NAPOLEON MADE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE ARMY OF ITALY--HIS SHORT
HONEYMOON--HIS FIRST VICTORY--STATE OF THE FRENCH ARMY--THE
ITALIAN CAMPAIGN--FRENCH DESCENT ON IRELAND--ITS RESULT--STATE
OF ENGLAND.
Napoleon now waxed great. Through Barras’ influence he was made
Commander in Chief of the army of Italy, and bade adieu to his wife
after the very brief period of conjugal life, as aforesaid, and, on the
way to join the army, he visited his mother and family, at Marseilles,
writing frequent and affectionate letters to his newly married bride.
Montenotte was his first victory, the precursor of so many; and on
April 11, 1796, he there defeated the Austrian general, Beaulieu, who
was compelled to retreat, leaving behind him his colours, and cannon,
about two thousand prisoners, and about a thousand killed.
The French army then was in a bad state, according to a serious
historian.[31] ‘The extreme poverty of the treasury may be understood
from the fact that the sum of two thousand louis was all that could
be collected to furnish him (Napoleon) with means for so important
a command. By an organised system of pillage, says Lanfrey, the
Republican coffers were soon replenished to the amount of several
millions!’ Another historian[32] says: ‘Scherer, who was at that time
commander-in-chief of the army of Italy, had recently urged for money
to pay his troops, and for horses to replace those of his cavalry which
had perished for want of food; and declared that, if any delay took
place in furnishing the requisite supplies, he should be obliged to
evacuate the Genoese territory, and repass the Var. The Directory found
it easier to remove the General than to comply with his request.’ Our
poetic history relates:--
Such was the army’s sad condition,
They had no clothes nor ammunition,
Besides, a scarcity of food,
And even that little, was not good.
They had no money--may be said--
And why? The men were never paid.
But his intentions wisely Nap hid,
Whose methods were as strange as rapid.
He promis’d, when he was appointed,
To get them everything they wanted;
And, what is more, too, their protector be,
Without expense to the Directory.
* * * * *
* * * * *
In his deceptions he succeeded,
And now procur’d all that he needed.
His troops which were with hunger nigh dead,
Were with good victuals soon provided;
They for new clothes exchang’d their rags,
And then with Rhino fill’d their bags;
While Nap, as you may well believe,
These people laughed at in his sleeve.
It is not within the province of this work to follow Napoleon in his
victorious career in Italy, except the English caricaturist should
notice him, and he had not yet attained to that questionable honour;
but a very brief synopsis of his battles in 1796 may be acceptable.
Montenotte, April 11; Millesino, April 14; Dégan, April 15; Mondovi,
April 21; Lodi, May 10; Lonado, August 3; Castiglione, August 5;
Roveredo, September 4; Bassano, September 8; San Giargo, September 13;
Arcola, November 15.
Barre says: ‘The campaign in Italy was extremely brilliant, and withal
revolutionary. Buonaparte attributed all the glory almost exclusively
to himself. His secretary, who wrote his despatches, did it so as
to flatter the generals and the army, but still as if all the merit
belonged to the commander-in-chief. It seems that General Berthier
made a bargain with Buonaparte, to whom he sold his talents for the
sake of becoming rich without any responsibility. When Buonaparte was
raised by the mixed faction, he made Berthier Minister of War; and
in that capacity he has shown himself more rapacious than any of his
predecessors. Every contractor is obliged to give him _one hundred
thousand livres_ as a present (_pot de vin_) without which there is
no contract.’ He tells a story which bears somewhat on the above. ‘It
happened once, that whilst he was playing at cards, having General
Massena for his partner, that general made a mistake; when Buonaparte
started, all of a sudden, in a violent passion, and exclaimed, _Sacré
Dieu! General, you make me lose_. But General Massena instantly
retorted with a happy sarcasm: _Be easy, General, remember that I often
make you win_. Buonaparte could never forget nor forgive that _bon
mot_.’ This story also figures in poetry:--
In numbers being three to one,
A Battle at Monte Notte he won;
The Austrian General he defeated,
And therefore with huzzas was greeted.
But, tho’ of this affair Conductor,
Massena had been his instructor.
Yet, when (would you believe it, Bards?)
Nap’s partner at a game of Cards,
He scrupled not his friend t’ abuse--
‘Zounds! general, how you make me lose!’
The general, patient all the while,
Thus answer’d with a gracious smile,
‘For such a loss don’t care a pin,
Remember, Nap, I’ve made you _win_.’
Tho’ nothing but the truth he spoke,
Nap never could forgive the joke.
It is impossible to pass over in silence an event which happened in
1796, in which, although Napoleon was not personally interested, all
England was. This was no less than an attempted invasion of Ireland
by the French; relying on being supported by the Irish, who were
disaffected then, as now. The expedition failed, although it was
numerous and well-found, having General Hoche and 25,000 men with it.
By defective seamanship, many of the ships were damaged, and a 74 gun
ship, the _Seduisant_, was totally lost. Only one division, commanded
by Admiral Bouvet, reached Ireland, but anchored in Bantry Bay, where
they did nothing, but speedily weighed anchor, and returned to France.
The following is an official letter on the subject:--
Dublin Castle, December 29, 1796.
My Lord[33]--The last accounts from General Dalrymple are
by his aide-de-camp, Captain Gordon, who left Bantry at ten
o’clock A.M. on Tuesday, and arrived here this morning.
Seventeen sail of French ships were at that time at anchor
on the lower part of Bear island, but at such a distance
that their force could not be ascertained. A lieutenant of a
French frigate was driven on shore in his boat, in attempting
to quit his vessel, which was dismasted, to the admiral. He
confirms the account of the fleet being French, with hostile
views to this country, but does not appear to know whether the
whole fleet, which consisted of about 17 sail of the line, 15
frigates, and including transports and luggers, amounted to
fifty sail, were all to re-assemble off Bantry. General Hoche
was on board, commanding a considerable force. I have the
honour to be, my lord,
Your lordship’s most obedient servant,
T. PELHAM.
Just let us glance for one moment at the social position of England at
that time. For the first three months of the year the quartern loaf was
1_s._ 3_d._; in April it fell to 10_d._: in June it rose to 11_d._;
in September it fell to 8¼_d._; at which it remained all the year.
There was a surplus of revenue over expenditure of over twenty-three
millions, which must have gratified the Chancellor of the Exchequer;
the exports exceeded those in 1795 by 1,781,297_l._, and the London
Brewers brewed 142,700 more barrels of porter than the previous year;
3 per cent. Consols varied from 71 in January (the highest price) to
56-3/8 in December (nearly their lowest).