PICHEGRU
Pichegru is destined to play so important a part in this story that we
must fix the eyes of the reader upon him with more attention than we
have done with the secondary characters that we have hitherto put upon
the scene.
Charles Pichegru was born on the 16th of February, 1761, in the village
of Planches, near Arbois. His family were poor and rustic; his
forefathers had been known for three or four hundred years as honest
day-laborers, and they had derived their name from the character of
their work. They reaped their _gru_ or grain, with the _pic_ or mattock;
from these two words, _pic_ and _gru_, the name of Pichegru had been
derived.
Pichegru, who early showed traces of that precocious disposition which
marks the distinguished man, began his education at the school of the
Paulist Fathers at Arbois; they, seeing his rapid progress, particularly
in mathematics, sent him, with Father Patrault, one of their professors,
to the College of Brienne. There he made such progress that at the end
of two years he was appointed assistant professor. At this period his
whole ambition was to be a monk; but Father Patrault, who divined
Napoleon's genius, saw, with equal clearness, Pichegru's possibilities,
and induced him to turn his attention to military life.
Yielding to his advice, Pichegru, in 1783, entered the first foot
artillery, where, thanks to his incontestable merit, he promptly rose to
the rank of adjutant, in which grade he made his first campaign in
America. Upon his return to France he ardently embraced the principles
of 1789, and was a leader in a popular society in Besançon, when a
regiment of the Volunteer Guards, passing through the city, chose him
for their commander. Two months later Pichegru was commander-in-chief of
the Army of the Rhine.
M. de Narbonne, Minister of War, having missed him, asked one day in
speaking of him: "What became of that young officer to whom all the
colonels were tempted to take off their hats when they spoke to him?"
This young officer had become commander-in-chief of the Army of the
Rhine, a promotion that had not tended to make him any prouder than he
had been before. And, indeed, Pichegru's rapid advancement, his fine
education, and the exalted position he held in the army had not changed
in the least the simplicity of his heart. As a sub-officer, he had had a
mistress, and had always provided for her; her name was Rose, she was
thirty years old, a dressmaker, lame, and not at all pretty. She lived
at Besançon. Once a week she wrote to the general, always in the most
respectful manner.
These letters were always full of good counsel and tender advice; she
admonished the general not to be dazzled by his good fortune, and to
remain the same Charlot that he had always been at home; she urged him
to economy, not for her sake, but for that of his parents. She, God be
thanked, could take care of herself; she had made six dresses for the
wife of a representative, and was to make six more for the wife of a
general. She had in addition three pieces of gold, which represented
fifteen or sixteen hundred francs in paper money.
Pichegru, whatever his occupation, always read these letters as soon as
he received them, and put them away in his portfolio carefully, saying:
"Poor dear girl, I myself taught her how to spell."
We crave permission to enlarge upon these details. We are about to bring
actively upon the stage men who, for a long time, have been more or less
prominently before the eyes of Europe, who have been praised or blamed
as the different parties wished to elevate or abase them. Historians
themselves have judged these men more or less superficially, thanks to
their habit of accepting ready-made opinions; but it is different with
the novelist, constrained as he is to descend to the veriest details,
since in the most insignificant he may sometimes find the thread that
will guide him through the most inextricable labyrinth--that of the
human heart. We therefore dare to affirm that in showing them in their
private life, which historians altogether neglect to do, as well as in
their public life, to which too much attention is often paid, although
it is sometimes but the mask of the other, we shall bring these
illustrious dead before the reader's eyes, for the first time as they
really were--these dead whom political passions have cast into the hands
of calumny to be buried and forgotten.
Thus history tells us that Pichegru betrayed France, for the sake of the
government of Alsace, the red ribbon, the Château of Chambord, its park,
and its dependencies, together with twelve pieces of cannon, a million,
in ready money, two thousand francs of income, half of which was
revertible at his death to his wife, and five thousand to each of his
children; and finally the territory of Arbois, which was to bear the
title of Pichegru, and was to be exempt from taxes for ten years.
The material reply to this accusation is that, as Pichegru was never
married, he had neither wife nor children to provide for; the moral
reply is, to show him in his private life that we may know what his
needs and ambitions really were.
Rose, as we have seen, gave two pieces of advice to her lover: One was
to practice economy for his parents' sake, and the other was to remain
the same good and simple Charlot that he had always been.
Pichegru received during the campaign a daily sum of one hundred and
fifty thousand francs in paper money. The sum for the whole month
arrived on the 1st in great sheets divided off. Every morning enough was
cut off for the needs of the day, and the sheet was laid upon a table
with a pair of scissors upon it. Any one who wished had access to it,
and the result was that the sheet rarely lasted the whole month. When it
was gone, on the 24th or 25th, as frequently happened, every one had to
get along as best he could for the remainder of the time.
One of his secretaries wrote of him: "The great mathematician of Brienne
was incapable of calculating in ready money the account of his
washerwoman." And he added: "An empire would have been too small for his
genius; a farm was too great for his indolence."
As for Rose's advice to remain "the same good Charlot," we shall see
whether he needed the advice.
Two or three years after the time of which we are writing, Pichegru,
then at the height of his popularity, on his return to his beloved
Franche-Comté, to revisit his natal town of Planche, was stopped at the
entrance of Arbois, beneath a triumphal arch, by a deputation which came
to compliment him and to invite him to a state dinner and a grand ball.
Pichegru listened smilingly to the orator, and when he had finished,
said:
"My dear compatriot, I have only a few hours to pass in the place where
I was born, and I must devote most of them to my relatives in the
neighboring villages; if the friendship which exists between us should
lead me to neglect them, you would be the first to blame me, and you
would be right. You have come to invite me to a dinner and a ball, and,
although I have not been in the habit of indulging in those pleasures
lately, I should be delighted to participate in them. I should be
pleased to drink a few glasses of our excellent new wine in such good
company, and to watch the young girls of Arbois dancing; they must be
very pretty, if they resemble their mothers. But a soldier has only his
word, and I swear to you, on my honor, that I am engaged. Long ago I
promised Barbier, the vine-dresser, to take my first meal with him when
next I should come here, and I cannot in conscience eat two dinners
between now and sunset."
"But," said the president, "it seems to me that there is a way of
compromising the difficulty."
"What is it?"
"To invite Barbier to dine with us."
"If you do that, and he accepts, I shall ask nothing better," said
Pichegru. "But I doubt if he will. Does he still have that same fierce
and melancholy air which won him the name of Barbier the Desperate?"
"More than ever, general."
"Well, I will go and find him myself," said Pichegru, "for I think
nothing short of my influence will induce him to dine with us."
"Very well, general, we will accompany you," said the deputies.
"Come along," said Pichegru.
And they went in search of Barbier the Desperate, a poor vine-dresser,
who owned only a hundred vines, and who watered with their produce his
poor crust of black bread.
They walked through the town. At the other end the general stopped
before an old linden tree.
"Citizens," he said, "preserve this tree and never allow any one to cut
it down. It was here that a hero, who had defended your town with five
hundred men against the whole royal army commanded by Biron, suffered
martyrdom. The hero's name was Claude Morel. That brute of a beast,
named Biron, who ended by biting the hand that fed him, had Morel hanged
to that tree. A few years later, it was Biron himself, who, having
betrayed France, fought for his life with the executioner, until the man
was forced to cut off his head by a miracle of strength and skill,
taking his sword from the attendant's hand when the prisoner was not
looking."
And saluting the glorious tree, Pichegru continued on his way amid the
plaudits of the people who accompanied him.
Some one who knew where Barbier's vineyard was, discovered him in the
midst of the poles and called him. Barbier lifted his head, covered with
the traditional red cap, and asked: "Who wants me?"
"Charlot," replied the other.
"What Charlot?"
"Charlot Pichegru."
"You are making fun of me," said the vine-dresser, and he returned to
his work.
"Indeed, I am not, for here he is himself."
"Hey! Barbier," cried Pichegru.
At the well-known voice, Barbier the Desperate stood up, and seeing the
general's uniform in the midst of the group, he exclaimed: "Hallo! is it
really he?"
Running through the poles, he stopped at the edge of the vineyard to
assure himself that he was not the victim of a hallucination. Having
satisfied himself that it really was the general, he ran to him, and,
throwing himself into his arms, cried: "Is it indeed you, my dear
Charlot, my Charlot?"
"And is it you, my dear friend?" replied Pichegru, pressing him to his
heart.
And the peasant and his friend wept together, while every one drew aside
that their meeting might be uninterrupted.
After the first greetings had been exchanged, the president approached
them, and explained to Barbier the Desperate the object of this
ceremonious visit in the midst of the fields. Barbier looked at Pichegru
to know whether he should accept or not. The latter nodded
affirmatively.
Barbier wished at least to go home and put on his Sunday clothes, but
the president, who had read in Berchou's poems what that famous lover of
good cheer has to say about warmed-up dinners, would not allow him to
take the time, and they escorted Pichegru and Barbier the Desperate to
the mayor's house, where dinner was awaiting them.
Pichegru placed the president at his right, but Barbier the Desperate
sat at his left, and Pichegru talked to him constantly, never leaving
him until he took his departure.
We crave pardon for this long digression which gives a glimpse of one of
the most remarkable men of the Revolution. This glance, thrown upon his
private life, will aid us to judge and understand, perhaps more
impartially than has been done in the past, the man who is to be one of
the most important characters in this story.