309 _note_

Verse, historical and scientific works written in, i. 293, 294 _note_.

See Poetry

Vico, his opinions as to the real history of Rome, ii. 314

Villaret, character of his 'History of France,' ii. 300

Villaviciosa, Spanish poet, his office in the Inquisition, ii. 481

Vienna, defeat of the Turks before, ii. 447

Villenage, extinction of, in England, ii. 128

Visigoths, their settlement in Spain, and establishment of their Arian

opinions there, ii. 434. Attacked by the orthodox Franks, under Clovis

and his successors, 435

Voisins, Gilbert des, his Jansenism, ii. 345

Volcanic eruption of 1815 at Sumbawa, i. 126 _note_

Voltaire, his visit to England and study of its language and

literature, ii. 216-218. His admiration for England, 228. Persecutions

to which he was exposed, 231. His method of writing history compared

with that of Bossuet, 291. As instanced in his 'History of Charles

X.,' 292. Turns his attention to physical and speculative science,

295. Returns to history, 295. His 'Age of Louis XIV.,' 296. His

'Morals, Manners, and Character of Nations,' 297. His intellect, 301.

His habit of looking at epochs, and not at the character of the men by

whom a country is governed, 301. His tragedies, 302. His endeavours to

explain the origin of feudality, 302. His remark on licentious

religious ceremonies, 303. The first historian to recommend free

trade, 304. His anticipation of Malthus's principle, 304. His attack

on the admiration entertained for the Middle Ages, 305. And for the

pedantic admirers of antiquity and classical models, 306-308. Ignorant

prejudice against him in England, 313. His vast labours aided by

Montesquieu, 314

Wace, his translation into Anglo-Norman of Geoffrey of Monmouth's

history, i. 325

Wages, in what they consist, i. 52. And on what they depend, 53.

Enquiry into the physical conditions which over supply the labour

market and keep the average rate of wages at a low point, 54 _et seq._

Effects of climate on wages, 62-64. Social and political consequences

of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65. Highest, lowest, and average

rates of wages in England during the last few years, 66 _note_. Rates

of wages in Ireland, 67. And in India, 73, 74. Adam Smith's views as

to the conflict between capital and, iii. 327

Wales, injuries done by clerical historians to the traditions of the

bards of, i. 306

Wall, his part in Spanish affairs, ii. 544

Walpole, Sir Robert, endeavours of the House of Commons to hunt him to

the death, i. 452. His refusal to tax the colonies, 478

War, decline of the practice of, i. 190. Causes of this, 190, 191,

198. Military spirit of Russia and Turkey, and its causes, 195, 196.

Love of war extinct in England, 198. Contrast between the military

genius of ancient and modern Europe, 199-202. Causes of the decay of

this genius in modern times, 202-223. The right of private war allowed

to the French nobles, ii. 115. Early extinction of private war in

England, 138

Warburton, Dr., Bishop of Gloucester, his separation of theology from

politics, i. 425. Effect of his opinions, 426

Watches, superiority of the English in the seventeenth century,

ii. 193 _note_

Water, methods employed by Watt and Cavendish in the discovery of,

iii. 403

Watson's 'History of Philip II.,' translated by Mirabeau, ii. 225

Watt, James, his invention of the steam-engine, iii. 402. His

discovery of the composition of water, and the method employed, 403

Wealth, effects of climate, food, and soil on the accumulation of,

i. 41. Effects of wealth on the existence of an intellectual class,

42. Physical causes by which the creation of wealth is governed,

42 _et seq._ Laws of the distribution of wealth, 51. Interest,

profits, and wages, 52. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth

in India in all ages, 72-77

Weather, alleged effect of gloomy, on the love of suicide,

i. 220 _note_

Wellington, Duke of, his character as a warrior and statesman, i. 201,

202

Welsh, John, story of, and the Popish mocker, iii. 212

Werner, A. G., character of his method of geological speculation,

iii. 393

Wesley, John, his abilities as a theological statesman, i. 421, 422.

Calumnies and insults to which he and his followers were subjected by

the clergy, 423. His ambitious views as to his sect, 424 _note_

Westphalia, Congress of, purely secular policy of the, ii. 41. The

revenues of the Church seized by the contracting parties, 41.

Indignation of the pope at the treaty, 41 _note_

Whewell, Dr., his errors, ii. 401 _note_

Whigs, their long monopoly of power, i. 443. Displaced by the Tories

in the reign of George III., 443, 446

Whitby, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_

White, Blanco, on free will, quoted, i. 15 _note_

Whitefield, George, his career, i. 421 _note_. Character of his

sermons, 421 _note_. Excitement produced by him, 421 _note_.

Opposition of the clergy to him, 423, 424 _note_

Wightman, one of the last English martyrs to religious opinions,

i. 345 _note_

Will, free, controversies of the Calvinists and Arminians as to,

ii. 338

William the Conqueror, his modification of the feudal system in

England, ii. 114

William III., main characteristics of the reign of, i. 402, 403.

Eulogy of Sir A. Alison, 403 _note_. Hostility between the King and

the clergy, 405. His abolition of episcopacy in Scotland, 406. His

deprivation of the Archbishop of Canterbury and six of his brethren,

410

Williams, John, Bishop of Lincoln, the last ecclesiastical lord

keeper, i. 417 _note_

Witchcraft, period of the destruction of the old notions respecting,

i. 363 _note_. Charge of Chief Baron Hale in 1665, 363 _note_. The

last witches executed in England and in Spain, 364 _note_. John

Wesley's belief in the existence of witches, 364 _note_. Repeal of the

statutes against witchcraft, 364 _note_. Witchcraft in Scotland,

iii. 37

Woodrow, value of his 'Analecta,' iii. 230 _note_

Wool manufactures of Spain in the eighteenth century, ii. 542

Writing, invention of, a cause of error in history, i. 296. Modes in

which it effects this, 296, 297

Yeomanry, rights of English, ii. 119. Unknown in France, 120. Decay of

the Yeomanry in England, 120 _note_

Yeomen of the Guard, establishment of the, ii. 7 _note_

Zamora, Spanish poet, ii. 480

Zoology, state of the science of, in France under Louis XIV., ii. 197

Zoology, generalizations in, of Frenchmen in the eighteenth century,

ii. 375. The statical and dynamical parts of, 375. Impetus given to

the science by Cuvier and Bichat, 376-381

Zurich, antiquity of, according to Swiss authorities, i. 312

THE END.

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Transcriber's Notes:

The original spelling and minor inconsistencies in the spelling and

formatting have been maintained.

Inconsistent hyphenation and accents are as in the original if not marked

as a misprint.

Index entries out of sequence have not been corrected.

Text in italics has been marked with underscores (_text_).

The ligatures OE and oe have been marked as [OE] and [oe], the acute

accent above r as [/r] and the macron above a letter as [=letter].

The sign ^ has been used as a superscript.

The table below lists all corrections applied to the original text.

p. xii: 361-sqq. -> 361-seq.

p. xiv: 420-sqq. -> 420-seq.

p. 7: vol iv. p. 313: -> p. 313;

p. 7: vol. xviii. p, 309 -> p. 309

p. 12: by the English. -> by the English.'

p. 13: Somerville's Memoire -> Memorie

p. 18: sovereignty over Scotland. -> Scotland.'

p. 18: Chalmer's Caledonia -> Chalmers' Caledonia

p. 20: days of Robert the First, -> First,'

p. 21: 18, 27, 375; vol. -> 18, 27, 375, vol.

p. 21: 485; vol. x. p. 584; vol. -> 485, vol. x. p. 584, vol.

p. 23: Extract from the -> Extracts from the

p. 24: mercery and haberdashery. -> haberdashery.'

p. 25: vol. i. p. 512 -> 512.

p. 26: the bishop and chapter. -> chapter.'

p. 29: though it is is -> though it is

p. 30: Great Tay, through Perth, -> 'Great

p. 31: ces salles parées. -> parées,

p. 37: the Spottiswoode -> The Spottiswoode

p. 41: could sign his own name.' -> name."

p. 46: justiciaries to assist. -> assist.'

p. 50: not the king himselue -> himselfe

p. 62: Calderwood's Historie -> History

p. 64: Henry VIII., "in -> 'in

p. 65: Pitcairn's Criminal Trials of -> in

p. 66: favor ony heretike. -> heretike.'

p. 78: 'the secound of Maij. -> 'the secound of Maij.'

p. 80: he (the orator)' -> he (the orator)

p. 86: on the extreame povertie -> 'on

p. 91: "To requyre payment -> 'To

p. 94: _Church and State in Scotland_ vol. -> _Scotland_, vol.

p. 95: in this reformed Kirk. -> Kirk.'

p. 97: and ordaines, That -> that

p. 106: miscreants and bribers -> bribers.

p. 107: salbe the worst.' -> worst."'

p. 111: Edinburgh, 1847. p. xxxix. -> Edinburgh, 1847, p. xxxix.

p. 119: of Montrose, in 1600 -> 1600.

p. 121: pp. 265, 266, 272; vol. -> 272, vol.

p. 129: twentie thowsand pounds." -> twentie thowsand pounds.'

p. 137: The Diary of Mr. John Lamont, -> Lamont

p. 147: Duke of York's instigation. -> instigation.'

p. 147: instigation.' _Shield's Hind let loose_ -> Shields' Hind

p. 147: See _Shield's Hind let loose_ -> Shields' Hind

p. 148: According to Burnet, the -> 'the

p. 149: with an exquisite torture; -> torture;'

p. 152: greatest of his works -> works.

p. 154: to about 4500 men; -> men;'

p. 158: London, 4to, 1817, vol ii. p -> vol. ii. p.

p. 162: Fountainhall's Notes on -> Notes of

p. 204: _Burnet's History of his own Time_, vol -> vol.

p. 211: whole counsel of God. -> God.'

p. 215: before he reached him!"' -> him!'

p. 218: p. 43, in vol i. -> vol. i.

p. 224: _Binning's Sermons_, vol. ii. p. 118; vol. -> 118, vol.

p. 226: his people by Satan, -> Satan,'

p. 228: and continoues sick." -> sick.'

p. 228: when this happened. -> happened.'

p. 250: Fleming's Fulfilling of -> of the

p. 250: Balfour's Annals -> Annales

p. 253: then when they are are -> then when they are

p. 254: and we should chose -> choose

p. 262: On the 22d October -> On the 22nd October

p. 264: The History -> Historie

p. 280: _Chalmers' Caledonia_, vol -> vol.

p. 287: _Gray's Precious Promises_, p. 139 -> p. 139.

p. 288: _of Edinburgh_,, -> _of Edinburgh_,

p. 311: vol. ii. p. 23, seqq. -> vol. ii. pp. 23 seq.

p. 312: united with biography, -> biography.

p. 313: vol. ii. p: 206. -> p. 206.

p. 328: the wages of labour. -> labour.'

p. 333: _Brougham's Works_, Glasgow, 1856. -> 1856,

p. 336: to determine what Adam's -> Adam

p. 338: Moral Sentiment -> Sentiments

p. 349: of Smith, not -> nor

p. 352: murder by persons unknown?' -> unknown?

p. 358: pp. 36, 37, 340, 343; vol. -> 343, vol.

p. 358: pp. 115, 116, 288-299; vol. -> 288-299, vol.

p. 358: vol. i. p. 305; vol. -> 305, vol.

p. 359: vol. i. p. 329, 334; vol. -> 334, vol.

p. 361: into execution in his writings. -> writings.'

p. 368: concealed in them,--_latet_ -> _latent_

p. 387: says of it, very grvaely -> gravely

p. 392: strata from the year 1790. -> 1790.'

p. 398: were of igneous origin. -> origin.'

p. 410: if not superior, to Newton. -> Newton.'

p. 436: _Hunter's Works_, vol. i. p. 43; vol. -> 43, vol.

p. 473: 'The members were of opinion that it was -> 'that it was

p. 483: Geoffrey of Monmouth, i. 324. -> i. 324

p. 484: statement respecting, ii. 281. -> ii. 281

p. 488: one of Linnæus, -> one of Linnæus, ii.

p. 490: civil war, ii, -> ii.

p. 491: at an early period in, -> at an early period in, i.

p. 492: peace of Westphalia, ii, -> ii.

p. 494: they appeared, ii. 208. -> 208

p. 496: his secular philosophy, 329 -> 329.

p. 497: with the clergy, 420, -> 420.

p. 497: for the relief of the, 463. -> 463

p. 498: Dryburgh Abbey -> Abbey,

p. 498: sixteenth century, iii. 30. -> sixteenth century, 30.

p. 500: term of years first authorized. -> authorized,

p. 501: establishments of, -> establishments of, i.

p. 502: first financial reforms, i. -> first financial reforms,

p. 502: Fossils; -> Fossils,

p. 504: Francis 1. of France -> Francis I. of France

p. 505: surrounded his accession, -> surrounded his accession, i.

p. 505: 'Letters' of, ii, -> ii.

p. 506: of political degradation. -> degradation,

p. 506: admiration for England, ii, -> ii.

p. 507: studies in crystallography -> crystallography,

p. 508: causes of the, i. 144. -> i. 144

p. 510: French by Le Blanc, ii, -> ii.

p. 511: in the reign of Louis XIV., -> in the reign of Louis XIV., ii.

p. 512: of the government, 494, -> 494.

p. 514: Ismorphism -> Isomorphism

p. 515: his accession, -> his accession, i.

p. 515: 'Ecclesiastical Polity,' -> 'Ecclesiastical Polity,' i.

p. 519: literary class, 239 _note_. -> _note_

p. 520: to favour the King, 297. -> 297

p. 520: the Jansenists, ii. 344 -> the Jansenists, 344

p. 521: of human knowledge, 229. -> 229

p. 523: drained by the, 97 -> drained by the, i. 97

p. 524: literature, i. 437 _note_. -> _note_

p. 525: Calvinist opinions, 345. -> 345

p. 530: Mathew Paris, i. 315. -> Mathew Paris, 315.

p. 533: theory of rent, i. 250 -> theory of rent, 250

p. 534: Religious teleration -> toleration

p. 534: clergy inevitable, ii. 347. -> clergy inevitable, 347.

p. 535: pointed out by Descartes, -> pointed out by Descartes, ii.

p. 543: once inspired, ii. 262. -> once inspired, 262.

p. 544: in the eighteenth century, 558 -> 186

p. 545: conception of the, 18 -> conception of the, i. 18

p. 546: aided by Montesquieu, 314. -> 314

p. 546: tax the colonies, 478 -> 478

p. 547: office in, i 432 -> office in, i. 432