at apex, gradually narrowed and usually entire below, coarsely often
doubly crenately-serrate above with usually glandless teeth, and divided
above the middle or frequently only at apex into short broad rounded or
acute lobes when the flowers open in May, thin and roughened above by
short pale hairs and glabrous below, and at maturity firm and rather
leathery in texture, or subcoriaceous, glabrous, smooth, dark green and
somewhat lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface,
1′—1¼′ long, and 1′ wide, with a yellow midrib, and 3—5 pairs of primary
veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles slender,
often slightly winged toward the apex, glandular at first with minute
dark red caducous glands, ½′—1′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots broad-ovate or semiorbicular, usually more deeply and more
generally lobed, often 3′ long and 2′—3′ wide. Flowers about ¾′ in
diameter, on long slender pedicels, in 3—12-flowered thin-branched
slightly villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, slightly villose
toward the base, or glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from below,
acuminate or short-pointed at apex, finely and irregularly
glandular-serrate, glabrous or villose on the inner surface; stamens
usually 20; anthers small, light yellow; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at
the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum, and villose below the middle
with occasional long spreading hairs. Fruit ripening and falling at the
end of September, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong,
rounded at the ends, or subglobose and flattened at the ends, dull dark
red or rusty orange-red or rarely yellow, marked by occasional dark
dots, and about ½′ long; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes
spreading or erect and frequently deciduous before the fruit ripens;
flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, broad and rounded at
base, acute at apex, conspicuously grooved and ridged on the back with a
broad rounded ridge, about ¼′ long.
A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a straight trunk 4′—6′ in diameter,
covered with thin dark gray-brown bark, small rather erect branches
forming a narrow open head, and slender branchlets, orange-green,
glabrous or sometimes pubescent when they first appear, becoming bright
chestnut-brown and lustrous, and ashy gray or gray tinged with red
during their second year, and armed with thin straight or slightly
curved bright chestnut-brown spines ¾′—1½′ long.
Distribution. Central Iowa (Steamboat Rock, Harden County, Cedar Rapids,
Linn County), southward to Missouri (Hannibal, Marion County, Webster,
St. Louis County to the neighborhood of Springfield, Greene County), and
eastward to northeastern Illinois (Downers Grove, Dupage County);
through north central Indiana to southern Michigan (Kalamazoo and Ingham
Counties); through central and southern Ohio to the southeastern part of
the state (Washington County); southeastern Ontario (London and
Oakwood); in central Tennessee (West Nashville, Davidson County).
XII. INTRICATÆ.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 10; leaves broad-ovate to oval.
Fruit depressed-globose, yellow-green flushed with russet-red;
anthers pale yellow; calyx-lobes eglandular.
112. C. Boyntonii (A, C).
Fruit subglobose, red or russet-red; anthers pale rose color;
calyx-lobes glandular with stalked glands.
113. C. Buckleyi (A).
Stamens 20.
Leaves oval to ovate or oblong-obovate; fruit short-oblong, dull
red, often with a bright russet face; stamens usually 5—15;
anthers small, pale yellow.
114. C. venusta (C).
Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic or ovate; fruit subglobose to
short-oblong, yellow or orange-yellow, more or less flushed
with red; anthers large, purple.
115. C. Sargentii (C).
112. Cratægus Boyntonii Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 464]
Leaves broad-ovate to oval, acute, rounded or cuneate at the entire
glandular base, sharply and often doubly serrate above with glandular
teeth, and frequently divided into 2 or 3 pairs of short broad acute
lateral lobes, when they unfold deep bronze-red, slightly glandular and
viscid, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in May, and then
membranaceous and glabrous or occasionally slightly pilose, and at
maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, yellow-green on the upper surface,
pale on the lower surface, 1′—2½′ long, and 1′—2′ wide, with a thin pale
yellow midrib and 4—7 pairs of slender veins; petioles stout, glandular
often to the base with bright red glands, slightly winged above, usually
about ½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often as broad
as long, truncate or cordate at base, and more coarsely dentate and more
deeply lobed. Flowers about ¾′ in diameter, on short slender pedicels,
in compact 4—10-flowered compound corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
the lobes abruptly narrowed from a broad base, acute or rounded at apex,
entire or obscurely and irregularly glandular-serrate above the middle;
stamens 10; anthers large, pale yellow; styles 3—5, surrounded at base
by a broad thick ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling
early in October, on short stout pedicels, in few-fruited erect
clusters, depressed-globose, more or less angled, yellow-green flushed
with russet-red, marked with small dark dots, usually about ½′ in
diameter; calyx prominent, the large spreading lobes often deciduous
before the fruit ripens; nutlets 3—5, acute or acuminate at apex,
rounded at the narrow base, about ¼′ long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a tall straight trunk 6′—8′ in
diameter, sometimes armed with long gray compound spines, stout
ascending branches forming a narrow open irregular or occasionally a
round-topped head, and glabrous branchlets furnished with many thin
nearly straight light chestnut-brown spines 1½′—2′ long; or more often a
shrub, with numerous stems.
Distribution. Banks of streams, the borders of fields and upland woods
in the southern Appalachian foothill region from southern Virginia to
northern Georgia; in northern Alabama, southeastern Kentucky, and
eastern Tennessee; sometimes ascending to altitudes of 3000° above the
sea.
113. Cratægus Buckleyi Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 465]
Leaves broad-ovate or oval, acute, rounded or subcordate or narrowed and
concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely often doubly serrate above
with straight glandular teeth, and more or less incisely lobed with
acuminate lateral lobes, more than half grown when the flowers open
about the middle of May and then pale green and glabrous with the
exception of a few caducous hairs on the upper side of the base of the
midrib, and at maturity dark green above, paler below, 1½′—2′ long, and
1½′—2′ wide; petioles stout, conspicuously glandular above the base,
wing-margined at the apex, glabrous, ½′—¾′ in length. Flowers about ¾′
in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in compact 3—7-flowered
simple corymbs, with conspicuously glandular bracts and bractlets;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes broad, acuminate,
laciniately cut toward the apex, and glandular with stipitate glands;
stamens 10; anthers pale rose color; styles 3—5, surrounded at base by
tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening late in September or in October,
subglobose, usually angled, red or russet-red, about ½′ in diameter;
calyx little enlarged, with spreading or reflexed lobes; flesh thin, dry
and mealy; nutlets 3—5, broad and rounded at base, rounded at the
slightly narrowed apex, prominently ridged on the back, with a broad
grooved ridge, about 5/16′ long.
A tree, often 25° high, with a trunk 4′—7′ in diameter and sometimes
10°—12° long, covered with gray or often dark brown scaly bark, stout
spreading or ascending branches, and thick glabrous red-brown branchlets
armed with thin straight shining spines ½′ long, becoming much longer
and branched on the trunk and large branches.
Distribution. Southwestern Virginia, through western North Carolina to
eastern Tennessee; usually at altitudes between 2000° and 3000°; common
on wooded slopes with Oaks, Hickories, and Pines.
114. Cratægus venusta Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 466]
Leaves oval to ovate or occasionally to oblong-ovate, acute, gradually
or abruptly narrowed and cuneate or rounded at the entire base, finely
serrate above with usually incurved glandular teeth, and frequently
slightly and irregularly divided above the middle into 1—3 pairs of
short broad acute lobes, when they unfold dark bronze color, with a few
scattered pale caducous hairs on the upper surface, about half grown
when the flowers open from the 20th to the end of April, and then
yellow-green, smooth and glabrous, and at maturity dark dull green
above, pale below, 2½′ long, and 1½′ wide, with a stout midrib and 4—7
pairs of thin primary veins; late in the autumn turning, especially
those on leading shoots deep orange or scarlet; petioles stout,
glandular, more or less winged above, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots generally broad-ovate, rounded at base, deeply lobed
with broad lobes, and often 3½′ long and 3′ wide. Flowers 1′ in
diameter, on short pedicels, in 4—9-flowered compact corymbs, their
bracts and bractlets like the inner bud-scales coarsely
glandular-serrate and bright red before falling; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute, coarsely
glandular-serrate often only below the middle; stamens 15—20, usually
15—17; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 3—5, surrounded at the base by
a ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling from the 1st to the
middle of October, on stout pedicels often 1′ long, in few-fruited
clusters, short-oblong, rounded at the ends, dull red, often with a
bright russet face, and marked by occasional large dark dots; calyx
prominent, with a long tube, and spreading lobes often deciduous before
the fruit ripens; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3—5,
narrow and acute at base, broad, about ¼′ long.
A bushy tree, often 25° high, with a short trunk a foot in diameter,
furnished like the large branches with innumerable stout much-branched
spines frequently 6′ long, and slender nearly straight glabrous dark
chestnut-brown branchlets, armed with many stout straight or slightly
curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines frequently pointing toward the
base of the branch, and 1½′—2½′ long.
Distribution. Open Oak and Hickory-woods on the dry slopes of Red
Mountain in the southern part of the city of Birmingham, Jefferson
County, Alabama.
115. Cratægus Sargentii Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 467]
Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic or rarely to ovate, acute or acuminate
at apex, gradually or abruptly cuneate or rounded at the nearly entire
base, irregularly doubly serrate above with straight or incurved
glandular teeth, and usually irregularly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of
short broad acute or acuminate lobes, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open late in April, and then subcoriaceous, pale yellow-green,
and villose on the midrib with scattered pale caducous hairs, and at
maturity lustrous, dark yellow-green above, pale below, 2′—3′ long, and
1½′—2′ wide, with a thin midrib, 5—7 pairs of thin light yellow veins
and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning in the autumn bright yellow
and red; petioles slender, glandular, more or less broadly winged toward
the apex, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
oblong-ovate, concave-cuneate at base, often 3′ long and 2′ wide, their
petioles broadly wing-margined to below the middle. Flowers nearly 1′ in
diameter, on long thin slightly villose pedicels, in 2—5 usually
3-flowered simple corymbs, with coarsely glandular-serrate bracts and
bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or slightly villose,
the lobes foliaceous, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate above the
middle; stamens 20; anthers large, dark rose color; styles 3—5, usually
4, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and
falling about the middle of September, often only a single fruit
maturing from a flower-cluster, subglobose to short-oblong, rounded at
the ends, yellow or orange-yellow, generally more or less flushed with
red, marked by occasional large dark dots, ⅓′—½′ long; calyx prominent,
with an elongated tube and closely appressed lobes; flesh yellow, thin
and hard; nutlets 3—5, usually 4, about ¼′ long.
An intricately branched tree, rarely more than 20° high, with a tall
trunk 6′—7′ in diameter, stout ascending branches forming a narrow or
sometimes a round flat-topped head, and glabrous branchlets armed with
thin straight or slightly curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines,
¾′—1½′ long; often a large shrub, with few or many stems.
Distribution. Rocky woods and bluffs in the foothill region of
northwestern Georgia (cliffs of the Coosa River near Rome, Floyd
County), southeastern Tennessee (near Chattanooga, Hamilton County, and
Tracy City, Grundy County), and northeastern Alabama; very abundant in
Alabama at Valley Head, De Kalb County, and on the low ridges extending
southward to the neighborhood of Birmingham, Jefferson County.
XIII. PULCHERRIMÆ.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves oval to ovate or nearly orbicular, their lobes acute or
rounded; fruit bright red.
116. C. opima (C).
Leaves ovate to oval or obovate, their lobes acute; fruit orange-red.
117. C. robur (C).
116. Cratægus opima Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 468]
Leaves oval to ovate or nearly orbicular, acute, gradually or abruptly
narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, finely serrate above with
incurved teeth, and usually divided above the middle into short acute,
acuminate or rounded lobes, half grown when the flowers open the middle
of April, and then glabrous with the exception of a few short caducous
hairs on the midrib and veins, and at maturity light green on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, 1½′ long, and 1¼′ wide, with a
slender midrib, and 5 or 6 pairs of arcuate primary veins spreading to
the point of the lobes; petioles narrowly winged at the apex, usually
about ¾′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes
rounded or nearly truncate at base and 1½′—2½′ long and broad. Flowers
about ⅔′ in diameter, on short slender pedicels, in compact few-flowered
glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute, entire or sparingly
glandular-serrate, tipped with dark red glands, glabrous on the outer
surface, puberulous on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers dark rose
color; styles 3—5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of snowy white
tomentum. Fruit ripening about the 1st of October and then remaining on
the branches for several weeks, on short stout pedicels, in compact
few-fruited erect or drooping clusters, subglobose, often rather longer
than broad, bright red, about ¼′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with a
well-developed tube, and much enlarged closely appressed lobes often
deciduous with the tube before the fruit becomes entirely ripe; flesh
thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3—5, thin, ⅛′ long.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a tall, slender often spiny trunk covered
with ashy gray bark nearly black at the base of old trees, spreading and
ascending branches forming a rounded or oval usually open head, and thin
nearly straight bright red-brown glabrous branchlets becoming gray
tinged with red or brown in their second season, and armed with thin
nearly straight bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines, 1′—1½′ long.
Distribution. Open woods in clay soil in the neighborhood of Greenville,
Butler County, Alabama; common near Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida.
117. Cratægus robur Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 469]
Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, acute or acuminate, entire or sparingly
glandular below, finely serrate above with incurved glandular teeth, and
incisely lobed above the middle with numerous short acute lobes, nearly
fully grown when the flowers open at the end of March, and then
membranaceous and dark yellow-green and lustrous, and at maturity
yellow-green, 1½′—2′ long, and 1′—1½′ wide, with a slender yellow
midrib, and thin primary veins extending very obliquely to the point of
the lobes; turning in the autumn orange, yellow, or brown; petioles
slender, slightly wing-margined toward the apex, sparingly glandular,
½′—1′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broadly ovate,
cuneate or nearly truncate at the wide base, deeply divided into broad
lateral lobes, often 2′—3′ long and broad, with a stout broadly winged
petiole frequently 1′ long. Flowers 1⅛′—1¼′ in diameter, on long slender
pedicels, in 5—10-flowered glabrous corymbs, with large conspicuously
glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, glabrous, entire or
sparingly serrate; stamens 20; anthers pale rose color; styles 3—5,
surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening in
September and October, on elongated, slender pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, subglobose, orange-red, about ½′ in diameter;
calyx-lobes deciduous before the maturity of the fruit leaving a narrow
ring round the shallow cavity; flesh thin and firm; nutlets 3—5, broad,
rounded at the ends, barely grooved on the rounded back, 3/16′ long and
nearly as broad.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a trunk 4′—6′ in diameter, covered with gray
or brown scaly bark, spreading or ascending branches, and slender
red-brown branchlets unarmed or armed with stout spines ¾′—1′ long; more
often a large much-branched shrub, with one or more stems.
Distribution. Woods and borders of fields, northwestern Florida; common
in the neighborhood of Tallahassee, Leon County.
XIV. BRACTEATÆ.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves oval to broad-obovate, subcoriaceous; corymbs many-flowered;
stamens 10—20, usually 20; fruit bright red or orange-red.
118. C. Harbisonii (C).
Leaves broad-ovate or rarely obovate, thin; corymbs 3—10-flowered;
stamens 20; fruit bright red.
119. C. Ashei (C).
118. Cratægus Harbisonii Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 470]
Leaves oval to broad-obovate, acute at apex, cuneate or rounded at the
entire base, and coarsely serrate above with straight glandular teeth,
when they unfold roughened above by stout, rigid pale hairs, and soft
and pubescent below, nearly fully grown early in May when the flowers
open, and then thin, dark yellow-green above and pale below, and at
maturity subcoriaceous; pale on the lower surface, 2′—2½′ long, and
1′—1½′ wide, with a stout midrib and primary veins deeply impressed on
the upper side of the leaf, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets;
petioles stout, villose, more or less winged above, ¼′—½′ in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, cuneate and decurrent
on their stouter petiole, 3′—4′ long, and 2½′—3′ wide, with lunate
coarsely glandular-dentate stipules frequently ½′ long. Flowers ¾′ in
diameter, in broad loose usually 10—12-flowered corymbs, with broad
acute conspicuous glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube
broadly obconic, densely villose at the base and glabrous or pubescent
above, the lobes elongated, gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute,
bright green, more or less hairy, coarsely glandular-serrate, with large
stipitate dark red glands; stamens 10—20, usually 20; anthers large,
light yellow; styles 3—5. Fruit ripening and falling early in October,
subglobose, often rather longer than broad, bright red or orange-red,
marked by numerous large dark dots; calyx enlarged, with spreading
glandular lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh yellow,
thick, dry and mealy; nutlets 3—5, narrowed at the ends, ¼′ long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 10′—12′ in diameter, covered
with light gray or gray-brown bark, and often armed with straight or
much-branched spines, wide-spreading light gray or reddish branches
forming a rather open symmetrical head, and slender branchlets coated
when they first appear with long spreading white hairs, pubescent or
glabrous and light red-brown or orange-brown during their first season,
becoming dark or light gray the following year, and furnished with
numerous usually stout straight dark reddish brown shining spines 1½′—2′
long.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills and ridges; West Nashville, Davidson
County, Tennessee; common.
119. Cratægus Ashei Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 471]
Leaves broad-ovate or occasionally obovate, acute and generally
short-pointed at apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate and
usually entire at base, coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate above
with straight or incurved teeth tipped with small dark glands, when they
unfold roughened on the upper surface with short pale hairs and
pubescent below, nearly fully grown and membranaceous when the flowers
open early in May, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, pale and
puberulous on the lower surface on the slender midrib and primary veins,
about 2′ long and 1½′ wide; petioles stout, broadly winged above,
glandular, pubescent early in the season but ultimately nearly glabrous,
about ½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots usually broadly
oval or nearly orbicular, rounded or short-pointed at apex, 2½′—3′ long,
and 2′—2½′ wide. Flowers ¾′ in diameter, on slender hairy pedicels, in
3—10-flowered simple or compound corymbs, with broad conspicuous
glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, thickly
coated with long matted reflexed white hairs, the lobes broad, acute,
nearly glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface,
glandular with small stout stipitate glands; stamens 20; anthers small,
yellow; styles 3—5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs.
Fruit ripening and falling late in September or early in October, on
stout villose or glabrous pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, subglobose
or rather longer than broad, bright red, marked by large scattered dots,
more or less villose toward the ends, about 1′ in diameter; calyx
conspicuous, with elongated coarsely glandular-serrate, erect incurved
or reflexed lobes; flesh thick and yellow; nutlets 3—5, thin, acute at
the ends, ⅓′ long.
A tree, rarely more than 20° high, with a slender trunk covered with
smooth light gray or red-brown bark becoming fissured and scaly on old
individuals, stout ascending branches forming a pyramidal or oval head,
and slender branchlets coated when they first appear with long pale
matted reflexed hairs, soon becoming nearly glabrous, lustrous,
orange-brown or reddish brown, and light gray or gray tinged with red
during their second season, and armed with straight or slightly curved
thin dark red-brown shining spines 1′—1½′ long.
Distribution. Abandoned fields, and woods, growing usually on clay
soils; near Montgomery, Montgomery County, and Gallion, Hale County,
Alabama.
XV. FLAVÆ.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 20.
Anthers pink or purple.
Corymbs usually 3—6-flowered.
Leaves elliptic to broad-ovate, yellow-green; fruit dark
orange-brown.
120. C. flava (C).
Leaves ovate to obovate or orbicular, bright yellow-green; fruit
obovoid, dark orange color with a red cheek.
121. C. visenda (C).
Leaves obovate or ovate, dark green; fruit subglobose to
short-oblong, red or orange-red.
122. C. ignava (C).
Corymbs 1—5-flowered.
Leaves broad-obovate to nearly orbicular, bright green; fruit
globose or depressed-globose, bright red.
123. C. consanguinea.
Leaves obovate, bright green; fruit ellipsoidal to short-oblong,
orange-red; anthers pink.
124. C. tristis.
Anthers yellow (_doubtful in_ 128, 133).
Leaves yellow-green.
Leaves 3-nerved.
Leaves obovate-cuneate, often 3-lobed at apex; fruit obovoid
to subglobose, bright orange-red and lustrous; corymbs
tomentose.
125. C. floridana.
Leaves obovate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, dull
brownish yellow; corymbs glabrous.
126. C. lacrimata.
Leaves with numerous primary veins.
Leaves thin.
Leaves scabrate above at maturity, obovate, rounded or
abruptly short-pointed at apex; fruit subglobose to
short-oblong, bright orange-red.
127. C. Ravenelii (C).
Leaves smooth above at maturity.
Leaves obovate to obovate-cuneiform; fruit subglobose,
bright red.
128. C. senta (A).
Leaves obovate to oval or orbicular; fruit subglobose to
ellipsoidal, orange-red or red and orange.
129. C. annosa (C).
Leaves subcoriaceous.
Flowers in 3—5-flowered corymbs.
Leaves obovate; fruit globose or depressed-globose,
orange-yellow with a red cheek.
130. C. panda (C).
Leaves obovate to oblong-ovate, minutely serrate; fruit
globose, red or yellow.
131. C. integra (C).
Flowers in 1 or 2-flowered corymbs; leaves spathulate; fruit
obovoid, red.
132. C. recurva (C).
Leaves conspicuously blue-green, broad-ovate to orbicular; fruit
subglobose to short-oblong, light red, puberulous at the
ends.
133. C. dispar (C).
Stamens 10; anthers yellow; leaves broad-obovate to oval or rhombic,
dark yellow-green; fruit subglobose, dull orange-red, often
slightly villose at the ends.
134. C. aprica (C).
120. Cratægus flava Ait.
[Illustration: Fig. 472]
Leaves elliptic to broad-obovate, acute or rarely rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at the glandular base, and coarsely
doubly serrate above with broad straight or incurved teeth tipped with
large dark red stipitate glands, when they unfold bronze color, villose
above with short pale caducous hairs most abundant near the base of the
midrib and pubescent below on the midrib and veins, about half grown
when the flowers open from the 10th to the 20th of April, and at
maturity membranaceous, yellow-green, usually about 2′ long and 1½′
wide, with a slender yellow midrib and 3 or 4 pairs of primary veins
usually puberulous on the under side and only slightly impressed above;
petioles slender, glandular, winged nearly to the base, generally more
or less villose, after midsummer often light red on the lower side, and
about ½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots frequently 3′
long and 2′ wide, and sometimes broad-ovate, 3-lobed or divided into 2
or 3 pairs of lateral lobes, their petioles 1′—1½′ long, broadly winged
and conspicuously glandular, and foliaceous lunate or elliptic coarsely
glandular-serrate stipules. Flowers about ¾′ in diameter, on short
slender pedicels, in few-flowered simple or compound slightly villose
compact corymbs, with lanceolate acute coarsely glandular-serrate bracts
and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes wide,
acute, usually laciniately divided, very glandular; stamens 20; anthers
large, dark rose color. Fruit ripening early in October and soon
falling, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, full and
rounded at the ends, dark orange-brown, ½′—⅝′ long, and ⅓′—½′ in
diameter; calyx prominent, with a long narrow tube, and enlarged closely
appressed lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick,
orange color, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, gradually narrowed and rounded
at the ends, ridged and deeply grooved on the back with a high narrow
ridge, about ½′ long.
A tree, 15°—20° high, with a tall trunk 8′—10′ in diameter, covered with
thin dark brown bark tinged with red and divided into narrow rounded
ridges, stout ascending branches forming an open and somewhat irregular
head sometimes 20° across, and slender slightly zigzag glabrous
branchlets dark green deeply tinged with red when they first appear,
becoming dull red-brown or orange-brown during their first season,
darker the following year, and ultimately dark gray-brown, and armed
with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown spines ¾′—1¼′ long.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil on the sand hills of Summerville, near
Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia, and at River Junction, Gadsden
County, Florida.
121. Cratægus visenda Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 473]
Leaves ovate, obovate, or orbicular, short-pointed and acute or
occasionally broad and rounded at apex, concave-cuneate and gradually
narrowed at the mostly entire base, finely serrate above with rounded
teeth, glandular with bright red glands, and divided above the middle
into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the
end of March, and then glabrous with the exception of a few short pale
hairs on the two surfaces near the base of the midrib, and at maturity
thin and firm in texture, bright yellow-green and lustrous above, pale
below, glabrous, 1′—1½′ long, and ¾′—1′ wide, with a slender midrib, and
thin primary veins extending very obliquely to the point of the lobes;
turning yellow, orange, or brown in the autumn; petioles slender,
broadly wing-margined above the middle, conspicuously glandular,
sparingly villose early in the season, becoming nearly glabrous, ½′—¾′
in length. Flowers about ¾′ in diameter, on short villose pedicels, in
simple 3—6-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, hairy near the
base with scattered pale hairs, glabrous above, the lobes broad,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, pilose on the inner
surface; stamens 20; anthers pale purple; styles 3—5, surrounded at base
by small tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling late in August
and early in September, on stout pedicels, usually in 1 or 2-fruited
clusters, obovoid, dark orange-colored, with a red cheek, ½′—⅝′ long,
nearly ½′ in diameter; calyx enlarged, the lobes coarsely
glandular-serrate, puberulous on the upper surface, closely appressed;
flesh soft and yellow; nutlets 3—5, obtuse and rounded at the ends,
rounded and slightly ridged on the back, about ⅜′ long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 10′—12′ in diameter, covered
with dark gray or brownish bark, crooked horizontal or ascending
branches forming a broad irregular head, and stout often contorted
branchlets villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, dull reddish
brown to ashy gray, and armed with slender straight spines ½′—⅝′ long.
Distribution. Sandy soil near Bristol, Liberty County, Florida.
122. Cratægus ignava Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 474]
Leaves obovate to ovate, acute, gradually narrowed from near the middle
to the concave-cuneate glandular base, sharply often doubly serrate
above with glandular teeth, and usually divided toward the apex into
short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end
of April, and then membranaceous, glabrous with the exception of a few
hairs on the midrib above and on the midrib and slender veins below, and
at maturity subcoriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the upper
surface, pale and still hairy on the lower surface, 1½′—2′ long, and
1′—1½′ wide; turning in the autumn yellow and brown sometimes flushed
with red; petioles slender, wing-margined at the apex, glandular, ¼′—½′
in length. Flowers about ¾′ in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels,
in 3—6-flowered simple corymbs, with lanceolate conspicuously glandular
reddish bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, wide, glabrous, glandular with
dark red stipitate glands, and often coarsely serrate above the middle;
stamens 20; anthers large, dark rose color; styles 3—5, surrounded at
base by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling at the end of
September and early in October, on slender erect pedicels, in
few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, orange-red, marked by
numerous pale dots, about ⅜′ long; calyx enlarged and prominent, with
spreading lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick and
soft; nutlets 3—5, rounded at the ends, prominently but irregularly
ridged and grooved on the back, ¼′ long.
A tree, sometimes 10°—12° high, with a slender trunk covered with ashy
gray fissured scaly bark often tinged with brown and frequently nearly
black near the ground, stout ascending branches, and slender zigzag
glabrous branchlets bright red-brown during their first season, becoming
dark gray-brown, and armed with many very slender red-brown lustrous
ultimately ashy gray spines 1′—1½′ long.
Distribution. Northeastern Alabama; common on Lookout Mountain above
Valley Head and at Collinsville, DeKalb County, and at Gadsden, Etowah
County.
123. Cratægus consanguinea Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 475]
Leaves broad-obovate to nearly orbicular, occasionally oval or rhombic,
acute and generally short-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed and
concave-cuneate or sometimes rounded at the entire base, finely and
often doubly serrate with glandular teeth, and frequently irregularly
divided above the middle into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when
the flowers open at the end of March or early in April, and then very
thin, blue-green, slightly villose, especially on the midrib and veins,
and at maturity thin, bright green, glabrous with the exception of a few
hairs on the under side of the slender midrib, and thin primary veins
extending very obliquely toward the end of the leaf, about 1′ long, and
¾′—⅞′ wide; petioles slender, glandular, wing-margined above, villose
early in the season, becoming glabrous, ⅓′—¾′ in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots often 1½′—2′ long and wide. Flowers ¾′ in
diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels, in simple 1—5-flowered
corymbs, with oblanceolate acuminate bright red caducous bracts and
bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, sparingly hairy with long pale
caducous hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acute,
glandular with minute bright red glands, glabrous; stamens 20; anthers
small, deep rose color; styles 3—5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring
of short pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling about the middle of
September, on slender glabrous pedicels, often only a single fruit in a
cluster developing, globose to depressed-globose, bright red, marked by
small dark dots, nearly ½′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with enlarged
appressed lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3—5, thick,
narrowed and rounded at base, broad and rounded at apex, ridged on the
back with a broad low rounded ridge, about 5/16′ long.
A tree, often 20° high, with a tall trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, covered
with nearly black deeply furrowed bark broken into short thick closely
appressed scales, wide-spreading often pendulous branches forming a
broad symmetrical handsome head, and slender slightly zigzag branchlets
covered when they first appear with pale caducous hairs, soon becoming
bright red-brown and lustrous, and dull reddish brown in their second
season, and armed with short nearly straight gray or chestnut-brown
spines ⅓′—¾′ long.
Distribution. Dry upland Oak-woods in western Florida from the
neighborhood of Tallahassee, Leon County to the Apalachicola River;
common in the neighborhood of River Junction, Gadsden County, and at
Aspalaga, Liberty County.
124. Cratægus tristis Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 476]
Leaves obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded and often more or less
undulate-lobed at the broad apex, gradually narrowed from above the
middle and concave-cuneate at the glandular base, and serrate above with
blunt glandular teeth, about half grown when the flowers open at the end
of April, and then slightly pilose on the upper and villose on the lower
surface on the thin midrib and in the axils of the slender veins
extending obliquely to the point of the lobes, and at maturity thin and
firm in texture, bright green and glabrous, 1¼′—1½′ long, and about ¾′
wide; turning in the autumn yellow, brown, and orange; petioles slender,
wing-margined above, conspicuously glandular, slightly puberulous, ½′—¾′
in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots oblong-obovate, often
deeply and irregularly divided into broad acute lateral lobes, and
frequently 1½′—2′ long and nearly as broad. Flowers ⅝′—¾′ in diameter,
on slender villose pedicels, in simple 3—5-flowered corymbs, with
rose-colored and conspicuously glandular bracts and bractlets;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, hairy toward the base with long scattered
pale hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate,
glandular with large dark red glands, and entire or coarsely serrate
above the middle; stamens 20; anthers pink; styles 3—5. Fruit ripening
and falling late in August or early in September, ellipsoidal or
short-oblong, orange-red, about ½′ long, with soft flesh; calyx little
enlarged, with recurved persistent lobes; nutlets 3—5, broad and rounded
at base, gradually narrowed and acute at apex, rounded and ridged on the
back with a broad low slightly grooved ridge, about 5/16′ long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 8′—10′ in diameter, covered
with dark sometimes nearly black deeply furrowed bark, stout pendulous
branches forming a broad shapely handsome head, and slender branchlets
hoary-tomentose when they first appear, bright red-brown and puberulous
at the end of their first season, becoming dark gray-brown, and armed
with few slender straight spines 1¼′—1½′ long; or often a large shrub.
Distribution. Slopes of low hills, northwestern Georgia; common in the
neighborhood of Rome, Floyd County.
125. Cratægus floridana Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 477]
Leaves obovate-cuneate, frequently 3-lobed at apex with short rounded
lobes, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, finely serrate
above with straight or incurved teeth tipped with conspicuous ultimately
dark persistent glands, 3-nerved with slender nerves, numerous thin
secondary veins and reticulate veinlets, slightly villose above as they
unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the middle of
March, and then light yellow-green and glabrous with the exception of a
few persistent hairs on the upper side of the nerves and in their axils,
and at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, 1′—1½′ long, and about ½′ wide;
petioles slender, glandular, more or less winged toward the apex,
tomentose, becoming pubescent or glabrous, usually about ½′ in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots frequently 2′ long, and sometimes
divided by deep rounded sinuses into numerous narrow lateral lobes,
their stipules lunate, foliaceous, pointed, coarsely glandular-serrate.
Flowers about ⅝′ in diameter, on slender tomentose pedicels, in few
usually 1—3-flowered simple compact corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes narrow, acuminate,
glandular with bright red stipitate glands, villose toward the base on
the outer surface and on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers small,
pale yellow; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of
long shining white hairs. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end of
August, on short stout pubescent pedicels, solitary or in 2 or 3-fruited
drooping clusters, obovoid to short-oblong, usually about ¾′ long,
bright orange-red, lustrous, marked by numerous pale dots; calyx
prominent, with an elongated tube puberulous on the outer surface, and
reflexed glandular-serrate lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy;
nutlets 4 or 5, acute at base, broad and rounded at apex, rounded and
occasionally slightly ridged on the back, about ⅓′ long.
A tree, rarely more than 15° high, with a long straight trunk 6′—8′ in
diameter, covered with thick nearly black deeply furrowed bark broken
into short thick plate-like scales, small drooping branches forming a
handsome symmetrical head, and slender conspicuously zigzag pendulous
branchlets coated when they first appear with long pale matted hairs,
becoming during their first season dark red-brown and more or less
villose, and dark brown the following year, and armed with thin straight
spines ¾′—1′ long, or unarmed.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil of the Pine-barrens of northeastern
Florida; abundant in the neighborhood of Jacksonville, Duval County.
126. Cratægus lacrimata Small.
[Illustration: Fig. 478]
Leaves obovate, rounded or acute and glandular-serrate at apex usually
with incurved teeth, entire and glandular below, gradually narrowed from
above the middle to the base, and 3-nerved with slender yellow nerves,
numerous thin secondary veins and reticulate veinlets, when the flowers
open early in April nearly fully grown, light yellow, glabrous, with the
exception of small tufts of pale caducous hairs in the axils of the
nerves below, and at maturity subcoriaceous, lustrous, ¼′—¾′ long, and
about ⅓′ wide; petioles slender, wing-margined toward the apex, dark
orange-brown, at first puberulous, soon becoming glabrous, ¼′—½′ in
length. Flowers about ⅔′ in diameter, on short stout glabrous pedicels,
in 3—5-flowered simple corymbs, with long linear entire caducous bracts
and bractlets turning red in fading; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate,
entire, tipped with large dark glands; stamens 20; anthers large, light
yellow; styles usually 3, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale
hairs. Fruit ripening toward the end of August, on slender pedicels, in
1 or 2-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, rounded at the
ends, dull brownish yellow marked by occasional dark dots, about ⅓′ in
diameter; calyx prominent, with an elongated tube, and spreading lobes
usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry and
mealy; nutlets 3, broad, rounded at the broad ends, rounded and
sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, about ⅜′ long.
A tree, occasionally 20° but usually not more than 10° high, with a tall
trunk 4′—6′ in diameter, covered with thick deeply furrowed black bark
broken on the surface into thick plate-like closely appressed scales,
long slender drooping branches forming a handsome symmetrical
round-topped head; and thin glabrous very zigzag branchlets light
orange-brown when they first appear, soon becoming reddish brown and
lustrous, and dark gray-brown in their second year, and armed with many
small nearly straight dark chestnut-brown spines ½′—¾′ long.
Distribution. Western Florida, Walton and Santa Rosa Counties (Pensacola
to De Funiak Springs); sometimes in moist sand; more often in dry
barrens; common and often a conspicuous feature of the vegetation.
127. Cratægus Ravenelii Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 479]
Leaves obovate, rounded and abruptly short-pointed or acute at the broad
sometimes slightly lobed apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle
to the elongated cuneate base, more or less undulate on the margins, and
coarsely and usually doubly glandular-serrate above with large bright
red ultimately dark persistent glands, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open the middle of April, and then coated with long pale
caducous hairs, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, yellow-green,
scabrous on the upper surface, pale, and pubescent on the lower surface
on the slender veins, 1′—1½′ long, and about ¾′ wide; petioles slender,
glandular, winged above, tomentose when they first appear, becoming
pubescent, ¼′—½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often
2′ long and 1½′ wide, and frequently divided above the middle into 2 or
3 pairs of broad lateral lobes. Flowers about ¾′ in diameter, on slender
tomentose pedicels, in simple corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
thickly coated with long white hairs, the lobes lanceolate, villose on
the outer, glabrous on the inner surface, glandular with small red
glands; stamens 20; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 5, surrounded at
base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October,
on short thick pedicels, in few-fruited drooping or spreading clusters,
globose to short-oblong, bright orange-red, marked by occasional dark
dots, puberulous at the ends, ⅓′—½′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with
enlarged spreading and appressed lobes; flesh thick, yellow, subacid;
nutlets 5, narrowed and acute at the ends, ridged on the back with a
high narrow ridge, ½′ long.
A tree, 25°—30° high, with a trunk often 14′ or 15′ in diameter, covered
with thick dark brown bark deeply divided into narrow interrupted ridges
broken on the surface into short thick plate-like scales, heavy
ascending or spreading branches forming an open irregular head, and
stout zigzag branchlets thickly coated at first with hoary tomentum,
dark purple or red-brown and pubescent during their first summer,
becoming dark red-brown and glabrous the following season, and armed
with thick straight dull gray-brown spines usually about 1½′ long.
Distribution. Sand hills near Aiken, Aiken County, South Carolina, and
in Summerville near Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia.
128. Cratægus senta Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 480]
Leaves obovate or obovate-cuneiform, acute or sometimes rounded and
frequently slightly divided into several short acute lobes at the broad
apex, gradually narrowed from the middle to the entire base, and serrate
or doubly serrate above with incurved conspicuously glandular teeth,
when they unfold often dark red, covered above with long pale caducous
hairs and villose below on the midrib and veins, nearly fully grown when
the flowers open from the 1st to the 10th of May and then bright
yellow-green and almost glabrous with the exception of the persistent
tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins, and at maturity thin and
firm, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, usually about 1½′ long
and 1′ wide, with an orange-colored midrib, generally 3 pairs of slender
primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes, and dark
conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning red, yellow, or brown in the
autumn; petioles slender, glandular, wing-margined above, at first
tomentose, becoming pubescent or nearly glabrous, about ¾′ in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, often nearly
orbicular, more deeply lobed with broad rounded or acute lobes, 2′—2½′
in diameter, their stipules lunate, coarsely glandular-dentate,
sometimes ½′ long. Flowers ¾′ in diameter, on long slender pedicels
coated with matted pale hairs, in lax compound 3—6-flowered villose
corymbs, with lanceolate straight or falcate glandular bracts and
bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, villose particularly toward the
base, the lobes narrow, elongated, acuminate, nearly glabrous, coarsely
and irregularly glandular-serrate; stamens 20; styles 3—5, surrounded at
base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling at
the end of September or early in October, on slender slightly hairy
elongated pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose, bright
red, ⅓′—½′ in diameter; calyx enlarged, with closely appressed lobes;
flesh yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3—5, broad and rounded at apex,
narrowed and acute at base, slightly grooved on the back, about ½′ long.
Distribution. Abandoned fields and open Pine-woods near Asheville,
Buncombe County, North Carolina, at altitudes of about 2200°.
129. Cratægus annosa Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 481]
Leaves obovate, oval, or oblanceolate, cuneate and glandular at base,
sharply and often doubly glandular-serrate above, and usually slightly
lobed toward the short-pointed acute apex, more than half grown when the
flowers open early in April and then pale yellow-green and scurfy above,
with a few short pale hairs above and below near the base of the midrib,
and at maturity thin, glabrous, bright green, 1′—1½′ long, and ¾′—1′
wide, with a prominent pale yellow midrib, and remote slender veins
extending very obliquely to the point of the lobes; turning in the
autumn yellow, orange, or brown; petioles slender, narrowly winged
above, conspicuously glandular with large dark glands, ½′—¾′ in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate to obovate or
suborbicular, coarsely serrate, conspicuously reticulate-venulose,
sometimes 2′ long and wide, with broadly winged petioles and foliaceous
coarsely dentate persistent stipules often ¾′ long. Flowers ¾′ in
diameter, on stout villose pedicels, in simple 3—5-flowered villose
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, sparingly villose toward the base,
the lobes acute, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface,
puberulous on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers almost white;
styles 3—5, surrounded at base by a broad ring of snow-white tomentum.
Fruit ripening and falling late in August or early in September,
subglobose or ellipsoidal, orange-red or red and orange, about ½′ long;
calyx little enlarged, the lobes puberulous on the upper side and
reflexed; flesh thick and soft; nutlets 3—5, broad and rounded at base,
narrowed and rounded at apex, rounded and ridged on the back with a
broad low rounded ridge, about 5/16′ long.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered
with dark rough often black bark, stout spreading or ascending branches,
and thick dull red-brown ultimately dark gray or nearly black branchlets
armed with straight rather stout spines 1′—1½′ long.
Distribution. Eastern central Alabama; common near Phœnix, Lee County,
and Girard, Russell County.
130. Cratægus panda Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 482]
Leaves obovate, rounded and short-pointed or abruptly narrowed and acute
at the broad occasionally slightly lobed apex, concave-cuneate and
glandular at the entire base, and finely serrate above with minute
incurved glandular teeth, when they unfold tinged with red and sparingly
villose, nearly fully grown when the flowers open the 1st of April and
then roughened above by short pale rigid hairs and villose above and
below on the midrib and on the veins below, and at maturity glabrous, or
puberulous on the under surface of the slender midrib, subcoriaceous,
light green and lustrous, glandular, 1′—1¼′ long, and ¾′—1′ wide, with
slender primary veins extending very obliquely toward the end of the
leaf; turning yellow-brown or orange color in the autumn before falling;
petioles slender, slightly wing-margined at apex, villose early in the
season, becoming glabrous, glandular, about ⅜′ in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, rounded, apiculate and lobed at
apex, puberulous and villose on the midrib and veins on the lower
surface, often 1¾′ long and 2′ wide. Flowers ⅝′—¾′ in diameter, on
slender hairy pedicels, in compact 3—5-flowered simple corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, covered with matted white hairs, the lobes
gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, glandular-serrate, more
or less villose; stamens 20; anthers nearly white; styles 3—5,
surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and
falling at the end of August or early in September, on stout pedicels,
in erect few-fruited clusters, globose or depressed-globose,
orange-yellow, with a red cheek, ⅜′—¾′ in diameter; calyx slightly
enlarged, with closely appressed often deciduous lobes; flesh thick,
succulent, orange-yellow; nutlets 3—5, narrowed and acute at the ends,
grooved on the rounded back with a broad shallow groove, about ¼′ long.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered
with dark rough bark, crooked recurved branches forming an open
irregular head, and stout branchlets covered at first with matted pale
hairs, reddish brown and puberulous during their first season, becoming
gray, and unarmed or occasionally armed with stout spines ½′—1′ long.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil near Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida.
131. Cratægus integra Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 483]
Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, narrowed from near the middle to the
acute apex, concave-cuneate and gradually narrowed to the slender base,
and finely serrate, nearly half grown when the flowers open about the
20th of March, and then glandular on the margins, slightly hairy on the
midrib and on the under side of the veins, and at maturity
subcoriaceous, bright green, lustrous, and glabrous above, paler below,
1′—1¼′ long, and about ¾′ wide, with a thin yellow midrib puberulous
below, slender primary veins extending very obliquely to the end of the
leaf, with 1 or 2 pairs near the middle of the blade more prominent than
those below and above them; turning in the autumn yellow, orange and
brown; petioles slender, narrowly wing-margined above, glandular, at
first hoary-tomentose, becoming pubescent or puberulous, ½′—¾′ in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broadly obovate,
short-pointed at apex, slightly undulate-lobed above the middle,
sometimes 1½′ long and broad. Flowers ⅝′—¾′ in diameter, on slender
elongated hoary-tomentose pedicels, in 3—5-flowered simple corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly covered with matted white hairs,
the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, acuminate, glandular,
pilose on the outer, sparingly pilose on the inner surface; stamens 20;
anthers pale yellow; styles 3—5, surrounded at base by a thick ring of
white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling in August, on slender erect
pubescent pedicels, globose, red, about ½′ in diameter; calyx deciduous;
flesh thin, orange-yellow, and succulent; nutlets 3—5, narrowed and
acute at the base, rounded at the apex, flat and grooved on the back
with a narrow shallow groove, about 5/16′ long.
A tree, 12°—15° high, with a trunk sometimes 8′ in diameter, covered
with thick nearly black checkered bark, drooping branches forming a
handsome symmetrical head, and slender very zigzag branchlets clothed
when they first appear with hoary tomentum, rather bright reddish brown
and roughened by minute tubercles at the end of their first season,
becoming gray or grayish brown, and unarmed or armed with occasional
short slender spines.
Distribution. Sandy woods and abandoned fields; central Florida; common
near Eustis, Lake County, and Orlando, Orange County.
132. Cratægus recurva Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 484]
Leaves spatulate, rounded or acute or sometimes obovate and obtusely
3-lobed at apex, and finely glandular-serrate with bright red glands,
nearly half grown when the flowers open about the 20th of March and then
almost glabrous above, slightly hairy near the base below, and at
maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, about 1′ long and ¼′—½′ wide, with a
slender yellow midrib and one pair of veins often more prominent than
the others and nearly parallel with the margins of the blade; turning in
the autumn yellow, orange, and brown; petioles slender, conspicuously
glandular, villose when they first appear, becoming glabrous, ¼′—½′ in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-obovate, deeply
divided into narrow lateral ascending rounded lobes, concave-cuneate at
base, with a stouter midrib, and veins arching to the point of the
lobes, and often 1′ long and ¾′ wide. Flowers ½′—⅝′ in diameter, on
stout pedicels thickly covered with matted pale hairs, solitary or in
2-flowered simple corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, pilose below,
nearly glabrous above, the lobes slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate,
slightly hairy on the outer surface, glabrous on the inner surface;
stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 3—5. Fruit ripening in August,
erect on short stout pedicels, obovoid, red, ½′ long; calyx little
enlarged, often deciduous; flesh thick and soft; nutlets 3—5, broad and
rounded at the ends, rounded and obscurely grooved on the back, about ¼′
long.
A tree, 15°—18° high, with a short trunk 5′—6′ in diameter, covered with
gray or brownish rough bark, slender pendulous branches forming a broad
symmetrical head, and slender very zigzag branchlets, villose early in
the season, becoming bright chestnut-brown and very lustrous and
ultimately dark reddish brown, and armed with numerous slender straight
spines usually about ½′ long.
Distribution. Dry sandy soil, Ocala, Marion County, Florida.
133. Cratægus dispar Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 485]
Leaves broad-ovate or orbicular, 3-nerved, acute or rounded at apex,
generally narrowed and cuneate or concave-cuneate at the glandular
entire base, serrate or doubly serrate above with straight or incurved
glandular teeth, and mostly divided above the middle into short acute
lobes, when they unfold coated with long matted white hairs most
abundant on the lower surface, more than half grown when the flowers
open about the middle of April and then blue-green and villose above and
tomentose below, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, blue-green
and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and slightly pubescent on the
lower surface, usually about 1′ long and ¾′—1′ wide; turning red,
yellow, or brown in the autumn; petioles slender, tomentose, becoming
pubescent or villose, glandular, slightly wing-margined above, usually
about ⅓′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate or
suborbicular, rounded at the broad base, coarsely serrate, and often
deeply divided above the middle into 3 wide acute lobes broader than
long. Flowers about ⅝′ in diameter, on slender hoary-tomentose pedicels,
in simple 3—7-flowered corymbs, with narrow-obovate acute glandular
bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with hoary
tomentum, the lobes narrow, acute, glandular-serrate with minute bright
red glands, tomentose on the outer surface below the middle, glabrous
above, tomentose on the inner surface; stamens 20; styles 3—5,
surrounded at base by a ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening late in
August or early in September, on slender pubescent pedicels, in
few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, light red, puberulous
toward the ends, about ⅓′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with reflexed
closely appressed lobes tomentose at base; flesh thin, yellow, subacid;
nutlets 3—5, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back with a broad low
ridge, dark brown, ¼′ long.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a short trunk a foot in diameter, heavy
ascending branches forming a broad irregular head, and stout zigzag
branchlets at first hoary-tomentose, dark red-brown and pubescent during
their first summer, becoming darker colored and glabrous the following
season, and armed with thick or thin nearly straight dark red-brown
ultimately gray spines 1½′—2′ long.
Distribution. Dry sand hills near Aiken, Aiken County, and Trenton,
Edgefield County, South Carolina; more abundant at Summerville, west of
Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia.
134. Cratægus aprica Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 486]
Leaves broad-obovate, oval, or rhombic, acute and short-pointed or
rounded and often somewhat lobed at apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed
and cuneate at the entire base, and serrate usually only above the
middle with small incurved teeth terminating in conspicuous rose-colored
ultimately dark red persistent glands, when they unfold deep orange
color, roughened above by short pale appressed hairs and sparingly
villose below, especially on the slender midrib and remote primary
veins, nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the 10th of May,
and at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, smooth, and dark yellow-green
on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 1′—1¼′ long, and 1′
wide; petioles stout, conspicuously glandular, more or less winged
toward the apex, villose early in the season, becoming nearly glabrous,
usually bright red on the lower side toward the base after midsummer,
about ½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often nearly
orbicular, frequently more deeply lobed, and 1½′—2′ long and wide, with
a stout broadly winged petiole, and foliaceous lunate stipules. Flowers
¾′ in diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in small 3—6-flowered
compact simple corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, villose at base,
glabrous above, the lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base,
acuminate, glabrous, coarsely glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers
small, bright yellow; styles 3—5, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of
pale hairs. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, on stout glabrous or
slightly villose pedicels, in erect or drooping usually 2 or 3-fruited
clusters, subglobose, rarely rather longer than broad, about ½′ in
diameter, dull orange-red, often slightly villose at the ends, marked by
numerous small dark dots; calyx much enlarged, with wide-spreading
coarsely glandular acuminate lobes bright red at base on the upper side;
flesh thin, light yellow, sweet and rather juicy; nutlets 3—5, broad and
rounded at the ends, rounded and ridged on the back with a broad low
ridge, about ¼′ long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a stem 6′—8′ in diameter, covered
with deeply furrowed dark gray bark broken irregularly into small
persistent plate-like scales, and becoming on old stems often nearly
black, spreading often elongated contorted branches forming a broad open
head, and slender zigzag branchlets dark green tinged with red and
villose when they first appear, soon becoming nearly glabrous, light
orange-brown at midsummer, dark reddish brown or purple before winter,
and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with thin nearly straight
chestnut-brown spines 1′—1½′ long; or frequently a much-branched shrub,
with several stout spreading stems.
Distribution. Dry woods in the foothill region of the southern
Appalachian Mountains; southwestern Virginia through western North
Carolina to eastern Tennessee and northern Georgia; in northern Alabama;
usually at altitudes between 1500° and 3500°; common.
XVI. MICROCARPÆ.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Fruit short-oblong; leaves orbicular to broad-ovate, pinnately
5—7-cleft.
135. C. apiifolia (C).
Fruit subglobose.
Leaves broad-ovate to triangular, long-stalked; calyx deciduous from
the fruit.
136. C. Phænopyrum (A, C).
Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, short-stalked; calyx generally
persistent on the fruit.
137. C. spathulata (C).
135. Cratægus apiifolia Michx. Parsley Haw.
[Illustration: Fig. 487]
Leaves broad-ovate to orbicular, acute at apex, truncate, slightly
cordate or cuneate at the broad base, and pinnately 5—7-cleft with
shallow acute or deep wide sinuses, and incisely lobed with broad or
acute segments serrate toward the apex with spreading glandular teeth,
when they unfold pilose above with long pale hairs, and mostly glabrous
below, fully grown when the flowers open late in March or early in
April, and at maturity thin, bright green and rather lustrous above,
paler and glabrous or pilose below on the prominent midrib and primary
veins, or on occasional plants pubescent on both surfaces, ⅔′—1½′ wide;
petioles slender, pubescent, becoming glabrous, 1′—1½′ in length; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots often divided nearly to the midrib, with
foliaceous lunate coarsely glandular-serrate short-stalked stipules
sometimes ½′ long. Flowers ½′ in diameter, on long slender hairy
pedicels, in crowded densely villose usually 10—12-flowered corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or covered with long matted pale
hairs, the lobes lanceolate, acute, glabrous, usually glandular-serrate,
often tinged with red toward the apex; stamens 20; anthers bright rose
color; styles 1—3. Fruit ripening in October and persistent on the
branches until the beginning of winter, short-oblong, bright scarlet, ⅓′
long; calyx prominent, the lobes elongated, reflexed, often deciduous
from the ripe fruit; flesh thin; nutlets 1—3, rounded at the ends, about
⅓′ long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a trunk rarely 6′—8′ in diameter,
branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a wide irregular
open head, and slender more or less zigzag often contorted branchlets
covered when they first appear with long pale hairs, light red or pale
orange-brown and usually puberulous in their first winter, ultimately
light brown or ashy gray, and armed with stout straight chestnut-brown
spines 1′—1½′ long.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps or in hummocks in
Pine-barrens in the coast and Piedmont regions of the south Atlantic
States from southeastern Virginia to Georgia; in western Florida south
to Lafayette County (near Old Town), north-central and southern Alabama,
Louisiana and the coast region of Texas to the valley of the lower
Colorado River (low woods, Peyton’s Creek, Matagorda County), and
through Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma (Page, Le Flore County) and to
southeastern Missouri; most abundant and of its largest size in southern
Arkansas and western Louisiana.
136. Cratægus Phænopyrum Med. Washington Thorn.
_Cratægus cordata_ Ait.
[Illustration: Fig. 488]
Leaves broad-ovate to triangular, acute or acuminate, truncate,
broad-cuneate, rounded or cordate at the entire base, coarsely serrate
above with acute spreading often gland-tipped teeth, and more or less
incisely lobed or often 3-lobed, tinged with red when they unfold and
sparingly pilose above with long pale caducous hairs, fully grown when
the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity thin and firm, dark
green and lustrous above, pale and rarely pubescent on the lower
surface, especially on the conspicuous orange-colored midrib and primary
veins, 1½′—2′ long, and 1′—1½′ wide; turning late in the autumn bright
scarlet and orange; petioles slender, terete, glabrous, ¾′—1½′ in
length. Flowers on slender pedicels, in rather compact many-flowered
glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes short,
nearly triangular, entire, abruptly contracted at apex into a minute
point, glabrous on the outer, pubescent on the inner surface, ciliate on
the margins; stamens 20; anthers rose color; styles 2—5, surrounded at
base by conspicuous tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening in September and
October and persistent on the branches until the spring of the following
year, depressed-globose, scarlet, lustrous, ¼′ in diameter; calyx
deciduous from the ripe fruit, leaving a wide circular scar surrounding
the persistent erect tips of the carpels; nutlets 3—5, narrowed and
acute at base, broad and rounded at apex, about ⅛′ long.
A tree, 20°—30° high, with a straight trunk sometimes a foot in
diameter, generally dividing 4°—5° above the ground into slender usually
upright branches forming an oblong or occasionally round-topped head,
slender zigzag glabrous bright chestnut-brown lustrous branchlets,
becoming dark gray or reddish brown, and armed with slender sharp spines
1½′—2′ long; often much smaller, and sometimes a broad spreading bush.
Distribution. Banks of streams in rich soil; western North Carolina at
altitudes of about 2000°, to middle Tennessee and southern Kentucky; in
southern Missouri (St. Francois, Wayne, Shannon, Carter and Ripley
Counties), and in Richland County, Illinois; now often naturalized in
the middle and Ohio valley states; nowhere common. Often cultivated in
the eastern states and in western Europe; hardy as far north as eastern
Massachusetts.
137. Cratægus spathulata Michx.
_Cratægus spathulata_ var. _flavanthera_ Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 489]
Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, rounded or acuminate and sometimes
3-lobed at apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the slender
concave-cuneate entire base, and crenately serrate above, nearly fully
grown when the flowers open from March to May and then sparingly villose
above with long white caducous hairs, and at maturity subcoriaceous,
glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below,
reticulate-venulose, with an obscure yellow midrib and primary veins,
1′—2′ long, and 1′—1½′ wide, clustered at the end of short lateral
branchlets; petioles slender, wing-margined to the base, ⅛′—¼′ in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often deeply 3-lobed above
the middle with rounded coarsely crenately serrate lobes, and narrowed
below into a long winged petiole, 1′—2′ long, and 1′—1½′ wide, with a
broad thick midrib often pilose on the lower surface, their stipules
foliaceous, lunate, sharply serrate, stalked, often ½′ broad. Flowers ½′
in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in glabrous many-flowered narrow
corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes short, nearly
triangular, almost entire, minutely glandular-apiculate; stamens 20;
anthers pale yellow; styles 2—5. Fruit ripening in October, subglobose,
bright scarlet, lustrous, about ⅛′ in diameter; calyx only slightly
enlarged, with reflexed lobes; flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 3—5,
broad and rounded at apex, narrowed at base, 1/16′—⅛′ long.
A tree, 18°—25° high, with a straight trunk occasionally 8′—10′ in
diameter, slender upright and spreading branches forming a broad open
head, and thin zigzag glabrous light reddish brown branchlets, unarmed,
or armed with straight stout light brown spines 1′—1½′ long; more often
a shrub, with numerous spreading stems.
Distribution. Rich soil usually near the banks of streams or swamps, or
low depressions in Pine-forests; North Carolina (near Albemarle, Stanly
County) to central South Carolina, central, northwestern (Rome, Floyd
County), and southwestern Georgia to northern Florida (Ocala, Marion
County, to River Junction, Gadsden County); northern Alabama southward
to Dallas County; eastern and western Mississippi (near Natchez, Adams
County); eastern and northwestern Louisiana (Richland, Rapides, Caddo
and Natchitoches Parishes); eastern Texas to the valley of the Guadalupe
River (near Seguin, Guadalupe County), southeastern Oklahoma
(Bennington, Bryan County), and through southern and western Arkansas to
southwestern Missouri (Tanney and Jasper Counties); probably most
abundant in central Georgia.
XVII. BRACHYACANTHÆ.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate or rhombic; broad-ovate to nearly
triangular on vigorous shoots; fruit subglobose to obovoid,
bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom.
138. C. brachyacantha (C).
Leaves narrow-rhombic to oval; lanceolate, acuminate on vigorous
shoots; fruit globose, blue-black, very lustrous.
139. C. saligna (F).
138. Cratægus brachyacantha Sarg. & Engelm. Pomette Bleue.
[Illustration: Fig. 490]
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate or rhombic, acute or rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed to the concave-cuneate entire base, and
crenulate-serrate above with minute incurved glandular teeth, slightly
puberulous when they unfold on the upper surface and glabrous on the
lower surface, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of
April and early in May, and at maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark
green and lustrous, 1′—2′ long, and ½′ to nearly 1′ wide, with a thin
inconspicuous midrib and veins; petioles slender, narrowly wing-margined
above, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots sometimes
broad-ovate or almost triangular, cuneate, truncate or cordate at the
broad base, more or less deeply lobed, frequently 2½′ long and 2′ wide,
with foliaceous broadly ovate to triangular acute stalked stipules
sometimes 1′ long. Flowers ⅓′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in
crowded glabrous many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes short, nearly triangular, gradually narrowed to the
gland-tipped apex, entire; petals turning bright orange color in fading;
stamens 15—20; anthers yellow; styles 3—5. Fruit ripening and falling
the middle of August, on erect pedicels, in few-fruited clusters,
subglobose or obovoid, bright blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, ⅓′—½′
in diameter; calyx slightly enlarged, with spreading lobes; flesh thin;
nutlets 3—5, narrowed and acute at base, full and rounded at apex,
rounded and slightly grooved on the back, about ¼′ long.
A tree, 40°—50° high, with a trunk 18′—20′ in diameter, covered with
thick dark brown deeply furrowed scaly bark, and divided usually 5°—10°
from the ground into stout spreading light gray branches forming a broad
compact round-topped head, and branchlets light green and slightly
pubescent early in the season, soon becoming glabrous and pale
red-brown, and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with numerous short stout
generally curved or sometimes straight slender spines ⅓′—⅔′ long, and
also often terminal on the lateral branchlets of vigorous shoots.
Distribution. Borders of streams in rich moist soil; southwestern
Arkansas (Ashtown, Little River County, and Texarkana, Miller County) to
the valley of the Trinity River (Livingston, Polk County), eastern
Texas, and to western Louisiana (Caddo, Webster, Ouachita, Natchitoches,
St. Landry and Jefferson Davis Parishes); in eastern Louisiana (Glen
Gordon, Covington, St. Tammany Parish; common); a few miles west of
Opelousas, Louisiana, surrounding with dense groves low wet prairies and
a conspicuous and beautiful feature of arborescent vegetation.
139. Cratægus saligna Greene.
[Illustration: Fig. 491]
Leaves narrow-rhombic to oval, gradually narrowed at the ends, acute or
acuminate and apiculate at apex, entire toward the base, finely serrate
above with incurved teeth tipped with minute bright red glands, nearly
fully grown when the flowers open toward the middle of June, and then
light yellow-green, covered above with short pale hairs and pale and
glabrous below, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green, glabrous and
lustrous above, pale below 1½′—2′ long, and ¾′—1′ wide, with a stout
midrib rose color on the upper side, dark obscure forked veins, and
reticulate veinlets; turning late in the autumn to brilliant shades of
orange and bright scarlet; petioles slender, glandular near the base,
with 2 or 3 large stipitate dark red caducous glands, and about ⅓′ in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots lanceolate, acuminate,
coarsely serrate, often irregularly and deeply divided into 2 or 3 acute
lateral lobes, 3′—3½′ long, and 1¼′—1½′ wide. Flowers about ⅝′ in
diameter, on short slender pedicels, in compact glabrous few or
many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube glabrous, the lobes nearly triangular,
entire, often bright red toward the apex; stamens 20; anthers small,
yellow; styles 5. Fruit ripening toward the end of September, on stout
pedicels, in compact drooping clusters, globose, ¼′ in diameter, dull
vinous red and very lustrous when fully grown, ultimately blue-black;
calyx small, with reflexed persistent lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and
sweet; nutlets 5, thick, rounded and slightly ridged on the back,
⅛′—3/16′ long.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a short stem, long slender spreading
branches gracefully drooping at the ends, covered with bright red or
reddish brown bark, separating on old trunks near the ground into long
slightly attached narrow plate-like gray scales, and slender glabrous
bright red lustrous branchlets armed with numerous straight slender
spines ¾′—1½′ long; often forming clumps or small thickets with numerous
stems 8°—15° tall springing from a single root.
Distribution. Banks of the Cimarron, Gunnison, White, Tomichi, Eagle,
San Juan, and other Colorado streams on both slopes of the continental
divide at altitudes of 6000°—8000° above the sea.
XVIII. MACRACANTHÆ.
_Tomentosæ_ Sarg.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves thin, with midrib and veins only slightly impressed on their
upper surface; anthers rose color or red.
Mature leaves pale pubescent below.
Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong; fruit in erect clusters, obovoid,
orange-red; stamens 20.
140. C. tomentosa (A, C).
Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, in drooping clusters, globose to
subglobose, bright red or orange-red; stamens 5—10.
141. C. Chapmanii (A, C).
Mature leaves glabrous (_slightly pubescent on the midrib and veins
below in 142_).
Stamens 20.
Leaves elliptic to suborbicular, smooth above; fruit in drooping
clusters, subglobose to short-oblong.
142. C. Gaultii (A).
Leaves elliptic, scabrate above; fruit in erect clusters,
subglobose.
143. C. vegeta (A).
Stamens 10; leaves ovate, scabrate above; fruit short-oblong.
144. C. Deweyana (A).
Leaves subcoriaceous to coriaceous, with midrib and veins deeply
impressed on their upper surface and pubescent below.
Anthers rose color.
Stamens 20.
Leaves elliptic, acute at the ends; fruit globose.
145. C. succulenta (A).
Leaves broadly oval or obovate; fruit subglobose to
short-oblong.
146. C. gemmosa (A).
Stamens 10.
Leaves broad-obovate or oval; fruit globose, villose at the
ends; calyx-lobes coarsely glandular-serrate.
147. C. illinoiensis (A).
Leaves broad-obovate to oval or rhombic; fruit subglobose;
calyx-lobes entire.
148. C. integriloba (A).
Anthers yellow; stamens 10; leaves broad-obovate to elliptic or
oval; fruit in erect clusters, globose.
149. C. macracantha (A).
140. Cratægus tomentosa L.
[Illustration: Fig. 492]
Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate, rhombic or elliptic, acute, acuminate or
rarely rounded at apex, gradually narrowed to the cuneate entire base,
sharply and usually doubly serrate above with broad spreading usually
glandular teeth, and often divided above the middle into several short
lateral lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the 1st to
the middle of June, and at maturity thin and firm, gray-green, coated
below with pale persistent pubescence, puberulous or ultimately glabrous
above, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, 2′—5′ long, and 1′—3′ wide,
with a broad midrib and slender primary veins; turning brilliant orange
and scarlet in the autumn before falling; petioles stout, glandular,
wing-margined, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
sometimes broad-obovate to semiorbicular, rounded and abruptly
short-pointed at apex, rounded at base, and 3′—4′ long and wide; more
often oblong-obovate, acuminate, and 5′—6′ in length. Flowers ½′ in
diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in villose corymbs; calyx-tube
obconic, hoary-tomentose, the lobes lanceolate, acute, coarsely or
pinnately serrate, usually glandular, stamens 20; anthers pale rose
color; styles 2—5. Fruit ripening in October, on slender erect pubescent
pedicels, in broad many-fruited clusters, obovoid or rarely subglobose,
½′ in diameter, erect, dull orange-red, translucent when fully ripe,
mostly persistent on the branches until the following spring; flesh
thick, orange-yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets about ¼′ long and
broad, rounded at the ends, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
A tree, 15°—20° high, with a trunk 5′—6′ in diameter, covered with
smooth pale gray or dark brown furrowed bark, slender spreading often
nearly horizontal smooth gray branches forming a wide flat head, and
slender branchlets covered when they first appear with thick hoary
tomentum, becoming dark orange color and puberulous in their first
winter, and ashy gray in their second season, and unarmed, or armed with
occasional slender straight dull ashy gray or very rarely bright
chestnut-brown spines 1′—1½′ long.
Distribution. Near Troy, Rensselaer County, New York, westward through
New York to southwestern Ontario, through Ohio, southern Michigan,
Indiana and Illinois to central Minnesota and southward to Pennsylvania
and along the Appalachian Mountains to northeastern Georgia, and to
central Iowa, northeastern Missouri to the valley of the Meramec River,
and to eastern Kansas; near Nashville, Davidson County, Tennessee; in
the neighborhood of Augusta, Richmond County, Georgia; and in Dallas
County, Alabama (_R. S. Cocks_).
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the gardens of western
Europe.
141. Cratægus Chapmanii Ashe.
_Cratægus mollita_ Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 493]
Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed and acute
or concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply serrate above with
glandular teeth, and often slightly lobed above the middle, about half
grown when the flowers open early in June and then covered above with
short soft pale hairs and pale-tomentose below, and at maturity dark
dull green and smooth or scabrate above, pale-tomentulose below,
especially on the slender yellow midrib and primary veins, 2½′—3′ long,
and 1½′—2½′ wide; turning yellow or brown in the autumn before falling;
petioles stout, wing-margined at apex, tomentose early in the season,
becoming nearly glabrous, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots sometimes 6′ long and 4′ wide. Flowers about ⅜′ in diameter, on
long stout hoary-tomentose or pubescent pedicels, in broad many-flowered
tomentose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, tomentose, the lobes
acuminate, glandular-serrate, sparingly villose; stamens 10; anthers
rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening the middle of September, on
elongated slightly villose pedicels, in broad lax drooping many-fruited
clusters, globose to subglobose, bright red, about ⅝′ in diameter; calyx
only slightly enlarged, with reflexed coarsely glandular-serrate lobes;
flesh juicy, succulent, yellow; nutlets 2 or 3, about ¾′ long and nearly
as broad, thin, rounded at the obtuse ends, rounded and obscurely ridged
on the back, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a short trunk 6′—8′ in diameter,
covered with gray scaly bark, erect branches forming a broad open head,
and slender branchlets hoary-tomentose early in the season, becoming
bright red-brown and lustrous, and armed with occasional stout straight
or curved bright chestnut-brown spines 1½′—2′ long.
Distribution. Banks of streams in the Appalachian region from Virginia
to northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee; in southern Missouri (Taney
County, _C. mollita_).
142. Cratægus Gaultii Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 494]
Leaves elliptic to suborbicular, acute or rounded at apex,
concave-cuneate or rounded at the entire base, coarsely doubly serrate
above with straight glandular teeth, and occasionally divided above the
middle into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
at the end of May and then very thin, yellow-green and sparingly villose
above, pale and slightly pubescent below, and at maturity thin and firm
in texture, glabrous, dark dull green on the upper surface, pale on the
lower surface, 2½′—3′ long, and 2′—2¾′ wide, with a stout yellow midrib
deeply impressed above, and 6 or 7 pairs of primary veins extending
obliquely to the point of the lobes; petioles stout, wing-margined to
below the middle, villose on the upper side early in the season with
matted white hairs, becoming nearly glabrous, ½′—1′ in length. Flowers
⅝′ in diameter, on long slender slightly villose pedicels, in broad
many-flowered hairy corymbs, their bracts and bractlets linear,
acuminate, glandular, mostly persistent until the flowers open;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes broad, acuminate,
coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner
surface; stamens 18—20; anthers pale pink; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening
from the middle to the end of September, on slender slightly hairy
pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose to short-oblong,
½′—⅝′ long; calyx prominent, with spreading appressed coarsely serrate
lobes; flesh thick, yellow, soft and juicy; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded at
the ends, about 3/16′ long and nearly as wide, the ventral cavities
long, deep, and narrow.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a trunk often 10′ in diameter and 6°—7° long,
spreading branches forming a broad round-topped head, and slender
slightly zigzag glabrous light red-brown lustrous branchlets, unarmed,
or armed with occasional straight slender dark purple shining spines
1¼′—1¾′ long.
Distribution. Open pastures, Milton Township and Gleneilyn, Du Page
County, and Mokena, Will County, northeastern Illinois.
143. Cratægus vegeta Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 495]
Leaves elliptic, acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at
the entire base, finely often doubly serrate above, with straight
glandular teeth, and slightly divided above the middle into numerous
short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end
of May and then membranaceous, dark yellow-green and roughened above by
short rigid pale hairs and densely pubescent below, and at maturity thin
and firm in texture, dark dull green and scabrate on the upper surface,
pale and pubescent on the lower surface on the slender midrib, and 5 or
6 pairs of thin primary veins arching obliquely to the point of the
lobes, 3′—4′ long, and 1¾′—2½′ wide; petioles slender, broadly
wing-margined at apex, villose on the upper side early in the season,
becoming glabrous and rose color in the autumn, ½′—¾′ long. Flowers
⅝′—¾′ in diameter, on long slender villose pedicels, in usually
10—12-flowered hairy corymbs, with linear to linear-obovate acute
glandular bracts and bractlets becoming reddish and mostly persistent
until after the flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose, the
lobes slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose; stamens 20;
anthers small, light pink or red; styles 2 or 3, usually 3. Fruit
ripening late in September, on slender elongated rigid slightly villose
pedicels, in few-fruited erect clusters, subglobose, scarlet, lustrous,
marked by small pale dots, about ⅜′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with a
short tube and spreading reflexed serrate lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry
and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, ¼′ long and nearly as broad, full and rounded
at the ends, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes 8′ in
diameter, stout wide-spreading branches forming a symmetrical
round-topped head, and very slender nearly straight branchlets, light
orange-green when they first appear, becoming bright red-brown and
lustrous at the end of their first season and darker the following year,
and unarmed, or sparingly armed with slender nearly straight purple
shining spines about 4′ long.
Distribution. Oak-woods in moist rich soil near the banks of the Calumet
River, Calumet, Cook County, Illinois.
144. Cratægus Deweyana Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 496]
Leaves ovate, acuminate or abruptly long-pointed at apex, abruptly
narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire often unsymmetric base,
coarsely doubly serrate above with straight or incurved gland-tipped
teeth, and slightly divided above the middle into several pairs of small
acuminate spreading lobes, about one third grown when the flowers open
during the last week of May and then membranaceous, dark yellow-green,
and covered above with short lustrous white hairs, and light
yellow-green and glabrous below, and at maturity thin, yellow-green and
scabrate on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 3′—4′ long,
and 2′—2¾′ wide, with a stout midrib deeply impressed on the upper side,
and 6 or 7 pairs of thin primary veins arching to the point of the
lobes; petioles stout, wing-margined at apex, deeply grooved, sparingly
villose on the upper side, soon glabrous, glandular with occasional
minute dark glands, usually dull orange color in the autumn, ¾′—1′ in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots more deeply lobed and more
coarsely serrate, subcoriaceous, often 4′ long and 3½′ wide, and
gradually narrowed into stout broad-winged coarsely glandular petioles,
their stipules foliaceous, stipitate, lunate, acutely lobed,
glandular-serrate with minute dark red glands, sometimes ½′ long,
persistent through the season. Flowers about ½′ in diameter, on slender
hairy pedicels, in wide lax slightly villose corymbs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, villose at base, glabrous above, the lobes slender,
elongated, acuminate, finely glandular-serrate usually only above the
middle, dark green and glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the
inner surface; stamens 7—10, usually 10; anthers small, dark rose color;
styles 2 or 3, usually 2. Fruit ripening from the first to the middle of
October and falling a few weeks later, on long slender puberulous
pedicels, in wide many-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose to
short-oblong, rounded at the ends, scarlet, lustrous, marked by
occasional large pale dots, ½′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with
elongated glandular-serrate lobes dark red on the upper side near the
base, usually erect and incurved, mostly persistent on the ripe fruit;
flesh when fully ripe thick, yellow and sweet; nutlets usually 2,
occasionally 3, about 3/16′ long and ⅛′ wide, rounded at the ends,
rounded and conspicuously ridged on the back, the ventral cavities broad
and shallow.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 10′ in diameter,
covered with light gray bark becoming rough and scaly near the base,
slender branches, the lower horizontal and wide-spreading, the upper
ascending and forming a wide open irregular head, and stout glabrous
branchlets dark orange-brown when they first appear, deep red-brown and
lustrous on the upper, gray-brown and lustrous on the lower side during
their first winter, becoming gray slightly tinged with red the following
year, and armed with numerous stout curved chestnut-brown or purple
spines 1½′—2′ long and occasionally persistent on old stems.
Distribution. Western and central New York; Hagaman swamp near
Rochester, and Rush, Monroe County, Portage, Livingston County, Castile
and Silver Springs, Wyoming County, and near Ithaca, Thompkins County;
not common.
145. Cratægus succulenta Link.
[Illustration: Fig. 497]
Leaves elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed from
near the middle to the entire base, coarsely and usually doubly serrate
above with spreading glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into
numerous short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at
the end of May or early in June and then membranaceous, covered above
with soft pale hairs, and puberulous or rarely nearly glabrous below,
and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, glabrous and somewhat lustrous
above, pale yellow-green and mostly puberulous below on the stout yellow
midrib, and 4—7 pairs of slender veins extending obliquely to the point
of the lobes and deeply impressed on the upper side, usually 2′—2½′ long
and 1′—1½′ wide; petioles stout, more or less winged above, frequently
bright red after midsummer, generally about ½′ in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots occasionally ovate, and often 2½′ long and 3′
wide. Flowers about ⅔′ in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels, in
broad lax villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose or
glabrous, the lobes broad, acute, laciniate, glandular with bright red
glands, and generally villose; stamens usually 20, sometimes 15; anthers
small, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base by a ring of pale
hairs. Fruit beginning to ripen about the middle of September and
sometimes remaining on the branches until the end of October, on slender
elongated pedicels, in broad loose many-fruited drooping clusters,
globose, bright scarlet, marked by large pale dots, ½′—⅔′ in diameter;
calyx prominent, with a broad shallow depression, and much enlarged
coarsely serrate closely appressed persistent lobes; flesh thick,
yellow, becoming juicy, sweet and pulpy; nutlets 2 or 3, ⅓′ long, ¼′
broad, prominently ridged on the back, the ventral cavities wide and
deep.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a short trunk 5′—6′ in diameter,
covered with dark red-brown scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming
a broad irregular head, and stout more or less zigzag glabrous dark
orange-brown lustrous branchlets becoming dull gray-brown in their
second season and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with numerous stout
slightly curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines 1½′—2½′ long; or
usually shrubby and much smaller, and often flowering when only a few
feet high.
Distribution. Coast of northeastern Massachusetts; southwestern Vermont;
eastern and western New York; near London, Ontario; widely distributed
in Pennsylvania; northeastern Illinois.
146. Cratægus gemmosa Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 498]
Leaves broad-oval or rarely broad-obovate, gradually narrowed and
cuneate or occasionally rounded at the entire base, sharply and usually
doubly serrate from below the middle with straight glandular teeth, and
often slightly lobed toward the acute or acuminate apex with short acute
lobes, dark red and villose as they unfold, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open from the middle to the end of May and then membranaceous,
light yellow-green, nearly glabrous above and pale and villose below,
and at maturity thick and firm in texture, very dark dull green on the
upper surface, pale on the lower surface and pubescent on the under side
of the stout yellow midrib deeply impressed and occasionally puberulous
above, and on the 4 or 5 pairs of slender primary veins extending
obliquely to the end of the leaf, 1½′—2½′ long, and 1′—2′ wide; petioles
stout, villose or pubescent, more or less winged above, glandular while
young with minute bright red caducous glands, usually pink in the
autumn, ¼′—½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots more
coarsely serrate, frequently divided into short acute lateral lobes, and
often 4′ long and 3′ wide, with a rose-colored midrib and stout
spreading primary veins. Flowers ½′—¾′ in diameter, on slender hairy
pedicels, in broad open compound villose many-flowered corymbs, with
lanceolate or oblanceolate acuminate glandular-serrate conspicuous
bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, more or less villose
with matted pale hairs, or nearly glabrous, the lobes lanceolate,
acuminate, glabrous or villose on the outer surface, villose on the
inner surface, coarsely glandular-serrate with bright red glands;
stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the
base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October
and becoming very succulent just before falling, on long slender
pedicels, in drooping many-fruited glabrous or puberulous clusters,
subglobose to short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, ½′ in diameter; calyx
prominent, with an elongated narrow tube, and reflexed villose lobes
bright red toward the base on the upper side; flesh thick, bright
yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets usually 3, or 2, ¼′ long, broad and
flat, full and rounded at the ends, ridged on the back with a prominent
rounded ridge, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a tall trunk 10′—12′ in diameter,
covered with dark brown scaly bark, stout spreading or ascending
branches forming a broad rather open symmetrical head, stout zigzag
glabrous red-brown or gray-brown lustrous branchlets armed with straight
or slightly curved thick chestnut-brown spines usually about 2′ long,
and winter-buds sometimes ¼′ in diameter.
Distribution. Rich forest glades, or the margins of woods, usually in
low rich soil; eastern New York, near Albany, Albany County; western New
York (Munroe and Livingston Counties); southern Ontario (La Salle on the
Niagara River and near London); northwestern Ohio (Oak Harbor, Ottawa
County); southern Michigan; common; Illinois (Calumet, Cook County, and
Manley, Fulton County); southern Wisconsin (Waukesha, Waukesha County
and near Madison, Dane County).
147. Cratægus illinoiensis Ashe.
[Illustration: Fig. 499]
Leaves broad-obovate to oval, rounded or rarely acute at the wide apex,
broad-cuneate and entire at the base, coarsely and often doubly serrate
above, with straight or incurved teeth tipped with minute deciduous
glands, and sometimes slightly and irregularly divided toward the apex
into short acute lobes, when they unfold covered below with a thick coat
of hoary tomentum and pilose above, and when the flowers open about the
20th of May membranaceous, yellow-green, covered above with short pale
hairs and pubescent below, and at maturity thick and firm in texture,
dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the
lower surface, particularly on the stout midrib and 4—6 pairs of primary
veins deeply impressed on the upper side, 2′—2½′ long, and 1½′—2′ wide;
petioles stout, slightly winged toward the apex, generally bright red
below the middle after midsummer, and usually ½′—⅔′ in length; leaves at
the end of vigorous shoots usually elliptic, acute or acuminate, more
coarsely dentate and more often lobed, sometimes decurrent nearly to the
base of the stout petiole, 3′—4′ long, and 2½′—3′ wide. Flowers about ⅝′
in diameter, on slender slightly hairy pedicels, in broad compact
villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with long matted
pale hairs, the lobes broad, acuminate, very coarsely glandular-serrate
with large stipitate bright red glands, glabrous on the outer surface
except at the base, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers
rose color; styles 2 or usually 3. Fruit ripening early in October and
persistent on the branches until after the beginning of winter, on stout
bright red pedicels, in few-fruited drooping villose clusters, globose,
scarlet, lustrous, marked by occasional dark dots, more or less villose
at the ends, ½′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with a short villose tube,
and spreading lobes gradually narrowed from a broad base, sparingly
glandular-serrate or nearly entire, villose, mostly deciduous before the
fruit ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, ¼′
long, broad and thick, rounded at the ends, the ventral cavities broad
and deep.
A tree, rarely more than 18° high, with a trunk 4′—5′ in diameter,
covered with thin close bark broken on the surface into pale plate-like
scales, and divided into several long erect and spreading slender
branches forming a wide open-topped head, and stout somewhat zigzag
branchlets covered at first with scattered pale caducous hairs, bright
orange-brown and lustrous during their first season, becoming dark brown
in their second year and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with numerous
slender straight or curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines 1½′—3′
long.
Distribution. Open woods along the gravelly banks of small streams in
Stark and Peoria Counties, Illinois; not common.
148. Cratægus integriloba Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 500]
Leaves broad-obovate, oval or rhombic, acute, gradually or abruptly
narrowed below the middle, entire at the cuneate base, coarsely doubly
serrate above with spreading glandular teeth, and irregularly divided
into numerous short acute or acuminate lobes, coated in early spring
with soft pale caducous hairs, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
during the first week in June, and at maturity glabrous, thin and firm
in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale
yellow-green on the lower surface, 1½′—2′ long, and 1′—1½′ wide, with a
slender midrib often dark red at the base, and 4—6 pairs of slender
primary veins deeply impressed on the upper side; petioles stout, more
or less broadly winged toward the apex, at first puberulous, soon
glabrous, often red on the lower side, ⅓′—¾′ in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots more coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed, often
3′ long and 2½′ wide, with stout broadly winged petioles. Flowers ¾′ in
diameter, on long slender villose pedicels, in broad open crowded
villose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, coated toward the base with
long matted white hairs and glabrous above, the lobes linear-lanceolate,
elongated, entire or very rarely furnished with occasional caducous
glands; stamens 10; anthers large, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded
at base by a narrow ring of snow-white hairs. Fruit ripening at the end
of September or early in October, on short stout pedicels, in drooping
or erect many-fruited slightly villose clusters, subglobose, bright
scarlet, lustrous, marked by large pale dots, ⅓′—½′ in diameter; calyx
enlarged, prominent, with elongated entire lobes, dark red on the upper
side at base, much reflexed and persistent; flesh thin, yellow, sweet
and pulpy; nutlets 2 or 3, about ¼′ long, thick and broad, rounded at
the narrow ends, the ventral cavities broad and deep.
A tree, occasionally 18°—20° high, with a straight erect trunk 6′—8′ in
diameter, wide-spreading or erect branches forming an open irregular
head, and stout nearly straight or occasionally slightly zigzag glabrous
branchlets, lustrous and red-brown or orange-brown during their first
summer and ultimately dull ashy gray, and armed with stout nearly
straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines 1½′—2½′ long and often
pointed toward the base of the branch.
Distribution. Low limestone ridges, Province of Quebec, south of the St.
Lawrence River near the Lachine Rapids, and at Caughnawaga, Rockfield,
and Adirondack Junction.
149. Cratægus macracantha Koehne.
[Illustration: Fig. 501]
Leaves broad-obovate to elliptic or oval, acute or rounded and sometimes
short-pointed at apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the
entire base, coarsely and often doubly serrate above with straight or
incurved gland-tipped teeth, and usually divided above the middle into
numerous short acute or acuminate lobes, when they unfold often bright
red and coated on the upper surface with soft pale hairs, more than half
grown when the flowers open late in May and then dull yellow-green,
nearly glabrous on the upper surface and pale and puberulous on the
lower surface, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and glabrous
above, frequently puberulous below on the midrib, and on the 4—6 pairs
of slender primary veins extending obliquely to the point of the lobes
and deeply impressed on the upper side, usually 2′—2½′ long and 1½′—2′
wide; petioles stout, more or less winged above, frequently bright red
after midsummer and usually about ½′ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots often broad and rounded at base, coarsely dentate, 3′—4′
long, and 2½′—3′ wide. Flowers about ¾′ in diameter, on long slender
hairy pedicels, in broad more or less villose corymbs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, more or less villose or nearly glabrous, the lobes
long, narrow, acuminate, glandular with minute dark glands, glabrous on
the outer surface, slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens
usually 10, occasionally 8—12; anthers pale yellow; styles 2—3,
surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening
at the end of September and often remaining on the branches for several
weeks longer, on erect slender pedicels, in broad open many-fruited
usually slightly villose clusters, globose, often hairy at the ends
until nearly ripe, crimson, very lustrous, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter; calyx
large and conspicuous, the lobes coarsely serrate, reflexed and
persistent; flesh thin, dark yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3,
about ¼′ long and wide, broad and rounded at the ends, the ventral
cavities deep and irregular.
A tree, occasionally 15° high, with a tall stem 5′—6′ in diameter,
covered with pale close bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming an
open rather irregular head, and stout slightly zigzag glabrous light
chestnut-brown very lustrous branchlets, becoming dull reddish brown in
their second year, and armed with numerous slender usually curved very
sharp bright chestnut-brown shining spines 2½′—4′ long.
Distribution. Western Vermont (near Middlebury, Addison County); central
and western New York; southern Ontario (near Toronto); northeastern
Illinois (Barrington County); and eastern Pennsylvania (Bucks and
Northampton Counties).
XIX. DOUGLASIANÆ.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves subcoriaceous, lustrous above, obovate to broad-ovate, coarsely
serrate, usually lobed; stamens 5—20, normally 10; spines
numerous, short and stout.
150. C. Douglasii.
Leaves thinner, dull bluish green, lanceolate to oblong-obovate or
elliptic, acute at the ends, finely serrate, not lobed; stamens
10—20; spines few, long and slender or wanting.
151. C. rivularis.
150. Cratægus Douglasii Lindl.
[Illustration: Fig. 502]
Leaves broad-obovate to ovate, gradually narrowed below to the cuneate
entire base, coarsely serrate above with minute glandular teeth, and
often incisely lobed toward the acute apex, nearly fully grown and
coated above and on the midrib and veins below with short pale hairs
when the flowers open in May, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green
and lustrous above, paler below, 1′—2′ long, and ½′—1½′ wide; petioles
slender, wing-margined above, sparingly glandular, villose early in the
season, becoming glabrous, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots broad-obovate, incisely lobed at the broad apex, often
deeply divided into lateral lobes, or occasionally 3-lobed, 3′—4′ long,
and 2′—3′ wide. Flowers ½′—7/12′ in diameter, on long slender glabrous
pedicels, in broad glabrous corymbs, with linear caducous bracts and
bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually
narrowed from a broad base, entire or occasionally minutely dentate,
acute and bright red at apex, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on
the inner surface; stamens 10 or rarely 5 by abortion; anthers small,
pale rose color; styles 2—5, surrounded at base by tufts of long pale
hairs. Fruit ripening and falling in August and September, on slender
pedicels, in compact, many-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong,
truncate at apex, black and lustrous, very rarely chestnut-colored (f.
_badia_ Sarg.), about ½′ long; calyx persistent; flesh thick, sweet and
succulent, light yellow; nutlets usually 5, about ¼′ long, narrowed at
base, broad and rounded at apex, ridged on the back with a narrow ridge,
the ventral cavities irregular, small and shallow.
A tree, 30°—40° high, with a long trunk 18′—20′ in diameter, stout
branches spreading and ascending and forming a compact round-topped
head, and slender rigid glabrous bright red or orange-red lustrous
branchlets unarmed, or armed with straight or slightly curved blunt or
rarely acute bright red ultimately ashy gray spines ⅓′—1′ long; often
shrubby and spreading into wide thickets.
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; valley of the Parsnip River,
British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon to the valley of the
Pitt River, California, and eastward in the United States through the
northern Rocky Mountain region to the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming;
passing into the var. _Suksdorfii_ Sarg. differing in its 20 stamens,
fruit not more than ⅓′ in diameter, usually in few-fruited clusters and
ripening from the 1st of July to the middle of August. A shrub with
numerous stems occasionally 25° high; banks of the Columbia River and
borders of bottom-lands, western Klickitat County, Washington.
151. Cratægus rivularis Nutt.
[Illustration: Fig. 503]
Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute,
acuminate or abruptly acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and
concave-cuneate at the long entire base, and very finely crenately
serrate above with glandular teeth, when they unfold tinged with red,
villose above and coated below with matted pale hairs, more than half
grown when the flowers open late in May and then hairy on the midrib and
veins above and pale and glabrous below, and at maturity thin, dull
bluish green and smooth on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the
lower surface, about 2′ long and ¾′ wide, with a slender yellow midrib
and 3 or 4 pairs of thin obscure primary veins; petioles slender,
slightly winged at apex, at first villose, becoming glabrous and
rose-colored below the middle, and about ½′ in length; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots often rhombic, coarsely serrate, often slightly
incisely lobed, coriaceous, 3′ long, and 2′ wide, with a stout broadly
winged petiole. Flowers ½′ in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in
rather compact glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes linear, entire or glandular with minute caducous glands,
glabrous on the outer surface, sparingly villose on the inner surface,
often tinged with red; stamens 10—20; anthers pale rose color. Fruit
ripening in September, on long pedicels, in drooping few-fruited
clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dark crimson and
marked by many large white dots when fully grown, becoming black and
lustrous at maturity, ⅓′—½′ long; calyx slightly enlarged, persistent,
with elongated closely appressed entire lobes slightly villose and dark
red on the upper side below the middle; flesh thin, yellow, dry and
mealy; nutlets 3—5, ¼′ long, narrowed and rounded at the ends, slightly
ridged on the back, the ventral cavities broad and shallow.
A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a slender trunk covered with dark
brown scaly bark, erect branches forming a narrow rather open head, and
slender bright red-brown lustrous branchlets marked by numerous pale
lenticels, and unarmed or armed with straight slender spines usually
about 1′ long.
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams, often forming thickets;
southeastern Idaho, (Pocatello and Inkom, Bannock County); northeastern
Nevada (Lee, Elk County) to southwestern Wyoming, eastern Utah,
southwestern Colorado, and northern New Mexico.
XX. ANOMALÆ.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Stamens 5—15; corymbs glabrous; leaves scabrate above.
152. C. scabrida (A).
Stamens 20; corymbs villose; leaves glabrous above.
153. C. virilis (A).
152. Cratægus scabrida Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 504]
Leaves oval to obovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed from near the
middle to the acuminate base, irregularly glandular-serrate nearly to
the base, and divided above into numerous short spreading lobes coated
above when the flowers open at the end of May with short pale hairs, and
at maturity thick and firm, dark green and scabrate on the upper
surface, pale yellow-green and glabrous on the lower surface, 2′—3′
long, and 1½′—2′ wide; petioles slender, occasionally glandular, often
slightly winged toward the apex, ½′—1¼′ in length. Flowers ¾′ in
diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in broad glabrous corymbs; calyx
narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate,
finely glandular-serrate; stamens 5—15; anthers small, pale yellow;
styles 3, surrounded at base by a thick tuft of pale tomentum. Fruit in
loose drooping clusters, subglobose, scarlet, ½′ in diameter, only the
base of the reflexed calyx-lobes persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh
yellow, thick, dry and mealy; nutlets 3, rounded and prominently ridged
on the back, ⅓′ long, the ventral depression wide, shallow, irregular,
often obscure.
A tree, 15°—20° high, with a trunk 6′ to 8′ in diameter, spreading
horizontal branches forming a broad round-topped head, and stout
slightly zigzag glabrous branchlets marked by oblong pale lenticels,
dark chestnut-brown during their first season, becoming ashy gray during
their second year, and armed with slender straight or curved spines
1½′—2′ in length; or often a tall intricately branched shrub.
Distribution. Valley of the St. Lawrence River, near Montreal, Province
of Quebec to the neighborhood of Toronto, southern Ontario; northern and
western Vermont; southern New Hampshire (slopes of Little Monadnock
Mountain); western Massachusetts, and western New York.
153. Cratægus virilis Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 505]
Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate or rounded and short-pointed at apex,
concave-cuneate and gradually narrowed to the acute entire base, finely
doubly serrate above with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided
above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes, nearly
fully grown when the flowers open during the first week of June and then
thin, yellow-green, smooth and slightly hairy above and pale bluish
green and covered below with short white hairs most abundant on the
stout yellow midrib and slender primary veins, and at maturity thin,
glabrous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, slightly villose
on the lower surface, 2½′—3′ long, and 1¾′—2′ wide; petioles stout,
wing-margined often to below the middle, slightly villose on the upper
side early in the season, soon glabrous, ⅗′—1′ in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots subcoriaceous, oval to rhombic, acuminate, often
long-pointed, 3′—4′ long, and 2′—2½′ wide, with a rose-colored midrib
and stout broadly winged petiole. Flowers about ½′ in diameter, on
slender villose pedicels, in broad lax hairy usually 15—18-flowered
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with long matted pale
hairs, the lobes slender, acuminate, irregularly glandular-serrate near
the middle, glabrous on the outer, slightly villose on the inner
surface, reflexed after anthesis; stamens 20, anthers slightly tinged
with pink, styles 4 or 5. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end of
September, on puberulous reddish pedicels, in erect or spreading
few-fruited clusters, short-oblong to ovoid, scarlet, lustrous,
pubescent especially near the rounded ends, marked by small dark dots,
⅖′—½′ long, and about 1⅓′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with long
slender spreading and reflexed coarsely serrate usually persistent lobes
villose on the upper surface; flesh thin, yellow, rather dry; nutlets 4
or 5, acute at the ends, prominently ridged on the back with a broad
deeply grooved ridge, generally furnished with obscure ventral
depressions, about ¼′ long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a short trunk frequently 1° in
diameter, covered with dark scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming
a narrow open irregular head, and slender nearly straight glabrous
branchlets dark orange-green when they first appear, becoming light
chestnut-brown, lustrous and marked by pale lenticels in their first
season, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved bright
chestnut-brown shining spines 1½′—2′ in length, long persistent and
becoming branched on old stems.
Distribution. Fence rows, southwest of the village of Weston, near
Toronto, Ontario.
8. COWANIA D. Don.
Trees or shrubs with scaly bark and rigid terete branchlets. Leaves
alternate, simple, lobed or rarely linear, subcoriaceous,
straight-veined, glandular-dotted on the upper surface, tardily
deciduous or persistent, short-petiolate; stipules adnate to the base of
the petiole. Flowers solitary at the end of short lateral branches;
calyx-tube turbinate, persistent, the limb 5-lobed, deciduous, the lobes
imbricated in the bud; disk thin, adnate to the tube of the calyx, its
margins thickened; petals 5, obovate, spreading, larger than the
calyx-lobes; stamens numerous, inserted in two rows in the mouth of the
calyx-tube, incurved, persistent; anthers peltate, eglandular, 2-celled,
opening longitudinally; carpels 5—12, inserted in the bottom of the
calyx-tube, free, villose, 1-celled; style short, villose, stigma
simple, filiform; ovule solitary, ascending; raphe linear, dorsal;
micropyle inferior. Fruit composed of 5—12 1-celled ellipsoidal akenes,
included in the tube of the calyx, and tipped with the much elongated
persistent styles covered with long white hairs; seed filling the cavity
of the carpel, linear-obovoid, erect; hilum basal, minute; testa
membranaceous; albumen thin; cotyledons oblong, radicle inferior.
Cowania is confined to the dry interior region of the United States and
Mexico. Three species can be distinguished; of these the type of the
genus, _Cowania mexicana_ D. Don, sometimes attains the size and habit
of a small tree. The genus was named in honor of James Cowan (died
1823), an English merchant who traveled in Mexico and Peru and sent
plants to England.
1. Cowania mexicana D. Don.
_Cowania Stansburiana_ Torr.
_Cowania Davidsonii_ Rydb.
[Illustration: Fig. 506]
Leaves short-petioled, cuneate, revolute on the margins, 3 or rarely
5-lobed above the middle, the lobes linear, entire or slightly divided,
coriaceous, dark green above, hoary-tomentose below, ⅓′—½′ long, tardily
deciduous or persistent until spring; leaves on vigorous shoots and on
flower-bearing branchlets occasionally linear and entire; stipules
ciliate on the margins, united below and adnate to the short persistent
petiole, free above the middle and acute at apex, persistent and
becoming woody on the flower-bearing branchlets. Flowers appearing in
early spring, 1′ in diameter; calyx-tube more or less tomentose and
covered with rigid glandular hairs, the lobes rounded at apex,
hoary-tomentose; petals broad-obovate, rounded and emarginate at apex,
cuneate and short-stipitate below, pale yellow or nearly white. Fruit
ripening in October, about ¼′ long and as long as the calyx-tube, the
elongated style often 2′ in length.
A tree, occasionally 20°—25° high, with a tall trunk 6′—8′ in diameter,
short spreading branches forming a narrow head, and slender rigid
branchlets red and glandular during their first season, becoming dark
reddish brown and glabrous the following year. Bark of the trunk pale
gray, separating freely into long narrow thin loosely attached plates;
more often a shrub with spreading stems often only a few feet tall.
Distribution. Dry rocky slopes and mesas, usually at altitudes between
6000° and 8000°; northern Utah and central Nevada, through Arizona and
western New Mexico to northern Mexico; common and probably of its
largest size near the southern rim of the Grand Cañon, and on the lower
slopes of the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona.
9. CERCOCARPUS H. B. K. Mountain Mahogany.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, rigid terete branches, short lateral
spur-like branchlets conspicuously roughened for many years by the
crowded narrow horizontal scars of fallen leaves, minute buds, the
scales of the inner rows accrescent on the growing shoots and often
colored. Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate, coriaceous,
straight-veined, short-petiolate, persistent; stipules minute, adnate to
the base of the petiole, deciduous. Flowers axillary on the short
lateral branchlets, sessile or short-pedicellate, solitary or fascicled,
the pedicels sometimes lengthening before the fruit ripens; calyx-tube
long, cylindric, abruptly expanded at apex into a cup-shaped, 5-lobed
deciduous limb, the lobes imbricated in the bud; disk thin, slightly
glandular, adnate to the tube of the calyx; petals 0; stamens 15—30, in
2 or 3 rows; filaments incurved in the bud, free, short, terete; anthers
oblong, pubescent or tomentose, distinct and united by a broad
connective; ovary composed of a single carpel inserted in the bottom and
included in the tube of the calyx, acute, terete, smooth, striate or
sulcate, sericeous, rarely bicarpellate; style terminal, filiform,
villose or glabrate, crowned with a minute obtuse stigma; ovule
solitary, subbasilar, ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior. Fruit
a linear-oblong coriaceous slightly ridged angled or sulcate akene,
included in the persistent tube of the spindle-shaped calyx more or less
deeply cleft at the apex, and tipped with the elongated persistent style
clothed with long white hairs. Seed solitary, linear, acute, erect;
hilum conspicuous lateral above the oblique base; testa membranaceous;
embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons ovate-oblong,
elongated, fleshy; radicle inferior.
Cercocarpus is confined to the dry interior and mountainous regions of
North America. Twenty-one species, often of doubtful value, have been
distinguished; seventeen are credited to the territory of the United
States and the others to Mexico. The heavy hard brittle wood of all the
species makes valuable fuel and is occasionally used in the manufacture
of small articles for domestic and industrial use.
The generic name, from κέρκος and καρπός, refers to the peculiar
long-tailed fruit.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.