(21,982 ft.) are the highest peaks of the central Argentine-Chilean

Andes. These three peaks are formed of eruptive rocks,

surrounded by Jurassic beds which have undergone a thorough

metamorphosis. While in the west of the Andes, from the

latitude of Aconcagua, the central valley of Chile runs

without any notable interruption to the south end of the

continent, a valley which almost disappears to the north,

leaving only some rare inflexions which are considered by

Chilean geographers and geologists to be a continuation of

the same valley; to the east in Argentina a longitudinal

valley, perfectly characterized, runs along the eastern

foot of the Cordillera, separating this from the pre-

Cordillera, which is parallel to the Cordillera de la Costa of

Chile. Between Aconcagua and Mercedario are the passes of

Espinacito (14,803 ft.) and Los Patos or Valle Hermoso (11,736

ft.), chosen by the Argentine General San Martin, when he

made his memorable passage across the chain during the War of

Independence. North of Valle Hermoso the Andean ridges,

while very high, are not abrupt, and the passes are more

numerous than in the south; some of them descending 10,000

ft., but most of them between 13,000 and 14,000 ft. The pass

of Quebrada Grande is 12,468 ft. in altitude; Cencerro, 12,944

ft.; Mercedario, 13,206 ft.; Ojota, 14,304 ft.; Pachon, 14,485

ft.; while Gordito is 10,318 ft. Farther north the passes are

higher. Barahona Pass is 15,092 ft.; Ternera, 15,912 ft.;

San Lorenzo, 16,420 ft., while the peak of the volcano

reaches 18,143 ft.; Mount Olivares, 20,472 ft.; Porongos,

19,488 ft.; Tortolas, 20,121 ft.; and Potro, 19,357 ft.

Bolivia.

As far as 28 deg. S. lat. the Cordillera de los Andes has been

principally formed by two well-defined ridges, but to the

north, recent volcanic action has greatly modified its

orography. Only a single line of passes characterizes the

main ridge, and amongst them are the passes of Ollita (15,026

ft.), Penas Negras (14,435 ft.), Pircas Negras (13,615 ft.),

La Gallina (I6,240 ft.), Tres Quebradas (15,535 ft.), and

Aguita (15,485 ft.). To the north of Mount Potro the peaks

in the Cordillera are not very prominent as far as the great

mass of Tres Quebradas, but here are to be met with some

that may he considered as amongst the highest of the whole

range. Mount Aguita is 20,600 ft., and the culminating

peak of those of Tres Cruces reaches 226,58 ft. To the

east of the eastern longitudinal valley, at 27 deg. S. lat.,

begins a high volcanic plateau between the Cordillera and

the southern prolongation of the Bolivian Cordillera Real,

which contains lofty summits, such as Mount Veladero ( 20,998

ft.), Mount Bonete (21,980), Mount Reclus (20,670), Mount

Pissis (22,146), Mount Ojo del Salado (21,653), and Incahuasi

(21,719). To the north of Tres Cruces is a transversal

depression in the Cordillera, which is considered to be

the southern termination of the high plateau of the Puna de

Atacama. The Cordillera of the Andes borders the Puna to the

west, while the Bolivian Cordillera Real bounds it to the

east. In that region the Cordillera of the Andes is of

comparatively recent origin, being principally constituted

by a line of high volcanoes, the chief summits being those of

Juncal, Panteon de Aliste, Azufre or Listarria (18,636 ft.),

Llullaillaco (21,720), Miniques (19,357), Socompa (19,948),

Licancaur (19,685), Viscachuelas (20,605), Tapaquilcha (19,520),

Oyahua (19,242), Ancaquilcha (20,275), Olca (19,150), Mino

(20,112), Sillilica (21,100), Perinacota (20,918), Sagama

(22,339), Tacona (19,740), Misti (19,029); to the east

closes in the intermediary high plateau which begins at 28 deg.

S. lat. in Argentina. The principal peaks of the Bolivian

Andes and its prolongation from south to north, are Famatina,

in the centre of Argentina, (20,340 ft.), Languna Blanca

(18,307), Diamante (18,045), (Cachi (20,000), Granadas, Lipez

(19,680), Guadalupe (18,910), Chorolque (18,480), Cuzco

(17,930), Enriaca (18,716), Junari (16,200), Michiga (17,410),

Quimza-Cruz (18,280), Illimani (21,190) and Sorata (21,490).

While the western range of the Cordillera is principally

formed by volcanic rocks, the eastern (to the east of the

range is Cerro Potosi, 15,400 ft.) Andes of Bolivia are chiefly

composed of old crystalline rocks. Between the ranges in the

high plateau north to 27 deg. are numerous isolated volcanoes

which have been in activity in recent times, such as Peinado

(18,898 ft.), San Pedro (18,701), Antuco (19,029), Antofalla

(20,014), Rincon (17,881), Pastos Grandes (17,553), Zapalegui

(17,553), Suniguira (19,258), Tahue (17,458); volcanoes which

have been elevated from a lncustrine basin, which very recently

occupied the whole extension, and the remains of which are,

in the south, the Laguna Verde, at 28 deg. , and in the north Lake

Titicaca. The discovery of great Pampean mammals in the

Pleistocene beds of that region shows that this upheaval of the

latter is very recent, for in the heart of the Cordillera, as

well as on the west coast of Bolivia and Peru, there have been

discovered, in very recent deposits, the remains of some mammals

which cannot have crossed the high range as it now exists.

Peru-Ecuador.

The two Cordilleras that formed the Andes to the north of

28 deg. S. lat. are continued in Peru. The western, which

reaches an altitude of about 10,000 ft., then ceases to

exist as a continuous chain, there remaining only a short,

high ridge, called by Edward Whymper the ``Pacific range of

the equator,'' and between this ridge and the crystalline

Andean axis, the ``avenue of volcanoes,'' to use his words,

arises amidst majestic scenery. Chimborazo, which is not

in the main chain, reaches 20,517 ft.; Cotopaxi (19,580),

Antisana (19,260), Coyambo (19,200) are in the eastern range,

with many other peaks over 16,000 ft. which still contain

glaciers. Sangay (17,380 ft.), under the equator, according

to Wolff, appears to be the most active volcano in the

world. Pichincha (15,804 ft.) and Cotocachi (16,297 ft.) are

the loftiest volcanoes of the western range. In Colombia the

three principal chains are continuations of those under the

equator, and show very slight traces of volcanic action,

Columbia.

In the western chain, which is remarkable for its regularity,

the highest peak is 11,150 ft., and the lowest pass 6725

ft. The central chain, separated from the western chain by

the valley of the Cauca and from the eastern by the valley

of the Magdalena, is unbroken; it is the more important

owing to its greater altitudes and is of volcanic character.

To the south, near the equator, are Mounts Arapul (13,360

ft.) and Chumbul (15,720 ft.). The volcanoes Campainero

(12,470 ft.) and Pasto (14,000 ft.) are also in that zone.

Farther north is the volcano Purace, which presents a height

of 16,000 ft.; then come Huila (18,000), Santa Catalina

(16,170), and Tolima (18,400), Santa Isabel (16,760), Ruiz

(17,390) and Hervas (18,340). The eastern chain begins north

of the equator at 6000 ft., gradually rises to the height

of Nevado (14,146 ft.), Pan de Azucar (12,140 ft.), and in

the Sierra Nevada de Cochi attains to peaks of 16,700 ft.

The snow-line of the Andes is highest in parts of Peru

where it lies at about 16,500 ft. Its general range

from the extreme north to Patagonia is 14,000 to 15,500

ft., but along the Patagonian frontier it sinks rapidly,

until in Tierra del Fuego it lies at about 4900 ft.

Structure.--The structure of the Andes is least complex

in the southern portion of the range. Between 33 deg. and 36 deg.

S. the chain consists broadly of a series of simple folds of

Jurassic and Cretaceous beds. It is probably separated on

the east from the recent deposits of the pampas by a great

fault, which, however, is always concealed by an enormous

mass of scree material. The Cretaceous beds lie in a broad

synclinal upon the eastern flank, but the greater part of

the chain is formed of Jurassic beds, through which, on the

western margin, rise the numerous andesitic volcanic centres.

There is no continuous band of ancient gneiss, nor indeed

of any beds older than the Jurassic. There is very little

over-folding or faulting, and the structure is that of the

Jura mountains rather than of the Alps. The inner or eastern

ridge farther north of Argentina consists of crystalline rocks

with infolded Ordovician and Cambrian beds, often overlaid

unconformably by a sandstone with plant-remains (chiefly

Rhaetic). In Bolivia this eastern ridge, separated from the

western Cordillera by the longitudinal valley in which Lake

Titicaca lies, is formed chiefly of Archaean and Palaeozoic

rocks. All the geological systems, from the Cambrian to the

Carboniferous, are represented and they are all strongly

folded, the folds leaning over towards the west. West of the

great valley the range is composed of Mesozoic beds, together

with Tertiary volcanic rocks. (The Cordillera of Argentina

and Chile is clearly the continuation of the western chain

alone.) In Ecuador there is still an inner chain of ancient

gneisses and schists and an outer chain composed of Mesozoic

beds. The longitudinal valley which separates them is

occupied mainly by volcanic deposits. North of Ecuador the

structure becomes more complex. Of the three main chains

into which the mountains are now divided, the western

branch is formed mostly of Cretaceous beds; but the inner

chains no longer consist exclusively of the older rocks, and

Cretaceous beds take a considerable share in their formation.

The great volcanoes, active and extinct, are not confined

to any one zone. Sometimes they rise from the Mesozoic

zone of the western Cordillera, sometimes from the ancient

rocks of the eastern zone. But they all he within the

range itself and do not, as in the Carpathians and the

Apennines, form a fringe upon the inner border of the chain.

The curvature of the range around the Brazilian massif,

and the position of the zone of older rocks upon the eastern

flank, led Suess to the conclusion that the Andes owe their

origin to an overthrust from east to west, and that the

Vorland lies beneath the Pacific. In the south Wehrli

and Burckhardt maintain that the thrust came from the

west, and they look upon the ancient rocks of Argentina

as the Vorland. In this part of the chain, however,

there is but little evidence of overthrusting of any kind.

AUTHORITIES.--John B. Minchin, ``Journey in the Andean Tableland

of Bolivia,'' Proceedings of Geographical Society (1882);

Paul Gussfeldt, Reise in den centralen chileno-argentinischen

Andes (Berlin, 1884); John Ball, Notes of a Naturalist in

South America (London, 1887); Alfred Hettner, Reisen in den

colombianischen Andeen (Leipzig, 1888); ``Die Kordillere

von Bogota,'' Peterm. Mitteilungen, civ. (1892); Edward

Whymper, Travels amongst the Great Andes of the Equator

(London, 1892); Teodoro Wolff, Geografia y Geologia del

Ecuador (Leipzig, 1892); E. A. Fitzgerald, The Highest

Andes (London, 1899); Sir Martin Conway, ``Explorations

in the Bolivian Andes,'' Geogr. Journ. xiv. (London,

1899); The Bolivian Andes (London and New York, 1901);

Carl Burckhardt, Expedition geologique dans la region

Andine, 38 deg. --39 deg. S. lat.; Leo Wehrli, ``Cordillere

argentino-chilienne, 40 deg. et 41 deg. S. lat.'' Revista del

Museo de La Plata (1899); F. P. Moreno, ``Explorations

in Patagonia,'' Geogr. Journ. xvi. (1900); Hans Steffen,

``The Patagonian Cordillera and its Main Rivers, between 41 deg.

and 48 deg. S. lat.,'' Geogr. Journ. (London, 1900); Paul

Kruger, Die chilenische Renihue Expedition (Berlin,

1900); Carl Burckhardt, ``Profils geologiques transversaux

de la Cordillera argentino-chilienne,'' Anales del Museo

de La Plata (1900); Argentine-Chilian Boundaries in the

Cordillera de los Andes, Argentine Evidence (London,

1900); ``South America; Outline of its Physical Geography,''

Geogr. Journ. xvii. (1901); Maps of Cordillera de los

Andes, Surveys of Argentine Boundary Commission; L. R. Patron,

Cordillera de los Andes (Republica de Chile, Oficina des

Limites) Santiago (Chile), 1903 et seq.); Sir T. H. Holdich,

``The Patagonian Andes,'' Geogr. Journ. xxiii: (1904).

1 As to the specific elevations of many of the peaks mentioned in

this article, various authorities differ, and it is impossible in

many cases to rate one estimate as of greater value than another.

ANDESINE, a member of the group of minerals known as

plagioclase felspars, occupying a position in the isomorphous

series about midway between albite (NaAlSi3O8) and anorthite

(CaAl2Si2O8); its chemical composition and physical characters

are therefore intermediate between those of the two extremes

of the series. Distinctly developed crystals or crystallized

specimens are rarely met with, the mineral usually occurring as

embedded crystals and grains in the igneous and gneissic rocks,

of which it forms a component part. It occurs, for example,

in the andesite of the Andes, from whence it derives its name.

ANDESITE, a name first applied by C. L. von Buch to a series

of lavas investigated by him from the Andes, which has passed

into general acceptance as the designation of a great family

of rocks playing an important part in the geology of most of

the volcanic areas of the globe. Not only the Andes but most

of the Cordillera of Central and North America consist very

largely of andesites; they occur also in great numbers in

Japan, the Philippines, Java and New Zealand. They belong to

all geological epochs, and are frequent among the Silurian and

Devonian rocks of Britain, forming the ranges of the Cheviots,

Ochils, Breidden Hills, and part of the Lake district. The

well-known volcanoes, Montagne Pelee, the Soufriere of St

Vincent, Krakatoa, Tarawera and Bandaisan have within recent

years emitted great quantities of andesitic rocks with disastrous

violence. No group of lavas is more widespread and more

important from a geographical standpoint than the andesites.

They are typical intermediate rocks, containing on an average

about 60% of silica, but showing a considerable range of

composition. Most of them correspond to the plutonic diorites,

but others more nearly represent the gabbros. Their essential

distinguishing features are mineralogical and consist in the

presence of much soda-lime felspar (ranging from oligoclase

to bytownite and even anorthite), along with one or more of

the ferro-magnesian minerals, biotite, hornblende, augite and

hypersthene. Both olivine and quartz are typically absent,

though in some varieties they occur in small quantity.

Orthoclase is more common than these two, but is never very

abundant. The andesites have mostly a porphyritic structure,

and the larger felspars and ferro-magnesian minerals are

often visible to the naked eye, lying in a finer groundmass,

usually crystalline, but sometimes to a large extent

vitreous. When very fresh they are dark-coloured if they

contain much glass, but paler in colour, red, grey or

pinkish when more thoroughly crystallized. They weather to

various shades of dark brown, reddish-brown, green, grey and

yellow. Many of them are highly vesicular or amygdaloidal.

The older (pre-Tertiary) andesites are grouped together by many

German, and formerly by British petrologists, under the term

porphyrites, but are distinguished only by being, as a rule,

in a less fresh condition. Apart from this there are three

great subdivisions of this family of rocks, the quartz-andesites

or dacites, the hornblende-and biotite-andesites, and the

augite and hypersthene-andesites (or pyroxene-andesites). The

dacites, a term first applied by Karl Heinrich Hektor Guido

Stache (b. 1833 ) to quartz-bearing andesite of Transylvania

or Dacia, contain primary quartz, and are the most siliceous

members of the family; their quartz may appear in small blebs

(or phenocrysts), or may occur only as minute interstitial

grains in the groundmass; other dacites are very vitreous

(dacitic-pitchstones). In many of their structural peculiarities

they closely simulate the rhyolites, from which they differ in

containing less potash and more soda, and in consequence less

orthoclase felspar and more plagioclase. The hornblende- and

biotite-andesites, like the dacites, have in most cases a pale

colour (pink, yellow or grey), being comparatively rich in

felspar. They resemble the trachytes both in appearance and

in structure, but their felspar is mostly plagioclase, not

sanidine. The biotite and hornblende have much the same

characters in both of these groups of rocks, and are often

surrounded by black borders produced by corrosion and partial

resorption by the magma. A pale green augite is common in

these andesites, but bronzite or hypersthene is comparatively

rare. The pyroxene-andesites are darker, more basic rocks, with

a higher specific gravity, and approach closely to the basalts

and dolerites, especially when they contain a small amount of

olivine. They are probably the commonest types of andesite,

both at the present time and in former geological periods. Often

their groundmass consists of brownish glass, filled with small

microliths of augite and felspar, and having a velvety, glistening

lustre when observed in a good light (hyalopilitic structure).

In addition to the accessory minerals, zircon, apatite and iron

oxides, which are practically never absent, certain others occur

which, on account of their rarity and importance, are of special

interest. Sharply-formed little crystals of cordierite are

occasionally found in andesites (Japan, Spain, St Vincent,

Cumberland); they seem to depend on more or less complete

digestion of fragments of gneiss and other rocks in the molten

lava. Garnet and sapphire have also been found in andesites,

and perhaps have the same signification; a rose-red variety

of epidote (withamite) is known as a secondary product in

certain andesites (Glencoe, Scotland), and the famous red

porphyry (porfido rosso) of the ancients is a rock of this

type. Ore deposits very frequently occur in connexion with

andesitic rocks (Nevada, California, Hungary, Borneo, &c.),

especially those of gold and silver. They have been laid

down in fissures as veins of quartz, and the surrounding

igneous rocks are frequently altered and decomposed

in a peculiar way by the hot ascending metalliferous

solutions. Andesites affected in this manner are known as

propylites. The alteration is one of those post-volcanic,

pneumatolytic processes, so frequent in volcanic districts.

Propylitization consists in the replacement of the original

minerals of the andesite by secondary products such as

kaolin, epidote, mica, chlorite, quartz and chalcedony, often

with the retention of the igneous structures of the rocks.

In microscopic characters the andesites present considerable

variety; their porphyritic felspars are usually of tabular

shape with good crystalline outlines, but often filled

with glass enclosures. Zonal structure is exceedingly

common, and the central parts of the crystals are more basic

(bytownite, &c.) than the edges (oligoclase). Sanidine occurs

with considerable frequency, but not in notable amount.

The biotite and hornblende are yellow or brown and richly

pleochroic. The hypersthene is nearly always idiomorphic,

with a distinct pleochroism ranging from salmon-pink to

green. Augite may be green in the more acid andesites, but

is pale brown in the pyroxene-andesites. The apatite is

often filled with minute dust-like enclosures. In the dacites

felsitic groundmasses are by no means rare, but microcrystalline

types consisting of plagioclase and sanidine with quartz

are more prevalent. The hornblende- and mica-andesites have

groundmasses composed mainly of acid plagioclase with little

orthoclase or glassy base (pilotaxitic groundmass). Clear

brown glass with many small crystals of plagioclase and pale

brown augite (hyalopilitic groundmass) is very frequent in

pyroxene-andesites. Vitreous rocks belonging to all of the

above groups are well known though not very common, and exhibit

the perlitic, pumiceous, spherulitic and other structures,

characteristic to volcanic obsidians and pitchstones. (J. S. F.)

ANDIJAN, a town of Russian Turkestan, Province of Ferghana.

eastern terminus of the Transcaspian railway, 84 m. by rail

E.N.E. of Khokand, on the left bank of the upper Syr-darya.

Altitude 1630 ft. Pop. (1900) 49,682. It was formerly the

residence of the khans of Khokand, and has beautiful gardens

and a large park in the middle of the town. Andijan is a centre

for the trade in raw cotton and has cotton factories. All over

Central Asia, West Turkestan merchants are known generally as

Andijani. The town was destroyed by an earthquake on the

16th-17th of December 1902, when 5000 persons perished and

16,000 houses were demolished. It has since been rebuilt.

ANDIRON (older form anderne; med. Lat. andena, anderia),

a horizontal iron bar, or bars, upon which logs are laid

for burning in an open fireplace. Andirons stand upon short

legs and are usually connected with an upright guard. This

guard, which may be of iron, steel, copper, bronze, or even

silver, is often elaborately ornamented with conventional

patterns or heraldic ornaments, such as the fleur-de-lys,

with sphinxes, grotesque animals, mythological statuettes or

caryatides supporting heroic figures or emblems. Previously

to the Italian Renaissance, andirons were almost invariably

made entirely of iron and comparatively plain, but when the

ordinary objects of the household became the care of the artist,

the metal-worker lavished skill and taste upon them, and even

such a man as Jean Berain, whose fancy was most especially

applied to the ornamentation of Boulle furniture, sometimes

designed them. Indeed the fire-dog or chenet reached its

most artistic development under Louis XIV. of France, and the

first extant examples--often of cast-iron--are to be found

in French museums and royal palaces. Fire-dogs, with little

or no ornament, were also used in kitchens, with ratcheted

uprights for the spits. Very often these uprights branched

out into arms or hobs for stewing or keeping the viands hot.

ANDKHUI, a town and khanate in Afghan Turkestan. The town

(said to have been founded by Alexander the Great) stands

between the northern spurs of the Paropamisus and the Oxus;

it is 100 m. due west of Balkh on the edge of the Turkman

desert. The khanate is of importance as being one of the

most northern in Afghanistan, on the Russian border. Until

1820 it was subject to Bokhara, but in that year Mahmud

Khan besieged it for four months, took it by storm and

left it a heap of ruins. To preserve himself from utter

destruction the khan threw himself into the arms of the

Afghans. The tract in which Andkhui stands is fertile, but

proverbially unhealthy; the Persians account it ``a hell

upon earth'' by reason of its scorching sands, brackish

water, flies and scorpions. The population, estimated at

15,000, consists principally of Turkmans with a mixture

of Uzbegs and a few Tajiks. The district was allotted to

Afghanistan by the Russo- Afghan boundary commission of 1885.

ANDOCIDES, one of the ``ten'' Attic orators, was born

about 440 B.C. Implicated in the mutilation of the Hermae

(415), although he saved his life by turning informer, he

was condemned to partial loss of civil rights and went into

exile. He engaged in commercial pursuits, and after two

unsuccessful attempts returned to Athens under the general

amnesty that followed the restoration of the democracy (403),

and filled some important offices. In 391 he was one of the

ambassadors sent to Sparta to discuss peace terms, but the

negotiations failed, and after this time we hear no more of

him. Oligarchical in his sympathies, he offended his own party

and was distrusted by the democrats. Andocides was no professional

orator; his style is simple and lively, natural but inartistic.

Speeches extant:--De Reditu, plea for his return and

removal of civil disabilities; De Mysteriis, defence

against the charge of impiety in attending the Eleusinian

mysteries; De Pace, advocating peace with Sparta; Contra

Alcibiadem, generally considered spurious. Text:--Blass,

1880, Lipsius, 1888; De Myst., with notes by Hickie, 1885;

De Red. and De Myst., with notes by Marchant, 1889; see

Jebb, Attic Orators; L. L. Forman, Index Andocideus, 1897.

ANDORRA, or ANDORRE, a small, neutral, autonomous, and

semi-independent state, on the Franco-Spanish frontier, and

chiefly on the peninsular side of the eastern Pyrenees.

Pop. (1900) about 5500; area about 175 sq. m. Andorra is

surrounded by mountains, and comprises one main valley,

watered by the Gran Balira, Valira or Balire, a tributary

of the Segre, which itself flows into the Ebro; with several

smaller valleys, the most important being that of the Balira

del Orien, which joins the Gran Balira on the left. The

territory was once densely wooded, and is said to derive

its name from the Moorish Aldarra, ``the place thick with

trees''; but almost all the forests have been destroyed for

fuel. The climate is generally cold, with very severe

winters. The land is chiefly devoted to pasture for the

numerous flocks and herds; but on the more sheltered southern

slopes it is carefully cultivated, and produces grain,

potatoes, fruit and tobacco. Game and trout are plentiful;

milk, butter, hams, hides and wool are exported, principally to

France. The local industries are of the most primitive

kind, merely domestic, as in the middle ages. Lack of

capital, of coal, and of good means of communication prevents

the inhabitants from making use of the iron and lead in

their mountains. During the coldest winter months their

communications are much easier with Spain than through the

snow-clad passes leading into Ariege. The only roads are

bridle-paths, and one municipal road by the Balira valley,

connecting Andorra with the high road to Seo de Urgel and

Manresa; but in 1904 France and Spain agreed to build a railway

from Ax to Ripoll, which would greatly facilitate traffic.

The Andorrans are a robust and well-proportioned race, of an

independent spirit, simple and severe in their manners. They

are all Roman Catholics. Apart from the wealthier landowners,

who speak French fluently, and send their children to be

educated in France, they use the Catalan dialect of Spanish.

Andorra comprises the six parishes or communes of Andorra

Vicilla, Canillo, Encamp, La Massana, Ordino and San Julian de

Loria, which are subdivided into fifty-two hamlets or pueblos.

Preserved from innovations by the mutual jealousy of rival

potentates, as well as by the conservative temper of a

pastoral population, Andorra has kept its medieval usages and

institutions almost unchanged. In each parish two consuls,

assisted by a local council, decide matters relating to roads,

police, taxes, the division of pastures, the right to collect

wood, &c. Such matters, as well as the general internal

administration of the territory, are finally regulated by a

Council General of 24 members (4 to each parish), elected since

1866 by the suffrages of all heads of families, but previously

confined to an aristocracy composed of the richest and oldest

families, whose supremacy had been preserved by the principle of

primogeniture. A general syndic, with two inferior syndics,

chosen by the Council General, constitutes the supreme

executive of the state. Two viguiers--one nominated by

France, and the other by the bishop of Urgel--command the

militia, which consists of about 600 men, although all capable

of bearing arms are liable to be called out. This force is

exempt from all foreign service, and the chief office of the

viguiers is the administration of criminal justice, in which

their decisions, given simply according to their judgment and

conscience, there being no written laws, are final. Civil

cases, on the other hand, are tried in the first instance

before one of the two aldermen, who act as deputies of the

viguiers; the judgment of this court may be set aside by

the civil judge of appeal, an officer nominated by France and

the bishop of Urgel alternately; the final appeal is either to

the Court of Cassation at Paris or to the Episcopal College at

Urgel. The French viguier is taken from the French department

of Ariege and appointed for life, but the viguier of the

bishop must be an Andorran, holding office for three years and

re-eligible. There are notaries and clerks, auditors for each

parish elected by the heads of families, police agents and

bailiffs, chosen and sworn in, like all the above officers,

by the Council General. The archives are mostly kept in the

``house of the valley'' in the capital, Andorra Vicilla, a

struggling village of 600 inhabitants. In this government

house the Council General meets and has a chapel. Here

also the aldermen, viguiers and judge of appeal administer

justice and assemble for all purposes of administration. Two

magistrates, styled rahanadores, are appointed by the Council

General to see that viguiers and judges preserve the customs

and privileges of Andorra. The parishes have a permanent

patrol of six armed men besides the militia. Spain and the

bishop of Urgel are very jealous of French encroachments, and

claim to have a better right ultimately to annex the little

state. In the meanwhile it continues to pay each of the

suzerain powers L. 40 a year, levied by a tax on pastures.

Andorra is the sole surviving specimen of the independence

possessed in medieval times by the warlike inhabitants of

many Pyrenean valleys. Its privileges have remained intact,

because the suzerainty of the district became equally and

indivisibly shared in 1278 between the bishops of Urgel and

the counts of Foix, the divided suzerainty being now inherited

by the French crown and the present bishop of Urgel; and

the two powers have mutually checked innovations, while the

insignificant territory has not been worth a dispute. Thus

Andorra is not a republic, but is designated in official

documents as the Vallees et Suzerainetes. Before 1278

it was under the suzerainty of the neighbouring counts of

Castelbo, to whom it had been ceded in 1170 by the counts of

Urgel. A marriage between the heiress of Castelbo and Roger

Bernard, count of Foix, carried the rights of the above-named

Spanish counts into the house of Foix, and hence subsequently

to the crown of France, when the heritage of the feudal

system was absorbed by the sovereign; but the bishops of

Urgel claimed certain rights, which after long disputes were

satisfied by the ``Act of Division'' executed in 1278. The

claims of the bishopric dated from Carolingian times, and the

independence of Andorra, like most other Pyrenean anomalies,

has been traditionally ascribed to Charlemagne (742-814).

AUTHORITIES.--With the exception of Etudes geographiques

sur la vallee d'Andorre, by J. Blade (Paris, 1875), the

standard books on Andorra deal mainly with its history and

institutions. They comprise the following:--The Valley of

Andorra, translated from the French of E. B. Berthet by F.

H. Deverell (Bristol, 1886); J. Aviles Arnau, El Pallas y

Andorra (Barcelona, 1893); L. Dalmau de Baquer, Historia

de la Republica de Andorra (Barcelona, 1849): C. Baudon

de Mony, Origines historiques de la question d'Andorre

(in the Bibliotheque de l'Ecole des Chartes, vol.

46, Paris, 1885). See also C. Baudon de Mony, Relations

politiques des comtes de Foix avec la Catalogue, jusqu'au

commencement du XIVe siecle (Paris, 1896). A fair

map was published by A. Hartleben, of Vienna, in 1898.

ANDOVER, a market-town and municipal borough in the Andover

parliamentary division of Hampshire, England, 67 m. W.S.W.

of London by the London & South Western railway, served also

by the Midland & South Western Junction railway. Area 8663

acres. Pop. (1901) 6509. It is pleasantly situated

on the river Anton, a tributary of the Test, in a hilly

district. The church of St Mary replaced an ancient one

in 1848; a Norman doorway is preserved from the original

structure. The site of a Norman priory can be traced. Several

early earthworks are seen in the vicinity, among which the

circular camp on Bury Hill, S.W. of the town, is a very fine

example. It is probably of British origin. Andover is

the centre of a large agricultural district. Malting

is carried on and there is a large iron-foundry; but the

silk manufactures, once prosperous, are now extinct. The

corporation consists of a mayor, 4 aldermen and 12 councillors.

There are numerous Roman villas in the district, but Andover

itself is not a Roman site. The town, the name of which

appears in the forms Andefeian, Andieura and Andover, probably

owes much of its importance to the neighbourhood of the

Roman road from Silchester to Old Sarum. It is mentioned

in King Edred's will, a document of doubtful authenticity,

dated c. 955. Later the Witenagemot met here, and it is the

traditional scene of the meeting of AEthelred and Olaf the

Dane. Andover existed as a borough before 1176, and Henry II.

exempted its inhabitants from toll and passage. In 1201 King

John increased the farm paid by the burgesses, while Henry

III. granted them return of writs, probate of wills and other

privileges. The corporation was reconstituted in 1599 and

again in 1682. From 1295 till 1305 the burgesses returned

two members to parliament but then ceased to do so till

1586. After the reform of 1867 they returned only one member

and in 1885 the borough was disfranchised. A gild merchant is

mentioned as early as 1175. The cattle-market was granted in

1682, and there is an ancient corn-market, probably held by

prescription. The November sheep-fair dates from 1205, and the

neighbouring fair at Weyhill: (since 1599 a part of the borough)

was formerly among the most important in England. The town

possessed an iron-market early m the 14th century. At that date

the wool-trade also was very prosperous, and the manufactures of

silk and parchment are among the extinct industries of the town.

ANDOVER, a township of Essex county, Massachusetts,

U.S.A., pleasantly situated on the S. side of the Merrimac

Valley. Pop. (1890) 6142; (1900) 6813; (1910 U.S. census)

7301. The Shawsheen river supplies power for a considerable

manufacturing industry (twine, woollens and rubber goods being

manufactured) in the villages of Andover, Ballardville and

Frye. Andover, the principal village, is about 23 m. N. of

Boston and is served by the western division of the Boston

& Maine railway and by interurban electric railways. The

township is noteworthy for its educational institutions. Abbot

Academy, opened in 1829, is said to be the oldest existing

academy in the United States incorporated for the education of

girls alone; an art gallery, given to the academy by Mrs John

Byers, was opened in 1907. Phillips Academy, opened in 1778

(incorporated in 1780), was the first incorporated academy

of the state; it was founded through the efforts of Samuel

Phillips (1752-1802, president of the Massachusetts senate

in 1785-1787 and in 1788-1801, and lieutenant-governor of

Massachusetts in 1801-1802), by his father, Samuel Phillips

(1715-1790), and his uncle, John Phillips (1719-1795), ``for

the purpose of instructing youth, not only in English and Latin

grammar, writing, arithmetic and those sciences wherein they

are commonly taught, but more especially to learn them the great

end and real business of living.'' It is one of the largest

secondary schools in New England and enjoys a wide and high

reputation. An archaeological department, with an important

collection in American archaeology, was founded by Robert S.

Peabody and his wife in 1901. The Academy grounds include

those occupied in 1808-1909 by the Andover Theological Seminary

before its removal to Cambridge (q.v..) Andover was settled

about 1643 and was incorporated in 1646, being named from the

English town of Andover, Hampshire, whence some of the chief

settlers had migrated; the first settlement was made in what

is now the township of North Andover (pop. 5529 in 1910),

which was separated from Andover in 1885. Simon Bradstreet

(1603-1697), important among the early men of Massachusetts,

was one of the founders; and his wife, Anne Dudley Bradstreet

(1612-1672), was the first woman versifier of America; the

Bradstreet house in North Andover, said to have been built about

1667, is still standing. Andover was a prominent centre in

the witchcraft trials of 1692. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps-Ward

was born and lived for many years in Andover, and Harriet

Beecher Stowe lived here from 1852 to 1864 and is buried here.

See S. L. Bailey, Historical Sketches of Anidover (Boston, 1880);

John L. Taylor, Memoir of Samuel Phillips (Boston, 1856); and

Philena and Phebe F. M`Keen, History of Abbot Academy (Andover, 1880).

ANDRADA, DIEGO DE PAIVA DE (1528-1575), Portuguese

theologian, was born at Coimbra, son of the grand treasurer

of John III. His original bent was towards foreign mission.

He earned distinction in 1562 at the council of Trent as

envoy of King Sebastian. Between 1562 and 1567 he published

many controversial tracts, especially against the Lutheran,

Martin Chemnitz (q.v..) His first tract, De Societatis

Jesu Origine, led to his being erroneously presumed a

Jesuit (P. Alegambe, Biblioth. Scriptorum S. J., 1676, p.

177). His De Conciliorum Auctoritate was welcomed

at Rome as exalting the papal authority. Posthumous were

his Defensio Tridentinae Fidei, 1578 (remarkable for its

learned statement of various opinions regarding the Immaculate

Conception), and three sets of his sermons in Portuguese.

His nephew, DIEGO, the younger (1586-1660), produced Chauleidos

(1628) and other Latin poems, including sacred dramas; a novel,

Casamento Perfeito (1630); and shone as a historical critic.

See Bibliographie Universelle (1811); N. Antonio, Biblioth.

Hisp. Nova (1783), i. 304; and for the nephew, life

by A. Dos Reys in Corp. Illust Poet. Lat. (1745) iii.

ANDRADA E SYLVA, BONIFACIO JOZE D', (1765-1838), Brazilian

statesman and naturalist, was born at Villa de Santos, near Rio

Janeiro. In 1800 he was appointed professor of geology at

Coimbra, and soon after inspector-general of the Portuguese mines;

and in 1812 he was made perpetual secretary of the Academy of

Lisbon. Returning to Brazil in 1819, he urged Dom Pedro to

resist the recall of the Lisbon court, and was appointed one

of his ministers in 1821. When the independence of Brazil was

declared, Andrada was made minister of the interior and of

foreign affairs; and when it was established, he was again

elected by the Constituent Assembly, but his democratic

principles resulted in his dismissal from office, July

1823. On the dissolution of the Assembly in November, he

was arrested and banished to France, where he lived in exile

near Bordeaux till, in 1829, he was permitted to return to

Brazil. But being again arrested in 1833, and tried for

intriguing on behalf of Dom Pedro I., he passed the rest of

his days in retirement till he died at Nictheroy in 1838.

ANDRASSY, JULIUS (GYULA), COUNT (1823-1890), Hungarian

statesman, the son of Count Karoly Andrassy and Etelka

Szapary, was born at Kassa in Hungary on the 8th of March

1823. The son of a Liberal father, who belonged to the

Opposition at a time when to be in opposition was to be in

danger, Andrassy at a very early age threw himself into

the political struggles of the day, adopting at the outset

the patriotic side. Count Istvan Szechenyi was the first

adequately to appreciate his capacity, when in 1845 the young

man first began his public career as president of the society

for the regulation of the waters of the Upper Theiss. In

1846 he attracted attention by his bitter articles against

the government in Kossuth's paper, the Pesti Hirlap, and

was returned as one of the Radical candidates to the diet of

1848, where his generous, impulsive nature made him one of the

most thorough-going of the patriots. When the Croats under

Jellachich invaded Hungary, Andrassy placed himself at the head

of the gentry of his county, and served with distinction at the

battles of Pakozd and Schwechat, as Gorgei's adjutant (Sept.

1848). Towards the end of the war Andrassy was sent to

Constantinople by the revolutionary government to obtain at

least the neutrality of Turkey during the struggle. After the

catastrophe of Vilagos he migrated first to London and then to

Paris. On the 21st of September 1851 he was hanged in effigy

by the Austrian government for his share in the Hungarian

revolt. He employed his ten years of exile in studying

politics in what was then the centre of European diplomacy,

and it is memorable that his keen eye detected the inherent

weakness of the second French empire beneath its imposing

exterior. Andrassy returned home from exile in 1858, but

his position was very difficult. He had never petitioned

for an amnesty, steadily rejected all the overtures both

of the Austrian government and of the Magyar Conservatives

(who would have accepted something short of full autonomy),

and clung enthusiastically to the Deak party. On the 21st

of December 1865 he was chosen vice-president of the diet,

and in March 1866 became president of the sub-committee

appointed by the parliamentary commission to draw up the

Composition (commonly known as the Ausgleich) between

Austria and Hungary, of which the central idea, that of the

``Delegations,'' originated with him. It was said at that

time that he was the only member of the commission who could

persuade the court of the justice of the national claims.

After Koniggratz he was formally consulted by the emperor

for the first time. He advised the re-establishment of the

constitution and the appointment of a responsible ministry.

On the 17th of February 1867 the king appointed him the first

constitutional Hungarian premier. It was on this occasion

that Deak called him ``the providential statesman given

to Hungary by the grace of God.'' As premier, Andrassy by

his firmness, amiability and dexterity as a debater, soon

won for himself a commanding position. Yet his position

continued to be difficult, inasmuch as the authority of Deak

dwarfed that of all the party leaders, however eminent.

Andrassy chose for himself the departments of war and foreign

affairs. It was he who reorganized the Honved system, and

he used often to say that the regulation of the military

border districts was the most difficult labour of his life.

On the outbreak of the Franco-German War of 1870, Andrassy

resolutely defended the neutrality of the Austrian monarchy,

and in his speech on the 28th of July 1870 warmly protested

against the assumption that it was in the interests of Austria

to seek to recover the position she had held in Germany before

1863. On the fall of Beust (6th of November 1871), Andrassy

stepped into his place. His tenure of the chancellorship was

epoch-making. Hitherto the empire of the Habsburgs had

never been able to dissociate itself from its Holy Roman

traditions. But its loss of influence in Italy and Germany,

and the consequent formation of the Dual State, had at length

indicated the proper, and, indeed, the only field for its

diplomacy in the future--the near East, where the process of the

crystallization of the Balkan peoples into nationalities was still

incomplete. The question was whether these nationalities

were to be allowed to become independent or were only to

exchange the tyranny of the sultan for the tyranny of the

tsar. Hitherto Austria had been content either to keep out the

Russians or share the booty with them. She was now, moreover, in

consequence of her misfortunes deprived of most of her influence

in the councils of Europe. It was Andrassy who recovered

for her her proper place in the European concert. First he

approached the German emperor; then more friendly relations

were established with the courts of Italy and Russia by means

of conferences at Berlin, Vienna, St Petersburg and Venice.

The ``Andrassy Note.''

The recovered influence of Austria was evident in the negotiations

which followed the outbreak of serious disturbances in Bosnia in

1875. The three courts of Vienna, Berlin and St Petersburg

had come to an understanding as to their attitude in the

Eastern question, and their views were embodied in the

dispatch, known as the ``Andrassy Note,'' addressed on the

30th of December 1875 by Count Andrassy to Count Beust,

now Austrian ambassador to the court of St James's. In it

he pointed out that the efforts of the powers to localize

the revolt seemed in danger of failure, that the rebels were

still holding their own, and that the Ottoman promises of

reform, embodied in various firmans, were no more than

vague statements of principle which had never had, and were

probably not intended to have, any local application. In

order to avert the risk of a general conflagration, therefore,

he urged that the time had come for concerted action of the

powers for the purpose of pressing the Porte to fulfil its

promises. A sketch of the more essential reforms followed:

the recognition rather than the toleration of the Christian

religion; the abolition of the system of farming the taxes;

and, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the religious was

complicated by an agrarian question, the conversion of the

Christian peasants into free proprietors, to rescue them from

their double subjection to the great Mussulman landowners. In

Bosnia and Herzegovina also elected provincial councils were

to be established, irremovable judges appointed and individual

liberty guaranteed. Finally, a mixed commission of Mussulmans

and Christians was to be empowered to watch over the carrying

out of these reforms. The fact that the sultan would be

responsible to Europe for the realization of his promises would

serve to allay the natural suspicions of the insurgents.1

To this plan both Great Britain and France gave a general

assent, and the Andrassy Note was adopted as the basis of

negotiations. When war became inevitable between Russia and

the Porte, Andrassy arranged with the Russian court that, in

case Russia prevailed, the status quo should not be changed

to the detriment of the Austrian monarchy. When, however,

the treaty of San Stefano threatened a Russian hegemony in

the near East, Andrassy concurred with the German and British

courts that the final adjustment of matters must be submitted

to a European congress. At the Berlin Congress in 1878 he

was the principal Austrian plenipotentiary, and directed his

efforts to diminish the gains of Russia and aggrandize the Dual

Monarchy. The latter object was gained by the occupation of

Bosnia-Herzegovina under a mandate from the congress. This

occupation was most unpopular in Hungary, both for financial

reasons and because of the strong philo-Turk sentiments of the

Magyars, but the result brilliantly justified Andrassy's

policy. Nevertheless he felt constrained to bow before the

storm, and placed his resignation in the emperor's hands (8th

of October 1879). The day before his retirement he signed the

offensive-defensive alliance with Germany, which placed the

foreign relations of Austria-Hungary once more on a stable footing.

After his retirement, Andrassy continued to take an active

part in public affairs both in the Delegations and in the Upper

House. In 1885 he warmly supported the project for the reform

of the House of Magnates, but on the other hand he jealously

defended the inviolability of the Composition of 1867, and on

the 5th of March 1889 in his place in the Upper House spoke

against any particularist tampering with the common army. In

the last years of his life he regained his popularity, and his

death on the 18th of February 1890 was universally mourned as

a national calamity. He was the first Magyar statesman who,

for centuries, had occupied a European position. Breadth of

view, swift resourcefulness, and an intimate knowledge of men

and things were his distinguishing qualities as a statesman.

Personally he was the most amiable of men; it has been well said

that he united in himself the Magyar magnate with the modern

gentleman. His motto was: ``It is hard to promise, but it

is easy to perform.'' If Deak was the architect, Andrassy

certainly was the master-builder of the modern Hungarian state.

By his wife, the countess Katinka Kendeffy, whom he

married in Paris in 1856, Count Andrassy left two sons,

and one daughter, Ilona (b. 1859), who married Count Lajos

Batthyany. Both the sons gained distinction in Hungarian

politics. The eldest, Tivador (Theodore) Andreas (b. 10th of

July 1857), was elected vice-president of the Lower House of

the Hungarian parliament in 1890. The younger, Gyula (Julius,

b. 30th of June 1860), became under-secretary in the Wekerle

ministry in 1892; in 1893 he became minister of education,

and in June 1894 was appointed minister in attendance on the

king, retiring in 1895 with Wekerle; in 1898, with his elder

brother, he left the Liberal party, but returned to it again

after the fall of the Banffy ministry; he is the author of

Ungarns Ausgleich mit Osterreich vom Jahre 1867 (Ger.

ed., Leipzig, 1897), and a work in Hungarian on the origins

of the Hungarian state and constitution (Budapest, 1901).

See Andrassy's Speeches (Hung.) edited by Bela Lederer

(Budapest, 1891); Memoir (Hung.) by Benjamin Kallay

(Budapest, 1891); Necrology (Hung.) in the Akad. Ertesito,

Evf. 14 (Budapest, 1891; Recollections of Count Andrassy

(Hung.), by Mano Konyi (Budapest, 1891). (R. N. B.)

1 Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty, No. 456, vol. iv. p. 2418.

ANDRE, JOHN (1751-1780), British soldier, was born in London

in 1751 of Genevese parents. Accident brought him in 1769 to

Lichfield, where, in the house of the Rev. Thomas Seward, whose

daughter Anna was the centre of a literary circle, he met the

beautiful Miss Honora Sneyd. A strong attachment sprang up

between the two, but their marriage was disapproved of by Miss

Sneyd's family, and Andre was sent to cool his love in his

father's counting-house in London and on a business tour to the

continent. Commerce was, however, too tame an occupation for

his ambitious spirit, and in March 1771 he obtained a commission

in the Seventh (Royal Fusiliers), which, after travel in

Germany, he joined in Canada in 1774. Here his character,

conduct and accomplishments gained him rapid promotion.

Miss Sneyd in 1773 married R. L. Edgeworth, the father of the

novelist, Maria Edgeworth, having previously refused Thomas

Day, the author of Sanford and Merton; but Andre remained

faithful to his love for her. In a letter to Anna Seward,

written shortly after being taken prisoner by the Americans

at the capitulation of St John's on the 3rd of November 1775,

he states that he has been ``stripped of everything except the

picture of Honora, which I concealed in my mouth. Preserving

this I yet think myself fortunate.'' Exchanged towards the

close of 1776, Andre became in succession aide-de-camp to

General Grey and to the commander-in-chief of the British

forces, Sir Henry Clinton, who raised him to the rank of

major and appointed him adjutant- general of the forces in

1778. Early in 1780 the American general, Benedict Arnold (q

.v.), thinking himself injuriously treated by his colleagues,

made overtures to the British to betray to them the important

fortress of West Point on the Hudson river, the key of the

American position, of which he was commandant. This seemed

to Sir Henry Clinton a favourable opportunity for concluding

the war, and Major Andre was appointed to negotiate with

Arnold. For this purpose he landed from a vessel bearing a

flag of truce and had an interview with Arnold, who delivered

to him full particulars and plans of the fortress of West

Point, and arranged with him to co-operate with the British

during an attack which was to be made in a few days.

Unfortunately for Andre, the British vessel was fired on before

the negotiations were finished and obliged to drop down the

river. Andre, therefore, could not return by the way he

came and was compelled to pass the night within the American

lines. After making the fatal mistake of exchanging his

uniform for a civilian disguise, he set out next day by

land for New York, provided by Arnold with a passport,

and succeeded in passing the regular American outposts

undetected. Next day, however, just when all danger seemed

to be over, Andre was stopped by three American militiamen,

to whom he gave such contradictory answers that, in spite of

Arnold's pass, they searched him and discovered in his boots

the fatal proofs of his negotiations for the betrayal of West

Point. Notwithstanding his offer of a large sum for his

release, his captors delivered him up to the nearest American

officer. Washington, although admitting that Andre was ``more

unfortunate than criminal,'' sent him before a court-martial,

by which, notwithstanding a spirited defence, he was, in

consequence of his own admissions, condemned to death as a

spy. In spite of the protests and entreaties of Sir Henry

Clinton and the threats of Arnold he was hanged at Tappan on

the 2nd of October 1780. Arnold, warned by the unfortunate

Andre, escaped by flight the punishment he so richly merited.

The justice of Andre's execution has been a fruitful theme for

discussion, but both British and American military writers

are agreed that he undoubtedly acted in the character of a

spy, although under orders and entirely contrary to his own

feelings. Washington's apparent harshness in refusing

the condemned man a soldier's death by shooting has also

been censured, but it is evident that no other course was

open to the American commander, since a mitigation of the

sentence would have implied a doubt as to its justice.

Besides courage and distinguished military talents, Major

Andre was a proficient in drawing and in music, and showed

considerable poetic talent in his humorous Cow-chase, a

kind of parody on Chevy-chase, which appeared in three

successive parts at New York, the last on the very day of his

capture. His fate excited universal sympathy both in America

and Europe, and the whole British army went into mourning for

him. A mural sculptured monument to his memory was erected

in Westminster Abbey by the British government when his

remains were brought over and interred there in 1821; and

a memorial has been erected to him by Americans on the spot

where he was taken. Andre's military journal, giving an

interesting account of the British movements in America from

June 1777 to the close of 1778, was taken to England in 1782

by General Grey, whose descendant, Earl Grey, discovered

it in 1902 and disposed of it to an American gentleman.

See The Life and Career of Major John Andre, &c., by

Winthrop Sargent (new ed., New Vork, 1902); Andre's

Journal (Boston, Mass., The Bibliophile Society, 1904).

ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348), Italian canonist, was born at

Mugello, near Florence, about 1275. He studied canon law at

Bologna, where he distinguished himself in this subject so

much that he was made professor at Padua, and later at Pisa

and Bologna, rapidly acquiring a high reputation for his

learning and his moral character. Curious stories are told

of him; for instance, that by way of self-mortification he

lay every night for twenty years on the bare ground with only

a bear's skin for a covering; that in an audience he had with

Pope Boniface VIII. his extraordinary shortness of stature

led the pope to believe he was kneeling, and to ask him three

times to rise, to the immense merriment of the cardinals;

and that he had a daughter, Novella, so accomplished in law

as to be able to read her father's lectures in his absence,

and so beautiful, that she had to read behind a curtain lest

her face should distract the attention of the students. He

is said to have died at Bologna of the plague in 1348, and

an epitaph in the church of the Dominicans in which he was

buried, calling him Rabbi Doctorum, Lux, Censor, Normaque

Morum, testifies to the public estimation of his character.

Andrea wrote a Gloss on the Sixth Book of the Decretals,

Closses on the Clementines and a Commentary on the Rules of

Sextus. His additions to the Speculum of Durando are a mere

adaptation from the Consilia of Oldradus, as is also the

book De Sponsalibus et Matrimonio, from J. Anguisciola.

ANDREA DEL SARTO (1487-1531). This celebrated painter of

the Florentine school was born in Gualfonda, Florence, in

1487, or perhaps 1486, his father Agnolo being a tailor

(sarto): hence the nickname by which the son is constantly

designated. There were four other children. The family,

though of no distinction, can be traced back into the 14th

century. Vannucchi has since 1677 been constantly given as

the surname--according to some modern writers, without any

authority. It has recently been said that the true name

is Andrea d'Agnolo di Francesco di Luca di Paolo del

Migliore. But this only gives, along with our painter's

Christian name, the Christian names of his antecessors for

five generations, and is in no way his own surname. In 1494

Andrea was put to work under a goldsmith. This occupation he

disliked. He took to drawing from his master's models, and

was soon transferred to a skilful woodcarver and inferior

painter named Gian Barile, with whom he remained until

1498. Barile, though a coarse-grained man enough, would not

stand in the way of the advancement of his promising pupil,

so he recommended him to Piero di Cosimo as draughtsman and

colourist. Piero retained Andrea for some years, allowing

him to study from the famous cartoons of Leonardo da Vinci

and Michelangelo. Finally Andrea agreed with his friend

Franciabigio, who was somewhat his senior, that they would

open a joint shop; at a date not precisely defined they took a

lodging together in the Piazza del Grano. Their first work in

partnership may probably have been the ``Baptism of Christ,''

for the Florentine Compagnia dello Scalzo, a performance of no

great merit, the beginning of a series, all the extant items

of which are in monochrome chiaroscuro. Soon afterwards the

partnership was dissolved. From 1509 to 1514 the brotherhood

of the Servites employed Andrea, as well as Franciabigio and

Andrea Feltrini, the first- named undertaking in the portico

of the Annunziata three frescoes illustrating the life of the

Servite saint Filippo Benizzi (d. 1285). He executed them in

a few months, being endowed by nature with remarkable readiness

and certainty of hand and unhesitating firmness in his work,

although in the general mould of his mind he was timid and

diffident. The subjects are the saint sharing his cloak with a

leper, cursing some gamblers, and restoring a girl possessed

with a devil. The second and third works excel the first,

and are impulsive and able performances. These paintings

met with merited applause, and gained for their author

the pre-eminent title ``Andrea senza errori'' (Andrew the

unerring)--the correctness of the contours being particularly

admired. After these subjects the painter proceeded with

two others--the death of S. Filippo and the children cured

by touching his garment,--all the five works being completed

before the close of 1510. The youth of twenty-three was

already in technique about the best fresco-painter of central

Italy, barely rivalled by Raphael, who was the elder by four

years. Michelangelo's Sixtine frescoes were then only in

a preliminary stage. Andrea always worked in the simplest,

most typical and most trying method of fresco--that of

painting the thing once and for all, without any subsequent

dry-touching. He now received many commissions. The

brotherhood of the Servites engaged him to do two more

frescoes in the Annunziata at a higher price; he also painted,

towards 1512, an Annunciation in the monastery of S. Gallo.

The ``Tailor's Andrew'' appears to have been an easy-going

plebeian, to whom a modest position in life and scanty gains

were no grievances. As an artist he must have known his own

value; but he probably rested content in the sense of his

superlative powers as an executant, and did not aspire to the

rank of a great inventor or leader, for which, indeed, he had no

vocation. He led a social sort of life among his compeers of

the art, was intimate with the sculptor Rustici, and joined

a jolly dining-club at his house named the Company of the

Kettle, also a second club named the Trowel. At one time,

Franciabigio being then the chairman of the Kettle-men, Andrea

recited, and is by some regarded as having composed, a comic

epic, ``The Battle of the Frogs and Mice''--a rechauffe, as

one may surmise, of the Greek Batrachomyomachia, popularly

ascribed to Homer. He fell in love with Lucrezia (del Fede),

wife of a hatter named Carlo Recanati; the hatter dying

opportunely, the tailor's son married her on the 26th of

December 1512. She was a very handsome woman and has come

down to us treated with great suavity in many a picture of

her lover-husband, who constantly painted her as a Madonna

and otherwise; and even in painting other women he made them

resemble Lucrezia in general type. She has been much less

gently handled by Vasari and other biographers. Vasari, who

was at one time a pupil of Andrea, describes her as faithless,

jealous, overbearing and vixenish with the apprentices.

She lived to a great age, surviving her husband forty years.

By 1514 Andrea had finished his last two frescoes in the

court of the Servites, than which none of his works was more

admired-- the ``Nativity of the Virgin,'' which shows the

influence of Leonardo, Domenico Ghirlandajo and Fra Bartolommeo,

in effective fusion, and the ``Procession of the Magi,''

intended as an amplification of a work by Baldovinetti; in

this fresco is a portrait of Andrea himself. He also executed

at some date a much-praised head of Christ over the high

altar. By November 1515 he had finished at the Scalzo the

allegory of Justice, and the ``Baptist preaching in the

desert,''--followed in 1517 by ``John baptizing,'' and other

subjects. Before the end of 1516 a ``Pieta'' of his

composition, and afterwards a Madonna, were sent to the French

court. These were received with applause; and the art-loving

monarch Francis I. suggested in 1518 that Andrea should come to

Paris. He journeyed thither towards June of that year,

along with his pupil Andrea Sguazzella, leaving his wife

in Florence, and was very cordially received, and for the

first and only time in his life was handsomely remunerated.

Lucrezia, however, wrote urging his return to Italy. The king

assented, but only on the understanding that his absence from

France was to be short; and he entrusted Andrea with a sum of

money to be expended in purchasing works of art for his royal

patron. The temptation of having a goodly amount of pelf

in hand proved too much for Andrea's virtue. He spent the

king's money and some of his own in building a house for

himself in Florence. This necessarily brought him into

bad odour with Francis, who refused to be appeased by some

endeavours which the painter afterwards made to reingratiate

himself. No serious punishment, however, and apparently no

grave loss of professional reputation befell the defaulter.

In 1520 he resumed work in Florence, and executed the ``Faith''

and ``Charity'' in the cloister of the Scalzo. These were

succeeded by the ``Dance of the Daughter of Herodias,'' the

``Beheading of the Baptist,'' the ``Presentation of his head

to Herod,'' an allegory of Hope, the ``Apparition of the Angel

to Zacharias'' (1523), and the monochrome of the Visitation.

This last was painted in the autumn of 1524, after Andrea had

returned from Luco in Mugello,--to which place an outbreak of

plague in Florence had driven him, his wife, his step-daughter

and other relatives. In 1525 he painted the very famous fresco

named the ``Madonna del Sacco,'' a lunette in the cloisters of

the Servites; this picture (named after a sack against which

Joseph is represented propped) is generally accounted his

masterpiece. His final work at the Scalzo was the ``Birth of

the Baptist'' (1526), executed with some enhanced elevation of

style after Andrea had been diligently studying Michelangelo's

figures in the sacristy of S. Lorenzo. In the following

year he completed at S. Salvi, near Florence, a celebrated

``Last Supper,'' in which all the personages seem to be

portraits. This also is a very fine example of his style,

though the conception of the subject is not exalted. It

is the last monumental work of importance which Andrea del

Sarto lived to execute. He dwelt in Florence throughout the

memorable siege, which was soon followed by an infectious

pestilence. He caught the malady, struggled against it with

little or no tending from his wife, who held aloof, and he

died, no one knowing much about it at the moment, on the 22nd

of January 1531, at the comparatively early age of forty-three.

He was buried unceremoniously in the church of the Servites.

Various portraits painted by Andrea are regarded as likenesses

of himself, but this is not free from some doubt. One is in

London, in the National Gallery, an admirable half-figure,

purchased in 1862. Another is at Alnwick Castle, a young

man about twenty years of age, with his elbow on a table.

Another at Panshanger may perhaps represent in reality his

pupil Domenico Conti. Another youthful portrait is in the

Uffizi Gallery, and the Pitti Gallery contains more than

one. Among his more renowned works not already specified

are the following. The Virgin and Child, with St Francis

and St John the Evangelist and two angels, now in the

Uifizi, painted for the church of S. Francesco in Florence;

this is termed the ``Madonna di S. Francesco,'' or ``Madonna

delle Arpie,'' from certain figures of harpies which are

decoratively introduced, and is rated as Andrea's masterpiece in

oil-painting. The altar-piece in the Uffizi, painted for

the monastery of S. Gallo, the ``Fathers disputing on the

doctrine of the Trinity''--SS. Augustine, Dominic, Francis,

Lawrence, Sebastian and Mary Magdalene--a very energetic

work. Both these pictures are comparatively early--towards

1517. The ``Charity'' now in the Louvre (perhaps the

only painting which Andrea executed while in France). The

``Pieta,'' in the Belvedere of Vienna; this work, as well as

the ``Charity,'' shows a strong Michelangelesque influence. At

Poggio a Caiano a celebrated fresco (1521) representing Julius

Caesar receiving tribute, various figures bringing animals

from foreign lands--a striking perspective arrangement; it

was left unfinished by Andrea and was completed by Alessandro

Allori. Two very remarkable paintings (1523) containing

various incidents in the life of the patriarch Joseph, executed

for the Borgherini family. In the Pitti Gallery two separate

compositions of the ``Assumption of the Virgin,'' also a fine

``Pieta.'' In the Madrid museum the ``Virgin and Child,''

with Joseph, Elizabeth, the infant Baptist and an Archangel.

In the Louvre the ``Holy Family,'' the Baptist pointing

upwards. In Berlin a portrait of his wife. In Panshanger

a fine portrait named ``Laura.'' The second picture in the

National Gallery ascribed to Andrea, a ``Holy Family,'' is

by some critics regarded as the work rather of one of his

scholars--we hardly know why. A very noticeable incident in

the life of Andrea del Sarto relates to the copy, which he

produced in 1523, of the portrait group of Leo X. by Raphael;

it is now in the Naples Museum, the original being in the Pitti

Gallery. Ottaviano de' Medici, the owner of the original, was

solicited by Frederick II., duke of Mantua, to present it to

him. Unwilling to part with so great a pictorial prize and

unwilling also to disoblige the duke, Ottaviano got Andrea to

make the copy, which was consigned to the duke as being the

original. So deceptive was the imitation that even Giulio

Romano, who had himself manipulated the original to some

extent, was completely taken in; and, on showing the

supposed Raphael years afterwards to Vasari, who knew the

facts, he could only be undeceived when, a private mark on

the canvas was named to him by Vasari and brought under his

eye. It was Michelangelo who had introduced Vasari in 1524

to Andrea's studio. He is said to have thought very highly

of Andrea's powers, saying on one occasion to Raphael,

``There is a little fellow in Florence who will bring

sweat to your brow if ever he is engaged in great works.''

Andrea had true pictorial style, a very high standard of

correctness and an enviable balance of executive endowments.

The point of technique in which he excelled least was perhaps

that of discriminating the varying textures of different

objects and surfaces. There is not much elevation or ideality

in his works--much more of reality. His chiaroscuro is

not carried out according to strict rule, but is adjusted

to his liking for harmony of colour and fused tone and

transparence; in fresco more especially his predilection

for varied tints appears excessive. It may be broadly said

that his taste in colouring was derived mainly from Fra

Bartolommeo, and in form from Michelangelo; and his style

partakes of the Venetian and Lombard, as well as the Florentine

and Roman--some of his figures are even adapted from Albert

Durer. In one way or other he continued improving to the

last. In drawing from nature, his habit was to sketch very

slightly, making only such a memorandum as sufficed to work

from. The scholars of Andrea were very numerous; but, according

to Vasari, they were not wont to stay long, being domineered

over by his wife; Pontormo and Domenico Puligo may be mentioned.

In this account of Andrea del Sarto we have followed

the main lines of the narrative of Crowe and

Cavalcaselle, supplemented by Vasari, Lanzi and others.

There are biographies by Biadi (1829), by von Reumont

(1831), by Baumann (1878), and by Guinness (1899). (W. M. R.)

ANDREANI, ANDREA, Italian engraver on wood, in chiaroscuro,

was born at Mantua about 1540 (Brulliot says 1560) and died

at Rome in 1623. His engravings are scarce and valuable,

and are chiefly copies of Mantegna, Durer and Titian. The

most remarkable of his works are ``Mercury and Ignorance,''

the ``Deluge,'' ``Pharaoh's host drowned in the Red Sea''

(after Titian), the ``Triumph of Caesar'' (after Mantegna),

and ``Christ retiring from the judgment-seat of Pilate.''

ANDREE, KARL (1808-1875), German geographer, was born at

Brunswick on the 20th of October 1808. He was educated at

Jena, Gottingen and Berlin. After having been implicated in

a students' political agitation he became a journalist, and in

1851 founded the Bremer Handelsblatt. From 1855, however, he

devoted himself entirely to geography and ethnography, working

successively at Leipzig and at Dresden. In 1862 he founded

the important geographical periodical Globus. His works

include Nordamerika in geographischen und geschichtlichen

Umrissen (Brunswick, 1854), Geographische Wanderungen

(Dresden, 1859), and Geographie des Welthandels (Stuttgart,

1867-1872). He died at Wildungen on the 10th of August 1875.

His son RICHARD, born on the 26th of February 1835,

followed his father's career, devoting himself especially to

ethnography. He wrote numerous books on this subject,

dealing notably with the races of his own country, while

an important general work was Ethnographische Parallelen

und Vorgleiche (Stuttgart, 1878). He also took up

cartography, having a chief share in the production of the

Physikalisch-statistische Atlas des deutschen Reiches

(Leipzig, 1877), Allgemeine Handatlas (first ed., 1881), and

other atlases; and he continued the editorship of the Globus.

ANDREE, SALOMON AUGUST (1854-1897?), Swedish engineer,

was born at Grenna, on Lake Vetter, on the 18th of October

1854. After education at the Stockholm technical college,

he studied aeronautics, and in 1895 elaborated a plan for

crossing the north polar region by a balloon which should be

in some degree dirigible by sails and trailing ropes. After

an abortive effort in 1896, the winds being contrary, he

started with two companions from Danes Island, Spitsbergen,

on the 11th of July 1897. The party was never seen again,

nor is the manner of its fate known. Of several expeditions

sent in search of it, the first started in November 1897,

on the strength of a report of cries of distress heard by

shipwrecked sailors at Spitsbergen; in 1898 and 1899 parties

searched the north Asiatic coast and the New Siberia Islands;

and in May 1899 Dr Nathorst headed an expedition to eastern

Greenland. None was successful, and only scanty information

was obtained or inferred from the discovery of a few buoys (on

the west of Spitsbergen, northern Norway, Iceland, &c.) which

the balloonists had arranged to drop, and a message taken from

a carrier pigeon despatched from the balloon two days after its

ascent. There were also messages in two of the buoys, but they

dated only from the day of the ascent. The others were empty.

ANDREINI, FRANCESCO, Italian actor, was born at Pistoia in

the last half of the 16th century. He was a member of the

company of the Gelosi which Henry IV. summoned to Paris

to please his bride, the young queen Marie de' Medici. His

wife ISABELLA ANDREINI (1562-1604) was a member of her

husband's company, distinguished alike for her acting and

her character,--commemorated in the medal struck at Lyons

in the year of her death, with her portrait on one side, and

the figure of Fame on the reverse with the words aeterna

fama. She was also known in literature, her books including

a pastoral, Mirtilla (Verona, 1588), a volume of songs,

sonnets and other poems (Milan, 1601), and a collection of

letters, published after her death. She inspired many of the

French poets, notably Isaac du Ryer (d. c. 1631). Her son

GIAMBATTISTA ANDREINI (1578-1650) was born in Florence, and

had a great success as a comedian in Paris under the name of

Leylio. He was a favourite with Louis XIII., and also

with the public, especially as the young lover. He left a

number of plays full of extravagant imagination. The best

known are L'Adamo (Milan, 1613), The Penitent Magdalene

(Mantua, 1617), and The Centaur (Paris, 1622). From the

first of these three volumes, which are extremely rare,

Italians have often asserted that Milton, travelling at that

time in their country, took the idea of Paradise Lost.

ANDREOSSY, ANTOINE-FRANCOIS, COUNT (1761-1828), French

soldier and diplomatist, was born at Castelnaudary, in Languedoc,

on the 6th of March 1761. He was of Italian extraction, and

his ancestor Francois Andreossy (1633-1688) had been concerned

with Riquet in the construction of the Languedoc Canal in

1669. He had a brilliant career at the school of artillery at

Metz, obtained his commission in 1781, and became captain in

1788. On the outbreak of the Revolution he adopted its

principles. He saw active service on the Rhine in 1794 and

in Italy in 1795, and in the campaign of 1796-97 was employed

in engineer duties with the Army of Italy. He became chef

de brigade in December 1796 and general of brigade in

1798, in which year he accompanied Bonaparte to Egypt. He

served in the Egyptian campaign with distinction, and was

selected as one of Napoleon's companions on his return to

Europe. Andreossy took part in the coup d'etat of the

18th of Brumaire, and on the 6th of January 1800 was made

general of division. Of particular importance was his term

of office as ambassador to England during the short peace

which followed the treaties of Amiens and Luneville. It

had been shown (Coquille, Napoleon and England, 1904)

that Andreossy repeatedly warned Napoleon that the British

government desired to maintain peace but must be treated with

consideration. His advice, however, was disregarded. When

Napoleon became emperor he made Andreossy inspector-general

of artillery and a count of the empire. In the war of

1805 Andreossy was employed on the headquarters staff of

Napoleon. From 1808 to 1809 he was French ambassador at Vienna,

where he displayed a hostility to Austria which was in marked

contrast to his friendliness to England in 1802-1803. In the

war of 1809, Andreossy was military governor of Vienna during

the French occupation. In 1812 he was sent by Napoleon as

ambassador to Constantinople, where he carried on the policy

initiated by Sebastiani. In 1814 he was recalled by Louis

XVIII. Andreossy now retired into private life, till the

escape of his former master from Elba once again called him

forth. In 1826 he was elected to the Academie des Sciences,

and in the following year was deputy for the department of the

Aude. His numerous works included the following:--on artillery

(with which arm he was most intimately connected throughout

his military career), Quelques idees relatives a l'usage

de l'artillerie dans l'attaque et . . . la defense des

places (Metz); Essai sur le tir des projectiles creux

(Paris, 1826); and on military history, Campagne sur le

Main et la Rednitz de l'armee gallo-batave (Paris, 1802);

Operations des pontonniers en Italie . . . 1195-1796

(Paris, 1843). He also wrote scientific memoirs on the

mouth of the Black Sea (1818-1819); on certain Egyptian lakes

(during his stay in Egypt); and in particular the history

of the Languedoc Canal (Histoire du canal du Midi, 2nd

ed., Paris, 1804), the chief credit of which he claimed

for his ancestor. Andreossy died at Montauban in 1828.

See Marion, Notice necrologique sur le Lt.-General Comte Andreossy.

ANDRES, JUAN (1740-1817), Spanish Jesuit, was born at

Planes in the province of Valencia, and became professor

of literature at Gandia and finally royal librarian at

Naples. He died at Rome on the 12th of January 1817. He

is the author of many miscellaneous treatises on science,

music, the art of teaching the deaf and dumb, &c. But his chief

work, the labour of fully twenty years, is entitled Dell'

origine, progressi, e stato attuale d' ogni Letteratura

(7 vols., Parma, 1782-1799). A Spanish translation by his

brother Carlos appeared at Madrid between 1784 and 1806,

and an abridgment in French (1838-1846) was compiled by

the Jesuit Alexis Nerbonne. The original was frequently

reprinted during the first half of the 19th century.

See C. Sommervogel, Bibliotheque de la compagnie de Jesus,

premiere partie (Brussels and Paris), vol. i. col. 342-350.

ANDREW (Gr. Andreas, manly), the Christian Apostle,

brother of Simon Peter, was born at Bethsaida on the Lake of

Galilee. He had been a disciple of John the Baptist (John

i. 37-40) and was one of the first to follow Jesus. He

lived at Capernaum (Mark i. 29). In the gospel story he is

referred to as being present on some important occasions

as one of the disciples more closely attached to Jesus

(Mark xiii. 3; John vi. 8, xii. 22); in Acts there is only

a bare mention of him (i. 13). Tradition relates that he

preached in Asia Minor and in Scythia, along the Black Sea

as far as the Volga. Hence he became a patron saint of

Russia. He is said to have suffered crucifixion at Patras

(Patrae) in Achaea, on a cross of the form called Crux

decussata (X) and commonly known as ``St Andrew's cross.''

According to tradition his relics were removed from Patras to

Constantinople, and thence to St Andrews (see below). The

apocryphal book, The Acts of Andrew, mentioned by Eusebius,

Epiphanius and others, is generally attributed to Leucius the

Gnostic. It was edited and published by C. Tischendorf in

the Acta Apostolorum apocrypha (Leipzig, 1821). This

book, as well as a Gospel of St Andrew, was declared

apocryphal by a decree of Pope Gelasius. Another version of

the Andrew legend is found in the Passio Andreae, published

by Max Bonnet (Supplementum II Codicis apocryphi, Paris,

1895). On this was founded an Anglo-Saxon poem (``Andreas und

Elene,'' first published by J. Grimm, 1841; cf. C. W. Goodwin,

The Anglo-Saxon Legends of S. Andreas and S. Veronica,

1851). The festival of St Andrew is held on the 30th of November.

See APOCRYPHAL LITERATURE: also Lipsius, Die apokryphen

Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegeniden, vol. i.

(1883), and Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, s.v.

Scottish Legends.--About the middle of the 8th century

Andrew became the patron saint of Scotland. Concerning

this there are several legends which state that the relics

of Andrew were brought under supernatural guidance from

Constantinople to the place where the modern St Andrews

stands (Pictish, Muckross; Gaelic, Kilrymont). The oldest

stories (preserved in the Colbertine MSS., Paris, and the

Harleian MSS. in the British Museum) state that the relics

were brought by one Regulus to the Pictish king Angus (or

Ungus) Macfergus (c. 731-761). The only historical Regulus

(Riagail or Rule, whose name is preserved by the tower

of St Rule) was an Irish monk expelled from Ireland with

St Columba; his date, however, is c. 573-600. There are

good reasons for supposing that the relics were originally

in the collection of Acca, bishop of Hexham, who took them

into Pictland when he was driven from Hexham (c. 732), and

founded a see, not, according to tradition, in Galloway, but

on the site of St Andrews. The connexion with Regulus is,

therefore, due in all probability to the desire to date the

foundation of the church at St Andrews as early as possible.

See A. Lang, St Andrews (London, 1893), pp. 4 ff.; W. F.

Skene, Celtic Scotland; also the article ST ANDREWS.

ANDREW II. (1175-1235), king of Hungary, son of Bela III., king

of Hungary, succeeded his nephew, the infant Ladislaus III., in

1205. No other Magyar king, perhaps, was so mischievous to his

country. Valiant, enterprising, pious as he was, all these

fine qualities were ruined by a reckless good nature which

never thought of the morrow. He declares in one of his decrees

that the generosity of a king should be limitless, and he

acted up to this principle throughout his reign. He gave away

everything, money, villages, domains, whole counties, to the

utter impoverishment of the treasury, thereby rendering the

crown, for the first time in Hungarian history, dependent

upon the great feudatories, who, in Hungary as elsewhere,

took all they could get and gave as little as possible in

return. In all matters of government, Andrew was equally

reckless and haphazard. He is directly responsible for the

beginnings of the feudal anarchy which well-nigh led to the

extinction of the monarchy at the end of the 13th century.

The great feudatories did not even respect the lives of the

royal family, for Andrew was recalled from a futile attempt

to reconquer Galicia (which really lay beyond the Hungarian

sphere of influence), through the murder of his first wife

Gertrude of Meran (September 24, 1213), by rebellious nobles

jealous of the influence of her relatives. In 1215 he married

Iolanthe of France, but in 1217 was compelled by the pope to

lead a crusade to the Holy Land, which he undertook in hopes

of being elected Latin emperor of Constantinople. The crusade

excited no enthusiasm in Hungary, but Andrew contrived to

collect 15,000 men together, whom he led to Venice; whence, not

without much haggling and the surrender of all the Hungarian

claims upon Zara, about two-thirds of them were conveyed to

Acre. But the whole expedition was a forlorn hope. The

Christian kingdom of Palestine was by this time reduced to

a strip of coast about 440 sq. m. in extent, and after a

drawn battle with the Turks on the Jordan (November 10), and

fruitless assaults on the fortresses of the Lebanon and on Mount

Tabor, Andrew started home (January 18, 1218) through Antioch,

Iconium, Constantinople and Bulgaria. On his return he found

the feudal barons in the ascendant, and they extorted from

him the Golden Bull (see HUNGARY, History.) Andrew's last

exploit was to defeat an invasion of Frederick of Austria in

1234. The same year he married his third wife, Beatrice of

Este. Besides his three sons, Bela, Coloman and Andrew,

Andrew had a daughter Iolanthe, who married the king of

Aragon. He was also the father of St Elizabeth of Hungary.

No special monograph for the whole reign exists, but there

is a good description of Andrew's crusade in Reinhold

Roehricht, Geschichte des Konigreiches Jerusalem

(Innsbruck, 1898) . The best account of Andrew's

government is in Laszlo Szalav's History of Hungary

(Hung.), vol. i. (Leipzig and Pest, 1851-1862). (R. N. B.)

ANDREW OF LONGJUMEAU (Longumeau, Lonjumel, &c.), a French

Dominican, explorer and diplomatist. He accompanied the

mission under Friar Ascehn, sent by Pope Innocent IV. to

the Mongols in 1247; at the Tatar camp near Kars he met a

certain David, who next year (1248) appeared at the court

of King Louis IX. of France in Cyprus. Andrew, who was now

with St Louis, interpreted to the king David's message, a

real or pretended offer of alliance from the Mongol general

Ilchikdai (Ilchikadai), and a proposal of a joint attack

upon the Islamic powers for the conquest of Syria. In

reply to this the French sovereign despatched Andrew as his

ambassador to the great Khan Kuyuk; with Longjumeau went his

brother (a monk) and several others--John Goderiche, John

of Carcassonne, Herbert ``le sommelier,'' Gerbert of Sens,

Robert a clerk, a certain William, and an unnamed clerk of

Poissy. The party set out about the 16th of February 1249,

with letters from King Louis and the papal legate, and rich

presents, including a chapel-tent, lined with scarlet cloth

and embroidered with sacred pictures. From Cyprus they went

to the port of Antioch in Syria, and thence travelled for

a year to the khan's court, going ten leagues a day. Their

route led them through Persia, along the southern and eastern

shores of the Caspian (whose inland character, unconnected

with the outer ocean, their journey helped to demonstrate),

and probably through Talas, north-east of Tashkent. On

arrival at the supreme Mongol court--either that on the

Imyl river (near Lake Ala-kul and the present Russo-Chinese

frontier in the Altai), or more probably at or near Karakorum

itself, south-west of Lake Baikah--Andrew found Kuyuk Khan

dead, poisoned, as the envoy supposed, by Batu's agents.

The regent-mother Ogul Gaimish (the ``Camus'' of Rubruquis)

seems to have received and dismissed him with presents and

a letter for Louis IX., the latter a fine specimen of Mongol

insolence. But it is certain that before the friar had

quitted ``Tartary''' Mangu Khan, Kuyuk's successor, had been

elected. Andrew's report to his sovereign, whom he rejoined

in 1251 at Caesarea in Palestine, appears to have been a

mixture of history and fable; the latter affects his narrative

of the Mongols' rise to greatness, and the struggles of their

leader, evidently Jenghiz Khan, with Prester John; it is still

more evident in the position assigned to the Tatar homeland,

close to the prison of Gog and Magog. On the other hand,

the envoy's account of Tatar manners is fairly accurate, and

his statements about Mongol Christianity and its prosperity,

though perhaps exaggerated (e.g. as to the 800 chapels

on wheels in the nomadic host), are based on fact. Mounds

of bones marked his road, witnesses of devastations which

other historians record in detail; Christian prisoners, from

Germany, he found in the heart of ``Tartary'' (at Talas);

the ceremony of passing between two fires he was compelled

to observe, as a bringer of gifts to a dead khan, gifts

which were of course treated by the Mongols as evidence of

submission. This insulting behaviour, and the language of

the letter with which Andrew reappeared, marked the mission

a failure: King Louis, says Joinville, ``se repenti fort.''

We only know of Andrew through references in other writers: see

especially William of Rubruquis in Recueil de voyages, iv. (Paris,

1839), pp. 261, 265, 279, 296, 310, 353, 363, 370; Joinville,

ed. Francisque Michel (1858, &c.), pp. 142, &c.; Jean Pierre

Sarrasin, in same vol., pp. 254-235; W.illiam of Nangis in

Recueil des historiens des Gaules, xx. 359-367; . Remusat,

Memoires sur les relations politiques des princes chretiens

. . . avec les . . . Mongols (1822, &c.), p. 52. (C. R. B.)

ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867), American political leader,

``war governor'' of Massachusetts, was born at Windham, Maine,

on the 31st of May 1818. He graduated at Bowdoin College in

1837, studied law in Boston, was admitted to the Suffolk bar in

1840, and practised his profession in Boston. He also took

a deep interest in religious matters, was a prominent member

of the Church of the Disciples (Unitarian; founded in Boston

by the Rev. James Freeman Clarke), and was assistant editor

for some time of The Christian World, a weekly religious

paper. With ardent anti-slavery principles, he entered

political life as a ``Young Whig'' opposed to the Mexican War;

he became an active Free-Soiler in 1848, and in 1854 took part

in the organization in Massachusetts of the new Republican

party. He served one term, in 1858, in the state House of

Representatives, and in 1859 declined an appointment to

a seat on the bench of the state supreme court. In this

year he took such an active part in raising funds to defend

John Brown, then on trial in Virginia, that he aroused the

suspicions of a senatorial committee investigating Brown's

raid, and was summoned to Washington to tell what he knew

of the affair. In 1860 he was chairman of the Massachusetts

delegation to the Republican national convention at Chicago,

which nominated Lincoln for the Presidency; and from 1861 to

January 1866, throughout the trying period of the Civil War,

he was governor of Massachusetts, becoming known as one of the

ablest, most patriotic and most energetic of the remarkable

group of ``war governors'' in the North. Immediately after

his inauguration he began filling the militia regiments with

young men ready for active service, saw that they were well

drilled and supplied them with good modern rifles. As a

result, Massachusetts was the only northern state in any

way prepared for war when the Confederates fired on Fort

Sumter; and her troops began to muster in Boston on the 16th

of April, the very day after President Lincoln's call for

volunteers. On the next day the Sixth Massachusetts Volunteer

Infantry started south for the defence of Washington, and

was the first fully armed and equipped volunteer regiment to

reach the capital. Within six days after the call, nearly

four thousand Massachusetts volunteers had departed for

Washington. In 1865, at Governor Andrew's own request, the

secretary of war authorized him to raise several regiments

of negro troops, with white commissioned officers, and the

Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Infantry was the first regiment of

free negroes raised in the North. Governor Andrew's example

was quickly followed in other states, and before the end

of the year 36,000 negroes had been enrolled in the Union

armies. When the war department ruled that the negro troops

were entitled to pay only as ``labourers'' and not as soldiers,

Governor Andrew used all his influence with the president

and the secretary of war to secure for them the same pay as

white troops, and was finally successful. Notwithstanding

his loyal support of the administration during the struggle,

he did not fully approve of its conduct of the war, which he

deemed shifting and timid; and it was with great reluctance

that he supported Lincoln in 1864 for a second term. In 1865

he rejected the more radical views of his party as to the

treatment to be accorded to the late Confederate states, opposed

the immediate and unconditional enfranchisement of freedmen,

and, though not accepting President Johnson's views in their

entirety, he urged the people of Massachusetts to give the

new president their support. On retiring from the governor's

office he declined the presidency of Antioch College, at

Yellow Springs, Ohio, and various positions in the service

of the Federal government, and resumed the practice of law,

at once achieving great success. In 1865 he presided at the

first national convention of the Unitarian Church. He died

suddenly of apoplexy, at Boston, on the 30th of October 1867.

See Henry G. Pearson's Life of John A.

Andrew (2 vols., Boston and New York, 1904).

ANDREWES, LANCELOT (1555-1626), English divine, was born in

1555 in London. His family was an ancient Suffolk one; his

father, Thomas, became master of Trinity House. Lancelot was

sent to the Cooper's free school, Ratcliff, in the parish of

Stepney, and then to the Merchant Taylors' school under Richard

Mulcaster. In 1571 he was entered as a Watts scholar at

Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where in 1574-1575 he graduated

B.A., proceeding M.A. in 1578. In 1576 he had been elected

fellow of Pembroke. In 1580 he took orders; in 1581 he was

incorporated M.A. at Oxford. As catechist at his college

he read lectures on the Decalogue, which, both on their

delivery and on their publication (in 1630), created much

interest. He also gained much reputation as a casuist. After

a residence in the north as chaplain to Henry Hastings, earl of

Huntingdon, President of the North, he was made vicar of St

Giles's, Cripplegate, in 1588, and there delivered his striking

sermons on the temptation in the wilderness and the Lord's

prayer. In a great sermon on the 10th of April (Easter

week) 1588, he stoutly vindicated the Protestantism of the

Church of England against the Romanists, and, oddly enough,

adduced ``Mr Calvin'' as a new writer, with lavish praise and

affection. Andrewes was preferred to the prebendal stall of

St Pancras in St Paul's, London, in 1589, and on the 6th of

September of the same year became master of his own college of

Pembroke, being at the time one of the chaplains of Archbishop

Whitgift. From 1589 to 1609 he was also prebendary of

Southwell. On the 4th of March 1590, as one of the chaplains of

Queen Elizabeth, he preached before her a singularly outspoken

sermon, and in October gave his introductory lecture at St

Paul's, undertaking to comment on the first four chapters of

Genesis. These seem to have been worked up later into a

compilation called The Orphan Lectures (1657). Andrewes

was an incessant worker as well as preacher, and often

laboured beyond his strength. He delighted to move among

the people, and yet found time to meet with a society of

antiquaries, of which Raleigh, Sidney, Burleigh, Arundel, the

Herberts, Saville, Stow and Camden were members. In 1598

he declined the two bishoprics of Ely and Salisbury, as the

offers were coupled with a proposal to alienate part of the

revenues of those sees. On the 23rd of November 1600 he

preached at Whitehall a remarkable sermon on justification,

which gave rise to a memorable controversy. On the 4th of

July 1601 he was appointed dean of Westminster and gave much

attention to the school there. He assisted at the coronation

of James I. and in 1604 took part in the Hampton Court

conference. His name is the first on the list of divines

appointed to make the authorized version of the Bible. In

1605 he was consecrated bishop of Chichester and made lord

almoner. In 1609 he published Tortura Torti, a learned

work which grew out of the Gunpowder Plot controversy and

was written in answer to Bellarmine's Matthaeus Tortus,

which attacked James I.'s book on the oath of allegiance.

After his translation to Ely (1609), he again controverted

Bellarmine in the Responsio ad Apologiam, a treatise never

answered. In 1617 he accompanied James I. to Scotland with a

view to persuading the Scots that Episcopacy was preferable to

Presbyterianism. In 1618 he attended the synod of Dort, and

was soon after made dean of the Chapel Royal and translated

to Winchester, a diocese which he administered with loving

prudence and the highest success. He died on the 26th of

September 1626, mourned alike by leaders in Church and state.

Two generations later, Richard Crashaw caught up the

universal sentiment, when, in his lines ``Upon Bishop

Andrewes' Picture before his Sermons,'' he exclaims:--

``This reverend shadow cast that setting sun,

Whose glorious course through our horizon run,

Left the dim face of this dull hemisphere,

All one great eye, all drown'd in one great teare.''

Andrewes was distinguished in many fields. At court, though

no trifler or flatterer, he was a favourite counsellor in three

successive reigns, but he never meddled much in civil or temporal

affairs. His learning made him the equal and the friend of

Grotius, and of the foremost contemporary scholars. His

preaching was a unique combination of rhetorical splendour

and scholarly richness; his piety that of an ancient saint,

semi-ascetic and unearthly in its self-denial. As a churchman

he is typically Anglican, equally removed from the Puritan

and the Roman positions. He stands in true succession to

Richard Hooker in working out the principles of the Puritanism,

Andrewes chiefly combated Romanism. A good summary of his

position is found in his First Answer to Cardinal Perron,

who had challenged James I.'s use of the title ``Catholic.''

His position in regard to the Eucharist is naturally more

mature than that of the first reformers. ``As to the Real

Presence we are agreed; our controversy is as to the mode of

it. As to the mode we define nothing rashly, nor anxiously

investigate, any more than in the Incarnation of Christ

we ask how the human is united to the divine nature in One

Person. There is a real change in the elements--we allow ut

panis iam consecratus non sit panis quem natura formavit;

sed, quem benedictio consecravit, et consecrando etiam

immutavit'' Responsio, p. 263). Adoration is permitted,

and the use of the terms ``sacrifice'' and ``altar''

maintained as being consonant with scripture and antiquity.

Christ is ``a sacrifice--so, to be slain; a propitiatory

sacrifice--so, to be eaten'' (Sermons, vol. ii. p. 296).

``By the same rules that the Passover was, by the same may

ours be termed a sacrifice. In rigour of speech, neither of

them; for to speak after the exact manner of divinity, there

is but one only sacrifice, veri nominis, that is Christ's

death. And that sacrifice but once actually performed at

His death, but ever before represented in figure, from the

beginning; and ever since repeated in memory to the world's

end. That only absolute, all else relative to it, reprerentative

of it, operative by it. . . . Hence it is that what names

theirs carried, ours do the like, and the Fathers make no

scruple at it--no more need we'' (Sermons, vol. ii. p.

300). As to reservation, ``it needeth not: the intent is had

without it,'' since an invalid may always have his private

communion. Andrewes declares against the invocation of saints,

the apparent examples in patristic literature are ``rhetorical

outbursts, not theological definitions.'' His services to his

church have been summed up thus:--(1) he has a keen sense of

the proportion of the faith and maintains a clear distinction

between what is fundamental, needing ecclesiastical commands,

and subsidiary, needing only ecclesiastical guidance and

suggestion; (2) as distinguished from the earlier protesting

standpoint, e.g. of the Thirty-nine Articles, he emphasized

a positive and constructive statement of the Anglican position.

LITERATURE.--Of his works the Manual of Private Devotions

is the best known, for it appeals to Christians of every

church. One of the many good modern editions is that by

Alex. Whyte (1900). Andrewes's other works occupy

eight volumes in the Library of Anglo-Catholic Theology

(1841-1854). Of biographies we have those by H. Isaacson

(1650), A. T. Russell (1863), R. L. Ottley (1894), and Dean

Church's essay in Masters in English Theology. See also W.

H. Frere, Lancelot Andrewes as a Representative of Anglican

Principles (1898; Church Hist. Soc. Publications, No. 44).

ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737-1797), English historian

and antiquary, was the younger son of Joseph Andrews, of Shaw

House, Newbury, Berkshire, where he was born. He was educated

privately, and having taken to the law was one of the magistrates

at the police court in Queen Square, Westminster, from 1792

to his death. He developed a taste for literature, and his

miscellaneous works include The Savages of Europe (London,

1764), a satire on the English which he translated from the

French, and Anccdotes Ancient and Modern (London, 1789) a.n

amusing collection of gossip. His chief work was a History

of Great Britain connected with the Chronology of Europe

from Caesar's Invasion to Accession of Edward VI., in 2 vols.

(London, 1794-1795) . Its plan is somewhat singular, as a

portion of the history of England is given on one page, and

a general sketch of the contemporaneous history of Europe on

the opposite page. He also wrote a History of Great Britain

from Death of Henry VIII. to Accession of James VI. of

Scotland, a continuation of Robert Henry's History of Great

Britain, published in 1796 and again in 1806. Andrews died at

Brompton on the 6th of August 1797, and was buried in Hampstead

Church. He married Anne Penrose, daughter of a rector of Newbury.

ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813-1885), Irish chemist and physicist,

was born on the 19th of December 1813 at Belfast, where his

father was a linen merchant. After attending the Belfast

Academy and also the Academical Institution, he went to

Glasgow in 1828 to study chemistry under Professor Thomas

Thomson, and thence migrated to Trinity College, Dublin, where

he gained distinction in classics as well as in science.

Finally, he graduated as M.D. at Edinburgh in 1835, and

settled down to a successful medical practice in his native

place, also giving instruction in chemistry at the Academical

Institution. Ten years later he was appointed vice-president

of the newly established Queen's College, Belfast, and

professor of chemistry, and these two offices he held till

1879, when failing health compelled his retirement. He died

on the 26th of November 1885. Andrews first became known as

a scientific investigator by his work on the heat developed

in chemical actions, for which the Royal Society awarded him

a Royal medal in 1844. Another important research, undertaken

with P. G. Tait, was devoted to ozone. But the work on which

his reputation mainly rests, and which best displayed his

skill and resourcefulness in experiment, was concerned with

the liquefaction of gases. He carried out a very complete

inquiry into the laws expressing the relations of pressure,

temperature and volume in carbonic dioxide, in particular

establishing the conceptions of critical temperature and

critical pressure, and showing that the gas passes from the

gaseous to the liquid state without any breach of continuity.

His scientific papers were published in a collected form

in 1889, with a memoir by Professors Tait and Crum Brown.

ANDRIA, a town and episcopal see of Apulia, Italy, in the

province of Bari; 35m. W. of the town of Bari by steam tramway,

and 6 m. S.S.E. of Barletta. Pop. (1901) 49,569. It was

founded probably about 1046 by Peter, the first Norman count of

Andria. It was a favourite residence of the emperor Frederick

II., whose second and third wives, Iolanthe and Isabella

of England, were buried in the cathedral dedicated to St

Richard, who is believed to have come from England in 492;

their tombs, however, no longer exist. There are several

other fine churches of the 13th century. The Castel del

Monte, 9 1/2 m. S. of Andria, was constructed by Frederick

II., who frequently resided here; it is an octagonal

building in two storeys with octagonal towers at each angle,

and was further surrounded by three outer walls. Despite

its massive and imposing exterior, its details are fine.

See E. Rocchi in L'Arte, i. (1898) 121.

ANDRIEU, BERTRAND (1761-1822), French engraver of

medals, was born at Bordeaux. He is considered as the

restorer of the art in France, which had declined after

the time of Louis XIV.; and during the last twenty years

of his life he was entrusted by the French government with

the execution of every work of importance. Many of his

medals are figured in the Medallic History of Napoleon.

ANDRIEUX, FRANCOIS GUILLAUME JEAN STANISLAS (1759-1833),

French man of letters, was born at Strassburg on the 6th of May

1759. He was educated at Strassburg and proceeded to Paris

to study law. There he became a close friend of Collin

d'Harleville. He became secretary to the duke of Uzes, and

practised at the bar, but his attention was divided between

his profession and literature. His plays are of the 18th

century style, comedies of intrigue, but they rank with those

of Collin d'Harleville among the best of the period next to

those of Beaumarchais. Les Etourdis, his best comedy, was

represented in 1788 and won for the author the praise of La

Harpe. Andrieux hailed the beginning of the Revolution with

delight and received a place under the new government, but

at the beginning of the Terror he retreated to Mevoisins,

the patrimony of his friend Collin d'Harleville. Under the

Convention he was made civil judge in the Court of Cassation,

and was one of the original members of the Institute. A moderate

statesman, he was elected secretary and finally president of

the Tribunat, but with other of his colleagues he was expelled

for his irreconcilable attitude towards the establishment of

the civil code. On his retirement he again turned to write

for the stage, producing Le Tresor and Moliere avec ses

amis in 1804. He became librarian to Joseph Bonaparte and

to the Senate, was professor of grammar and literature at

the Ecole Polytechnique and eventually at the College de

France. As a professor he was extraordinarily successful,

and his lectures, which have unhappily not been preserved,

attracted mature men as well as the ordinary students. He

was rigidly classical in his tastes, and an ardent opponent of

romanticism, which tended in his opinion to the subversion of

morals. Among his other plays are La Comedienine (1816),

one of his best comedies, and a tragedy, Lucius Junius

Brutus (1830). Andrieux was the author of some excellent

stories and fables: La Promenade de Fenelon, Le Bulle

d'Alexandre VI. and the Meunier de Saint-Souci. In 1829 he

became perpetual secretary to the Academy, and in fulfilment

of his functions he worked hard at the completion of the

Dictionary. He died on the 9th of May 1833 in Paris.

See also A. H. Taillandier, Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages

d'Andrieux (1850); Sainte-Beuve, Portraits litteraires, vol. i.

ANDRISCUS, often called the ``pseudo-Philip,'' a fuller of

Adramyttium, who claimed to be a son of Perseus, last king of

Macedonia. He occupied the throne for a year (149-148 B.C..)

Unable to obtain a following in Macedonia, he applied to

Demetrius Soter of Syria, who handed him over to the Romans.

He contrived, however, to escape; reappeared in Macedonia with

a large body of Thracians; and, having completely defeated

the praetor Publius Juventius (149), he assumed the title of

king. His conquest of Thessaly and alliance with Carthage

made the situation dangerous. Eventually he was defeated by

Q. Caecilius Metellus (148), and fled to Thrace, whose prince

gave him up to Rome. He figured in the triumph of Metellus

(146), who received the title of ``Macedonicus'' for his

victory. Andriscus's brief reign was marked by cruelty and

extortion. After this Macedonia was formally reduced to a province.

Velleius Paterculus i. 11; Florus ii. 14;

Livy, Epit. 49, 50, 52; Diod. Sic. xxxii. 9.

ANDROCLUS, a Roman slave who lived about the time of

Tiberius. He is the hero of a story told by Aulus Gellius

(v. 14), which states that Androclus had taken refuge from

the cruelties of his master in a cave in Africa, when a lion

entered the cave and showed him his swollen paw, from which

Androclus extracted a large thorn. The gratelul animal

subsequently recognized him when he had been captured and thrown

to the wild beasts in the circus, and, instead of attacking

him, began to caress him (Aelian, De Nat. An. vii. 48).

ANDROMACHE, in Greek legend, the daughter of Eetion,

prince of Thebe in Mysia, and wife of Hector. Her father and

seven brothers fell by the hands of Achilles when their town

was taken by him; her mother, ransomed at a high price, was

slain by Artemis (Iliad, vi. 414). During the Trojan War

her husband was slain by Achilles, and after the capture of

the city her son Astyanax (or Scamandrius) was hurled from

the battlements (Eurip. Troades, 720). When the captives

were allotted, Andromache fell to Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus),

the son of Achilles, whom she accompanied to Epirus, and

to whom she bore three sons. When Neoptolemus was slain at

Delphi, he left his wife and kingdom to Helenus, the brother

of Hector (Virgil, Aen. iii. 294). After the death of her

third husband, Andromache returned to Asia Minor with her

youngest son Pergamus, who there founded a town named after

himself. Andromache is one of the finest characters in

Homer, distinguished by her affection for her husband and

child, her misfortunes and the resignation with which she

endures them. The death of Astyanax, and the farewell

scene between Andromache and Hector (Iliad, vi. 323),

were represented in ancient works of art, while Andromache

herself is the subject of tragedies by Euripides and Racine.

ANDROMEDA, in Greek legend, the daughter of Cepheus and

Cassiopeia (Cassiope, Cassiepeia), king and queen of the

Ethiopians. Cassiopeia, having boasted herself equal in beauty

to the Nereids, drew down the vengeance of Poseidon, who sent

an inundation on the land and a sea-monster which destroyed

man and beast. The oracle of Ammon having announced that

no relief would be found until the king exposed his daughter

Andromeda to the monster, she was fastened to a rock on the

shore. Here Perseus, returning from having slain the Gorgon,

found her, slew the monster, set her free, and married her

in spite of Phineus, to whom she had before been promised.

At the wedding a quarrel took place between the rivals, and

Phineus was turned to stone by the sight of the Gorgon's head

(Ovid, Metam. v. 1). Andromeda followed her husband to

Tiryns in Argos, and became the ancestress of the family of the

Perseidae. After her death she was placed by Athena amongst

the constellations in the northern sky, near Perseus and

Cassiopeia. Sophocles and Euripides (and in modern times

Corneille) made the story the subject of tragedies, and its

incidents were represented in numerous ancient works of art.

Apollodorus ii. 4; Hyginus, Fab. 64; Ovid, Metam.

iv. 662; Fedde, De Perseo et Andromeda (1860).

The Greeks personified the constellation Andromeda as a

woman with her arms extended and chained. Its Latin names

are Persea, Mulier catenata (``chained woman''), Virgo

devota, &c.; the Arabians replaced the woman by a seal;

Wilhelm Schickard (1592-1635) named the constellation

``Abigail''; Julius Schiller assigned to it the figure of a

sepulchre, naming it the ``Holy Sepulchre.'' In 1786 Johann

Elert Bode formed a new constellation, named the ``Honours

of Frederick,'' after his patron Frederick II., out of

certain stars situated in the arm of Ptolemy's Andromeda;

this innovation found little favour and is now discarded.

Twenty-three stars are catalogued by Ptolemy and Tycho

Brahe; Hevelius increased this number to forty seven, while

Flamsteed gave sixty-six. The most brilliant stars are a

Andromedae or ``Andromeda's head,'' and b Andromedae

in the girdle (Arabic mirach or mizar), both of the

second magnitude; g Andromedae in the foot (alamak

or alhames), of the third magnitude. Scientific interest

centres mainly on the following:--the nebula in Andromeda,

one of the finest in the sky (see NEBULA); g Andromedae,

the finest binary in the heavens, made up of a yellow star

of magnitude 2 1/2, and a blue-green of magnitude 5 1/2, the

latter being itself binary; Nova Andromedae, a ``new''

star, discovered in the nebula by C. E. A. Hartwig in

1885, and subsequently spectroscopically examined by many

observers; R Andromedae, a regularly variable star; and the

Andromedids, a meteoric swarm, associated with Biela's comet,

and having their radiant in this constellation (see METEOR.)

ANDRON (Gr. andron), that part of a Greek house

which was reserved for men, as distinguished from

the gynaeceum (gunaikeion), the women's quarters.

ANDRONICUS I. (COMNENUS), emperor of the East, son of

Isaac, and grandson of Alexius I. Comnenus, was born about

the beginning of the 12th century. He was endowed by nature

with the most remarkable gifts both of mind and body. He

was handsome and eloquent, but licentious; and at the same

time active, hardy, courageous, a great general and an able

politician. His early years were spen in alternate pleasure

and military service. In 1141 he was taken captive by the

Turks (Seljuks) and remained in their hands for a year. On

being ransomed he went to Constantinople, where was held the

court of his cousin, the emperor Manuel, with whom he was a

great favourite. Here the charms of his niece, the princess

Eudoxia, attracted him. She became his mistress, while her

sister Theodora stood in a similar relation to the emperor

Manuel. In 1152, accompanied by Eudoxia, he set out for

an important command in Cilicia. Failing in his principal

enterprise, an attack upon Mopsuestia, he returned, but was

again appointed to the command of a province. This second

post he seems also to have left after a short interval, for he

appeared again in Constantinople, and narrowly escaped death

at the hands of the brothers of Eudoxia. About this time

(1153) a conspiracy against the emperor, in which Andronicus

participated, was discovered and he was thrown into prison.

There he remained for about twelve years, during which time

he made repeated but unsuccessful attempts to escape. At

last, in 1165, he was successful; and, after passing through

many dangers, reached the court of Yaroslav, grand prince of

Russia, at Kiev. While under the protection of the grand

prince, Andronicus brought about an alliance between him and

the emperor Manuel, and so restored himself to the emperor's

favour. With a Russian army he joined Manuel in the invasion of

Hungary and assisted at the siege of Semlin. After a successful

campaign they returned together to Constantinople (1168); but

a year after, Andronicus refused to take the oath of allegiance

to the prince of Hungary, whom Manuel desired to become his

successor. He was removed from court, but received the

province of Cilicia. Being still under the displeasure of the

emperor, Andronicus fled to the court of Raymund, prince of

Antioch. While residing here he captivated and seduced the

beautiful daughter of the prince, Philippa, sister of the empress

Maria. The anger of the emperor was again roused by this

dishonour, and Andronicus was compelled to fly. He took refuge

with Amalric, king of Jerusalem, whose favour he gained, and

who invested him with the town of Berytus, now Beirut. In

Jerusalem he saw Theodora, the beautiful widow of the late king

Baldwin and niece of the emperor Manuel. Although Andronicus

was at that time fifty-six years old, age had not diminished

his charms, and Theodora became the next victim of his artful

seduction. To avoid the vengeance of the emperor, she fled

with him to the court of the sultan of Damascus; but not deeming

themselves safe there, they continued their perilous journey

through Persia and Turkestan, round the Caspian Sea and across

Mount Caucasus, until at length they settled among the Turks

on the borders of Trebizond. Into that province Andronicus,

with a body of adventurers, made frequent and successful

incursions. While he was absent upon one of them, his castle

was surprised by the governor of Trebizond, and Theodora with

her two children were captured and sent to Constantinople.

To obtain their release Andronicus made abject submission to

the emperor; and, appearing in chains before him, implored

pardon. This he obtained, and was allowed to retire with

Theodora into banishment in the little town of Oenoe, on

the shores of the Black Sea. In 1180 the emperor Manuel

died, and was succeeded by his son Alexius II., who was under

the guardianship of the empress Maria. Her conduct excited

popular indignation; and the consequent disorders, amounting

almost to civil war, gave an opportunity to the ambition of

Andronicus. He left his retirement, secured the support of

the army and marched upon Constantinople, where his advent

was stained by a cruel massacre of the Latin inhabitants.

Alexius was compelled to acknowledge him as colleague in the

empire, but was soon put to death. Andronicus, now (1183)

sole emperor, married Agnes, widow of Alexius II., a child

eleven years of age. His short reign was characterized

by strong and wise measures. He resolved to suppress many

abuses, but, above all things, to check feudalism and limit

the power of the nobles. The people, who felt the severity

of his laws, at the same time acknowledged their justice,

and found themselves protected from the rapacity of their

superiors. The aristocrats, however, were infuriated against

him, and summoned to their aid William of Sicily. This

prince landed in Epirus with a strong force, and marched

as far as Thessalonica, which he took and destroyed; but he

was shortly afterwards defeated, and compelled to return to

Sicily. Andronicus seems then to have resolved to exterminate

the aristocracy, and his plans were nearly crowned with

success. But in 1185, during his absence from the capital,

his lieutenant ordered the arrest and execution of Isaac

Angelus, a descendant of the first Alexius. Isaac escaped and

took refuge in the church of St Sophia. He appealed to the

populace, and a tumult arose which spread rapidly over the whole

city. When Andronicus arrived he found that his power was

overthrown, and that Isaac had been proclaimed emperor. Isaac

delivered him over to his enemies, and for three days he was

exposed to their fury and resentment. At last they hung him

up by the feet between two pillars. His dying agonies were

shortened by an Italian soldier, who mercifully plunged a

sword into his body. He died on the 12th of September 1185.

ANDRONICUS II. (PALAEOLOGUS) (1260-1332), eastern Roman

emperor, was the elder son of Michael Palaeologus, whom he

succeeded in 1282. He allowed the fleet, which his father

had organized, to fall into decay; and the empire was thus

less able than ever to resist the exacting demands of the

rival powers of Venice and Genoa. During his reign the Turks

under Osman conquered nearly the whole of Bithynia; and to

resist them the emperor called in the aid of Roger di Flor,

who commanded a body of Spanish adventurers. The Turks were

defeated, but Roger was found to be nearly as formidable

an enemy to the imperial power. He was assassinated by

Andronicus's son and colleague, the emperor Michael IX., in

1305. His adventurers (known as the Catalan Grand Company)

declared war upon Andronicus, and, after devastating Thrace and

Macedonia, conquered the duchy of Athens and Thebes. From

1320 onwards the emperor was engaged in war with his grandson

Andronicus (see below). He abdicated in 1328 and died in 1332.

ANDRONICUS III. (c. 1296-1341), eastern Roman emperor,

was the son of Michael, son of Andronicus II. His conduct

during youth was so violent that, after the death of his

father Michael in 1320, his grandfather resolved to deprive

him of his right to the crown. Andronicus rebelled; he had a

powerful party, and the first period of civil war ended in his

being crowned and accepted as colleague by his grandfather,

1325. The quarrel broke out again and, notwithstanding

the help of the Bulgarians, the older emperor was compelled

to abdicate, 1328. During his reign Andronicus III. was

engaged in constant war, chiefly with the Turks, who greatly

extended their conquests. He annexed large regions in

Thessaly and Epirus, but they were lost before his death

to the rising power of Servia under Stephen Dusan. He did

something for the reorganization of the navy, and re-covered

Lesbos and Chios from the Genoese. He died in 1341.

ANDRONICUS OF CYRRHUS, Greek astronomer, flourished about

100 B.C. He built a horologium at Athens, the so-called

``tower of the winds,'' a considerable portion of which still

exists. It is octagonal, with figures carved on each side,

representing the eight principal winds. A brazen Triton on

the summit, with a rod in his hand, turned round by the wind,

pointed to the quarter from which it blew. From this model

is derived the custom of placing weathercocks on steeples.

ANDRONICUS OF RHODES (c. 70 B.C.), the eleventh scholarch

of the Peripatetics. His chief work was the arrangement of

the writings of Aristotle and Theophrastus with materials

supplied to him by Tyrannion. Besides arranging the works,

he seems to have written paraphrases and commentaries, none

of which is extant. Two treatises are sometimes erroneously

attributed to him, one on the Emotions, the other a commentary

on Aristotle's Ethics (really by Constantine Palaeocappa

in the 16th century, or by John Callistus of Thessalonica).

ANDROPHAGI (Gr. for ``man-eaters''), an ancient nation of

cannibals north of Scythia (Herodotus iv. 18, 106), probably

in the forests between the upper waters of the Dnieper

and Don. They were most likely Finns (Samoyed has the same

meaning) and perhaps the ancestors of the Mordvinians (q.v..)

END OF FIRST VOLUME.