THE FRIEND OF CROMWELL, AND THE RESTORER OF CHARLES II.
Among the distinguished heroes of the seventeenth century, men born
to command, and qualified above their fellows, to achieve renown in
the “profession of arms,” as general in the army or as admiral of the
fleet, a foremost place has to be assigned to General and Admiral Monk.
George Monk, son of Sir Thomas Monk, was a scion of an ancient and
honourable family, that had even by the female line been related to
royalty, a pedigree being in existence that shows a descent of the
family from Edward IV. The family were established at Potheridge,
Devonshire, where George was born on the 6th December 1608. His
father’s means were very limited; and, having no fortune to divide
amongst his family, he designed George for a soldier of fortune,
and proceeded to equip him with a “sword” with which to open “the
world--his oyster.” His education was intended to prepare him for
following the art of war. In his seventeenth year he joined, as a
volunteer, a fleet that sailed to Cadiz with hostile intent, under
the command of Lord Wimbledon. Two years later he accompanied an
unfortunate expedition under Sir John Burroughs to the Île de Rhé.
His earliest experiences in warlike adventure were the reverse of
encouraging.
Sir Thomas had intended his son George to be a soldier rather than a
sailor, but circumstances, that may be glanced at, diverted the young
man’s course. Charles I., at the beginning of his reign, visited
Plymouth to inspect the naval preparations in progress in view of an
expected war with Spain. Sir Thomas wished to pay his duty to the
king, and took this opportunity for carrying out his loyal purpose.
His financial affairs were in a most unsatisfactory condition. So he
sent a considerable present to the under-sheriff of the county, who,
in return, gave him a promise of freedom from “molestation” while he
paid his duty to the king. The creditors of Sir Thomas, having heard of
this arrangement, sent a more considerable present to this official,
who unblushingly arrested the old gentleman whom he had betrayed.
George, his devoted and plucky son, proceeded to Exeter to expostulate
with the sheriff, and procure, if possible, his father’s release. He
employed his rhetorical powers with much energy, but scant patience.
His arguments and appeals were made in vain, and, finding that no
redress was to be obtained, he proceeded to give the sheriff a thorough
beating, and, without wasting time in leave-taking ceremonies, escaped
to Cadiz.
Monk remained connected with the navy till 1628, when he went to
Holland, and served with valour under the Earl of Oxford. He returned
to England, and from 1641 did military duty in Ireland. In 1643, when
the disputes between Charles I. and the Parliament were at their
height, Monk was arrested by Fairfax, and imprisoned in the Tower. The
king sent to Monk from Oxford a hundred pounds in gold as an expression
of his esteem; considering the king’s circumstances, the gift in coin
was certainly evidence of his generosity.
[Illustration: GENERAL MONK.]
Early in 1647, the royal cause being hopeless, Monk obtained his
liberty by accepting a commission to serve under his relative Lord
Lisle, who was appointed by Parliament to the government of Ireland.
He incurred the displeasure of Parliament by entering into a treaty
with Owen O’Neile. This he had felt to be the only means by which he
could save the remnant of troops left under his command, and preserve
the interest of the Parliament in the country. In 1650, Monk accepted
a commission to serve under Cromwell in Scotland. These engagements
seem to have been inconsistent in a loyalist. He was only, it may be,
keeping his hand in as a combatant, until the king should “enjoy his
own again.” Leaving out of consideration his inconsistency, it may be
said with truth that, in Scotland Monk rendered Cromwell most important
service, by counsel as well as action.
The Dutch war gave occasion for removing Monk, now a general, from his
command in Scotland, to give him employment on board the fleet. He was
now forty-five years of age, which seems an advanced period of life for
entering upon a profession, for which he had not been designed. The
case of Blake, who was older than Monk when he changed from military
to naval service, was similar. Both of these distinguished commanders
were capable of playing, worthily and well, a variety of parts. At
the beginning of his career Monk had been connected with the navy,
although he had not had any experience fitting him for high command.
His remarkable natural powers and strength of character had to make up
for slender experience.
In May 1653 he was afloat, in joint command with Admiral Deane, of a
fleet that had been prepared for conflict with the Dutch. Both of the
admirals were on board the _Resolution_. On the 2nd June they fell in
with the Dutch fleet, and immediately attacked them with desperate
vigour. The English fleet consisted of ninety-five men-of-war and five
fire-ships. The Dutch fleet consisted of ninety-eight men-of-war and
six fire-ships; it was commanded by the famous Admirals De Ruyter, De
Witt, and Van Tromp.
Early in the course of the action Admiral Deane was killed by a chain
shot.[2] Monk was close by, and, with admirable presence of mind,
threw his cloak over the mangled body of his colleague, the sight of
which would have had a dispiriting effect upon the crew. After a few
turns and encouraging the men in the action, he had the body removed,
quickly and quietly, to his cabin. No intimation of the loss that had
been sustained was made to the fleet, and Monk, now sole commander,
continued the action with undiminished energy. The action, which
commenced at about eleven o’clock, was continued with great fury till
late at night. A forty-two gun ship of the Dutch fleet was sunk, and
another large ship, commanded by Van Kelson, was blown up in the course
of the action. Admiral Blake arrived at night with a squadron of
eighteen ships.
[2] The invention of this murderous missile is attributed to
the Dutch Admiral De Witt.
Van Tromp would have avoided renewal of the conflict next morning had
his honour permitted, but it was forced upon him. Fire was opened about
eight o’clock, and the battle raged with great fury till about noon,
when the Dutch fell into great confusion, and got away as well and as
fast as they could, escaping with difficulty to Zealand. Six of the
Dutch ships were sunk, two blown up, and eleven taken. Six of their
captains were made prisoners, and upwards of fifteen hundred men. The
English had Admiral Deane and a captain killed, and a comparatively
small number of men, and did not lose a single ship.
The Dutch, undismayed by defeat, fitted a fresh fleet of upwards of
ninety ships, that were afloat ready for renewed action in a few weeks.
On the 29th July 1653, the hostile fleets came in sight of each other.
Monk, in the _Resolution_, and a squadron of thirty ships, came up with
the Dutch fleet, and boldly charged and dashed through their line.
Darkness ended the action. The following day was so foul and windy,
and the sea ran so high, that fighting would only have been wasting
ammunition. Sunday, 31st July, the weather being more calm, witnessed
a renewal of the deferred battle. The action raged with terrible fury
for about eight hours. De Ruyter’s ship was so severely injured that it
had to be towed out of the fleet; the brave admiral, however, did not
leave with his ship, but went aboard another to continue the action.
The brave Van Tromp was shot through the body. His fall was to his
countrymen a paralysing disaster, that seemed to take the heart out
of them, and utterly quench what was left of their drooping spirit.
The Dutch had only one flag left flying,--Van Tromp killed,--all going
against them! Again they sought refuge behind the sandbanks on the
coasts of their country, whither the victors followed, as closely as
their knowledge of the navigation would permit. In the pursuit of the
flying foe, the lightest of the English ships took the most prominent
part. The Dutch admiral, perceiving that they were only frigates that
pursued him, turned upon them, but heavier ships coming up, he was
not permitted to sink his tenacious tormentors, but had his own ship
captured before he reached the Texel.
This battle was a terrible blow to the Dutch. Twenty-six of their ships
were burned or sunk. Five of their captains were taken prisoners, and
between four and five thousand men killed. Such is the statement of
the historian, which should perhaps be taken with a deduction; for the
celerity with which the Dutch provided new fleets and fresh crews,
after such disastrous losses, was wonderful. The English are reported
to have lost two frigates--the _Oak_ and the _Hunter_, and had six
captains and about five hundred seamen killed. The Dutch Admiral De
Witt, in a report to the States, confesses to a heavy loss in ships,
and to his having been compelled to retreat, for which he assigns two
reasons--that the best of their ships were much shattered, and that
many of his officers had behaved like poltroons, by “retiring out
of the reach of the enemy’s cannon, as well in this engagement as
formerly.” He adds, with conclusive force: “If they had been hanged for
behaving so before, they had not had it in their power to have acted
the same parts over again.”
In this important action a number of merchant ships were engaged. To
prevent their making concern, for the safety of their owners’ ships and
cargoes, their paramount consideration, and a curb upon their fighting
energy, Monk astutely placed the captains in other ships than those to
which they were respectively attached. This expedient fully justified
itself in the result,--the merchant ships and their captains behaving
admirably. Monk also issued orders at the beginning of the fight that
quarter was neither to be given nor taken. This order was not given
from wanton recklessness of life, but because the taking of ships and
conveying them to harbour occupied much time, diverted needed strength,
and risked opportunities of advantage. There is no reason to believe
that General Monk was displeased with the English crews taking about
twelve hundred Dutchmen out of the sea, while their ships were sinking.
The “no quarter” order was doubtless intended to apply to ships, not
men.
General Monk exhibited, personally, unresting energy and steadfast
bravery, from first to last of the battle. Of five Dutch admirals’
flags displayed at the commencement of the action, Monk brought down
three--those of Van Tromp, Evertsen, and De Ruyter. Monk’s own ship,
the _Resolution_, was so shattered that it had to be towed out of the
line; all of the great ships, indeed, were so leaky and unseaworthy as
to compel them to give up, lest they should sink, and return home for
repair.
Parliament, on the 8th August 1653, ordered gold chains to be sent
to Admirals Blake and Monk, in token of appreciation of their
services; also to Vice-Admiral Penn and Rear-Admiral Lawson, and to
the flag-officers, and medals to the captains. The 25th of August was
appointed as a day of solemn thanksgiving. At a great banquet in the
city, Oliver Cromwell put the chain of honour on Monk, with grave words
of commendation for his public services.
The war had lasted two years, in which time the English had taken
from the Dutch seventeen hundred prizes, valued at sixty-two million
guilders, or six millions sterling. The prizes taken by the Dutch did
not amount to a fourth, in number or value.
A treaty of peace with Holland was made, 4th April 1654. Cromwell
had declared himself Lord Protector, and, feeling the weight of
governing three kingdoms, he sought out competent officers to share
the labour with him. General Monk was appointed to Scotland as a
sort of Lord Lieutenant, and commenced his duties in April 1654. He
made his residence at the house of the Countess of Buccleuch, at
Dalkeith. He is said to have governed the country more absolutely,
than many of its monarchs had done. His private life was quiet and
unostentatious,--husbandry and gardening being his chief amusements.
[Illustration: DEFEAT OF THE DUTCH FLEET BY MONK.]
General Monk’s loyalty to Cromwell was doubted, although his zeal for
the Protectorate seemed more effusive, during his tenure of office
in Scotland, than it had ever been before. He set a price upon the
heads of the principal Royalists in the North, and erected magazines
and garrisons for maintaining the Protectorate throughout Scotland,
and governed it absolutely, yet with much wisdom,--the effects of his
government conducing greatly to the welfare of the Scottish nation.
Certain Parliamentarians plotted to take Monk’s life, as a traitor to
their cause. Oliver Cromwell himself suspected Monk’s _bonâ fides_. A
short time before his death, Cromwell wrote a long letter to Monk, that
ended with the following remarkable postscript: “There be that tell me
that there is a certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called George Monk,
who is said to be in wait there, to introduce Charles Stuart. I pray
use your diligence to apprehend him, and bring him up to me.”
Cromwell died 3rd September 1658, and Monk at once proclaimed his son
Richard. Uncertain what turn the public mind would take, he thought
it prudent to affect for the present attachment to the Protectorate
carefully,--meanwhile, securing his own power. Richard Cromwell’s
incapacity to rule soon showed itself, as Monk probably foresaw. Monk
possessed powerful influence in the direction of public affairs, and
employed it in promoting the restoration of the king. There has been
more than one “Vicar of Bray” in the domestic and national history of
England, and the species will never probably become extinct.
General Monk’s adherence to the two opposing parties in the State,
Parliament and the Royalists; his service of the two masters, Cromwell
and King Charles; his motives, and his talents, have been much
discussed, and his merits hotly disputed by historians and critics.
Monk has been credited with having been mainly instrumental in
initiating, promoting, and consummating the Restoration. Up to this
point in Monk’s career he had proved himself a valiant and skilful
captain in Ireland, a firm and wise governor in Scotland, an able
admiral in the war with Holland, and it is not too much to claim for
him that he had proved himself to be also a profound statesman.
On the 23rd of May 1660, an English fleet brought Charles II. and his
court from Holland. The king reached the Palace, Whitehall, on the 29th
of the same month. On resuming the kingly dignity, almost the first
use the king made of the royal prerogative was to elevate Monk to the
peerage, as Duke of Albemarle, to invest him with the order of the
Garter, and to appoint him Vice-Admiral of England under James, Duke
of York.
Passing over a few years, in which the Duke of Albemarle was a
prominent personage in the king’s Government, we come to renewed war
with Holland.
The dissolute life and extravagant habits of the king kept him in
constant want of money, and to fill his purse he did many mean things,
amongst them, marrying Catherine of Portugal, for her dowry of half a
million sterling. He also favoured the sale of Dunkirk to the French
king for the beggarly sum of five thousand livres. He also plunged
into a war with Holland. The Duke of Albemarle and Prince Rupert were
associated in the command of the fleet that had been equipped against
the Dutch. They went aboard in April 1666. Prince Rupert, with the
white squadron, was detached to go in quest of a French contingent,
reported to be hastening to join the Dutch. The duke was left with a
fleet of about sixty sail. On the 1st June the Dutch fleet of about
ninety men-of-war came in sight. The duke called a council of war, at
which it was resolved that, notwithstanding their manifest numerical
inferiority, and that several of their ships were not fully manned or
ready, refusal to fight the Dutch was not to be thought of,--and the
fleet was accordingly made ready to fall into line. The battle lasted
throughout the day, and notwithstanding their greatly superior power
the Dutch gained no important or decided advantage. A furious battle
was fought between the flag-ships of Albemarle and De Ruyter, the
Dutch admiral, which was maintained with dogged obstinacy for many
hours,--but neither side could claim a victory. Both of the ships were
greatly crippled by its adversary.
The bravery and skilful handling of their ships by the English
commanders was above all praise, but their ships were badly
provisioned. King Charles, to his shame, recked not that the lives of
the bravest of his subjects should be sacrificed, if he could indulge,
unchecked, the career of a Sybarite and profligate. It has been written
by the careful historian that--“The money voted by Parliament for the
war was squandered by the king in his wicked pleasures; and ships leaky
and badly rigged were sent out to contend with the splendid fleets of
Holland.”
Albemarle discreetly sought the decision of a council of war before
renewing the action on the second day. What his own feeling was may
be gathered from the reported gist of the address he delivered to the
assembled commanders: “If we had dreaded the number of our enemies we
should have retreated yesterday; but though we are inferior to them
in number of ships, we are in other things superior. Force gives them
courage; let us, if we need it, borrow resolution from the thoughts
of what we have formerly performed. Let our enemy feel that, though
our fleet is divided, our spirit is united. At the worst it will be
more honourable to die bravely here on our own element than to be made
spectacles to the Dutch. To be overcome is the fortune of war, but to
fly is the fashion of cowards. Let us teach the world that Englishmen
had rather be acquainted with death than with fear.”
Much terrible damage was again done by the belligerents to each other,
but no decisive victory could be claimed by either power. On the 3rd
of June, the duke, on a survey of the condition of his fleet, felt
compelled to burn three of his disabled ships. He sent away, in the
van, the ships that had suffered most, and, covering them in the rear,
drew off. On the 4th of June, Albemarle’s spirits revived, and his
strength was materially increased by the arrival of Prince Rupert
with his squadron. Thus strengthened, he again sought the enemy, and
came up with them about eight in the morning. Five times the English
charged through the enemy’s line, firing into them right and left.
The conflict, fiercely sustained on both sides, lasted till seven in
the evening, when, as if by tacit agreement or sheer exhaustion, the
wearied, worn-out warriors desisted from their murderous activity.
The loss was calamitous on both sides. Amongst the brave officers who
fell, mention must be made of Sir William Berkeley, vice-admiral
of the blue, whose squadron led the van in the first day’s action.
Towards the close of the day, Sir William’s ship, the _Swiftsure_,
a second-rate, and two others were cut off from the English; hemmed
in and overwhelmed by greatly superior force, Sir William fought
desperately. The following account of his gallant death-struggle
is given by Lediard: “Highly to be admired was the resolution of
Vice-Admiral Berkeley, who, though cut off from the line, surrounded
by his enemies, great numbers of his men killed, his ship disabled
and boarded on all sides, yet continued fighting almost alone, killed
several with his own hand, and would accept of no quarter, till at
length, being shot in the throat by a musket ball, he retired into the
captain’s cabin, where he was found dead, extended at his full length
upon a table, and almost covered with his own blood.” To their honour,
the Dutch treated the hero’s remains with the utmost respect. The body
was embalmed and deposited in the chapel of the great church at the
Hague by order of the States, and a message was sent to King Charles
for his orders for the disposal of the remains. This brave officer,
a scion of an ancient and honourable family, had not reached his
twenty-seventh year.
[Illustration: SEA FIGHT WITH THE DUTCH.]
Another distinguished hero who fell in the action was Sir Christopher
Myngs, vice-admiral, who led the van of Prince Rupert’s division
on the fourth day of the fight. Myngs also was a young officer of
proved vigilance, valour, and capacity. In this his last action,
while fighting with desperate bravery, he received a musket ball in
the throat. No persuasion could prevail with him to retire to have it
dressed or to leave the quarter-deck; for nearly half an hour he held
his finger in the wound to stop the flow of blood. Another musket ball
in the neck, and the hero fell, and so finished his gallant career.
The Dutch claimed the victory, but admitted that if the English
were beaten, they deserved honour in their defeat, and had proved
incontestably their invincible courage.
On the 25th July 1666, the English fleet under Albemarle and Prince
Rupert, and the Dutch fleet under Admirals Evertsen and De Ruyter,
again came into conflict; a long and bloody battle ended in a complete
and indisputable victory to the English. This was the last great naval
action in which Albemarle took part. While he is taking the leading
part in this bloody drama on the high seas, king and people alike want
him urgently at home, for help and guidance in a time of sore trouble,
from an unprecedented calamity. London is ablaze with the great fire;
who among men has heart, head, and hand, tender, clear, and strong,
fitting him to be a comforter, guide, and shield at such a time? The
king recalled Albemarle from his naval duties to direct, deeply
distressing, domestic affairs; the people wail piteously, perhaps not
wisely, “If the duke had been here, London had not been burned.” Such
was the confidence reposed in his wisdom and strength.
A vast amount of life and work had been crowded into his years, and the
great man was wearing out. In 1667 he wisely exerted himself in warding
off renewal of hostilities with the Dutch, and gave attention to his
own much neglected domestic affairs. On the 3rd January 1669, he died
peacefully while sitting in his chair, aged sixty-two years. By order
of the king, his body lay in state for some time at Somerset House, and
was interred in Westminster Abbey.
George Monk was a man distinguished by great personal valour. His
zeal in the public service was indefatigable. He was wise in counsel,
fearless in battle; as a commander a strict disciplinarian, but also
the stern enemy of oppression and tyranny, on the part of naval and
military officers. Few men have ever attained to the influence and
power he wielded, with less of personal ambition.
He was commanding in person, robust in constitution, an early riser,
and a hard worker; loyal, faithful, and affectionate, in his public,
social, and domestic relations.
EDWARD MONTAGUE,
EARL OF SANDWICH.