Bacon and Auguste Comte, 91 _note_. Authorities for the injury it has
wrought, 91 _note_
Caussin, 'le petit père,' exiled by Richelieu, ii. 29, 30
Cavaliers, the name and the English civil war, ii. 149
Cavendish, Henry, method employed by him in the discovery of the
composition of water, iii. 403
Celibacy of the clergy, opposed by the principle of hereditary rank,
ii. 113. Period of the first general and decisive movement in its
favour, 113 _note_
Centralization, in France, the natural successor of feudality, ii.
122. Its baneful effects, 123. How the system actually works, 123
_note_. Its results in France compared with the freedom of England,
126, 127
Certainty contrasted with precision in writing history, ii. 325
Cervantes, becomes a monk, ii. 479. His joy at the expulsion of the
Moors from Spain, 496 _note_
Chance, doctrine of, i. 8. Causes of its displacement by the doctrine
of Necessary Connection, 9. The doctrine of Chance of the atomists, 10
Chancery, Court of, early exertion of its powers against persecution,
i. 345 _note_
Chantilly, the actress, story of, ii. 243
Character, knowledge of, a key to results and action, i. 18, 19
Charlemagne. His droves of pigs, i. 314 _note_. His history as related
by Archbishop Turpin, 318
Charles I., character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in
the reign of, i. 359. This king's attempts to revive the power of the
aristocracy, and adopt the superannuated theories of protection, ii.
147. How treated by his Scottish subjects, iii. 4, 134. Sold by the
Scotch to the English, 135. His execution, 136. Character of the war
against him in England compared with that of the Scotch, 197
Charles II., frivolous form of the opposition to ecclesiastical
authority in the reign of, i. 362. His deism, 362 _note_. His last
refuge in superstition, 362 _note_. Antagonism in his reign between
the physical sciences and the theological spirit, 372. Legislative
improvements of this reign in spite of political degradation, 381.
Character of Charles II., and condition of the kingdom in his reign,
381, 382. Aid given by his vices to the comprehensive reforms of his
reign, 388. And by his dislike of the clergy, 389. Character of this
king's ecclesiastical appointments, 391. His inability to do permanent
harm to English institutions, ii. 466. Compelled by the Scotch to sign
a public declaration, iii. 136. His oppressions of the Scotch,
137-139. His attempted despotism baffled by the Scotch, 140
Charles II. of Spain, his character, ii. 468-470. Misery of Spain during
his reign, 501-510. His death, 513
Charles III. of Spain, vigour and success of his rule, ii. 552 _et seq._
His death, 571
Charles IV. of Spain, his accession, ii. 571. Reaction begun by him, 571
Charles V. the Emperor, his domestic and foreign policy, ii. 446. His
humiliation of the Protestant princes in Germany, 446. His repulse of
the Turks before Vienna, 446. Number of heretics put to death in the
Netherlands during his reign, 447. His codicil to his will as to
dealing with heretics, 448. Causes of his barbarous policy, 449
Charles IX., his massacre of St. Bartholomew, ii. 13
'Charles XII., History of,' Voltaire's, ii. 292. Charles's only
merits, 293. Voltaire's admiration of him, 293. His murder of Patkul,
293
Charles the Bald, initiates a hereditary aristocracy in Europe, ii. 112
Charron, Pierre, reputation of his 'De la Sagesse,' ii. 19. Its purity
and systematic completeness, 19. Analysis of the work, 20, 21
Charta, Magna, peculiar beauty of, ii. 117
Chateaubriand, his method, ii. 389 _note_
Chatillon, Marshal, ii. 43
Chauvelin, his Jansenism, ii. 345
Chemistry, the law of definite proportions in as laid down by Turner,
i. 59 _note_. Boyle's discoveries in, 369. His 'Sceptical Chemist,'
370. Study of, forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 69. State of
the science of, in the reign of Louis XIV., 197. Causes of its great
progress in modern times, 365. The existence of chemistry as a science
due to France, 366. Discoveries of Lavoisier, 367. Formation of a
chemical nomenclature, 368. Inability of chemistry to reduce
mineralogical phenomena, 399. Popularity of Fourcroy's lectures,
407 _note_
Childebert, King of the Franks, attacks the Arian Visigoths,
ii. 435 _note_
Chillingworth, William, his 'Religion of Protestants,' i. 347. His
connexion and correspondence with Laud, 347. His work compared with
those of Hooker and Jewel, 348. The right of private judgment held
sacred by him, 349, 352. Popularity of his work, 352 _note_. His
scepticism compared with that of Hooker, ii. 86
China, gunpowder said to have been used at an early period in, i. 203
_note_. Causes of the trustworthiness of the early annals of, 302.
Antiquity of the history of, 302 _note_. Early knowledge of printing
in, 302 _note_
Chivalry, origin of, ii. 131. Influence of, on the nobles, 132.
Results of the institution of, 132. Origin of the orders of chivalry,
133. Merits ascribed to chivalry, 133 _note_. Small influence of
chivalry in England, 134. The ballad of the 'Turnament of Tottenham,'
136 _note_. Extinct in England in the fifteenth century, 135. Relation
between chivalry and duelling, 136
Choiseul, De, his anti-ecclesiastical policy, ii. 333. Openly protects
the Jansenists, 345
Cholera, attempts made to revive the theological theory of disease on
the first outbreak of the, i. 128 _note_. And again in Scotland,
iii. 473
Christianity, influence of religion on the progress of society
illustrated by the early history of, i. 258. And by the history of
Catholicism and Protestantism, 261. Baneful effects of the
interference of governments with the opinions of the people, 261, 262.
Causes of the corruptions of the Christianity of the Abyssinians and
of the Oguiché Indians, 265 _note_. The crusade against Christianity
one of the antecedents of the French Revolution, ii. 247-257. Causes
of the Roman persecutions, i. 185
Church property, Vattel's opinions respecting, quoted, ii. 31 _note_
Church, the revenues of the, seized and appropriated by the contracting
parties to the peace of Westphalia, ii. 41
Church of England. See Clergy, English
Chyle, discovery of the, ii. 194
Circular progression, doctrine of, ii. 377
Clanship, in Scotland, causes of the abolition of, iii. 167, 168
Clarke, Adam, the last scholar of European repute amongst the
Dissenters, i. 422
Classes, the two, in France, before the Revolution, ii. 128 _et seq._
The Great Rebellion of England a war of, 150. Opposite character of
the Fronde in France, 150
Classical scholars and commentators, Locke and Voltaire's attacks on,
ii. 306-308
Clergy, the influence of the, the cause of the corruption of early
history, i. 307. Their meddling, inquisitive, and vexatious spirit,
ii. 72. Supremacy of the clergy in the Dark Ages, 108. Period when the
spirit of inquiry began to weaken the church, 108, 109. And when the
clergy began to punish men for thinking for themselves, 109. The first
constitution addressed 'inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,' 109
_note_. Connection between the feudal system and the ecclesiastical
spirit, 110, 111. Causes of the alliance between the clergy and the
nobles, 140. The clergy weakened in the reign of Elizabeth, 143
Clergy, English, attempts of the, in the reign of Charles II. to oppose
the spread of physical science, i. 372. Reasons for their hostility,
373. Destruction of the privileges of the clergy to burn heretics and
tax themselves, 383. The tender of the ex-officio oath prevented by
law, 384. Dislike of Charles II. of the clergy, 389. Causes of this
dislike, 389. Character of his ecclesiastical appointments, 391.
Efforts of the clergy in this reign to revive the doctrines of passive
obedience and divine right, 394. Good churchmen always bad citizens,
395 _note_. Alliance between the Protestant clergy and the Roman
Catholic king James II., 395. Dissolution of this compact, 397. And
union of the clergy with the Dissenters, 399. Which union produces the
Revolution of 1688, 400. Sudden repentance of the clergy of their own
act, 403. Hostility between them and William III., 405. Their growing
unpopularity, 409. King William's deprivation of six of the prelates,
410. The consequent schism in the church, 411. Origin of the term
'high church' and 'low church' parties, 412 _note_. Adoption of the
theory of the sovereign _de facto_ and _de jure_, 413. Encouragement
which the clergy thus give to scepticism, 414. The church avoided by
the ablest men, who prefer secular professions, 415, 416. The most
honourable and lucrative posts formerly occupied by ecclesiastics,
416. Loss of the clergy of all offices out of the church, and
diminution of their number in both Houses of Parliament, 416, 417. The
last ecclesiastic who held any of the high offices of state,
417 _note_. Final expulsion of the clergy from the House of Commons,
418. Temporary rally of the church in the reign of Anne, 419.
The clergy weakened by the Dissenters, headed by Wesley and Whitefield,
419-424. Effects of the separation of theology from morals and from
politics, 424-427. Rapid succession of sceptical controversies, 427.
Diffusion of knowledge, and the popular form taken by it, 430.
Opposition of the clergy to the establishment of Sunday schools, 431.
Their factious and disloyal conduct during the reign of the first two
Georges, 442. Joy of the clergy at the attachment of George III. to
the church, 445. Their support of the policy of George III. against,
and bitterness towards, the Americans, 479 _note_
Clergy, the French, greater power possessed by them than by the
English clergy, ii. 3, 4. Their endeavours to suppress the progress of
secular enquiry, 22. Their alarm at the protection given to the
Protestants by Henry IV., Catherine de Medici, and Louis XIII., 26.
Richelieu's treatment of the Clergy, and of the Protestants, 28-31.
Animosity between the clergy and the secular tribunals, 32. Archbishop
Sourdis ignominiously beaten, 32. Reasons why French literary men
attacked the Church and not the Government, 247. And therefore to
assail Christianity, 247. Personal character of the hierarchy during
the reign of Louis XIV., 252. And during the reign of his successor,
252. Attack of the Government on the clergy, 332. Machault's edict
against mortmain, 332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault's
successors, 333. Machault hated by the clergy, 333 _note_. The power
of the clergy weakened by the two hostile parties among themselves,
335. Decline of the respect entertained for the clergy, 348. Reasons
why their fall was averted for a time, 349, 350
Clergy, Scottish, causes of the union of the Crown and the, iii. 34.
Causes of the flourishing state of the clergy in the fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, 38. And of their great influence, 43. The Church
favoured by James I., 46. Struggle between the Crown and clergy on
one side and the nobles on the other, 55 _et seq._ Destruction of the
Church, and supremacy of the nobles, 81. Abolition of episcopacy, 94.
Struggle between the upper classes and the clergy as to episcopacy,
100. Violence of the clergy, 105 _et seq._ Boons conferred by them
upon their country, 112. Attempts of the King to subjugate the clergy,
115. His cruel treatment of them, 117-123. Tyrannical conduct of the
bishops, 128. The bishops overthrown, 133. But again forced upon the
people, 141. Alliance between the Crown and the clergy, and its
consequences, 147. The struggle of the clergy with Cromwell, 194. And
with Charles I., 197. Causes which produced the Solemn League and
Covenant, 198. Character of the sermons and zeal of the people in
hearing them in the seventeenth century, 203 _et seq._ The consequent
extension and consolidation of the authority of the clergy, 206. Their
great engine of power, the Kirk-session, and its tyranny, 206-210.
Cases in which it was believed that their pretensions were upheld and
vindicated by miracles, 212, 229. Their consequent arrogance, 220.
Effect of their advocacy of horrible notions concerning evil spirits
and future punishments, 232. And concerning the Deity, 239. Harmless
and praiseworthy actions declared to be sinful, 252. Specimens of the
sins invented by them, 261, 263. Their arbitrary regulations for
punishing disobedience, 262. Their deductive method in philosophy, 286
Clergy, Spanish, rise of the influence of the, ii. 436-444. Proofs of
their power, 437, 438. Consequences of the reverence for them, 461
_et seq._ Causes of their increasing influence, 472. Hold of the
Church over all, high or low, 478-481. Use made by the clergy of
their power in obtaining the expulsion of the whole of the Spanish
Moors, 483. Forced to contribute to the support of the state, 522,
523. Deprived of their wealth by Mendizabal, 590. But re-endowed soon
after, 591. The Concordat of 1851, 591, 592
Climate, its influence on the condition of the human race, i. 40. Its
effect on the regularity and energy with which labour is conducted,
42, 43. Tartary, 45. Arabia, 45. The civilization of Europe governed
by climate, 50. Influence of climate on the kind of food necessary for
man, 56. And on his ease or difficulty in procuring it, 58. Modes in
which the average temperature of a country affects its civilization,
95. Difference between the eastern and western coasts of North
America, 97. Character of the climate of Spain, ii. 427
Clotaire, his attacks of the Visigoth Arians, ii. 435 _note_
Clovis, King of the Franks, his attack of the Visigoths, ii. 435
Clubs, establishment of, in France, at the end of the last century,
ii. 412, 414
Cobbett, William, his racy and idiomatic English, ii. 307 _note_
Codification, causes of the French love of, ii. 127 _note_
Coffee, its discredit in France as an English drink, ii. 214 _note_
Colours, Boyle's experiments in, i. 368 _note_
Comedies of Racine, character of the period in which they appeared,
ii. 208
Comets, feelings of terror inspired by the presence of, i. 376,
377 _note_
Comines, Philip de, credulity shown in his history, i. 327;
ii. 265 _note_
Commerce. See Trade
Commerce; Rise of trading interests in Scotland in the eighteenth
century, iii. 171. See Trade; Trade, Free
Commission, High Court of, established in Scotland, iii. 125. Cruelty
of the, 142 _note_
Commons, House of, origin of the, ii. 117. Causes of the increase of
the authority of the, 121
Comte, M., remarks on his 'Philosophie Positive,' i. 5 _note_
Condillac, his metaphysical work, the 'Traité des Sensations,' ii. 357.
Essential positions upon which the work is based, 358
Condorcet, his character and abilities, i. 470. Burke's remarks on,
471. His proposal of English criminal jurisprudence as a model for
France, ii. 226. His professed atheism, 352
Conjurors, tricks of, forbidden to be seen by the French Protestants,
ii. 70
Conquest, Norman, Sir F. Palgrave on the results produced by the,
ii. 116 _note_
Consciousness, faculty or state of the mind so called, i. 14.
Different opinions respecting, 14 _note_. Its fallibility, 15.
Authorities as to the preservation of consciousness in dreams and in
insanity, 17 _note_
Constant, M., his adoption of a remark of Voltaire, ii. 303
Converts, fickleness of, i. 255, 256
Convocation, falls into general contempt, i. 414. Final prorogation
of, by an act of the Crown, 415. Permitted recently to re-assemble,
415
Copyhold rights in England, ii. 119. Not recognised by the French
laws, 120
Coquereau, suppression of his 'Memoirs of Terrai,' ii. 238
Corn, free trade in, proposed by Stafford in 1581, i. 213 _note_. The
real cause of the abolition of the, 273. Merits of the Anti-Corn-Law
League, 274. Importance of the repeal of the Corn-laws, 502
Corneille, period in which his tragedies appeared, ii. 209
Cornwall, hardly a bookseller in, in 1780, i. 432 _note_
Corporation Act, i. 396. Suspended by James II., i. 397
Corvée, the, in France, ii. 129. Authorities respecting the, 129 _note_
Coulumb, his experiments on electrical phenomena, ii. 362
Councils, authority of, despised by Chillingworth, i. 349
Courrayeur, suppression of the 'Dissertations' of, ii. 237
Cousin, M., on free will, quoted, i. 14 _note_
Covenant, Solemn League and, framed, iii. 132. Causes which produced
the, 198
Coyer, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219
Credulity of Asiatics as compared with that of Europeans, i. 134.
Instances of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This
credulity the natural result of the state of the age, 333
Crime, uniform reproduction of, i. 24, 25, 31 _notes_. Crime the
result of the state of society into which the criminal is thrown, 29.
Rawson on the possibility of arriving at certain constants with regard
to crime, quoted, 31 _note_. Mode of preventing crime in France,
ii. 125
Criminals, mode of examining, in France, ii. 124
Cromwell, Oliver, his alliance with Cardinal Mazarin, ii. 98. Irritation
of the orthodox with their union, 98. His hostility to the Church not
theological, but political, 361 _note_. His plebeian origin, ii. 156.
Capacity of his lieutenants, 156, 157. His chain of fortresses in
Scotland, iii. 194. His treatment of the Scotch people, 195 _note_
Crusades, theological feeling of the English as to the, ii. 6 _note_
Crystallography, discoveries of De Lisle and Haüy in, ii. 400, 401.
Power of crystals, in common with animals, of repairing their own
injuries, 403 _note_. Hunter's inquiries into the malformation of
crystals, iii. 443
Cudworth, comparison of the method employed by Hume in his 'Natural
History of Religion' compared with that of Cudworth's 'Intellectual
System,' iii. 348
Cullen, William, account of his generalizations respecting pathology,
iii. 413. His love of theory, 414. His method of studying pathology
compared with that of Adam Smith, 417. His theory of the solids, 418.
Character of his premisses and conclusions, 418-421. His theory of
fever, 424. His nosology, 426
Culloden, results of the battle of, to the Highland Chieftains,
iii. 168 _note_
Cumberland, Dr., Bishop of Peterborough, his system of morals without
the aid of theology, i. 425. Relation between Hume and Cumberland,
426 _note_
Cuvier, Baron, his labours in geology, ii. 369. Impetus given by him
to the study of zoology, 376. His overthrow of the Linnæan system,
376, 377
D'Alembert, his professed atheism, ii. 352
D'Alibard, his experiments on electricity, ii. 362
Damiens, his attempted assassination of Louis XV., ii. 345
Dancing forbidden by the French Protestants, ii. 69, 70. And by the
Scotch clergy, iii. 258
Darigrand, suppression of his work on 'Finance,' ii. 238
Dates, effect of the cheapness and abundance of, in Egypt, i. 83
David IV. of Scotland, his imprisonment by the English, iii. 20
Daubenton, his application of the principles of comparative anatomy to
the study of fossil bones, ii. 371
Dead, adoration of the, i. 145 _note_
Death, influence of the fear of, on the imagination, i. 127
Debating clubs, establishment of, i. 433. Authorities as to, 433 _note_
Deccan, bards of the, i. 292 _note_
Dedications, servility of the, in books of the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, i. 438. Abolition of mean and crouching, 438
Defender of the Faith, title of the, conferred on James V. of Scotland,
iii. 6
De Grana, entrusted by the King of Spain with the defence of the
Netherlands, ii. 515
De Lisles, Romé, his studies in crystallography, ii. 400
Deluge, the predicted, of St[oe]ffler, i. 330
De Maistre, his method, ii. 389 _note_
Democracy, Calvinism always connected with, ii. 339. Physical science
essentially democratic, 409. Democratic tendency, observable in France
in the change of dress just before the Revolution, 410. And in the
establishment of clubs, 412
Denmark, Mallet's 'History' of, ii. 299
Desaguliers, Dr., his success in popularizing physical truths,
i. 432 _note_
Descartes, Réné, his military genius and learning, i. 200. Effect of his
secular philosophy, 329. His profundity, ii. 77. His physical
discoveries and speculations, 78, 79. Recognizes Harvey's discovery of
the circulation of the blood and Aselli's discovery of the lacteals,
81. His origination of the modern method of philosophy, 81, 82.
Reasons why he deserves the gratitude of posterity, 82. Account of his
philosophy as showing its analogy with the anti-theological policy of
Richelieu, 83, 92. His words of wisdom addressed to his countrymen,
85. Compared with Montaigne, 86. Eminent characteristic of his
philosophy, 87. Analysis of his principles, 88, 89. Mischief done by
his principles to the old theology, 90. And to the inordinate respect
with which antiquity was regarded, 91. Period in which he flourished,
189
Desfontaines, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397
Desforges, imprisoned for his work respecting the Pretender, ii. 238
Desmarest, his geological labours, ii. 368
Desmoulins, Camille, his knowledge of the English language and
literature, ii. 224
De Thou, raised to the presidency of parliament in France, ii. 26. His
great French historical work, 266
Devil, horrible notions of the Scotch clergy concerning, iii. 232
Dhourra of Upper Egypt, its cheapness and abundance, i. 86
Diderot, his knowledge of the English language and literature,
ii. 218. His talents, 240. His imprisonment in Vincennes, 242. His
professed atheism, 352
Diogenes Laertius, on the physical which preceded metaphysical
inquiries, i. 10 _note_. On the preservation of consciousness in
dreams and in insanity, 17 _note_
Diplomacy, commencement of a purely secular era in the history of,
ii. 41
Disease, theological theory of, in the middle ages and in our own
times, i. 127, 128 _note_. Authorities as to the nature and treatment
of a disease and the belief that such disease is caused by
supernatural power, and is to be cured by it, 129 _note_. The origin
of almost all the cruel diseases of Europe to be found in Asia, 130.
Hunter's theories of diseases, iii. 448
Dissenters, persecution of the, in England, in the reign of James II.,
i. 397. Union of the clergy and dissenters and its result, 399, 400.
Authorities for the cruelties inflicted upon them in the reign of
Charles II. and James II., 419. Principles avowed by the clergy in
justification of the persecution, 419 _note_. Persecutions in the
reign of Anne, 419, 420. Repeal of the laws against them, 420. The
Toleration Act regarded by the Dissenters as their Magna Charta, 402
_note_. Favour shown to them by William III., 405, 406. Their struggle
with the clergy, 420. Wesley and Whitefield, 421. Loss of their
intellectual vigour, 422. Causes of their recent mental penury, 422.
Nonconformist statistics, from the reign of William III. to the
present time, 423 _note_. Treatment which the Wesleyans received from
the clergy, 423 _note_, 424 _note_. Combination of the Dissenters with
the Government against the clergy and the Pretender, 443 _note_.
Passing of the Schism Bill, 452. Burke's support of measures for the
relief of the, 463
Divine right of Kings, results of the abandonment of the theological
fiction of, ii. 182
Dolben, John, his character as Archbishop of York, i. 392
Dolomieu, his geological labours, ii. 368
'Domat, Life of,' by Prévost de la Jannes, suppressed, ii. 237
Douglas, Earls of, treacherously murdered by James II., iii. 49-52.
Subsequent power of the family, 57. Driven into exile, 60. Harboured
by Henry VIII. in England, 64. Return home, 69
Dramas, French, of the seventeenth century, ii. 208
Dreams, Plato's conclusion as to the truth or falsehood of,
i. 16 _note_
Dress, interference of the French Protestants with, ii. 60, 71. Dress
of the French during the reign of Louis XIV., Louis XV., and just
before the Revolution, 411
Droughts, frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427
Dryburgh Abbey, burnt by the English, iii. 15
Dryden, John, little effect of the intellect of France on his works,
i. 235. His satires, 235 _note_
Duclos, his 'History of Louis XI.' suppressed, ii. 238. His method of
writing history, 300
Duellings, causes of the greater popularity of, in France than in
England, ii. 136. Relation between chivalry and duelling, 137 _note_
Duhamel de Monceau, his botanical discoveries, ii. 397
Dukes, the order of, in abeyance in England for fifty years, ii. 146
Dumouriez, his familiarity with the English language and literature,
ii. 224
Dunbar, town of, iii. 32 _note_. Scotch presbyterian view of the
battle of, 201 _note_
Dundee burnt by the English, iii. 16
Dunfermline burnt by the English, iii. 16. Scanty population of the
town up to the seventeenth century, 27
Dupleix, Scipio, his new method of writing history, ii. 268. His
system of philosophy, 269
Dury, John, opposes episcopacy in Scotland, iii. 95. Banished from
Edinburgh, 102. Brought back in triumph, 103. Preaches in favour of
the Ruthven conspiracy, 104
Duvernet, his punishment for having written a history of the
Sorbonnes, ii. 237
Earthquakes, tendency of the fear of, to inflame the imagination, i.
122. Effect of the atmospherical changes preceding earthquakes upon
the nervous system of man, 122. Physiological effects of the fear of
earthquakes, 122, 123. Effect of earthquakes in encouraging
superstition, 123. The great earthquake at Sumbawa in 1815, 126
_note_. Frequency of earthquakes in Spain, ii. 428
Eclipses, feelings with which our fathers regarded, i. 376.
Authorities as to the superstition excited by, 377
Edda, compilation of the elder and younger, i. 301
Edinburgh burnt by Richard II., iii. 16. Population of, in the
sixteenth century, 30. Houses of the poorer classes at this time, 31
_note_. Riot of 1637, 132. Foundation of the 'Edinburgh Society' for
the improvement of manufactures, 181 _note_
Edward I. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 12
Edward III. of England, his attacks on Scotland, iii. 16. His cruelty
there, 16
Egypt, causes of its wealth and civilization, i. 48, 49. Area of the
cultivable land of, 49 _note_. Science unknown to the Egyptians, 49.
Causes of their civilization as compared with the condition of the
other races in Africa, 82. Fertility of the soil, and abundance of the
national food, dates, 83-86. Cheapness of the dhourra of Upper Egypt,
86. Lotos bread, 87. The [Greek: kyamos] of Herodotus, 87 _note_.
Encouragement given to the increase of Egyptian population by the
fertility of the Nile, 87 _note_. Evidence of Diodorus Siculus and
Herodotus, 88, 89. Testimony of the condition of the people afforded
by the existing costly and stupendous ruins, 90, 92. The two ranks of
society in Egypt, 91. Tenacity with which old manners and customs were
adhered to by them, 116. Forms of the incarnation of the Deity
presented by their artists, 143 _note_. Fifty-three cities of Egypt
bearing the same name, 298 _note_
Election, doctrine of. See Predestination
Electricity, experiments of [OE]pinus, D'Alibard, and Coulumb,
ii. 362. Popularity of electricity in France at the latter part of the
last century, 407 _note_
Elizabeth, Queen, feelings of the nobility in the reign of, ii. 139.
Her conduct towards the nobility and clergy, 143. Character of her
government, 146
Emilius, Paulus, his 'Actions of the French,' ii. 264
'Encylopædia,' publication of the, in France, ii. 351
Encylopædias, invention of, i. 433. Harris's 'Dictionary' the first,
433 _note_
England, rent paid by the cultivator in proportion to the gross
produce in, i. 75. Causes of the extinction of the love of war in,
198. The military classes in the twelfth century, 205 _note_. And in
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 205 _note_. Reasons why the
present history is confined to that of England, 231. Characteristics
of the history of England compared with those of France, 232-236. With
those of Germany, 237. And with those of America, 240. Reasons why the
history of England is more valuable than any other to the philosopher,
242, 252. England less interfered with by Government, and therefore
more prosperous than other nations, 286. Popular belief in the Trojan
descent of the English Kings, 309 _note_. Secular philosophy of the
seventeenth century, 329. Legislative improvements in the reign of
Charles II. in spite of the political degradation of the age, 381-386.
These improvements due to the sceptical and inquiring spirit, 388. And
to the vices and prejudices of Charles II., 388, 389. Proximate causes
of the Revolution of 1688, 399, 400. Importance of this Revolution,
402. War between England and the American Colonies, 477-481.
Importance of the success of the Americans to the preservation of the
liberties of England, 482, 483. The unjust war against France in 1793,
486. And its effect in England in producing arbitrary laws, 487.
Obligations England is under to the Roman Catholic clergy, ii. 5
_note_. Feeling of the English people as to theological disputes in
the twelfth as compared with the sixteenth centuries 6, 7. Secular
character of the civil wars in England, 7. Indifference of the people
to the rapid changes in the national faith under Henry VIII., Edward
VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, 7. Contempt into which excommunication fell
in England, 59 _note_. Importance of the press in England in the
middle of the seventeenth century, 99. Analogy between the great Civil
war and the war of the Fronde, 99, 100. Summary of the progress of
toleration in England, 102. Point at which a marked divergence between
England and France begins, 105. Causes of this difference, 106.
Comparison of the protective spirit in France and England, 108 _et
seq._ The first instance in England of the execution of an apostate,
109, 110 _note_. Reasons why the aristocracy in France were more
powerful than in England, 113. Period of the union of Normans and
Saxons, 116. Union of the nobles and people in forcing the Crown to
concede popular privileges, 116, 117. Origin of the House of Commons,
117. Sources whence the people imbibed their tone of independence,
118. Consequences of the social divergence between France and England
in the fourteenth century, 119. The three most important guarantees
for the liberties of England, 119, 120. The state of France under
centralization contrasted with that of England under municipal
government, 126, 127. Extinction of villenage in England, 128.
Illustration of the early and radical difference between France and
England, 131. Feeble influence of chivalry in England, 134. The
Reformation encouraged by the pride of Englishmen, 137. Effect of the
Wars of the Roses upon the nobles, 138. The clergy and nobles both
weakened by Elizabeth, 143. Aristocratic character of the rebellion of
1569, 144. Character of the reign of Elizabeth, 146. Attempts of James
I. and Charles I. to revive the power of the nobles and the old
protective spirit, 147. Difference between the great English Rebellion
and the Fronde, 140, 150. Abolition of the house of Peers, 153. The
self-denying ordinance, 153. The leaders of the Rebellion, 155, 159.
Barbarism and ferocity of the English people of the seventeenth
century, according to the French writers, 214, 215. The results of the
suppression of religious scepticism in England and France compared,
257. Prejudice existing in England against Voltaire, 313. Arminianism
the popular creed at the beginning of the seventeenth century, 340.
But it gives way to Calvinism at the death of Charles I., 340.
Singular dearth of great thinkers in England during the eighteenth
century, 374. Progress of England, notwithstanding the unskilfulness
of her rulers, 466. Amazement of Frenchmen at the liberty enjoyed by
Englishmen at the beginning of the eighteenth century, 237
Enlistment for life, Burke's opposition to, i. 463. Enlistment for a
term of years first authorized, 463 _note_
Ensenada, his endeavours to improve the state of Spain, ii. 535
Episcopacy, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 94 _et seq._ Andrew
Melville called [Greek: hepiskopomastix], 97 _note_. Struggle between
the upper classes and clergy as to episcopacy, 100, 191
Erskine, Lord, his idiomatic English, ii. 307 _note_
Essex, Earl of, joins the parliamentary forces, but suspected by the
democrats, ii. 151, 152
Europe, the civilization of, governed by climates, i. 50. Social and
political consequences of the high rate of wages in Europe, 65.
Influence of physical causes in accelerating the progress of man in
Europe, 82. Differences between the civilizations in and out of, 152.
The energies of nature tamed by man in, 154. The country outstripped
by the populations of the towns in, 156. Mental laws more important
than physical for the history of, 156. Contrast between ancient and
modern military genius in, 199-202
Europe, remarks on the origin of the ecclesiastical establishments of,
i. 259-263. Benefits conferred by literature on, 267. Condition of
the mind of, from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269
Excommunication, a French Protestant, ii. 59. Notions of theologians
respecting, 59 _note_. Contempt into which excommunication fell in
England, 59 _note_
Expediency, doctrine of, i. 425, 426. Its gradual diffusion amongst
us, 426 _note_
Eye, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78
Fables, Voltaire's demolition of the belief in national, ii. 312
Falkirk, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_
Famines, impossibility of the return of, in Europe, i. 155. List of,
155 _note_. Frequency of, in Spain, ii. 427
Fathers, authority of the, according to Jewel and Hooker, i. 340.
Chillingworth's contempt for their authority, 349. Exposure of the
gross absurdities of the, 428
Favart, Madame, story of, ii. 243
Fear, special tendency of, to inflame the imagination, i. 120
Fenacute, story of the giant, i. 320
Fénelon, treatment of, by Louis XIV., ii. 276. His 'Telemachus,' 276
Ferdousi, his 'Shah Nameh,' and its authority in Persian history,
i. 303
Fermat, his services to geometry, ii. 190
Fernel, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195
Ferrier, excommunicated by the French Protestants, ii. 58. Result of
this measure, 59, 60
Fetichism, the predecessor of monotheism, according to Comte,
i. 251 _note_
Feud, feudum, first use of the words, ii. 110 _note_
Feudal incidents, destruction of, in England, i. 386
Feudal system, origin of the, in Europe, ii. 110. Connexion between it
and the ecclesiastical spirit, 110, 111. Does not destroy the spirit
of protection, but only compels it to assume a new form, 111.
Commencement of the European hereditary aristocracy, 112. The power of
the English and French aristocracy compared, 113 _et seq._
Sub-infeudation in France and in England, 119. Boncerf's treatise on
feudal law, 237. Voltaire's, the first historical endeavour to explain
the origin of feudality, 302
Fever, Cullen's theory of, iii. 424
Finance, suppression of the works of Darigrand and Le Trosne on,
ii. 238. Sudden eagerness in France in the eighteenth century for
inquiries relating to, 328, 329. Necker's celebrated Report, 329.
Burke's the first financial reforms, 464
Fire-arms, invention of, i. 206
Flanders, exports from, into Scotland, iii. 24
Food, effect of the supply of, among wandering and agricultural
tribes, i. 8. Moral consequences of diminishing the precariousness of
food, 9. Influence of food on the human race, 40. The two effects of
food necessary to existence, 55. Influence of climate on the necessary
kind of food, 56, 60. Connexion between food and the laws of
population, 57, 66, 88. Carbon and oxygen in food, 60-62. Amount of
carbon required in food in summer and in winter, 63. The potato, the
principal food of the labouring class in Ireland, 65. Countries
asserted to be more populous when the ordinary food is vegetable than
when it is animal, 68 _note_. Character of the general food of the
people of India, rice, 70. And of that of Egypt, dates, 83.
Extraordinary fecundity of the maize and banana plants in America,
109-111. Instances from the animal kingdom, proving the connexion
between carbonized food and the respiratory functions, 148. French and
German discoveries as to the functions of food, 367
Forbes, James, the Presbyterian preacher, iii. 203 _note_
Force, indestructibility of, iii. 363
Forces, theory of the parallelogram of, i. 30
Forestalling and regrating, Burke's attack of the laws against, i. 462
Forgetfulness, laws regulating, i. 32
Fornication made a felony by the English Commonwealth, i. 361 _note_.
Repeal of the law by Charles II., 362 _note_
Fossils, Daubenton's labours respecting fossil bones, ii. 371.
Previous opinions as to, 371 _note_. Researches of Agassiz in fossil
ichthyology, 383
Fourcroy, popularity of his lectures on chemistry, ii. 407 _note_
Fourier, his views as to the laws of the conduction of heat, ii. 362.
His mathematical theory, 362
Fox, Charles James, his remark on good churchmen, i. 395 _note_. His
declaration in the House of Commons against the arbitrary laws
proposed for extinguishing the liberties of the country, 493
Fox, Henry his eminent statesmanship, i. 450. Causes of George III.'s
dislike of him, 450. Burke's character of Fox, 450 _note_. Burke's
rupture with him, 469
France, rent paid by the cultivator, in proportion to the gross
produce of the land, i. 75. French notions of the English people
previous to the application of steam to purposes of travelling, 219.
The history of England compared with that of France, 234. Debt which
French owes to English civilization, 236. Effects of the interference
of the government with the people, 236. The results of the suppression
of scepticism in France compared with the exercise of individual
judgment in England, 257. How and when the political institutions of
France might have been saved, 258. Condition of historical literature
in France in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, 261-273.
Proximate causes of the French Revolution after the middle of the
eighteenth century, 325 _et seq._ The social changes of the French
people immediately preceding the Revolution, 405. Instances of this,
406-412. Tolerance and freedom from superstition of the French, 263.
Great numbers of smugglers in France in the last century, 279. The
bards of ancient Gaul, 292 _note_. Corruption of Druidical traditions
in Gaul by Christian priests, 306. Popular belief in the middle ages
of the Trojan descent of the French kings, 309. Pork a common food in
France in the time of Charlemagne, 314 _note_. Effects of the writings
of Descartes, 329. Detestation of George III. of the French people,
448. Burke's epithets applied to France and the French at the time of
the Revolution, 472. Effects produced by the French Revolution upon
the policy of the English government, 484. First step towards an open
rupture between England and France, 485. Effects of the execution of
Louis XVI., 485
France, Causes which gave rise to the civil wars of the seventeenth
century, ii. 56 _et seq._ Condé's rebellion in 1615, 61. Rebellion of
the Protestants in Béarn, 61, 62. And at La Rochelle, 63-66. Results
which would have happened if the Protestants had gained the upper
hand, 67-72. Breaking out of the war of the Fronde, 99. Importance of
the press in the middle of the seventeenth century, 95. Analogy
between the great civil war of England and the war of the Fronde, 99,
100. Summary of the progress of toleration in France, 102. Point at
which a marked divergence between England and France begins, 105.
Causes of this difference, 106. Comparison of the protective spirit in
France and England, 108 _et seq._ Reasons why the feudal aristocracy
were more powerful in France than in England, 113-118. In France every
man either a tyrant or a slave, 119. System of subinfeudation, 119.
Consequences of the early social divergence between England and France
in the fourteenth century, 119-121. Futility of French municipal
institutions, 121. Feebleness of the States-General, 121. Beginning of
the tendency to centralization in France, 122. Its baneful effects,
122, 123. Machinery by which it is worked, 123. Number of civil
functionaries in the country, 123 _note_. Mode of examining criminals
in France, 124. And of preventing crime, 125. The education of the
people controlled by the government, 125. The worst kind of monopoly
established by the government, and its effects on the people, 126. The
great power and tyranny of the nobles, 128. Slavery in France, 129.
The inequality of taxation, 129. Privileges reserved to themselves by
the nobles, 130. Illustration of the early and radical difference
between France and England, from the history of chivalry, 131-134.
From the vanity of the French, 136. And from the practice of duelling,
136. Difference between the Fronde and the great English rebellion,
149. Objects of the Fronde, 149, 150. Causes why a war of classes was
impossible, 150. Results of the energy of the protective spirit and
power of the nobles on the issue of the Fronde, 160. Vanity and
imbecility of the French nobles, 162, 163. Examination of the
consequences of the protective spirit being carried into literature by
Louis XIV., 176. Servility of the people at this period, 177.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., 178. The subsequent
dragonnades, 179. And their disastrous effects on the prosperity of
France, 181. Universal decline of France during the latter part of the
reign of Louis XIV., 210. Joy of the people at his death, 213.
Indignities to which French literary men were subject in the
eighteenth century, one of the precursors of the revolution, 230-242.
Outrages committed by the upper classes in the same period, 243.
Stringent cruelty of the French laws, 244. Proposal of the French
avocat-general in 1780 respecting new books, 245. The crusade against
Christianity in the last century, 247. Causes of the excessive loyalty
of the French people, 249. War of opinion between France and Spain in
the fifth and sixth centuries, 435
Francis I. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12
Franks, their conversion to Christianity and attack of their Visigoth
neighbours, ii. 435
Frauds and Perjuries, security to private property effected by the
Statute of, i. 385
Frederick the Great, contrast between his warlike and domestic policy,
i. 201
Free Trade. See Trade.
Free will, probable origin of the dogma of, i. 9. Foundation of the
theory of, 13. Connexion of free will with Arminianism, 14
Féret, causes of his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. 235
Fresnel, his researches into the laws of light, ii. 362
Frewen, Dr., Archbishop of York, his character, i. 392
Froissart, his the earliest instance in the Middle Ages of an
improvement in writing history, i. 325
Fronde, war of the, analogy between it and the civil war in England,
ii. 99. Difference between the Fronde and the great English Rebellion,
149. Character and position of the leaders of the Fronde, 160. And
consequent failure of the rebellion, 168-173
Fruit, amount of carbon in, i. 61
Fuch's, his investigations in the vegetable kingdom, ii. 198 _note_
Gaimar, his translation into Anglo-Norman of Geoffrey Monmouth's
history, i. 325
Garlon, suppression of the 'Therapeutics' of, ii. 238
Garrows, cause of their superstitions respecting the tiger,
i. 125 _note_
Gascoigne, his invention of the micrometer, ii. 192
Gassion, raised to the dignity of French marshal, ii. 98. Authorities
respecting him, 98 _note_
Gaul, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the Middle
Ages, i. 311
Génard, suppression of his 'School of Man,' ii. 238
Geoffrey, Archdeacon of Monmouth, his history of King Arthur, i. 321.
Translations of the work, 324, 325
Geography, physical, study of, i. 2
Geology, first exhibition of the sceptical character of, i. 429
_note_. Views of Dr. Arnold and Mr. Baden Powell, 430 _note_. Buffon's
recantation of some of his views on, ii. 236. Causes of its great
progress in modern times, 365. Labours of French geologists at the
latter part of the last century, 368. Cuvier's foundation of
palæontological science, 369 _note_. Remains of organic and inorganic
life in the secondary and tertiary strata, 370. The doctrine of
universal changes, 369, 371. Daubenton's union of comparative anatomy
with geology, 371. Character of Hutton's geological speculations, iii.
388, 396. Causes which have altered and are still altering the crust
of the earth, 388. The deductive and inductive methods of studying
geology, 390. William Smith's foundation of English geology, 391.
Werner's foundation of the German school, 393. Hall's verification of
Hutton's views, 401
Geometry, algebra first successfully applied to, by Descartes, ii. 77.
Who is regarded as the first geometrician of the age, 80. Ages of
Descartes and Fermat, 189, 190. Hypothetical arguments as exhibited
by, iii. 306
George I., his utter ignorance of the English language, i. 441
George II., his indifferent knowledge of the English language, i. 441.
His ignorance of English politics, 442. His highest ambition,
442 _note_
George III., fortunate circumstances which surrounded his accession, i.
444. Revival of the doctrine of divine right, 445. The king's respect
for church ceremonies, 445 _note_. Alliance between the Crown and the
clergy, 445. The king's ignorance, 446. And hatred of great statesmen,
446, 447. Favour with which he regarded slavery, 447. His hatred of
the French, 448. The 'King's Friends,' 448, 449. Notorious incapacity
of his ministers, 449. His hatred of the elder Pitt and of Fox, 449,
450. Mode in which he brought the House of Lords into disrepute, 453.
His hatred of the Americans, 466. Favours Burke in his violent old
age, 476, 477. His policy respecting the American colonies, 477, 479.
Reaction of this policy upon England, 481, 482. His policy towards the
French republic, 484 _et seq._ His monstrous principles, 466. His
inability however, to do harm to English institutions, 466
George IV., his character, ii. 466
Germany, Comparison of the history of England and, i. 237.
Interference of the German governments with the people, 237. Origin of
German literature, 237. Character of German intellect among the
highest and lowest minds, 238, 239. Process through which the esoteric
literature of Germany is passing at the present time, 267. Cultivation
of metaphysics in Germany in the latter part of the last century,
ii. 373
Gervaise, suppression of the 'Letters' of, ii. 237
Gibbon, Edward, fame of his 'Decline and Fall,' i. 429 _note_. His
fifteenth and sixteenth chapters, 429
Gipsies, origin of the, according to the writers of the middle ages,
i. 312
Glasgow in the fifteenth century, iii. 26, 27. Rise and progress of,
175. The first bank at, 181
Gloves, Spanish manufacture of, in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, ii. 502
Goblets, game of, forbidden to be seen by French Protestants, ii. 70
God, Cartesian method of the ultimate proof of the existence of,
ii. 89. Horrible notions of the Scotch clergy respecting, iii. 239
Gomberville, his refutation of the idle stories as to the extreme
antiquity of the French, ii. 270
Gongora, the Spanish poet, ii. 480
Göthe, his obligations to Mallet's 'History of Denmark,' ii. 299
Gordon, Dr., the nonjuring bishop, i. 412 _note_
Government, inquiry into the influence of, on the progress of society,
i. 272. Illustrated by the abolition of the corn laws, 273. The most
important measures of modern British legislation the result of
pressure from without, 275. The best legislation the result of the
abrogation of former legislation, 275. Injuries caused to trade by the
interference of politicians, 276. Smuggling, with all its attendant
crimes, caused by legislation, 277. Baneful effects of legislative
attempts to encourage religious truth, and discourage religious error,
281. Consequent increase of hypocrisy and perjury, 281, 282. And of
usury by the laws against usury, 283. Effects of legislation in
hindering the advance of knowledge, 284. England less interfered with
by government than other nations, 286. True duties of legislators,
287. Attempts to make politics a mere branch of theology, 326-328.
Legislative improvements in the reign of Charles II. in spite of
political degradation, 381
Gowrie conspiracy, the, iii. 110
Gracian, the Spanish Jesuit and prose writer, ii. 480
Granada, capture of, from the Arabs, ii. 440
Gravitation, Newton's discovery of the law of, ii. 191. Tardy
reception of the law in France, 191, 192
Greece, condition of, contrasted with that of India, i. 138. Its area,
138. Its material phenomena, 139. Comparison of the Greek and Hindu
divinities, 140. The hero-worship of the Greeks, 144. Statesmen,
orators, and authors of ancient, 199. Reason of the evanescence of the
civilization of ancient Greece, 267
Greek language forbidden by the French Protestants to be taught,
ii. 69
Greek Church, cause of the small amount of authority possessed by the
head of the, compared with that of the Latin Church, ii. 303
Greenock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise and
progress of, 174
Grenobles, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 60
Grew, Dr. Nathaniel, his botanical discoveries, ii. 199, 200
Grey, Mr. (afterwards Earl), his remarks in the House on the
subservient conduct of Pitt, i. 447 _note_
Grimaldi, prime minister of Spain, ii. 545
Grosley, his admiration for England, ii. 228. Suppression of his
'Memoirs on Troyes,' 238
Grotius, his principles of foreign policy compared with those of
Vattel, ii. 40 _note_
Guibert, suppression of his work on 'Military Tactics,' ii. 238
Guise, the murder of, predominance of the theological spirit shown in
the, ii. 11
Guises, their influence in Scotland, iii. 77, 78
Guizot, his republication of Mably's 'Observations,' ii. 236
Gunpowder, invention of, i. 203. And of fire-arms, 204. Gunpowder
first used in mining towns, 206 _note_. Influence of the invention of,
in lessening the warlike spirit, 206-209
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, his domestic and warlike policy
contrasted, i. 200
Guthrie, the Scotch preacher, iii. 202 _note_, 204 _note_
Habeas Corpus Act, passing of the, i. 385. Effect of the suspension of
the, in 1794, 496
Haco, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 11
Haillan, Du, his the first history of France, ii. 264. Character of
his work, 264, 265
Hajin tribe, cause of their worship of the tiger, i. 125 _note_
Hall, Chief Baron, his charge to the jury in a case of witchcraft in
1665, i. 363 _note_
Hall, Sir James, his verification of the geological speculations of
Hutton, iii. 401
Hardwicke, Lord, his notions of political economy, i. 211 _note_
Harris, his account of the extinction of feudalism, i. 386
Harriss's 'Dictionary of Arts and Sciences,' the origin of
Encyclopædias, i. 433 _note_
Harvey, his discovery of the circulation of the blood, ii. 80. Denies
the existence of the lacteals, 81 _note_
Haüy, his studies in crystallography, ii. 401
Heat, together with moisture, the causes which regulate the fertility
of every country, i. 96. Difference between the heat of the eastern
and western coasts of North America, 98; and of South America, 100.
French researches on the phenomena of heat in the last century, ii.
361. The laws of heat, iii. 362. The indestructibility of force and
interchange of forces, 363. Black's theory of latent heat, 367.
Leslie's philosophy, 383
Heat, animal food necessary for keeping up the, i. 55, 58. The
blood-corpuscles and animal heat, 58 _note_. Heat disengaged by the
union of carbon and oxygen, 58, 59 _note_
Heavenly witnesses, controversy on the text of the, i. 429
Helvétius, his knowledge of the English language and literature,
ii. 218. His admiration for England, 229. Persecuted by the
government, 236. His professed atheism, 352. Analysis of his essay
'On the Mind,' 353
Hénault, his method of writing history, ii. 300
Henrion, his views as to fossil bones, ii. 371 _note_
Henry II. of England, his destruction of the baronial castles,
ii. 114 _note_
Henry II. of France, his zeal against heresy, ii. 12
Henry III. of England, his inability to do permanent harm to English
institutions, ii. 466
Henry III. of France, murder of, predominance of the theological
spirit shown in the, ii. 11. His zeal against heresy, 13. His
affection for monks, 29 _note_
Henry IV. of France, his accession, ii. 12. His character as a ruler,
12. His apostasies, 13, 14. Publishes the Edict of Nantes, 14. Refuses
to accede to the pope's request to punish the Protestants, 22, 23. His
measures for their protection, 23, 24. His death, 24. Henry the first
French sovereign stained with the imputation of heresy, 267
Henry IV. of England, his invasion of Scotland, iii. 18 _note_
Henry VII. of England, his establishment of the Yeomen of the Guard,
ii. 7 _note_
Henry VIII. of England, indifference of the people to his arrangement
of the formularies of the Church, ii. 7. His bodyguard, 7 _note_.
Character of his reign, 138
Henshaw, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199
Herculaes, origin of the story of the exploits of, i. 297
Hereditary descent connected with the formation of character, question
of, i. 176 _note_. Hereditary talents, vices, and virtues, 177 _note_
Heresies, the great religious, founded on previous philosophies, i. 11
_note_. Destruction by the legislature of the writ 'De Hæretico
Comburendo,' 383. The first papal call on the secular power to punish,
ii. 109 _note_. Harshness of the early Spanish laws for the punishment
of heresy, 438
Hero-worship, ancient Greek, causes of the, i. 144
'High-church' and 'low-church,' origin of the terms, i. 412 _note_
Highlanders, their ferocity, iii. 21, 22. Let loose upon the
Lowlanders in 1678, 145. The only powerful friends of James II., 151.
Their love of war and rapine, 151, 152. Reasons which induced them to
rebel in favour of the exiled Stuarts, 152. Their rebellions of 1715
and 1745 not the result of loyalty, 153. Their veneration for their
chieftains, 156 _note_. Their insignificance after 1745, 157, 168
Hill, Sir John, his the first publication of popular scientific works
in numbers, i. 432 _note_. His great success, 432 _note_
Hilton, Laird of, story of the, and the minister, iii. 217
Hindostan, Persian origin of the word, i. 69 _note_
History, statement of the resources for investigating, i. 1.
Confidence in the value of, 1. Use made of the materials for
investigating, 3. Instances of endeavours to remedy the backwardness
of history, 4. Present prospects of historical literature, 5.
Inferiority of the most celebrated historians to the most successful
cultivators of physical science, 7. Materials from which a philosophic
history can alone be composed, 20, 33. Reasons why historians have not
yet collected materials for writing history, 229. Reasons why the
present history is restricted to that of England, 231, 242. Hume's
method of treating history, 251 _note_. Why the history of England is
eminently valuable, 252. Origin of history, and state of historical
literature during the Middle Ages, 288. Value of historical inquiries
in throwing light on the changes in society, 290, 291. The ballad form
of the earliest histories, 291. Error in history caused by the
invention of writing, 296. Corruptions in early history caused by
changes in religion, 300. Illustration of this from Scandinavian
history, 301. Trustworthiness of histories where there has been no
change in religion, 301-304. The influence of the clergy the most
active cause of the corruption of early history, 307. Absurdities
believed in consequence, 309-325. Beginning of the first improvement
in writing modern history, 325. Prevalence of credulity in the time of
Comines, 326, 327. Character of Bodin's historical work, 326.
Intellectual regeneration of the seventeenth century, 329. Instances
of the credulity of the sixteenth century, 330. This absurd way of
writing history the natural result of the spirit of the age, 333. The
history of every civilized country the history of its intellectual
development, 387. Importance to history of the question whether normal
phenomena should or should not precede the study of abnormal ones, ii.
1, 2 _note_. Condition of historical literature in France before the
end of the sixteenth century, 261. The Middle Age historians of France
merely annalists, 263. Du Haillan's the first French history, 264. De
Thou's work, 266. Sully's history, 266. Serres' view of the importance
of correct dates in history, 267. Dupleix's 'History of France,' 268.
La Popelinière's 'History of Histories,' 269. Improvement in the
method of writing history in the seventeenth century, 270. De Rubis's
work, 270. Gomberville's, 270. Berthault's, 270. Mezeray's great work,
271. The retrograde movement under Louis XIV., 273. As illustrated in
the works of Audigier and Bossuet, 279. Reasons why history is
superior to theology, 289. Bossuet's method of writing history
compared with that of Voltaire, 291. Other historians by whom
Voltaire's views were adopted, 299 _et seq._ His opinions as to
feudality, 302. As to free trade, 304. As to political economy, 304.
His demolition of the admiration entertained for classical works, and
for the fables of early history, 306-312. Value of Montesquieu's
method, 315. History separated from biography by him, 316, 317.
Turgot's views of the duties of a historian, 321. Difference between
certainty and precision in writing history, 325. The first and most
essential quality of an historian, iii. 186
Hobbes, Thomas, his works, i. 390. Animosity of the clergy against
him, 390. Encouraged by Charles II., 391. Popularity of his works at
this time, 391 _note_
Hogg, Thomas, story of, and the 'factour,' iii. 214
Holbach, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 219
Holcus arundinaceus, use of, as food by the Egyptians, i. 87
Holland, rescued by man from the grasp of the sea, i. 154. Number of
Anabaptists put to death in, 186 _note_. The Dutch fleet in the Thames
and Medway, 382. Proposal of the Bishop of Beauvais, ii. 38 _note_.
Calvinism the popular creed of, 339. The war carried on by Philip II.
against the Dutch Protestants, 451. Number of heretics put to death by
Alva, 451
Holyrood robbed by the English, iii. 15
Homer, his investigations of the human mind, i. 23 _note_
Hooke, his discoveries in the vegetable world, ii. 199
Hooker, Richard, his 'Ecclesiastical Polity' compared with Jewel's
'Apology for the Church of England,' i. 339, 340. And with
Chillingworth's 'Religion of Protestants,' 348. Connexion between the
Reformation and the views advocated by Hooker, 351. Locke's opinion of
his philosophy, 351. Compared with Chillingworth, ii. 86. His
scepticism, 86
Horst, Dr., his work on the Golden tooth, i. 332
Howe, John, his exile, i. 398
Huguenots. See Protestants, French
Humber, origin of the name of the, according to the historians of the
Middle Ages, i. 311
Hume, David, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 250, 426
_note_. His 'Natural History of Religion' and 'History of England,'
251. His views as to monotheism, 251 _note_. His 'Political
Discourses' translated into French by Le Blanc, ii. 219. Examination
of his philosophy, iii. 331. His want of imagination, 331. Importance
and novelty of his doctrines, 333. His disregard of facts, 337. His
method, 338. His injustice to Bacon, 338. His 'Natural History of
Religion,' 343. Comparison between his method and that employed by
Cudworth, 348
Humidity, together with heat, the causes which regulate fertility,
i. 96. Difference between the humidity of the eastern and western
coasts of North America, 98. And of South America, 100. Relation
between the amount of rain and the extent of coast, 99. The heavy
rains of Brazil, 103
Hungary, disease in, from eating pork, i. 314 _note_
Hunter, John, account of his generalizations, iii. 428. His grandeur
and obscurity of language, 428. Conflict of the methods employed by
him, and the consequent result, 429-432. His industry in collecting
facts, 433. His discovery as to the red globules of the blood, 436.
His inquiries as to the movements of animals and vegetables, 439. His
idea of uniting all the physical sciences, 443. His inquiry into the
malformation of crystals, 443. His physiological and pathological
inquiries, 447. His pathological speculations respecting the
principles of action and the principles of sympathy, 450 _et seq._
Causes of the little influence which he exercised over his English
contemporaries, 457
Hutcheson, Francis, his method of metaphysical investigation, i. 248.
Remarks of Sir J. Mackintosh and M. Cousin, 248 _note_. Notice of him,
iii. 292. Examination of his philosophy, 292. Its results, tendency,
and method, 295-300
Hutton, James, his attempts to explain the former changes of the
earth's crust by reference solely to natural causes, i. 429 _note_.
Establishes the first library in Birmingham, 431 _note_. Character of
his geological speculations, iii. 388, 396. Verification of his views,
401
Hyænas regarded by the Abyssinians as enchanters, i. 126 _note_
Hydrostatics, Boyle's discoveries in, i. 368 _note_
Hypocrisy, cause of the increase of, due to evil legislation, i. 281
Idolatry, the natural fruit of ignorance, i. 258
Ichthyology, fossil, researches of Agassiz in, ii. 383
Ignorance and idolatry, i. 258. The 'learned ignorance' for which many
men are remarkable, 269
Imagination, special tendency of fear to inflame the, i. 120. Triumph
of the imagination in the tropics, from this cause, 121. Instances in
the case of earthquakes, 122. And in disease, 127. Imaginative
character of the literature of ancient India, 132. The imagination
controlled by the understanding in Greece 138-146
Imbert, his French translation of Clarke's 'Letters on Spain'
suppressed, ii. 234
Impeachments, general effect of the abolition of, i. 386
Independence, personal, idea of, takes root, i. 436. First occurrence
of the word 'independence,' in the modern acceptation of the word,
436 _note_
India, fertility and civilization of, i. 69. Character of the food of
the people of, 70, 71. Causes of the unequal distribution of wealth in
India in all ages, 72. Amount of rent paid by the cultivator in India
in proportion to the gross produce of the land, 76. Testimony of
Bishop Heber to the poverty of the labouring classes, 77 _note_.
Provisions of the native laws respecting the caste of the Sudras, 78.
And of the Brahmins, 79, 80. Character of the ancient Indian
literature, 132. And of the religion and art of, 137. Contrasted with
Greece in these conditions, 137. Absence of harbours in India, 138.
Antiquity of the worship of Siva in, 141. The bards of, 292 _note_.
Causes of trustworthiness in the early history of, 301 _note_.
Antiquity of the history of, 302 _note_. Cause of the existence of
this history, 303 _note_
'Individualisme,' De Tocqueville on the word, i. 436 _note_
Indulgence, Declaration of, of James II., i. 397. Refusal of the
clergy to read it in their churches, 399
Indulgences, theory of, of the Church of Rome, ii. 339
Innovation, aversion of the aristocracy for, ii. 139
Inquisition in Spain, character of the founders of the, i. 187.
Establishment of the, in Spain, ii. 446. The different punishments for
heresy, 448. Attacked by Aranda, 547. The last heretic burned by the
Inquisition, 548
'Inquisitoribus hæreticæ pravitatis,' the first constitution
addressed, ii. 109
Insanity, former notions respecting, ii. 404. Pinel's views of the
aberrations of the human mind, 404
Insects, incredible number of, in Brazil, i. 106
Insolvents, Burke's opposition to the cruel laws against, i. 463
Intellect, English; English literature unknown in France in the reign
of Louis XIV., ii. 213. Causes of the junction of English and French
intellects after this king's death, 214. Essential difference between
the civilization of England and Spain, 465. Outline of the history of
the English intellect from the middle of the sixteenth to the end of
the eighteenth century, 333. Origin of religious toleration in
England, 337. Hooker contrasted with Jewel, 339, 340. Theology and
persecution, 344. Scepticism and the spirit of inquiry on other
subjects, 340. Chillingworth's 'Religion of Protestants,' 347. The
rapid increase of heresy in the middle of the seventeenth century, 347
_note_. Increasing indifference to theological matters, 350. The work
of Chillingworth a vindication of religious dissent, 352. Political
character of the opposition to ecclesiastical authority in the reigns
of James I. and Charles I., 359. Its frivolous form in the reign of
Charles II., 362. Progress of the English intellect in the seventeenth
century towards shaking off ancient superstitions, 363. Destruction of
the old notions as to witchcraft, 363 _note_. Sir Thomas Browne's
works, 365. Boyle's discoveries, 368. Foundation of the Royal Society,
371. Ecclesiastical opposition to physical science in the reign of
Charles II., 372. Popular belief in supernatural causation, 373.
Improvements in legislation in the reign of Charles II., and the
causes which produced them, 388, 389. Hobbists, 390. Effects of the
alliance of the clergy with James II., 395. Dissolution of this
alliance, 396. Union of the clergy and dissenters, 399. Causes which
produced the revolution of 1688, 400. Effects of the expulsion of the
Stuarts on English civilization, 402. Struggle between William III.
and the clergy, 405. Loss of the clergy of all power out of the
Church, 416-418. The clergy weakened by the founders of Wesleyanism,
419-424. Loss of the intellectual vigour of the dissenters, 422. But
increase in their numbers, 423 _note_. Final separation of theology
from morals and politics, 424-427. Discoveries of geologists, 429.
Diffusion of knowledge among the people, 430. Sunday schools, 430.
Sunday newspapers, 431. Country printing offices, 431. Popular works
on physical truth first published, 432. Invention of encyclopædias,
433. Literary periodical reviews, 433. Reading clubs, 433. Debating
societies, 433. Right of public meeting, and publication of
parliamentary debates, 434, 435. Doctrine of personal representation
and of personal independence, 436. Change in the style of authors,
436. Review of the reactionary and retrogressive period of English
history, 441. Political degeneracy of England during the reign of
George III., 446-455. Sketch of the career of Edmund Burke, 455 _et
seq._ Arbitrary laws of George III. against the liberties of his
country, 487, 488. Gloomy prospects of the people late in the
eighteenth century, 494. Secret imprisonment of opponents of the
government, 494. Effect of the suspension of the habeas corpus act in
1794, 496. Preparation for a counter reaction, owing to the progress
of knowledge, 498. To which, and to the power of public opinion,
England owes her reforms of the present century, 498. The Scotch and
English methods of philosophy contrasted, iii. 290.
Intellect, French, outline of the history of the, from the middle of
the sixteenth century to the accession to power of Louis XIV., ii. 1.
Greater power of the Church in France than in England, 4. As shown by
the successful efforts of the clergy to withstand the Reformation, 4.
This influence greater in France than in England during the sixteenth
century, 6. Hence the impossibility of toleration in France, 7, 8. The
civil wars in France conducted in the name of Christianity, 8.
Internal condition of the country before the accession of Henry IV.,
11. Beginning of toleration by the publication of the Edict of Nantes,
14. Appearance of scepticism, 14, 15. Rabelais and Montaigne, 15.
Charron, 19. The party of the 'Politiques', 22 _note_. Decline of the
ecclesiastical power in France, 26. Richelieu's endeavours to humble
the French nobles, 28. Fails, but effectually humbles the clergy, 29.
Favour shown by Richelieu to the Protestants, 37-39. Causes of the
religious feuds of the seventeenth century, 55. Character of the civil
war raised by the Protestants, 63-66. Efforts of the Protestants to
suppress the thirst for knowledge, 69, 70. And to hamper and vex the
people, 71, 72. The liberal policy of Richelieu only part of a much
larger movement, 76. Illustration of this from the philosophy of
Descartes, 77. Who is regarded as one of the founders of French prose,
80. His origination of the modern method of philosophy, 81, 82.
Progress of the French mind as shown in the very existence of the
ideas of Descartes and Richelieu, 93. Spread of scepticism in France
in the reign of Louis XIII. and during the minority of Louis XIV., 95.
The anti-ecclesiastical spirit exhibited by Mazarin, 96. Injurious
effects of the protective spirit carried by Louis XIV. into
literature, 176-188. Proof that the literary splendour of his reign
was not his work, 188. Effect of his protection in stopping the
progress of science, 190. In mathematics, 191. And in astronomy, 191.
Newton's discoveries neglected for forty-five years, 191. Absence of
mere practical ingenuity in the reign of Louis XIV., 192. Few and
insignificant improvements effected during this period in
manufactures, 193. Decline at the same time in physiology, surgery,
and medicine, 194-196. In zoology and chemistry, 197. And in botany,
197. Results which followed the decline of the national intellect in
the reign of Louis XIV., 203 _et seq._ Reaction against the protective
spirit on the death of Louis XIV., and preparations for the French
Revolution, 213. Ignorance of the English language and literature at
the end of the seventeenth century, 214. Causes of the junction of the
French and English intellect after the death of Louis XIV., 215.
Voltaire and his works, 216. Other authors, 216 _et seq._ Admiration
for England expressed by Frenchmen, 222. Who disseminate liberal
opinions which the government attempts to stifle, 228, 229.
Persecution of literary men, 230-242. The avocat-general's proposition
as to the publication of new works, 245. Reasons why French literary
men at first attacked the Church and not the government, 247-251.
Effects of the hostility of the French intellect against the state,
258. Rise and extent of scepticism in France, 261 _et seq._ The two
epochs through which the French intellect passed during the eighteenth
century, 327. Inquiries respecting political economy, 327-329.
Eagerness of the French for economical and financial inquiries, 329.
Influence of Rousseau, 330-332. Anti-ecclesiastical policy of Machault
and his successors, 332-334. Concession of civil rights to
Protestants, 335. Revival of Jansenism, and consequent overthrow of
the Jesuits, 344, 345. Destruction of the French Church, 347. Rise and
progress of atheistical opinions, 351. Tendency of the French
intellect during the latter half of the eighteenth century to withdraw
from the internal, and concentrate attention upon the external world,
351-353. Works of Helvetius and Condillac, 353-360. Researches as to
the laws of heat, light, and electricity, 361-363. And in chemistry
and geology, 364. The study of physical phenomena in connexion with
the French Revolution, 375. Impetus given to zoology by Cuvier, 375.
And by Bichat, 376. Reaction in France at the commencement of the
present century, 388, 389. Researches in botany and mineralogy at the
end of the last century, 395. And in the aberrations of the human
mind, 404
Intellect, German. The Scotch method of philosophy compared with that
of Germany, iii. 289
Intellect, human, sole source of the, ii. 89
Intellect, Scotch, examination of the, during the seventeenth century,
iii. 191-280. And during the eighteenth century, 281-482. Barrenness
of the Scotch mind in science in the seventeenth century, 284. Causes
of this, 287. Results of the ignorance of the inductive or analytical
method, 289. Scotland in this respect compared and contrasted with
Germany and England, 288. Hutcheson, Adam Smith, Hume, and Reid,
292-360. Examination of Scotch physical philosophy, 361 _et seq._
Difference between the results achieved by Scotchmen in the
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, 458. The deductive method
supreme in both centuries, 462. Reasons why the Scotch literature of
the eighteenth century affected the nation so little, 465.
Superstition and illiberality still existing in Scotland,
471 _et seq._
Intellect, Spanish, outline of the history of the, from the fifth to
the middle of the nineteenth century, ii. 425 _et seq._ Influence of
the clergy over the Spanish intellect, high and low, 479
Intellectual progress of man, i. 174. Progressive aspect of
intellectual truths, 181. Mischievousness of ignorant men in
proportion to their sincerity, 183
Interest, in what it consists, i. 52. Rate of interest in India in
900 B.C., 74. And in 1810 A.D., 75
Inverness burnt by the Highlanders, iii. 22
Ireland, the potato the principal food of the people of, for above two
hundred years, i. 65. Period of its introduction into that country, 65
_note_. Potato crops as compared with those of wheat, 65. Daily
average consumption of potatoes in Ireland, 66 _note_. Evil
consequences of the cheapness and abundance of food, 67. Idleness of
the Irish at home compared with their industry abroad, 68 _note_. The
bards of Ireland, 292 _note_. Their contributions to the early history
of their country, 292 _note_. Injuries done to the traditions of the
bards of, by clerical historians, 306. Pork the chief food of the
Irish in the twelfth century, 314 _note_. Causes which have produced
the present superstition of the Irish Catholics, ii. 53, 54. The Irish
invasion of Scotland, iii. 9
Irritability, Glisson's anticipation of the truth respecting,
ii. 196 _note_
Isomorphism, Mitscherlich's discovery of, in minerals, ii. 400
Italy, physical causes of the superstition existing in, i. 123.
Triumph of the imaginative and small proportion of scientific men in,
124
Jacobites, extinction of the hopes of the, i. 444
James I., political character of the opposition to ecclesiastical
authority in the reign of, i. 359. His attempts to revive the power of
the nobles, ii. 147. His imprisonment in Scotland, iii. 103. Recovers
his liberty, 104. Bearded by the ministers, 104. The Gowrie
Conspiracy, 110. Ascends the throne of England, 115. Attempts to
subjugate the Scotch Church, 115. His cruelties, 117. Forces
episcopacy upon Scotland, 117. And sets up High Courts of Commission,
125
James I. of Scotland, attacks the nobles, and favours the Church, iii.
46, 47. Causes of his failure, 47, 48. Put to death by his
aristocracy, 49
James II. of England, his accession, i. 395. Attempts of Archbishop
Sancroft to convert him to Protestantism, 395 _note_. Services
rendered to him by the Protestant clergy, 396. Alliance between the
Roman Catholic King and the Protestant clergy, 396. Causes of the
dissolution of this alliance, 397. His declaration of indulgence, 397.
Establishes the first standing army in England, 397 _note_.
Persecutions in his reign, 397, 398. Union of the Churchmen and
Dissenters, and production of the revolution, 400. His character, iii.
147. His fiendish cruelty, 147-149. His ignominious flight, 151
James II. of Scotland, his treachery, iii. 49-52
James IV. of Scotland, his policy, iii. 56
James V. of Scotland, seized by the Douglases, iii. 57. His escape,
58, 59. Favours the Church, and punishes the nobles, 59, 60. Who bring
about the Reformation, 62. Accepts the title of 'Defender of the
Faith,' 62. His marriage with Mary of Guise, 63. Cause of his death,
69
Jamin's 'Thoughts,' suppression of, ii. 238
Jansenism, tenets of, ii. 343. Its introduction into France, previous
to the time of Louis XIV., but suppression by him, 344. Its revival in
the eighteenth century, and its effect on the democratic movement,
344. Its overthrow of the Jesuits, 344, 345
Java, early civilization of, i. 305. Causes of the loss of the
historical traditions of, 305. Establishment of Mohammedanism in, 305
_note_. Period of the Indian colonization of, 305 _note_. Traditions
of Java preserved in the island of Bali, 306
Jefferson, Thomas, his part in the French Revolution, ii. 418
Jeffreys, Lord, his cruelty, i. 397
Jehangueir, the emperor, his extraordinary wealth, i. 77 _note_
Jerusalem, origin of the name of, according to the historians of the
Middle Ages, i. 311
Jesuits, the, banished from France by Henry IV., ii. 23. Recalled, 23,
24 _note_. Services of the early Jesuits to civilization, 336. Their
system of education, 336. Their incompatibility with the opinions of
the eighteenth century, 337. Buffier the only Jesuit name in the
history of abstract philosophy, 342 _note_. The order overthrown in
France in the last century, 345, 346. Regarded as the instigators of
Damiens' attempted assassination of Louis XV., 345. Expelled from
Spain, 546
Jewel, Bishop, his 'Apology for the Church of England' compared with
Hooker's 'Ecclesiastical Polity,' i. 340. And with Chillingworth's
'Religion of Protestants,' 348
Jews, influence of religion on the progress of society illustrated by
the history of the, i. 257, 258. Importance of the history of the,
according to Bossuet, ii. 285. Harshness of the early Spanish laws
against them, 438. Decree of expulsion of Ferdinand and Isabella, 445.
Number of Jews expelled from Spain, 446 _note_
Johnson, Dr., on free will, i. 14 _note_
Joubert, his eminence in medicine, ii. 195
Jousse, suppression of his 'Treatise on Presidial jurisdiction,'
ii. 238
Joyce, Cornet, his origin, ii. 155
Judas, history of, according to Matthew of Westminster, i. 316
Judges in France, ii. 124. Period when judges were first knighted in
England, 135 _note_
Julian, the emperor, causes of his persecution of the Christians,
i. 186
Jurisdictions, hereditary, abolition of, in Scotland, iii. 161, 169
Jury, origin of trial by, ii. 117 _note_
Jussieu, his botanical generalizations, ii. 397
Justice, permanent improvement in the administration of, in England,
i. 402
Juxon, William, his character as archbishop of Canterbury, i. 391
Kamtschatkans, religious regard they pay to some animals,
i. 126 _note_
Kant, his views as to the scientific conception of the understanding,
i. 18 _note_; quoted, 35-38
Ken, Bishop, deprived, i. 408, 410. Refuses to admit in the secular
power the right of deprivation, 410
Kennedy, Bishop of St. Andrew's, his power in Scotland, iii. 53. His
counsel to the king, 53, 54
Kilmarnock, state of, in the seventeenth century, iii. 28. Rise of the
manufactures of, 180
'King's Friends,' the party so called, i. 448
Kings, causes of the diminution of the respect formerly felt for, ii.
182. Reasons why their information is inaccurate, and their prejudices
numerous, 183. Their nonsensical or blasphemous titles, 183 _note_
Kirke, Colonel, his cruelty, i. 397
Kirk-sessions in Scotland, in the seventeenth century, iii. 206, 207.
Their tyranny, 209, 210
Knights Templars, discourse of St. Bernard on the, quoted,
ii. 133 _note_
Knighthood, bane of the order of, in France, ii. 133, 134. Little
respect paid to it in England, 135. Compulsory knighthood in that
country, 135
Knowledge, influence of the progress of, in diminishing religious
persecution, i. 189. And in diminishing war, 190. The three ways in
which the progress of knowledge has lessened the warlike spirit,
203-223. The totality of human actions governed by the totality of
human knowledge, 229. Remarkable diffusion of knowledge in the United
States, 243. Books the storehouse of knowledge, 267. In what the
knowledge in which all civilization consists is based, 268. The
'learned ignorance' for which many men are remarkable, 269. Condition
and results of the literature of Europe from the sixth to the tenth
centuries, 269. Endeavours of governments to hinder the advance of
knowledge, 284. Craving of the people after knowledge, 430. Popular
form taken by the diffusion of knowledge, 430, 431. Simplicity of the
style of the authors of the last century, 437. The increase and
diffusion of knowledge in England at the latter part of the eighteenth
century antagonistic to the political events of the same period, 498.
Efforts of the French Protestant clergy to suppress the pursuit of
knowledge, ii. 70. Sudden craving after knowledge in France at the
latter part of the last century, 407
Knox, John, commencement of his career, iii. 74, 75. His influence in
promoting the Reformation, 75. His part in the murder of Beaton, 76.
Goes to Geneva, 76. Returns, 79. His petition to Parliament as to the
Church revenues, 84, 85. His death, 93
Konigseg, his services to Spain, ii. 519
La Bletterie, cause of his expulsion from the French Academy, ii. 235
Labour, effect of climate on the energy and regularity with which it
is conducted, i. 42, 43. See Wages
Labourers and employers, their wages and profits, i. 52. Effect of the
supply of food on the labouring classes, 54. Native laws respecting
the Sudras or labourers of India, 79, 80
La Bruyère, his 'Charactères,' ii. 209
Lacteals, Aselli's discovery of the, ii. 81. Recognized by Descartes,
but denied by Harvey, 81 and _note_
La Fayette, character and abilities of, i. 470. Burke's hostility to,
471. His familiarity with English language and literature, ii. 224.
His introduction of democratic opinions into France, 417
La Fontaine, 'Fables' of, ii. 209
La Force, Marshal, ii. 43
La Harpe, his 'Éloge sur Fénelon' suppressed, ii. 237
Laing, Mr., his remarks on the German literary class, quoted,
i. 239 _note_
Laland, his advocacy of atheism, ii. 352
Lamplugh, translated from Exeter to the see of York, i. 404
Lanjuinais, his work on Joseph II. ordered to be burned, ii. 236
Lanthenás, his familiarity with the English language and literature,
ii. 224
Laplace, his professed atheism, ii. 352
La Popelinière, his French historical works, ii. 269
Lateran, Matthew of Westminster's etymology of the name, i. 317
Latin, a vernacular dialect in the Middle Ages, i. 271. Results of
Latin being colloquially employed by the monks, 271 _note_
Laverdy, openly protects the Jansenists, ii. 345
Lavoisier, his discoveries in chemistry, ii. 367
Law courts, first publication of the proceedings in the, i. 434
Layamon, his translation into English of the history of Geoffrey of
Monmouth, i. 324
Le Blanc, his knowledge of the English language and literature,
ii. 219. His admiration for England, 228
Le Brun, his knowledge of the English language and literature, ii. 225
Legat, one of the last English martyrs to religious opinions,
i. 345 _note_
Legislation, main object of, i. 23. Burke's views as to the true end
of, 459. The safest course for a legislator to pursue, 504. See
Government
Leicester, Earl of, the founder of the House of Commons, ii. 117
Lenglet du Fresnoy, his imprisonment in the Bastille, ii. 235
Lens, the crystalline, discoveries of Descartes respecting the, ii. 78
Leprosy, superstitions respecting, i. 127. The leprosy of the Middle
Ages extirpated from modern Europe, 155
Lerma, Duque de, prime minister of Spain, ii. 473, 474. His alliance
with the clergy, 474. And its consequences, 475-477. His part in the
expulsion of the Moriscoes, 493
Lesdiguières, Marshal, ii. 43. His apostacy, 48
Leslie, his philosophy of heat, iii. 383. Aid which he derived from
poetry, 385. His injustice to Bacon, 388
Le Trosne, suppression of his work on 'Finance,' ii. 238
Lettes, their fondness for pork, i. 314 _note_
Le Vassor, his 'Histoire de Louis XIII.,' ii. 30 _note_
L'Hopital, his recommendation of religious toleration, ii. 10. His
failure to effect any of his noble schemes, 10
Libel, Burke's attack of the power exercised by judges in trials for,
i. 464
Libraries, circulating, first establishment of, i. 431. Licences
required by Act of Parliament for keeping reading-rooms or circulating
libraries, i. 490
Lichfield, first printing office in, i. 432 _note_
Life, statements of Hindu poets as to the ancient duration of, i. 135.
Active causes of the increased duration of, 153. Examination of
Bichat's work on Life, ii. 390
Light, French researches as to the phenomena of, in the eighteenth
century, ii. 362
Lindsey, Mr. his establishment of Sunday schools, i. 430 _note_
Linen, manufacture, rise of in Glasgow, iii. 176, 179. And in other
parts of Scotland, 180
Linguet, his works suppressed and their author imprisoned,
ii. 236, 237
Linnæus, his artificial botanical system superseded by the French
natural method, ii. 376, 397
Literature, American, characteristics of, i. 241
Literature, influence of on the progress of society, i. 266. Result
which is sure to happen to a literature above the level of its age,
266, 267. Illustrations from Greece, Rome, and Germany, 267. In what
real knowledge consists, 268. Men and countries where erudition merely
ministers to ignorance, 269. Condition and effects of the literature
of Europe from the sixth to the tenth centuries, 269, 270. Effect of
the monopoly of literature by the clergy, 307. Character of the
literature of India, 132. And of ancient Greece, 137
Literature, English--characteristics of, in the reign of Charles II.,
i. 234. Influence of the intellect of France on Dryden's plays, 235
_note_. Causes which have maintained the independence, and increased
the value of English literature, 235 _note_. Change in the form and
make of English literature in the last century, 436. Coleridge's
lamentations of this change, 437 _note_. Addison's establishment of
the easy and democratic style, 437. Failure of an attempt to revive
the pedantic style, 437 _note_. Abolition of servile dedications, 438.
Introduction of the plan of publishing books by subscription, 439.
First instance of a popular writer attacking public men by name, 439.
English literature unknown to the French at the end of the seventeenth
century, ii. 214 _note_. But begun to be studied after the death of
Louis XIV., 215. Its services to French, and thence to European
liberty, 227
Literature, French, effect of, on English writings, i. 235.
Characteristics of French literature at the time of Descartes and
Richelieu, ii. 93, 94. The protective spirit carried by Louis XIV.
into literature, 176. Result in an alliance between literature and
government, 176, 177. Servility of men of letters at this time, 177.
Injurious effects of the protective system of Louis XIV. upon
literature, 182. And of pensions to literary men, 183, 187. The
literary splendour of the reign of Louis XIV. not of his creation,
188, 189. Causes of its decay in his reign, 208. Causes of the
junction of English and French intellects after the death of Louis
XIV. Systematic and prolonged persecution to which literature was
exposed in the eighteenth century, 230-242. Proposal of the
avocat-general as to the publication of new works, 245. Why the
Church, and not the government, was first attacked by literary men,
247. State of French historical literature from the end of the
sixteenth to the end of the eighteenth century, 261 _et seq._
Literature, German, since the middle of the eighteenth century,
i. 237. Origin of, 237. Remarks on Mr. Kay's picture of German
education, 238 _note_. Mr. Laing's observations on the German
literary class, 239 _note_
Literature, Scotch, poverty of, down to the commencement of the
eighteenth century, iii. 183. Buchanan and Napier, 183. Character of
the Scotch philosophical literature of the eighteenth century, 281.
Reasons why the Scotch literature of the eighteenth century was unable
to affect the nation, iii. 465
Literature, Spanish, causes which gave it its adventurous and romantic
tone, ii. 433, 434. Hold retained by the Spanish Church over the
highest and lowest intellects, 479
Liver, business of the, i. 148. The liver and lungs always
compensatory, 148. Size of the f[oe]tal liver, 149 _note_
Locke, John, his views as to the use of money in trade, i. 212 _note_.
Causes of his Socinian views, 363. His death, ii. 374
Locomotion, effect of improved means of, in weakening the love of war,
i. 221-223
Logarithms, discovery of, iii. 183
Logos, influence of the Platonism of Alexandria in developing the idea
of the, ii. 286
London, the Great Plague and Fire of, i. 387
Lords, House of, abandons its pretensions to an original jurisdiction
in civil suits, i. 384. Origin of the disrepute into which the, fell
in the reign of George III., 451-453. Abolished, ii. 153
Lotos bread of Egypt, i. 87. Herodotus on the lotos, quoted, 87 _note_
Loudun, insolence of the Protestant assembly of, ii. 61
Louis, Saint, of France, his etymology of the word Tartar,
i. 313 _note_
Louis, suppression of his thesis on 'Generation,' ii. 238
Louis IX. of France, recognizes the right of the nobles to wage
private war, ii. 116
Louis XIII., his protection of the French protestants, ii. 25. Le
Vassor's 'Histoire de Louis XIII.,' 30 _note_. Heretics not only
protected during his reign, but openly rewarded, 43. Illtreated by the
Protestants whom he had protected, 57, 58, 60
Louis XIV., his accession, ii. 96. The protective spirit carried into
literature during his reign, 176. Character of the King's private life
and public career, 178. His revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and the
results, 178-181. His reign notwithstanding held up by some to
admiration, 181. Gratitude of men of letters to him, 181. Injurious
effect of his system of protection upon literature, 182-187. The
literary glory of his reign not his work, 188. Scarcely anything added
during his reign to the sum of human knowledge, 189-202. Causes of
this intellectual decay, 202. Universal decline of France in every
department during the latter part of his reign, 210-212. His death,
213. The retrograde movement in historical literature in the reign of,
273. Causes of this, 273. His treatment of literary men, 274-277. His
thirst for glory, 277. Voltaire's 'Age of Louis XIV.,' 296. His
disposition to favour the King, 297
Louis XVI., rupture between England and France caused by the execution
of, i. 485. His edict granting civil rights to the Huguenots, ii. 335
Loyalty, causes which weakened, in the reign of Charles II., i. 388.
Origin of the deep feelings of loyalty among the French people, ii.
249. And among the Spaniards, 249 _note_. The loyalty of the English
and French compared, 250, 251. Causes of the loyalty of the Spaniards,
455 _et seq._ Connexion between loyalty and superstition, 455. Old
punishments for disloyalty in Spain, 458. The loyalty of Spain
contrasted with that of Scotland, iii. 2
Lulli, the French musician, ii. 207
Lungs, connexion between carbonized food and the respiratory
functions, i. 148. The lungs and liver always compensatory, 148
Mably, his admiration for England, ii. 229. Suppression of his
'Observations on the History of France,' 236. Guizot's edition of this
work, 236. Character of his 'History of France,' 300
Macaulay, Mr., character of his 'History of England,' i. 394 _note_
Macchiavelli, his views as to the real history of Rome, ii. 314 _note_
Machault, controller-general of France, his edict against mortmain,
ii. 332. Dislike of the clergy for him, 333. Favour with which he
regarded the Jansenists, 344
Madden, Sir F., his edition of Wace's 'Brut,' i. 325 _note_
Madrid, decline in the population of, in the seventeenth century,
ii. 501. Starving condition of the people of, 505, 509. Scenes of
robbery and murder in consequence, 509-511. No public library in,
in 1679, 527. Beautified by Charles III., 561
Magendie, his division of food into azotized and non-azotized,
i. 55 _note_
Maize, its extraordinary fecundity in Mexico and Peru, i. 109. Most
probably peculiar to the American continent, 109
Malaga captured from the Arabs, ii. 440
Malayo-Polynesian race, causes of the corruption of the early
histories of the, i. 305. Eastern and western limits of the, 304,
305 _note_
Malebranches, his 'Inquiry respecting Truth,' ii. 209
Malesherbes, M., his attack on church property in France, ii. 333
Mallet, character of his 'History of Denmark,' ii. 299
Malus, his researches into the laws of light, ii. 362
Malthus, principle of his work anticipated by Voltaire, ii. 304