Flowers in terminal cymose corymbs; calyx-lobes persistent; ovary
5-celled; ovules ascending; mature carpels adherent below and
opening down the back; albumen 0; leaves simple.
1. Vauquelinia.
Flowers in terminal corymbs; calyx-lobes deciduous; ovary 2-celled;
ovules 4 in each cell, pendulous; mature carpels opening on
the ventral and partly on the dorsal suture; albumen thin;
leaves opposite, simple or pinnately divided.
2. Lyonothamnus.
Tribe 2. Pomoideæ. Fruit a pome composed of the thickened and
succulent calyx-tube inclosing the papery or bony carpels;
stipules free from the petioles.
Mature carpels papery.
Carpels as many as the styles.
Flowers in few-flowered terminal racemes on short spur-like
lateral branchlets; ovary 3—5-celled; styles more or less
united below; leaves simple; winter-buds small.
3. Malus.
Flowers in broad compound terminal cymes; ovary 2—4, usually
3-celled; styles distinct; fruit subglobose; leaves
unequally pinnate; winter-buds large.
4. Sorbus.
Flowers in large terminal corymbose panicles; ovary nearly
superior, 2-celled; styles distinct; fruit obovoid.
5. Heteromeles.
Carpels becoming at maturity twice as many as the styles; flowers
in erect or nodding racemes; ovary inferior or partly
superior; styles 2—5, more or less united below; fruit
subglobose or pyriform; leaves simple, deciduous.
6. Amelanchier.
Mature carpels bony; flowers in terminal cymose corymbs; ovary
1—5-celled; styles distinct; fruit globose to pyriform; leaves
simple, deciduous.
7. Cratægus.
Tribe 3. Dryadæ. Calyx-tube turbinate, campanulate or hemispheric;
petals 5; ovary composed of 1 or several carpels; fruit an akene
tipped with the elongated plumose style.
Flowers terminal on short branchlets, solitary; calyx-tube
turbinate; carpels 5—12; leaves alternate, toothed or
pinnatifid.
8. Cowania.
Tribe 4. Cercocarpæ. Calyx-tube salver-shaped; petals 0; ovary
composed of a single carpel; fruit an akene, tipped with the
elongated plumose style.
Leaves alternate, simple, entire or serrate.
9. Cercocarpus.
Tribe 5. Prunoideæ. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; ovary 1-celled; style
terminal; ovules pendulous.
Flowers in fascicled umbels, or racemes; leaves simple, deciduous or
persistent.
10. Prunus.
Tribe 6. Chrysobalanoideæ. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; ovary 1-celled;
style lateral, ovules ascending.
Flowers in axillary or terminal cymose panicles; leaves simple,
persistent.
11. Chrysobalanus.
1. VAUQUELINIA Corr.
Trees or shrubs, with slender terete branchlets and scaly bark. Leaves
alternate or rarely opposite, lanceolate, serrate, long-petiolate,
reticulate-veined, coriaceous, persistent; stipules minute, acute,
deciduous. Flowers on slender bibracteolate pedicels, in compound
terminal leafy cymose corymbs; calyx short-turbinate, coriaceous,
5-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse or acute, erect, persistent; petals 5,
orbicular or oblong, white, becoming reflexed, persistent; stamens
15—25, inserted in 3 or 4 series, equal or semiequal, those of the outer
row opposite the petals; filaments subulate, exserted, persistent;
anthers versatile, extrorse; carpels 5, opposite the sepals, inserted on
the thickened base of the calyx-tube and united below into a 5-celled
ovoid tomentose ovary crowned with 5 short spreading styles dilated into
capitate stigmas; ovules subbasilar, ascending, prolonged at the apex
into thin membranaceous wings; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit
a woody ovoid 5-celled tomentose capsule inclosed at the base by the
remnants of the flower, the mature carpels adherent below and at
maturity splitting down the back. Seeds 2 in each cell, ascending,
compressed; testa membranaceous, expanded into a long terminal
membranaceous wing; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons
flat; radicle straight, erect.
Vauquelinia is confined to the New World and is distributed from New
Mexico, Arizona and Lower California to southern Mexico. Three species
are distinguished; of these one inhabits the mountain ranges of southern
Arizona and New Mexico.
The generic name is in honor of the French chemist Louis Nicholas
Vauquelin (1763—1829).
1. Vauquelinia californica Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 335]
Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or rarely rounded at apex,
abruptly cuneate or slightly rounded at base, and remotely serrate with
minute glandular teeth, when they unfold puberulous above and densely
tomentose below, and at maturity coriaceous, bright yellow-green and
glabrous on the upper and tomentose on the lower surface, 1½′—3′ long,
¼′—½′ wide, with a thick conspicuous midrib grooved on the upper side,
and numerous thin primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets;
deciduous in spring or early summer; petioles thick, ⅓′—½′ in length.
Flowers appearing in June, ¼′ in diameter, in hoary-tomentose panicles
2′—3′ across; petals oblong; inner surface of the disk pilose. Fruit
fully grown by the end of August, ¼′ long, persistent on the branches
after opening until the spring of the following year; conspicuous from
the contrast of the bright red faded petals and the white silky
pubescence of the calyx and carpels; seed 1/12′ long, and one third as
long as its wing.
A tree, 18°—20° high, with a slender often hollow trunk 5′—6′ in
diameter, rigid upright contorted branches, and slender branchlets at
first bright reddish brown and more or less thickly covered with hoary
tomentum, becoming light brown or gray in their second year and marked
by large elevated leaf-scars; or more often a low shrub. Winter-buds:
axillary minute, acuminate, reddish brown, pubescent. Bark about 1/16′
thick, dark red-brown, and broken on the surface into small square
persistent plate-like scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark
rich brown streaked with red, with 14 or 15 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Bottoms and rocky sides of gulches, or on grassy slopes;
mountain ranges of extreme southwestern New Mexico (Guadalupe Cañon,
teste _E. A. Means_), southern Arizona, Sonora, and Lower California;
arborescent and of its largest size in Arizona on the Santa Catalina
Mountains at altitudes of about 5000° above the sea.
2. LYONOTHAMNUS A. Gray.
A tree or shrub, with scaly bark exfoliating in long strips, stout
terrete pubescent ultimately glabrous branchlets, and scaly, acuminate
buds. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or
cuneate at base, entire, finely crenulate-serrate or serrulate lobulate
below the middle, or sometimes irregularly pinnately parted into 3—8
linear-lanceolate remote lobulate segments, coriaceous, transversely
many-veined, dark green above, paler and more or less pubescent below,
persistent; stipules lanceolate, acute, minute, caducous. Flowers on
slender pedicels, in broad compound terminal pubescent cymose corymbs,
with minute acute persistent bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube
hemispheric, with 1—3 bractlets, tomentose on the outer surface, the
lobes nearly triangular, slightly keeled, apiculate, persistent; disk
10-lobed, with a slightly thickened margin; petals 5, orbicular,
sessile, white; stamens 15, inserted in pairs opposite the petals and
singly opposite the sepals; filaments subulate, incurved, as long as the
petals; anthers oblong, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally;
carpels 2, inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, forming a superior
glandular, hairy ovary; styles 2, spreading; stigmas capitate, truncate;
ovules 4 in each cell, suspended; micropyle superior; raphe ventral.
Fruit of 2 woody ovoid glandular-setulose carpels, dehiscent on the
ventral and partly dehiscent on the dorsal suture. Seeds ovate-oblong,
pointed at the ends; seed-coat light brown, thin and membranaceous;
hilum orbicular, apical; raphe broad and wing-like; cotyledons oblong,
acuminate, twice as long as the straight radicle directed toward the
hilum.
Lyonothamnus is represented by a single species found only on the
islands off the coast of southern California.
_Lyonothamnus_, in honor of its discoverer, William S. Lyon.
1. Lyonothamnus floribundus A. Gray. Ironwood.
[Illustration: Fig. 336]
Leaves 4′—8′ long, ½′ wide when entire, or 4′ wide when pinnately
divided, when they unfold covered below with hoary deciduous tomentum,
at maturity dark green and lustrous above and yellow-green, glabrous or
pubescent below, with an orange-colored midrib. Flowers in June and
July, ⅛′—¼′ in diameter, in clusters varying from 4′—8′ across. Fruit
ripens in August and September, 3/16′ long.
A bushy tree, rarely 30°—40° high, with a single straight trunk 8′—10′
in diameter, and slender branchlets at first pale orange color and
coated with deciduous pubescence, becoming at the end of their first
season bright red and lustrous; usually shrubby, with several tall
stems, or in exposed situations a low bush. Bark ⅓′ thick, dark
red-brown, and composed of numerous thin papery layers, forming after
exfoliating long loose strips persistent on the stem. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, bright clear red faintly tinged with orange.
Distribution. Steep slopes of cañons in dry rocky soil; on the islands
of Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, San Clemente, Santa Rosa, California;
most abundant and of its largest size on the northern shores of Santa
Cruz; on Santa Catalina much smaller and rarely arborescent.
Now occasionally cultivated in California.
3. MALUS Hall. Apple.
Trees, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets, small obtuse buds
covered by imbricated scales, those of the inner ranks accrescent and
marking the base of the branchlet with conspicuous ring-like scars, and
fibrous roots. Leaves conduplicate in the bud in the American species,
simple, often incisely lobed, especially those near the end of vigorous
branchlets, petiolate, deciduous, the petioles in falling leaving narrow
horizontal scars marked by the ends of three equidistant fibro-vascular
bundles; stipules free from the petioles, filiform, early deciduous.
Flowers in short terminal racemes, with filiform deciduous bracts and
bractlets, on short lateral spur-like often spinescent branchlets;
calyx-tube obconic, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, acuminate,
becoming reflexed, persistent and erect on the fruit or deciduous;
petals rounded at apex, contracted below into a stalk-like base, white,
pink or rose color; stamens usually 20 in 3 series, those of the outer
series opposite the petals; carpels 3—5, usually 5, alternate with the
petals, united into an inferior ovary; styles united at base; ovules 2
in each cell, ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior. Fruit a pome
with homogeneous flesh, and papery carpels joined at apex, free in the
middle; seeds 2, or by abortion 1 in each cell, ovoid, acute, erect,
without albumen; seed-coat cartilaginous, chestnut-brown and lustrous;
embryo erect; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy; radicle short, inferior.
Malus is confined to North America where nine species have been
recognized, to western and southeastern Europe, and to central,
southern, and eastern Asia. Of exotic species, _Malus pumila_ Mill. of
southeastern Europe and central Asia, the Apple-tree of orchards, has
become widely naturalized in northeastern North America. Several of the
species of eastern Asia and their hybrids are cultivated for their
handsome flowers, or for their fruits, the Siberian Crabs of
pomologists.
_Malus_ is the classical name of the Apple-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Calyx persistent on the green or rarely yellow fruit covered with a
waxy exudation; leaves of vigorous shoots laterally lobed;
anthers dark (Chloromeles).
Leaves glabrous at maturity.
Leaves on flowering branchlets, acute or acuminate, serrate.
Leaves at the end of vigorous shoots distinctly lobed, those of
flowering branchlets incisely serrate or lobed.
Leaves subcordate, with the lowest pair of veins springing
directly from the base, light green on the lower
surface.
1. M. glabrata (A).
Leaves truncate or rounded at base, the lowest pair of veins
at some distance from the base.
Leaves glaucescent beneath, thickish at maturity.
2. M. glaucescens (A, C).
Leaves light green on the lower surface, thin.
3. M. coronaria (A, C).
Leaves at the end of vigorous shoots only slightly lobed, those
of flowering branchlets serrate.
Leaves oval-elliptic, acute; fruit much depressed, distinctly
broader than high.
4. M. platycarpa (A, C).
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thin; fruit subglobose.
5. M. lancifolia.
Leaves on flowering branchlets usually rounded at apex, those at
the end of vigorous shoots only slightly lobed; fruit
subglobose.
6. M. angustifolia (A, C).
Leaves tomentose or villose at maturity, at least those of vigorous
shoots, strongly veined.
Calyx glabrous on the outer surface; leaves of flowering
branchlets without lobes, glabrous or nearly so.
7. M. bracteata (A, C).
Calyx tomentose or pubescent on the outer surface; leaves usually
incisely lobed, pubescent or tomentose beneath, rarely
glabrous.
8. M. ioensis (A, C).
Calyx deciduous from the yellow or reddish fruit without a waxy
exudation; leaves of vigorous shoots often 3-lobed at apex;
anthers yellow (Sorbomalus).
9. M. fusca (B, G).
1. Malus glabrata Rehd. Crab Apple.
[Illustration: Fig. 337]
Leaves triangular-ovate or ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, cordate or
rarely truncate at base, lobed with 2 or 3 pairs of short-acute or
short-acuminate coarsely serrate lobes, when they unfold bronze color
and sparingly covered with caducous hairs, glabrous when fully expanded,
and at maturity dark yellow-green and lustrous above, pale below, 2½′—3′
long and 2′—2½′ wide, with 5—7 pairs of prominent primary veins, the
lowest pair from the base of the leaf; petioles slender, glabrous,
⅘′—1¼′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots more deeply lobed
and often 4′ long and 3½′ wide. Flowers about 1¼′ in diameter, on
slender glabrous purple pedicels ⅗′—1¼′ long, in 4—7-flowered clusters;
calyx-tube purple and glabrous, the lobes glabrous on the outer surface,
slightly longer than the tube; petals suborbicular or broadly ovate,
abruptly contracted below, about ⅗′ wide, often erose-denticulate;
stamens about one third shorter than the petals; styles 5, slightly
longer than the stamens, villose below the middle. Fruit on slender
pedicels about ⅘′ in length, depressed globose, slightly angled,
distinctly ribbed at the deeply impressed apex, about 1¼′ high and 1½′
in diameter, with a deep basal cavity; seed obovoid-oblong, about ⅓′
long.
A tree, 18°—25° high, with a short trunk rarely 1° in diameter,
spreading branches often armed with stout straight spines up to 1½′ in
length, and glabrous purple branchlets, becoming purple-brown and
slightly lustrous at the end of their first season, dull red-brown in
their second year, and ultimately grayish brown. Winter-buds ovoid or
oblong-ovoid, acute, glabrous, dark purple-brown up to ¼′ in length.
Distribution. A common Crab Apple in the valleys of western North
Carolina at altitudes of 2000°—3500°; near Biltmore, Buncombe County,
Dillsboro, Jackson County, and Highlands, Macon County.
2. Malus glaucescens Rehd. Crab Apple.
[Illustration: Fig. 338]
Leaves triangular-ovate or ovate, acute, short-acuminate or rounded at
apex, truncate or rounded at base, those of flowering branchlets more or
less lobed and coarsely serrate with abruptly acuminate teeth, their
lobes triangular, broad-ovate and abruptly acuminate, those of the
lowest pair usually the longest, bronze color and covered with thin
floccose tomentum when they unfold, soon glabrous, dull yellowish green
above, glaucescent below, 1½′—3½′ long and 1¼′—3′ wide, with 4—7 pairs
of prominent primary veins; turning yellow or dark purple and falling
early in the autumn; petioles slender, slightly villose at first, soon
glabrous, 1½′—3′ in length; stipules filiform, purple, glabrous or
slightly villose, about ⅓′ long; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
broad-ovate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at base, often
deeply lobed, 3′—3½′ long, 3′ wide, with petioles 1½′—2′ in length.
Flowers 1⅓′—1½′ in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, ⅘′—1¼′ in
length, in usually 5—7-flowered clusters, calyx-tube coated with
floccose caducous pubescence or glabrous, slightly shorter than the
long-acuminate lobes densely tomentose on the inner surface; petals
oval, abruptly contracted below into a long claw, white or rose color,
½′—⅗′ wide; stamens about one third shorter than the petals; styles 5,
about as long as the stamens, densely villose below and united at base
for about one fourth of their length. Fruit depressed globose, pale
yellow when ripe, 1′—1¼′ high, 1¼′—1¾′ in diameter, with a shallow only
slightly corrugated cavity at apex and a shallow concave depression at
base.
An arborescent shrub or small tree, rarely more than 15° high, often
spreading into thickets, with a trunk 4′ or 5′ in diameter, spreading
spinescent branches forming an open irregular head, and slender
branchlets slightly pubescent at first, soon glabrous, bright red-brown
in their first and second years, becoming dark gray-brown and marked by
yellow lenticels. Bark dark gray, divided by shallow longitudinal
fissures and finally separating into small thin scales.
Distribution. Glades and open woods in rich soil; western New York
(Ontario, Munroe, Cattaraugus and Erie Counties) to southern Ontario,
western Pennsylvania (near Carnot, Allegheny County); and southeastern
and northern Ohio; Tiptop, Tazewell County, Virginia; near Spruce Pine,
Mitchell County, North Carolina; slopes of Lookout Mountain, above
Valleyhead, DeKalb County, Alabama; apparently most generally
distributed and most abundant in Ohio.
3. Malus coronaria L. Crab Apple. Garland Tree.
[Illustration: Fig. 339]
Leaves ovate to oval, rounded, acute or acuminate and often abruptly
short-pointed at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, and coarsely serrate
usually only above the middle, tinged with red and villose-pubescent
when they unfold, soon glabrous, and at maturity yellow-green above,
paler below, 2′—3′ long and 1½′ wide, with a prominent midrib and thin
inconspicuous primary veins; turning yellow in the autumn before
falling; petioles slender, at first puberulous, becoming glabrous, ½′—1′
in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-ovate, usually
lobed with short acute lobes, more coarsely serrate, thicker, often
3′—4′ long and 2′—3′ wide, with a prominent midrib and primary veins,
and stout petioles often tinged with red and 1½′—2′ in length. Flowers
1¼′—1½′ in diameter, on glabrous pedicels ½′—1′ long, in 3—6-flowered
clusters; calyx-tube glabrous, or rarely more or less densely
villose-pubescent (var. _dasycalyx_ Rehd.), the lobes long-acuminate,
longer than the tube, sparingly pubescent on the outer surface,
hoary-tomentose on the inner surface; petals oblong-obovate, gradually
or abruptly narrowed into a long claw, about ½′ wide; stamens shorter
than the petals; styles 5, clothed for half their length with long white
hairs and united at the base. Fruit on slender pedicels 1½′—2′ in
length, green when fully grown, yellow-green at maturity, ¾′—1′ high and
1′—1¼′ wide.
A tree, often forming dense thickets, 25°—30° high, with a trunk 12′—14′
in diameter, dividing 8°—10° above the ground into several stout
spreading branches forming a wide open head, and branchlets
hoary-tomentose when they first appear, glabrous or slightly pubescent,
bright red-brown and marked by occasional small pale lenticels in their
first winter, and developing in their second year stout, spur-like,
somewhat spinescent lateral branchlets. Winter-buds obtuse, with bright
red scales scarious and ciliate on the dark margins. Bark ⅓′ thick,
longitudinally fissured, the outer layer separating into long narrow
persistent red-brown scales. Wood heavy, close-grained, not strong,
light red, with yellow sapwood of 18—20 layers of annual growth; used
for levers, the handles of tools, and many small domestic articles.
Distribution. Western New York to southern Ontario and westward through
Ohio, southern Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and southern Wisconsin to
Missouri (Jackson and Butler Counties), and southward through
Pennsylvania to northern Delaware, and along the Appalachian Mountains
to North Carolina, sometimes up to altitudes of 3300°; the var.
_dasycalyx_ common and widely distributed in Ohio (Lorain, Clark,
Franklin, Hardin and Lucas Counties, _R. E. Horsey_), and in Wells and
Porter Counties, Indiana (_C. C. Deam_).
Sometimes planted in the gardens of the northern and eastern states;
passing into
Malus coronaria var. elongata Rehd.
_Malus elongata_ Ashe.
[Illustration: Fig. 340]
Leaves oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, rounded
or broad-cuneate at base, incisely serrate or slightly lobed,
floccose-tomentose when they unfold, soon glabrous, dark yellow-green
above, lighter below, 2′—3½′ long, 1′—1¼′ wide; at the end of vigorous
shoots ovate, rounded or broad and cuneate at base, acuminate, lobed
with short acuminate lobes, 3½′—4′ long, 2′—2½′ wide, with a prominent
midrib and primary veins, and slightly pubescent orange-colored petioles
1′—1½′ in length. Flowers and Fruit as in the species.
A shrub or small tree, sometimes forming dense almost impenetrable
thickets.
Distribution. Western New York (Ontario, Cattaraugus and Erie Counties);
Virginia (on Peak Mountain, Pulaski County); West Virginia (near Elkins,
Randolph County, and White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County), and
westward to southern Ohio (Oberlin, Lorain County); North Carolina (near
Highlands, Macon County); and northeastern Georgia (Rabun County).
4. Malus platycarpa Rehd. Crab Apple.
[Illustration: Fig. 341]
Leaves ovate to elliptic, abruptly contracted at the rounded apex into a
short point, rounded at base, and sharply usually doubly serrate, when
they unfold covered with long white hairs caducous except from the
midrib and at maturity glabrous; dark yellow-green, lustrous, and
slightly rugulose on the upper surface, lighter on the lower surface,
2½′—3¼′ long and 1½′—2½′ wide, with 5—7 pairs of prominent primary
veins; petioles slender, villose, often becoming nearly glabrous, 1′—1½′
in length; on vigorous shoots often broad-ovate and lobed with short
triangular lobes sometimes 4′ long and nearly as wide. Flowers about 1½′
in diameter, on glabrous pedicels 1½′—2½′ long, in 3—6-flowered
clusters; calyx-tube glabrous or rarely pubescent (var. _Hoopesii_
Rehd.), the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, longer than the tube, glabrous
on the outer surface, densely tomentose on the inner surface; petals
orbicular-obovate, usually irregularly incisely dentate and abruptly
contracted at base into a short claw, slightly villose on the inner
surface near the base, ½′ to nearly 1′ wide; stamens slightly shorter
than the petals; styles 5, somewhat shorter than the stamens, villose
below the middle and united below for one third their length. Fruit on
slender pedicels, 1¼′—1½′ in length, depressed globose with a deep
cavity at base and apex, 1½′—1¾′ high and 2′—2½′ wide; seeds
oblong-obovoid, about ⅓′ long.
A tree, 18°—20° high, with a trunk 4′ or 5′ in diameter, spreading
unarmed branches, and branchlets clothed when they first appear with
thin villose tomentum, becoming by the end of their first year glabrous,
brown or purple-brown and lustrous, dull brown in their second season,
and ultimately grayish brown. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, glabrous except
on the villose margins of the purplish brown scales, about ¼′ long.
Distribution. Near Franklin, Macon County, North Carolina; Mercer
Springs, Mercer County, West Virginia; near Olympia, Bath County,
Kentucky; Youngstown, Mahoning County, Ohio (_R. E. Horsey_).
5. Malus lancifolia Rehd. Crab Apple.
[Illustration: Fig. 342]
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or short-acuminate
at apex, rounded or broad-cuneate at base, finely or coarsely doubly
serrate with short or occasionally with larger teeth pointing forward,
covered with thin floccose tomentum when they unfold, soon glabrous,
bright yellow-green, 1½′—3′ long, ½′—1′ wide, with 8—10 pairs of veins;
petioles slender, slightly villose at first, soon glabrous, ½′—1′ in
length; leaves on vigorous shoots ovate or oblong-ovate, slightly lobed,
more densely pubescent below, 2½′—3¾′ long, 2′—2½′ wide, with a thin
midrib and 4—7 pairs of veins slightly villose through the season, and
stouter petioles. Flowers 1¼′—1½′ in diameter, in 3—6-flowered clusters,
on slender glabrous pedicels about 1¼′ in length; calyx glabrous, the
lobes longer than the tube, oblong-lanceolate, glabrous on the outer
surface, coated with villose tomentum on the inner surface; petals
contracted into a long narrow claw, glabrous, white or rose color, ½′
wide; stamens shorter than the petals; styles 5, densely villose below
the middle. Fruit on slender drooping pedicels about 1′ long,
subglobose, 1′—1¼′ wide.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a trunk 12′—15′ in diameter, spreading
spinescent branches forming an open pyramidal head, and slender
branchlets slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous when they first appear,
becoming reddish brown at the end of their first season and ultimately
gray-brown. Bark of the trunk brownish gray, divided by shallow
longitudinal fissures and separating into thin plates.
Distribution. Northeastern Pennsylvania (Scranton, Lackawanna County) to
the western and southwestern parts of the state, and southward to
Randolph and Greenbrier Counties, West Virginia, Pulaski County (on Peak
Mountain), Virginia, and to the mountains of North Carolina up to
altitudes of 3200°, and westward to northeastern Kentucky, through
southern Ohio, eastern Indiana (Delaware County) and southern Illinois
(Richland, Jackson, Gallatin and Pope Counties); Missouri (Jackson and
Wayne Counties).
6. Malus angustifolia Michx. Crab Apple.
[Illustration: Fig. 343]
Leaves elliptic to oblong-obovate, rounded or acute and apiculate at
apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, and crenately serrate,
hoary-tomentose below and sparingly villose above when they unfold, soon
glabrous, or occasionally pubescent on the midrib below, and at maturity
subcoriaceous dull green on the upper and light green on the lower
surface, 1′—2′ long, ½′—¾′ wide; turning brown in drying; petioles
slender, at first villose, soon glabrous, ½′—¾′ in length; stipules
linear, rose-colored, ⅓′ long; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
ovate, oblong-ovate or elliptic, usually lobed with numerous short acute
lobes, or coarsely serrate, usually rounded at apex, broad-cuneate at
base, at maturity glabrous, or slightly floccose-pubescent below,
especially on the midrib and veins, 2′—3′ long, 1½′—2′ wide, with stout
often rose-colored glabrous or pubescent petioles. Flowers about 1′ in
diameter, very fragrant, on slender glabrous or rarely puberulous
pedicels, ¾′—1′ long, in mostly 3—5-flowered clusters; calyx-tube short
and broad, glabrous, the lobes about as long as the tube, glabrous on
the outer surface, thickly covered with hoary tomentum on the inner
surface; petals oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed below into a long
claw, rose-colored, about ¼′ wide; stamens shorter than the petals;
styles 5, united at base, villose below the middle. Fruit
depressed-globose, pale yellow-green, ¾′—1′ in diameter.
A tree, rarely 30° high, with a short trunk 8′—10′ in diameter, rigid
spreading or rarely slender and pendulous (var. _pendula_ Rehd.)
branches forming a broad open head, and young branchlets clothed at
first with pale caducous pubescence, soon glabrous, in their first
winter brown slightly tinged with red, and in their second year light
brown and marked by occasional orange-colored lenticels. Winter-buds
1/16′ long, chestnut-brown, slightly pubescent. Bark ⅜′—¼′ thick, dark
reddish brown, and divided by deep longitudinal fissures into narrow
ridges broken on the surface into small persistent plate-like scales.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick
yellow sapwood; occasionally employed for levers, the handles of tools
and other small objects. The fruit is used for preserves.
Distribution. Southeastern Virginia in the neighborhood of the coast,
southward to western Florida, and through southern Alabama and
Mississippi to western Louisiana (near Winnfield, Winn County); in the
Carolinas and Georgia, ranging inland to the Appalachian foothills and
in Mississippi to the neighborhood of Iuka, Tishomingo County in the
northeastern corner of the state; in southern Illinois (Pope and Johnson
Counties, _E. J. Palmer_).
7. Malus bracteata Rehd.
[Illustration: Fig. 344]
Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, on flowering branchlets
sometimes obtusish at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, serrate or
incisely serrate, sometimes slightly lobed near the base, covered below
with floccose tomentum when they unfold, soon glabrous, and at maturity
thin, bright yellow-green and lustrous above, light green below, 1½′—3′
long, 1′—1¼′ wide; petioles glabrous, reddish like the under side of the
midrib, ⅔′—1′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots ovate,
acute, cuneate at base, usually lobed with 4 or 5 pairs of short acute
or rounded lobes, more thickly tomentose when they unfold, at maturity
thicker, glabrous above, more or less pubescent below, often 3′—3½′ long
and 2′—2½′ wide, with a stout midrib and petiole. Flowers 1′—1¼′ in
diameter, on slender glabrous or nearly glabrous pedicels, in
3—5-flowered clusters, with subulate bractlets ⅕′—⅛′ long, often
persistent until after the flowers open; calyx-tube glabrous, the lobes
slightly longer than the tube, villose on the inner surface; petals
oval, narrowed into a slender claw, deep pink, 5/12′—½′ wide; stamens
about one third shorter than the petals; styles slightly shorter than
the stamens, united at base and villose below for a third of their
length. Fruit depressed-globose, with a shallow basal cavity and a
shallow slightly corrugated cavity at apex, slightly viscid, ⅘′—1′ high
and 1′—1¼′ wide.
A tree, 15°—30° high, with a trunk up to 6′ or 7′ in diameter, thick
branches forming a broad often symmetrical head, and stout branchlets
red and glabrous when they first appear, becoming reddish brown and
lustrous at the end of their first season, and dull red-brown and armed
with occasional stout spines or unarmed the following year, the vigorous
shoots more or less pubescent early in the season, becoming glabrous, or
often densely pubescent until autumn. Winter-buds red-brown, glabrous,
or slightly pubescent. Bark dark brown and broken into thin closely
appressed scales.
Distribution. Missouri (Allenton, St. Louis County, and Campbell,
Dunklin County); northern Kentucky (Fordsville, Ohio County); Tennessee,
without locality; North Carolina (Biltmore, Buncombe County, near
Highlands, Macon County, up to altitudes of 3500°, and Abbottsburg,
Bladen County); Georgia (Dillard, Rabun County, near Augusta, Richmond
County); Florida (River Junction, Gadsden County).
8. Malus ioensis Britt. Crab Apple.
[Illustration: Fig. 345]
Leaves elliptic to ovate or oblong-obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded
at apex, cuneate or rounded at the narrow base, crenately serrate, and
often slightly lobed with acute or rounded lobes, hoary-tomentose below
and floccose-pubescent above when they unfold, and at maturity thick and
firm, dark green, lustrous and glabrous above, pale yellow-green and
tomentose or nearly glabrous below, 2½′—4′ long, 1′—1½′ wide, with a
slender midrib and primary veins; turning yellow in the autumn before
falling; petioles slender, hoary-tomentose in early spring, becoming
pubescent or nearly glabrous, ¾′—1′ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots broad-ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, rounded at the broad
or narrow base, often deeply lobed, covered below through the season
with floccose easily detached tomentum, often 4′ or 5′ long and 3′ or 4′
wide, with a thick midrib and primary veins, and stout hoary-tomentose
petioles ¾′—1′ in length. Flowers 1½′—2′ in diameter, on villose
pubescent pedicels 1′—1½′ long, in 3—6-flowered clusters; calyx covered
with hoary tomentum, the lobes narrow, rather longer than the tube;
petals obovate, gradually narrowed below into a long slender claw, rose
color or white, about ½′ wide; stamens shorter than the petals; styles
5, united at base, covered below for a third of their length with long
white hairs. Fruit on stout tomentose or villose stems 1′—1½′ long,
depressed globose, with shallow basal and apical depressions, green or
greenish yellow, ¾′—1′ high, and 1′—1¼′ wide.
A tree, 20°—30° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter, stout spreading
branches forming a wide open head, and branchlets hoary-tomentose when
they first appear, glabrous or slightly pubescent, bright red-brown and
marked by occasional small pale lenticels in their first winter, the
lateral branchlets usually spinescent. Winter-buds minute, obtuse,
pubescent above the middle. Bark ⅓′ thick, covered with long narrow
persistent red-brown scales.
Distribution. Southeastern Minnesota to Iowa, eastern Nebraska, and
Missouri, and through southern Wisconsin and Illinois to Huntington
County, Indiana. Passing into var. _Palmeri_ Rehd., differing from the
type in its smaller oblong more thinly pubescent leaves usually rounded
at apex, those of the flowering branchlets crenately serrate and not
lobed; a small tree rarely more than 15° high, with a slender stem,
spiny zigzag branches and stout branchlets densely tomentose when they
first appear, becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous and reddish or
gray-brown at the end of their first season; the common form in
Missouri, Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. On the Edwards Plateau, in
western Texas (Blanco, Kendall, and Kerr Counties) _M. ioensis_ is
represented by the var. _texana_ Rehd., differing in its smaller and
broader leaves only slightly or not at all lobed and densely villose
through the season; usually an intricately branched shrub forming large
dense thickets. A shrub from Campbell, Dunklin County, southeastern
Missouri, with small leaves and flowers, a glabrescent calyx, and long
slender flexible branches armed with numerous long straight spines is
distinguished as var. _spinosa_ Rehd. A variety with elliptic-ovate to
oblong-ovate leaves rounded or broadly cuneate at base, nearly entire or
crenately serrate, pubescent below at least on the veins, with densely
villose petioles is distinguished as var. _creniserrata_ Rehd.; a small
tree with slender spineless branchlets villose while young; near
Pineville, Rapides Parish, and Crowly, Arcadia Parish, western
Louisiana. A variety with less deeply lobed glabrescent
oblong-lanceolate leaves is distinguished as var. _Bushii_ Rehd.;
Williamsville, Wayne County, and Monteer, Shannon County, southern
Missouri.
Malus ioensis var. _plena_ Rehd., the Bechtel Crab, a form with large
rose-colored double flowers is a favorite garden plant.
× _Malus Soulardii_ Britt. with ovate, elliptic or obovate usually
obtuse leaves, rugose and tomentose on the lower surface, and
depressed-globose fruit 2′—2½′ in diameter, is believed to be a hybrid
of _Malus ioensis_ and _Malus pumila_.
9. Malus fusca Schn. Crab Apple.
_Malus rivularis_ Roem.
[Illustration: Fig. 346]
Leaves ovate to elliptic or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cuneate or
rounded at base, sharply serrate with appressed glandular teeth, and
often slightly 3-lobed, when they unfold pubescent on the lower and
puberulous on the upper surface, at maturity thick and firm, dark green
and glabrous above, pale and pubescent or glabrous below, 1′—4′ long,
½′—1½′ wide, with a prominent midrib and primary veins and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; before falling in the autumn turning bright orange
and scarlet; petioles stout, rigid, pubescent, 1′—1½′ in length;
stipules narrowly lanceolate, acute, ½′—¾′ long; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots ovate to obovate, acuminate, often 3-lobed above the
middle, rounded or cuneate at base, 2½′—3½′ long and wide, with petioles
often 2′ in length. Flowers ¾′ in diameter on slender pubescent or
glabrous pedicels, ½′—¾′ long, in short many-flowered clusters;
calyx-tube deciduous from the mature fruit, glabrous, puberulous or
tomentose, the lobes rather longer than the tube, minutely apiculate,
glabrous or tomentose, hoary-tomentose on the inner surface; petals
orbicular to obovate, erose or undulate on the margins, abruptly
contracted into a short claw, ¼′ wide, white or rose color; styles 2—4,
glabrous. Fruit obovoid-oblong, ½′—¾′ long, yellow-green, light yellow
flushed with red or sometimes nearly red; flesh thin and dry.
A tree, 30°—40° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter, and slender
branchlets coated at first with long pale hairs soon deciduous or
persistent until the autumn, becoming bright red and lustrous, and later
dark brown, and marked by minute remote pale lenticels; often a shrub
with numerous slender stems. Winter-buds 1/16′ long, chestnut-brown, the
inner scales at maturity lanceolate, usually bright red, and nearly ½′
in length. Bark ¼′ thick, and covered by large thin loose light
red-brown plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light
brown tinged with red, with lighter colored sapwood of 20—30 layers of
annual growth; used for mallets, mauls, the handles of tools, and the
bearings of machinery. The fruit has a pleasant subacid flavor.
Distribution. Deep rich soil in the neighborhood of streams, often
forming almost impenetrable thickets of considerable extent; Aleutian
Islands southward along the coast and islands of Alaska and British
Columbia to Sonoma and Plumas Counties, California; of its largest size
in the valleys of western Washington and Oregon.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states,
and in western Europe.
× _Malus Dawsoniana_ Rehd., a hybrid of _Malus fusca_ and a form of _M.
pumila_, has been raised at the Arnold Arboretum from seeds collected in
Oregon.
4. SORBUS L. Mountain Ash.
Trees or shrubs, with smooth aromatic bark, stout terete branchlets,
large buds covered by imbricated scales, the inner accrescent and
marking the base of the branchlet by conspicuous ring-like scars, and
fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, pinnate in the American species, the
pinnæ conduplicate in the bud, serrate, deciduous; stipules free from
the petioles, foliaceous. Flowers in broad terminal leafy cymes;
calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud,
persistent; petals rounded, abruptly narrowed below, white; stamens
usually 20 in 3 series, those of the outer series opposite the petals;
carpels 2—5, usually 3; styles usually 3, distinct; ovules 2 in each
cell, ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior. Fruit a small
subglobose red or orange-red pome with acid flesh, and papery carpels
free at the apex. Seeds 2, or by abortion 1, in each cell, ovoid, acute,
erect; seed-coat cartilaginous, chestnut-brown and lustrous; embryo
erect; cotyledons plano-convex, flat; radicle short, inferior.
Sorbus is widely distributed through the northern and elevated regions
of the northern hemisphere with three or four species in North America
of which one is arborescent, and with many species in eastern Asia and
in Europe. Of the exotic species, _Sorbus Aucuparia_ L., the common
European Mountain Ash, or Rowan-tree, with several of its varieties and
hybrids, is often cultivated as an ornamental tree in Canada and the
northern states and has become sparingly naturalized northward.
_Sorbus_ is the classical name of the Pear or of the Service-tree.
1. Sorbus americana Marsh.
[Illustration: Fig. 347]
Leaves 6′—8′ long, with 13—17 lanceolate acute taper-pointed leaflets
unequally cuneate or rounded and entire at base, sharply serrate above
with acute often glandular teeth, sessile or short-stalked, or the
terminal leaflet on a stalk sometimes ½′ long, when they unfold slightly
pubescent below, at maturity membranaceous, glabrous, dark yellow-green,
on the upper surface, and paler or glaucescent and rarely pubescent on
the lower surface, 2′—4½′ long, ¼′—1′ wide, with a prominent midrib and
thin veins; turning bright clear yellow before falling in the autumn;
petioles grooved, dark green or red, 2′—3′ in length, the rachis often
furnished with tufts of dark hairs at the base of the petiolules;
stipules broad, nearly triangular, variously toothed, caducous. Flowers
appearing after the leaves are fully grown, ⅛′ in diameter, on short
stout pedicels, in flat cymes 3′—4′ across, with acute minute caducous
bracts and bractlets; calyx broadly obconic and puberulous, with short,
nearly triangular lobes tipped with minute glands and about half as long
as the nearly orbicular creamy white petals. Fruit ¼′ in diameter,
subglobose or slightly pyriform, bright orange-red, with thin flesh;
seeds pale chestnut color, rounded at apex, acute at base, about ⅛′
long.
A tree, 20°—30° high, with a trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter,
spreading slender branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and stout
branchlets pubescent at first, soon glabrous, becoming in their first
winter brown tinged with red, and marked by the large leaf-scars and by
oblong pale remote lenticels, and darker in their second year, the thin
papery outer layer of bark then easily separable from the bright green
fragrant inner layers; more often a tall or sometimes a low shrub, with
numerous stems. Winter-buds acute, ¼′—¾′ long, with dark vinous red
acuminate scales rounded on the back, more or less pilose, covered with
a gummy exudation, the inner scales hoary-tomentose in the bud. Bark ⅛′
thick, with a smooth light gray surface irregularly broken by small
appressed plate-like scales. Wood close-grained, light, soft and weak,
pale brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 15—20 layers of annual
growth. The astringent fruit is employed domestically in infusions and
decoctions, and in homœopathic remedies.
Distribution. Borders of swamps and rocky hillsides; Newfoundland to
Manitoba and southward through the maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec
and Ontario, the elevated portions of the northeastern United States and
the region of the Great Lakes to Minnesota, and on the Appalachian
Mountains from western Pennsylvania and West Virginia to North Carolina
and Tennessee; in North Carolina ascending to altitudes of nearly 6000°;
probably of its largest size on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and
Superior; in the United States, except in New England, more often a
shrub than a tree; on the Appalachian Mountains usually low, with
narrower leaflets and smaller fruit than northward.
Often cultivated in Canada and the northeastern States for the beauty of
its fruit and the brilliancy of its autumn foliage. Of its forms the
most distinct is
Sorbus americana var. decora Sarg.
_Pyrus sambucifolia_ A. Gray, not Cham. and Schlecht.
_Pyrus americana_ var. _decora_ Sarg.
_Sorbus decora_ Schn.
_Sorbus scopulina_ Britt., in part, not Greene.
_Pyrus sitchensis_ Rob. and Fern., not Piper.
[Illustration: Fig. 348]
Leaves 4′—6′ long, with 7—13 oblong-oval to ovate-lanceolate leaflets
blunt and rounded, abruptly short-pointed or acuminate at apex,
pubescent below as they unfold, at maturity glabrous, dark bluish green
on the upper surface and pale on the lower surface; petioles stout,
usually red 1½′—2′ in length. Flowers ¼′ in diameter, in rather narrower
clusters, appearing eight to ten days later than those of the type.
Fruit subglobose, bright orange-red, often ½′ in diameter.
A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in
diameter, and spreading branches forming a round-topped handsome head.
Distribution. Coast of Labrador to the northern shores of Lake Superior
and Minnesota, southward to the mountains of northern New Hampshire,
Vermont, and New York. Distinct in its extreme forms but connected with
_Sorbus americana_ by intermediate forms.
This variety of _Sorbus americana_, perhaps the most beautiful of the
genus when the large and brilliant fruits cover the branches in autumn
and early winter, occasionally finds a place in the gardens of eastern
Canada and the northern states.
5. HETEROMELES Roem.
A tree, with smooth pale aromatic bark, stout terete branchlets
pubescent or puberulous while young, acute winter-buds covered by
loosely imbricated red scales, and fibrous roots. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acute at the ends, sharply and remotely serrate with
rigid glandular teeth, or rarely almost entire, dark green and lustrous
above, paler below, feather-veined, with a broad midrib and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; petiolate with stout petioles often furnished near
the apex with 1 or 2 slender glandular teeth; stipules free from the
petioles, subulate, rigid, minute, early deciduous. Flowers on short
stout pedicels, in ample tomentose terminal corymbose leafy panicles,
their bracts and bractlets acute, minute, usually tipped with a small
gland, caducous; calyx-tube turbinate, tomentose below, glabrate above,
the lobes short, nearly triangular, spreading, persistent; disk
cup-shaped, obscurely sulcate; petals flabellate, erose-denticulate or
emarginate at apex, contracted below into a short broad claw, thick,
glabrous, pure white; stamens 10, inserted in 1 row with the petals in
pairs opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments subulate, incurved, anthers
oblong-ovoid, emarginate; carpels 2, adnate to the calyx-tube, and
slightly united into a subglobose tomentose nearly superior ovary;
styles distinct, slightly spreading, enlarged at apex into a broad
truncate stigma; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending; raphe dorsal;
micropyle inferior. Fruit obovoid, fleshy, the thickened calyx-tube
connate to the middle only with the membranaceous carpels coated above
with long white hairs filling the cavity closed by the infolding of the
thickened persistent calyx-lobes, their tips erect and crowning the
fruit. Seed usually solitary in each cell, ovoid, obtuse, slightly
ridged on the back; seed-coat membranaceous, slightly punctate, light
brown; hilum orbicular, conspicuous; embryo filling the cavity of the
seed; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short, inferior.
The genus is represented by a single species of western North America.
The generic name, from ἔτερος and µῆλον, is in reference to its
difference from related genera.
1. Heteromeles arbutifolia Roem. Tollon. Toyon.
[Illustration: Fig. 349]
Leaves appearing with the flowers in early summer, 3′—4′ long, 1′—1½′
wide, usually persistent during at least two winters; petioles ½′—⅔′ in
length. Flowers opening from June to August in clusters 4′—6′ across and
often more or less hidden by young lateral branchlets rising above them.
Fruit ripening in November and December, mealy, astringent and acid,
scarlet or rarely yellow, ⅓′ long, remaining on the branches until late
in the winter.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a straight trunk 12′—18′ in diameter,
dividing a few feet above the ground into many erect branches forming a
handsome narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets covered at
first with pale pubescence, in their first winter dark red and slightly
puberulous, ultimately becoming darker and glabrous. Winter-buds ¼′
long. Bark ½′—⅔′ thick, light gray, with a generally smooth surface
roughened by obscure reticulate ridges. Wood very heavy, hard,
close-grained, dark red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 7 or
8 layers of annual growth. The fruit-covered branches are gathered in
large quantities and used in California in Christmas decorations.
Distribution. Usually in the neighborhood of streams or on dry hills and
especially on their northern slopes, and often on steep sea-cliffs;
California: coast region from Mendocino County to Lower California; most
common and of its largest size on the islands off the California coast;
on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and on the San Bernardino
Mountains up to altitudes of 2000° above the sea and usually shrubby;
very abundant and forming groves of considerable extent on the island of
Santa Catalina.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in California, and rarely
in the countries of southern Europe.
6. AMELANCHIER Med.
Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets, acute or
acuminate buds, with imbricated scales, those of the inner rows
accrescent and bright-colored, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate,
conduplicate in the bud, simple, entire or serrate, penniveined,
petiolate, deciduous; stipules free from the petioles, linear,
elongated, rose color, caducous. Flowers in erect or terminal racemes,
on slender bibracteolate pedicels developed from the axils of lanceolate
acuminate pink deciduous bracts; calyx-tube campanulate or urceolate,
the lobes acute or acuminate, recurved, persistent on the fruit; disk
green, entire or crenulate, nectariferous; petals white, obovate-oblong,
spatulate or ligulate, rounded, acute or truncate at apex, gradually
contracted below into a short slender claw; stamens usually 20, inserted
in 3 rows, those of the outer row opposite the petals; filaments
subulate, persistent on the fruit, anthers oblong; ovary inferior or
superior, more or less adnate to the calyx-tube, the summit glabrous or
tomentose, 5-celled, each cell incompletely divided by a false
partition; styles 2—5, connate below, spreading and dilated above into a
broad truncate stigma; ovules 2 in each cell, erect; micropyle inferior.
Fruit subglobose or pyriform, dark blue or bluish black, often covered
with a glaucous bloom, open at the summit, the cavity surrounded by the
lobes of the calyx and the remnants of the filaments; flesh sweet, dry
or juicy; carpels membranaceous, free or connate, glabrous, or villose
at apex. Seeds 10 or often 5 by the abortion of 1 of the ovules in each
cell, ovoid-ellipsoid; seed-coat coriaceous, dark chestnut-brown,
mucilaginous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons
plano-convex; radicle inferior.
Amelanchier is widely distributed with many species through the
temperate, northern and mountainous regions of eastern and western North
America; it occurs with one species in southern Europe, northern Africa
and southwestern Asia, and with another in central and western China and
Japan. Only three species, all North American, attain the habit and size
of trees. The fruit of nearly all the species is more or less succulent,
and several are cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their early and
conspicuous flowers, and occasionally for their fruit. The name is of
doubtful origin.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves finely serrate, acute or acuminate at apex; flowers on
elongated pedicels in nodding racemes; summit of the ovary
glabrous; winter-buds lanceolate, long-acuminate.
Leaves densely white tomentose while young; flowers appearing before
or as the leaves unfold in silky tomentose racemes;
calyx-lobes ovate, acuminate or nearly triangular and acute;
fruit dry and tasteless.
1. A. canadensis (A).
Leaves slightly pubescent as they unfold, soon glabrous, dark
red-brown while young; flowers appearing after the leaves are
nearly half grown in glabrous racemes; calyx-lobes lanceolate
or subulate, long-acuminate; fruit sweet and succulent.
2. A. laevis (A).
Leaves coarsely serrate usually only above the middle, rounded at
apex, oblong-ovate or oval; flowers on shorter pedicels in short
erect or spreading racemes; summit of the ovary covered with
hoary tomentum; winter-buds ovoid or ellipsoid, acute or
short-acuminate.
3. A. florida (F, C, G).
1. Amelanchier canadensis Med. Service Berry. Shad Bush.
_Amelanchier canadensis_ var. _tomentula_ Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 350]
Leaves ovate-oval, oblong-obovate or rarely lanceolate or oblanceolate,
acuminate and often abruptly short-pointed at apex, rounded, slightly
cordate or occasionally cuneate at base, and finely serrate with
acuminate teeth pointing forward; thickly coated when they unfold with
silvery white tomentum, more or less densely pale pubescent below until
midsummer, later becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous, yellowish green
on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, usually 2′—4′ long and
1′—2′ wide, southward sometimes up to 6′ in length, with a slender
midrib, and thin primary veins; petioles slender, hoary-tomentose at
first, usually becoming glabrous by midsummer, 1½′—2′ in length. Flowers
¼′—⅓′ long, appearing in early spring before or as the leaves unfold, on
pedicels ¼′—½′ in length, in short nodding silky tomentose racemes,
their bracts and bractlets linear-lanceolate, villose, bright red;
calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous or densely hoary-tomentose, the lobes
ovate, acuminate or nearly triangular and acute, glabrous or
hoary-tomentose on the outer surface, tomentose on the inner surface,
reflexed after the petals fall; petals oblong-obovate, rounded or nearly
truncate at apex, about ⅙′ wide; summit of ovary glabrous. Fruit
ripening in June and July, maroon-purple, dry and tasteless, about ¼′ in
diameter.
A tree, occasionally 50°—70° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter,
small erect and spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head,
and slender branchlets thickly covered when they first appear with long
white hairs, soon glabrous, bright red-brown during their first year,
becoming darker in their second season, and marked by numerous pale
lenticels; usually smaller, and in the south Atlantic and Gulf states
sometimes a shrub only a few feet tall. Winter-buds green tinged with
brown, ½′—⅔′ long, about 1/12′ thick. Bark ¼′—½′ thick, dark ashy gray,
divided by shallow fissures into longitudinal ridges covered by small
persistent scales.
Distribution. At the north usually on dry exposed hills, on the borders
of woods and in fence rows, southward often on the banks of streams and
the borders of swamps; valley of the Penobscot River (Winn and Milford,
Penobscot County) and Washington County (Pembroke, _M. L. Fernald_),
Maine; Quebec (near Longueuil, _Bro. M. Victorin_); valley of the
Connecticut River (central Vermont, southern New Hampshire,
Massachusetts and Connecticut), and westward through western
Massachusetts, New York, southern Ontario, southern Ohio, southern
Michigan, and Indiana and Illinois; in central Iowa and southeastern
Nebraska (Nemaha County, _J. M. Bates_), and southward to western
Florida, southern Alabama, south central Mississippi, Louisiana westward
to St. Landry Parish (near Opelousas, _R. S. Cocks_), northwestern
Arkansas and northeastern Oklahoma; rare and of small size in the south
Atlantic coast-region; ascending the southern Appalachian Mountains to
altitudes of about 2200°, not common; abundant and probably of its
largest size in western New York and southern Michigan.
Occasionally cultivated, and the first of all the cultivated species to
flower in the spring.
2. Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Service Berry.
_Amelanchier canadensis_ of many authors, in part, not L.
[Illustration: Fig. 351]
Leaves ovate to elliptic or rarely lanceolate, acute or acuminate and
often abruptly short-pointed at apex, rounded and occasionally slightly
cordate or rarely cuneate at base, and sharply and coarsely serrate with
subulate callous-tipped teeth, covered when they unfold with long matted
pale hairs more abundant on the lower surface than on the upper surface,
soon glabrous, dark red-brown until nearly half grown, and at maturity
dark green and slightly glaucous above, paler below, usually 2′—2½′ long
and 1′—1½′ wide, rarely 3′—3½′ long and not more than 1′ wide, with a
thin midrib and primary veins, rarely deep green and lustrous above (f.
_nitida_ Wieg.); petioles slender, slightly villose at first, soon
glabrous, ½′—1′ in length. Flowers ½′—¾′ long, appearing when the leaves
are nearly half grown on pedicels ½′—1′ in length, in open few-flowered
nodding racemes, becoming much lengthened before the fruit ripens, their
bracts and bractlets linear-lanceolate, slightly villose, tinged with
rose color; calyx-tube campanulate, glabrous, the lobes lanceolate or
subulate, long-acuminate, glabrous on the outer surface, tomentose on
the inner surface, usually reflexed before the petals fall; petals
oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, about ⅙′ wide; summit of the ovary
glabrous. Fruit ripening in June and July, obovoid to subglobose,
usually rather broader than long, about ⅓′ in diameter, purple or nearly
black, glaucous, sweet and succulent, on pedicels often 1½′—2′ in
length.
A tree, sometimes 30°—40° high, often with a tall trunk 12′—18′ in
diameter, small spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head,
and slender glabrous branchlets reddish brown when they first appear,
rather darker during their first winter and dull grayish brown in their
second season, and marked by small dark lenticels; at the north often a
shrub sometimes only a few feet high. Winter-buds ½′ long, about 1/12′
thick, green tinged with red, the inner scales lanceolate, bright red
above the middle, ciliate with silky white hairs, and sometimes 1′ long
when fully grown. Bark ¼′—½′ thick, dark reddish brown, divided by
shallow fissures into narrow longitudinal ridges and covered by small
persistent scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained,
dark brown sometimes tinged with red, with thick lighter-colored sapwood
of 40—50 layers of annual growth; occasionally used for the handles of
tools and other small implements.
Distribution. Cool ravines and hillsides; Newfoundland, through the
maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec and Ontario to northern Wisconsin,
and southward through New England, New York and Pennsylvania, and along
the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia; on the North Carolina
Mountains ascending to altitudes of 5500°; common and generally
distributed at the north and in New England, New York and through the
Appalachian forests; the forma _nitida_ only in Newfoundland.
Occasionally cultivated and very beautiful in spring with its abundant
pure white flowers and conspicuous red-brown leaves.
3. Amelanchier florida Lindl. Service Berry.
_Amelanchier alnifolia_ Sarg., probably not Nutt.
_Amelanchier Cusickii_ Fern.
[Illustration: Fig. 352]
Leaves oblong-ovate to oval or ovate, or at the end of vigorous shoots
broad-ovate or occasionally broad-obovate, rounded or rarely acute at
apex, rounded or slightly cordate at base, and coarsely serrate only
above the middle with straight teeth; when they unfold often tinged with
red and sometimes floccose-pubescent below, usually soon glabrous, at
maturity thin, dark green on the upper surface, pale and rarely
pubescent on the lower surface, 1½′—2½′ long, and 1′—1½′ wide, with a
thin midrib and about ten pairs of primary veins; petioles slender, at
first glabrous or puberulous becoming glabrous, ½′—1′ in length. Flowers
½′—¾′ long, appearing when the leaves are about half grown on pedicels
⅙′—¼′ in length, in short crowded erect glabrous or pubescent racemes,
their bracts and bractlets scarious, slightly villose; calyx-tube
campanulate, glabrous or tomentose, the lobes ovate, long-acuminate,
glabrous or tomentose on the outer surface, tomentose or rarely nearly
glabrous on the inner surface, soon reflexed; petals oblong-obovate
gradually narrowed or broad at the rounded apex, ⅙′—¼′ wide; summit of
the ovary densely tomentose. Fruit usually ripening in July, on pedicels
½′—¾′ long, in short nearly erect or spreading racemes, short-oblong or
ovoid, dark blue, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom, ¼′ to
nearly ½′ in diameter, sweet and succulent.
A tree, occasionally 30°—40° high, with a tall trunk 12′—14′ in
diameter, small erect and spreading branches forming an oblong open
head, and slender branchlets glabrous, pubescent or puberulous when they
first appear, bright red-brown and usually glabrous during their first
season, rather darker in their second year, and ultimately dark
gray-brown; more often a large or small shrub. Winter-buds ovoid to
ellipsoidal, acute or acuminate, dark chestnut-brown, glabrous or
puberulous, ⅙′—¼′ long, scales of the inner ranks ovate, acute, brightly
colored, coated with pale silky hairs, ½′—¾′ long. Bark about ⅛′ thick,
smooth or slightly fissured, and light brown slightly tinged with red.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown. The nutritious fruit was
an important article of food with the Indians of northwestern America,
who formerly gathered and dried it in large quantities.
Distribution. Valley of the Yukon River (near Dawson) and Wrangell,
Alaska, and southward to the coast region of British Columbia, and
southward in Washington and Oregon possibly to northern California,
ranging east in the United States to western Idaho, and probably to the
northern Rocky Mountain region; its range, like that of the other
species of western North America, still very imperfectly known.
7. CRATÆGUS. Hawthorn.
Trees or shrubs, with usually dark scaly bark, rigid terete more or less
zigzag branchlets marked by oblong mostly pale lenticels, and by small
horizontal slightly elevated leaf-scars, light green when they first
appear, becoming red or orange-brown and lustrous or gray, rarely
unarmed or armed with stout or slender short or elongated axillary
simple or branched spines generally similar in color to that of the
branches or trunk on which they grow, often bearing while young linear
elongated caducous bracts, and usually producing at their base one or
rarely two buds often developing the following year into a branch, a
leaf, or a cluster of flowers, or sometimes lengthening into a leafy
branch. Winter-buds small, globose or subglobose, covered by numerous
imbricated scales, the outer rounded and obtuse at apex, bright
chestnut-brown and lustrous, the inner accrescent, green or rose color,
often glandular, soon deciduous. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, simple,
generally serrate, sometimes 3-nerved, often more or less lobed,
especially on vigorous leading branchlets, membranaceous to coriaceous,
petiolate, deciduous; stipules often glandular-serrate, linear,
acuminate, frequently bright-colored, deciduous, or on vigorous
branchlets often foliaceous, coarsely serrate, usually lunate and
stalked and mostly persistent until autumn. Flowers pedicellate, in few
or many-flowered simple or compound cymose corymbs terminal on short
lateral leafy branchlets, with linear usually bright-colored often
glandular caducous bracts and bractlets leaving prominent gland-like
scars, the lower branches of compound corymbs usually from the axils of
upper leaves; branches of the inflorescence mostly 3-flowered, the
central flower opening before the others; calyx-tube usually obconic,
5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate and usually gland-tipped, rarely
foliaceous, glandular-serrate or entire, green or reddish toward the
apex, reflexed after the flowers open, persistent and often enlarged on
the fruit, or deciduous; disk thin or fleshy, entire, lobed or slightly
sulcate, concave or somewhat convex; petals imbricated in the bud,
orbicular, entire or somewhat erose or rarely toothed at apex, white or
rarely rose color, spreading, soon deciduous; stamens often variable in
number in the same species by imperfect development, but normally 5 in 1
row and alternate with the petals, or 10 in 5 pairs in 1 row alternate
with the petals, or 15 in 2 rows, those of the outer row in 5 pairs
opposite the sepals and alternate with and rather longer than those of
the inner row, or 20 in 3 rows, those of the inner row shorter and
alternate with those of the 2d row, or 25 in 4 rows, those of the 4th
row alternate with those of the 3d row; filaments broad at base,
subulate, incurved, often persistent on the fruit; anthers pale yellow
to nearly white, or pink to light or dark rose color or purple; ovary
composed of 1—5 carpels inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube and
united with it; styles free, with dilated truncate stigmas, persistent
on the mature carpels; ovules ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle
inferior. Fruit subglobose, ovoid or short-oblong, scarlet,
orange-colored, red, yellow, blue, or black, generally open and concave
at apex; flesh usually dry and mealy; nutlets 1—5; united below, more or
less free and slightly spreading above the middle, thick-walled,
rounded, acute, or acuminate at apex, full and rounded or narrowed at
base, rounded or conspicuously ridged and grooved on the back,
flattened, or nearly round when only 1, their ventral faces plane or
plano-convex, in some species penetrated by longitudinal cavities or
hollows, and marked by a more or less conspicuous hypostyle sometimes
extending to below the middle or nearly to the base of the nutlet. Seed
solitary by abortion, erect, compressed, acute, with a membranaceous
light chestnut-brown coat; embryo filling the cavity of the seed;
cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short, inferior.
Cratægus is most abundant in eastern North America, where it is
distributed from Newfoundland to the mountains of northern Mexico, and
is represented by a large number of arborescent and shrubby species. A
few species occur in the Rocky Mountains and Pacific-coast regions, and
in China, Japan, Siberia, central and southwestern Asia, and in Europe.
The genus is still very imperfectly known in North America, and in the
absence of sufficient information concerning them several arborescent
species are necessarily excluded from the following enumeration. The
beautiful and abundant flowers and showy fruits make many of the species
desirable ornaments of parks and gardens, and several are cultivated. Of
exotic species, the Old World _Cratægus Oxyacantha_ L., and _C.
monogyna_ Jacq., early introduced into the United States as hedge
plants, have now become naturalized in many places in the northeastern
and middle states. Cratægus produces heavy hard tough close-grained
red-brown heartwood and thick lighter colored usually pale sapwood;
useful for the handles of tools, mallets, and other small articles.
The number of the stamens, although it differs on the same species
within certain usually constant limits, and the color of the anthers,
which appears to be specifically constant with one exception, afford the
most satisfactory characters for distinguishing the species in the
different groups.
_Cratægus_, from κράτος, is in reference to the strength of the wood of
these trees.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NATURAL GROUPS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT
SPECIES.
1. Nutlets without ventral cavities.
*Veins of the leaves extending to the points of the lobes only.
†Petioles short, usually slightly wing-margined above the middle,
glandless or with occasional minute glands; leaves cuneate
at base.
Corymbs compound, generally many-flowered; flowers appearing
after the unfolding of the leaves; flesh of the fruit
usually green or greenish yellow, dry and mealy.
Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, rarely thin, dark green
and shining above, usually serrate only above the
middle, their veins thin except on vigorous shoots;
fruit mostly subglobose to short-oblong; nutlets 1—5,
thick, usually obtuse and rounded at the ends,
prominently ridged on the back.
I. Crus-galli (page 400).
Leaves membranaceous or subcoriaceous, mostly acute, their
veins prominent; fruit short-oblong to subglobose, often
conspicuously punctate, ⅓′—1′ long; nutlets 2—5,
prominently ridged on the back.
II. Punctatæ (page 422).
Corymbs simple, few-flowered; flowers appearing with or before
the unfolding of the leaves; fruit scarlet, lustrous;
flesh yellow, juicy, subacid; nutlets rounded and slightly
grooved on the back.
III. Æstivales (page 434).
†Petioles elongated, slender, eglandular or occasionally
glandular; corymbs many-flowered (_few-flowered in one
species each of Dilatatæ and Intricatæ_).
++Leaves acute or acuminate at the ends, broad at base on one
species; fruit not more than ⅝′ in diameter; flesh usually
thin and dry.
IV. Virides (page 437).
++Leaves usually broad at base.
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, often broader than high, red
or green, often slightly 5-angled, pruinose; mature
calyx raised on a short tube; flesh of the fruit dry and
mealy; nutlets 5, grooved on the back.
V. Pruinosæ (page 449).
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, ovoid or obovoid, generally
longer than broad, rarely slightly pruinose, mature
calyx sessile; flesh of the fruit dry and mealy; stamens
10, anthers rose color; leaves hairy above early in the
season.
VI. Silvicolæ (page 453).
Fruit short-oblong to obovoid, red or scarlet; flesh of the
fruit usually soft and juicy; anthers rose color or
pink; leaves thin, at maturity glabrous below.
VII. Tenuifoliæ (page 456).
Fruit subglobose, oblong or obovoid, crimson, scarlet, or
rarely yellow; flesh thick, occasionally succulent, and
edible; nutlets usually 5, thin, pointed at the ends,
mostly obscurely grooved or ridged on the back; corymbs
tomentose or pubescent; leaves membranaceous to
subcoriaceous, broad, rounded or cuneate at base, at
maturity usually pubescent or tomentose below.
VIII. Molles (page 463).
Fruit short-oblong to obovoid, scarlet; flesh usually soft and
juicy; nutlets 3—5, grooved and usually ridged on the
back; corymbs glabrous or tomentose; leaves thin or
rarely subcoriaceous, oblong-ovate or oval, more or less
acutely lobed; anthers rose or purple; rarely white in
shrubby species.
IX. Coccineæ (page 488).
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, crimson, or red tinged with
green, its calyx enlarged and prominent; nutlets 5;
stamens 20; anthers rose color; leaves thin, at the end
of vigorous shoots as broad or broader than long.
X. Dilatatæ (page 500).
++Leaves cuneate at base.
Corymbs many-flowered; leaves subcoriaceous; fruit subglobose,
rarely short-oblong; nutlets 2 or 3, obtuse at the ends,
conspicuously ridged on the back; corymbs glabrous or
tomentose; leaves dark green and lustrous above.
XI. Rotundifoliæ (page 504).
Corymbs few-flowered (_many-flowered in one species of
Bracteatæ_).
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, greenish or yellowish;
nutlets 3—5, usually rounded at the ends,
conspicuously ridged on the back; leaves
subcoriaceous, yellow-green.
XII. Intricatæ (page 508).
Fruit subglobose, red or orange-red; nutlets 3—5, slightly
grooved on the back; stamens 20; anthers rose color;
leaves thin, incisely lobed.
XIII. Pulcherrimæ (page 511).
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, ½′—⅝′ long; nutlets 3—5,
narrowed at the ends, prominently ridged on the back;
corymbs villose; bracts large and conspicuous;
calyx-lobes foliaceous; stamens 20; anthers yellow;
leaves dark green, lustrous and scabrate above, their
petioles sparingly glandular through their whole
length.
XIV. Bracteatæ (page 513).
†Petioles long or short, leaves and corymbs glandular; corymbs
usually simple, few-flowered; fruit subglobose to
short-oblong or obovoid, green, orange, or red, flesh
usually hard and dry; branchlets conspicuously zigzag.
XV. Flavæ (page 515).
**Veins of the leaves extending to the points of the lobes and to
the sinuses; corymbs many-flowered; stamens usually 20.
Fruit depressed-globose to short-oblong, not more than ¼′ long,
scarlet; nutlets 2—5, prominently ridged and often grooved
on the back; anthers rose color or yellow.
XVI. Microcarpæ (page 530).
Fruit subglobose, ⅓′—½′ in diameter, blue or blue-black; nutlets
3—5, obtuse at the ends, slightly ridged on the back;
anthers yellow; leaves cuneate at base, dark green and
lustrous.
XVII. Brachyacanthæ (page 533).
2. Nutlets longitudinal cavities on their ventral faces; flowers in
many flowered compound corymbs.
Fruit obovoid to subglobose or short-oblong, lustrous, orange or
scarlet; nutlets 2 or 3, obtuse at the ends, prominently
ridged on the back; leaves thin to subcoriaceous, mostly
pubescent below.
XVIII. Macracanthæ (page 535).
Fruit short-oblong to subglobose, black; rarely chestnut color;
nutlets 5, obtuse at the ends, obscurely ridged on the back;
stamens 10—20; anthers pale rose color.
XIX. Douglasianæ (page 545).
Fruit subglobose, short-oblong to ovoid, scarlet; nutlets 3—5, acute
at the ends, ridged on the back, ventral cavities obscure;
leaves scabrate above.
XX. Anomalæ (page 547).
I. CRUS-GALLI.
CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Corymbs, leaves, and young branchlets slightly hairy while young, soon
becoming glabrous (_glabrous while young in_ 1, 4, 6, 9, _and_
13).
Stamens 10.
Anthers rose color or purple.
Leaves glabrous, obovate-cuneiform, coriaceous, their veins
within the parenchyma; fruit short-oblong to subglobose,
dull red often covered with a glaucous bloom.
1. C. Crus-galli (A).
Leaves oblong to ovate, usually acute, coriaceous; fruit
short-oblong to subglobose, dark crimson, lustrous, the
flesh red and juicy.
2. C. Canbyi (A).
Leaves obovate, usually short-pointed at the broad apex,
subcoriaceous; fruit short-oblong to obovoid, bright
scarlet.
3. C. peoriensis (A).
Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, or broadly ovate, their petioles
glandular with minute stipitate glands; fruit short-oblong
to subglobose, orange-red, villose until nearly fully
grown.
4. C. fecunda (A).
Anthers yellow.
Leaves subcoriaceous.
Leaves oval to elliptic, acute or acuminate; fruit
short-oblong, green tinged with red.
5. C. regalis (C).
Leaves glabrous, obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded at
apex; fruit short-oblong, dull dark crimson.
6. C. arduennæ (A).
Leaves obovate to oblong-cuneiform, rounded or acute at apex;
fruit subglobose to obovoid, dull red, or green flushed
with red.
7. C. algens (A, C).
Leaves broadly oval to oblong, rounded or acute or
short-pointed at apex; fruit subglobose, dull green
tinged with red or cherry-red.
8. C. Palmeri (C).
Leaves thin.
Leaves ovate to obovate, acute, dull green above; fruit
subglobose, flattened at the ends, dark dull crimson.
9. C. erecta (A).
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, lustrous
above; fruit short-oblong, rounded at the ends, bright
scarlet.
10. C. acutifolia (A).
Stamens 20.
Anthers rose color.
Leaves broad-obovate, coarsely serrate; corymbs many-flowered;
anthers large, bright rose color; fruit green tinged with
dull red.
11. C. Bushii (C).
Leaves narrow-obovate, finely serrate; corymbs few-flowered;
anthers small pale rose color; fruit crimson, lustrous.
12. C. Cocksii (C).
Anthers yellow.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate; calyx-lobes slender,
elongated.
13. C. arborea (C).
Leaves oblong-obovate; calyx-lobes short and broad.
14. C. uniqua (C).
Corymbs, leaves, and branchlets more or less villose or pubescent
through the season.
Stamens 10.
Anthers rose color or pink.
Leaves finely crenately serrate, scabrate above; anthers rose
color.
15. C. Engelmannii (A).
Leaves coarsely serrate with straight teeth, glabrous above;
anthers pink.
16. C. montivaga (C).
Anthers yellow (_doubtful in 17 and 18_).
Leaves oval, oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute, thin to
subcoriaceous; fruit globose to subglobose, orange-red.
17. C. denaria (C).
Leaves obovate to obovate-cuneiform, rounded or acute at apex,
thin; fruit short-oblong, dark red, more or less pruinose.
18. C. signata (C).
Stamens 20.
Anthers rose color.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, scabrate; fruit short-oblong, dull
green tinged with red, slightly pruinose.
19. C. edita (C).
Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneiform, rounded and obtuse or
occasionally acute at apex, glabrous or scabrate above;
fruit globose to subglobose or short-oblong, dark red.
20. C. tersa (C).
Anthers yellow.
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or gradually narrowed at apex,
subcoriaceous, pale below; fruit subglobose, orange color
with a red cheek.
21. C. berberifolia (C).
Leaves oblong or obovate-cuneiform, rounded and obtuse or rarely
acute at apex, coriaceous, glabrate or slightly scabrate
above; fruit subglobose, orange or yellow with a red
cheek.
22. C. edura (C).
Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneiform, rounded or acute at apex,
subcoriaceous, glabrous or glabrate above, pale below;
fruit ellipsoid to short-oblong, yellow.
23. C. crocina (C).
Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneiform, rounded or obtuse or rarely
truncate at apex, coriaceous, scabrate above; fruit
globose to subglobose, bright red or scarlet.
24. C. fera (C).
Leaves obovate, acute, thin to subcoriaceous; fruit subglobose
to short-oblong, somewhat flattened at apex, bright
orange-red.
25. C. Mohrii (C).
1. Cratægus Crus-galli L. Cock-spur Thorn.
[Illustration: Fig. 353]
Leaves glabrous, obovate, acute or rounded at apex, cuneate and
gradually narrowed to the slender entire base, and sharply serrate above
with minute appressed usually gland-tipped teeth, when they unfold
tinged with red, membranaceous and nearly fully grown when the flowers
open about the 1st of June, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark
green and lustrous above, pale below, reticulate-venulose, 1′—4′ long,
and ¼′—1′ wide, with a slender midrib, and primary veins within the
parenchyma; turning bright orange and scarlet in the autumn before
falling; petioles stout, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous
shoots acute or acuminate, coarsely serrate, often 5′—6′ long. Flowers
⅔′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in many-flowered glabrous corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes linear-lanceolate,
entire or minutely glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers rose color;
styles usually 2, surrounded at base by tufts of pale hairs. Fruit
ripening late in October and persistent on the branches until spring,
short-oblong to subglobose, ½′ long, dull red often covered with a
glaucous bloom; calyx little enlarged; nutlets usually 2, full and
rounded at the ends, with a high rounded grooved ridge, ¼′ long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, covered
with dark brown, scaly bark, stout rigid spreading branches forming a
broad round-topped head, and glabrous, light brown or gray branchlets
armed with stout straight or slightly curved sharp-pointed
chestnut-brown or ashy gray spines 3′—4′ long and becoming on the trunk
and large branches 6′—8′ in length and furnished with slender lateral
spines.
Distribution. Usually on the slopes of low hills in rich soil; valley of
the St. Lawrence River near Montreal, southward to Delaware and along
the Appalachian foothills to North Carolina, and westward through
western New York and Pennsylvania to southern Michigan.
A form, var. _pyracanthifolia_ Ait., with narrower elliptic to obovate
leaves acute or rounded at apex, and slightly pubescent while young on
the upper side of the midrib, and with rather smaller flowers and
smaller bright red fruit, is not rare in eastern Pennsylvania and
northern Delaware; a form, var. _salicifolia_ Ait., cultivated in
European gardens, but not known in a wild state, with thinner narrower
and more elongated lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves, should also
probably be referred to this species. A form, var. _oblongata_ Sarg.,
with rather brighter colored oblong fruit often 1′ long, and nutlets
acute at the ends, is not rare near Wilmington, Delaware, and at Durham,
Bucks County, Pennsylvania. A form, var. _capillata_ Sarg., with thinner
leaves, slightly villose corymbs, and 1 or rarely 2 nutlets, occurs near
Wilmington, Delaware.
Often cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges in the eastern
United States, and very frequently in the countries of eastern and
northern Europe.
2. Cratægus Canbyi Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 354]
Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate, obovate or oval, acute, acuminate or
rarely rounded at apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate and entire at base,
and coarsely often doubly serrate above the middle, more than half grown
when the flowers open about the 1st of May and then glabrous or very
rarely with a few scattered hairs on the upper side of the midrib and on
the corymbs, and at maturity coriaceous, glabrous, dark green and very
lustrous above, pale and dull below, 2′—2½′ long, and 1′—1½′ wide, with
a thick pale midrib, and 4 or 5 pairs of remote primary veins
conspicuous on the lower surface; petioles glandular with scattered dark
red persistent glands, red below the middle, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at
the end of vigorous shoots often deeply and irregularly divided into
broad acute lobes, and frequently 3′—4′ long and 2′ wide. Flowers ⅝′ in
diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad loose many-flowered
long-branched corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes entire or
serrate with minute scattered glandular teeth; stamens usually 10,
occasionally 12 or 13; anthers, small, rose color; styles 3—5. Fruit
ripening in October but persistent until after the beginning of winter,
on elongated slender stems, in loose many-fruited drooping clusters,
short-oblong to subglobose, rounded at the ends, with a distinct
depression at the insertion of the stalk, lustrous, dark crimson, marked
by occasional large pale dots, ½′—⅝′ long; calyx-lobes reflexed, closely
appressed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, bright
red, very juicy; nutlets 3—5, with a broad rounded ridge, bright
chestnut-brown, about ¼′ long.
A bushy tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter,
large ascending wide-spreading branches forming a broad open irregular
head occasionally 30°—35° in diameter, and glabrous chestnut-brown
branchlets armed with thick usually straight chestnut-brown spines
¾′—1½′ long.
Distribution. Hedges and thickets near Wilmington, Newcastle County,
Delaware; shores of Chesapeake Bay (near Perryville, Cecil County),
Maryland, and in eastern Pennsylvania.
3. Cratægus peoriensis Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 355]
Leaves obovate, short-pointed or occasionally rounded at the broad apex,
gradually narrowed, cuneate and entire below, sharply and often doubly
serrate usually only above the middle, and sometimes irregularly lobed
with short broad terminal lobes, when they unfold villose above,
especially toward the base of the midrib, and bright bronze color,
becoming at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, dark green and very
lustrous above, pale below, 1½′—2′ long, and ¾′ wide, with 4 or 5 pairs
of thin primary veins conspicuous on the under side and extending
obliquely from the slender midrib to the end of the lobes; petioles
usually about ¼′ in length, slightly glandular above the middle, and
covered when they first appear with short pale deciduous hairs; leaves
at the end of vigorous shoots deeply divided into broad acute lateral
lobes, 2′—3′ long, and 1½′ wide. Flowers opening in May and June,
cup-shaped, about ½′ in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in
broad loose glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes
narrow acuminate, entire or irregularly glandular-serrate, pubescent
below the middle on the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers small, rose
color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at base by a narrow ring of pale
tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October, on slender elongated
pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clusters, short-oblong or obovoid,
rounded at the ends, slightly depressed at the insertion of the stalk,
bright scarlet, marked by many small dark dots, ½′—¾′ long; calyx-lobes
enlarged, erect, incurved and persistent; flesh thick, nearly white,
firm and dry; nutlets 2 or 3, about ¼′ long.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a trunk occasionally 1° in diameter, stout
spreading branches forming a broad flat-topped symmetrical head, and
slender orange-brown branchlets armed with straight or slightly curved
thin dull chestnut-brown spines 2′—2½′ long.
Distribution. Open woods, the moist borders of streams and depressions
in the prairie, and on hillsides in clay soil, Short and Peoria
Counties, Illinois.
4. Cratægus fecunda Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 356]
Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, or broad-ovate, acute or rarely rounded
and short-pointed at apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed at base, and
coarsely and usually doubly serrate except toward the base, when they
unfold dark green, lustrous and roughened above by short pale appressed
caducous hairs and pale yellow-green and villose on the midrib and
primary veins below, about half grown when the flowers open early in May
and at maturity thin and firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the
upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower surface, 2′—2½′ long, and
1½′—2′ wide, with a stout midrib and remote primary veins after
midsummer often bright red below; turning late in the autumn to
brilliant shades of orange or scarlet or deep rich bronze color;
petioles often glandular, at first coated with pale hairs, soon
glabrous, dull red at maturity, ½′—¾′ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots often slightly lobed with short broad acute lobes,
convex by the hanging down of the margins, 3′—4′ long, and 2′—3′ wide.
Flowers ¾′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in wide many-flowered
slightly villose corymbs, with large glandular bracts and bractlets;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, more or less villose, the lobes elongated,
acute, coarsely serrate with stipitate dark red glands, villose on the
inner surface; stamens usually 10, occasionally 12—15; anthers small,
dark rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit on slender pedicels often ½′ long,
in broad many-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong to subglobose,
full and rounded at the ends, covered until nearly fully grown with long
soft pale hairs, and at maturity orange-red marked by many small dark
dots, ⅞′—1′ long; calyx-lobes linear-lanceolate, erect and incurved,
coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle, dark red on the upper side
toward the base; flesh very thick, firm and hard, pale green; nutlets 2
or 3, ⅓′ long.
A tree, 20°—25° high, with a trunk 10′—12′ in diameter, covered with
dark brown scaly bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad
symmetrical round-topped rather open head, and stout branchlets covered
at first with soft matted pale hairs, soon glabrous, light orange-green,
becoming ashy gray in their second season, and armed with numerous very
slender straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown shining spines 2′—2½′
long.
Distribution. Rich woodlands near Allenton, St. Louis County, Missouri,
and on the bottom-lands of the Mississippi River, St. Claire County,
Illinois.
5. Cratægus regalis Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 357]
Leaves oval to elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed
and concave-cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely, often doubly
serrate above with acute straight or incurved teeth, when they unfold
tinged with red and sparingly villose above and on the midrib below,
soon glabrous, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of
April, becoming at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, bright
green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface,
1½′—2½′ long, and 1′—1¼′ wide, with a stout yellow midrib and primary
veins; turning in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown; petioles stout,
reddish brown toward the base, about 1′ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots broadly oval, coarsely serrate, mostly slightly incisely
lobed, 3′—4′ long, and 1½′—2′ wide, with a thicker midrib and veins.
Flowers ½′ in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad many-flowered
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes linear-lanceolate,
entire or remotely serrate; stamens 10; anthers yellow; styles 2 or 3.
Fruit ripening in September or October, on slender stems, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, short-oblong, ⅜′—½′ long, green tinged with red;
calyx-lobes slightly enlarged, reflexed and often deciduous from the
ripe fruit; flesh yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, about ¼′ long.
A tree, often 20° high, with a tall trunk 8′—12′ in diameter, stout
ascending or spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical head, and
stout glabrous orange-brown branchlets armed with stout or slender
nearly straight spines 1½′—2′ long.
Distribution. Low woods, northwestern Georgia and northern Alabama;
common in the flat woods near Rome, Floyd County, Georgia.
6. Cratægus arduennæ Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 358]
Leaves obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed
from near the middle to the entire cuneate base, and finely
crenulate-serrate above with glandular teeth, glabrous and deeply tinged
with red as they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the
end of May or early in June, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green
and very lustrous above, pale below, 1½′—2½′ long, and ½′—1′ wide, with
a slender yellow midrib, and obscure primary veins mostly within the
parenchyma; petioles stout, occasionally sparingly glandular, ¼′—⅝′ in
length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots mostly elliptic,
short-pointed, coarsely serrate, usually laterally lobed, and often
2½′—3′ long, and 1½′—2′ wide, with a stout midrib and prominent slender
primary veins. Flowers ½′—⅝′ in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in
broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the
lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, linear, acuminate, tipped with
small dark red glands, entire or slightly and irregularly serrate;
stamens 5—12; usually 10; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 1 or 2.
Fruit on slender pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clusters,
short-oblong, dull dark crimson, marked by large pale dots, about ½′
long, and ⅜′—½′ in diameter; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes
reflexed and appressed; flesh thin and yellow; nutlet 1, gradually
narrowed from the middle to the obtuse ends, grooved and irregularly
ridged on the dorsal face, or 2 and then broad, rounded at the ends,
with a high wide rounded ridge, about 5/16′ long.
A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 8′—12′ in diameter, covered
with smooth light gray bark, spreading branches forming a round-topped
head, and slender slightly zigzag branchlets light orange-green when
they first appear, becoming dark purple and lustrous and ultimately
grayish brown, and armed with many slender straight or slightly curved
dark purple-brown shining spines 1′—2′ long.
Distribution. Central and northern Missouri, northern Illinois,
northeastern Indiana (Allen County), southeastern Michigan, southern
Ontario, through Ohio to western New York (South Buffalo, Erie County),
and in eastern Pennsylvania (Berks County).
7. Cratægus algens Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 359]
Leaves obovate to oblong or elliptic, rounded or acute at apex,
gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply
serrate above, villose on the upper side of the midrib and nearly full
grown when the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity glabrous,
subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, 1½′—2′ long,
and ¾′—1¼′ wide, with a thin midrib and slender primary veins; turning
in the autumn to shades of orange, yellow, and brown; petioles slender,
rarely glandular with minute glands, about ¼′ in length; leaves at the
end of vigorous shoots oblong-obovate, rounded or abruptly short-pointed
at apex, coarsely serrate, and often 3′ long and 1½′ wide. Flowers ½′ in
diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in broad many-flowered glabrous
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender,
acuminate, entire or remotely serrate; stamens 10; anthers yellow;
styles 1-3. Fruit ripening in September and October, on slender
pedicels, in few-fruited hanging clusters, subglobose to obovoid, ⅜′—½′
in diameter, dull red, or green flushed with red, ⅜′—½′ long; calyx
somewhat enlarged, with reflexed persistent lobes; nutlets usually 1 or
2, prominently ridged on the back, ¼′—⅜′ long.
A tree, 15°—18° high, with a short trunk occasionally 7′—8′ in diameter,
stout ascending wide-spreading branches forming a wide round-topped
head, and stout glabrous bright chestnut-brown branchlets becoming gray
in their second year, and armed with stout nearly straight spines 1′—2′
long.
Distribution. Borders of woods and fields; western North Carolina to
northern Georgia and central Alabama (near Selma, Dallas County,
common), and to eastern Tennessee; one of the commonest species in the
neighborhood of Asheville, Buncombe County, North Carolina.
8. Cratægus Palmeri Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 360]
Leaves broadly oval to oblong, rounded, acute or short-pointed at apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely serrate
above with straight gland-tipped teeth, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open during the first week in May, and then very thin, dark
green and lustrous above, pale bluish green below, and at maturity
coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the
lower surface, 1½′—2′ long, and 1¼′—1¾′ wide, with a slender yellow
midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of very thin primary veins; petioles stout,
rose-colored in the autumn, about ⅜′ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots oblong-ovate to elliptic, usually acute, coarsely
serrate, occasionally laterally lobed, glandular at base, 2½′—3′ long,
and 1½′—2′ wide. Flowers about ½′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in
many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes slender,
acuminate, tipped with small dark glands, entire or slightly serrate;
stamens 10; anthers pale yellow; styles 3, surrounded at base by a thin
ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening in October, on slender elongated
pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose, dull green
tinged with red or cherry-red, marked by large pale dots, about ⅓′ in
diameter; calyx sessile, with erect and incurved lobes mostly persistent
on the ripe fruit; nutlets 3, thin, acute at the ends, slightly and
irregularly ridged on the back with a low grooved ridge, ¼′—5/16′ long.
A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk often a foot in diameter,
covered with smooth pale bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming a
broad round-topped symmetrical head, and slender nearly straight
glabrous, bright chestnut-brown branchlets armed with thin straight dark
red-brown shining spines ¾′—3′ long.
Distribution. Southwestern Missouri, usually in low rich soil; common
near Carthage and Webb City, Jasper County, and near Noel, McDonald
County.
9. Cratægus erecta Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 361]
Leaves oval to obovate, acute and short-pointed at apex, cuneate and
entire at base, and finely glandular-serrate, when they unfold often
villose with a few short caducous pale hairs on the upper side of the
midrib, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in May, and at
maturity thin and firm in texture, dark dull green on the upper surface,
pale on the lower surface, 1½′—2′ long, and 1′—1¼′ wide, with a slender
midrib, and thin prominent primary veins; in the autumn turning dull
orange color; petioles slender, glandular with minute dark glands,
usually dark red after midsummer, ¼′—½′ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots often nearly orbicular, coarsely serrate with broad
nearly straight glandular teeth, and sometimes 3′ long and 2½′ wide.
Flowers ½′—⅝′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad loose
many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes
narrow, elongated, acuminate, entire or occasionally obscurely and
irregularly serrate; stamens usually 10, occasionally 11—13; anthers
small, pale yellow; styles 3 or 4, surrounded at base by a narrow ring
of short pale hairs. Fruit on elongated pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, subglobose and usually a little longer than broad,
flattened at the ends, dark dull crimson marked by occasional
dark-colored dots, ¼′—⅓′ long; calyx-tube short, the lobes closely
appressed, gradually narrowed from a broad base and usually persistent
on the ripe fruit; nutlets 3 or 4, with a broad high grooved ridge,
3/16′ long.
A tree, 25°—40° high, with a trunk 1°—3° in diameter, thick ascending
branches forming a wide open rather symmetrical head, and bright
chestnut-brown or orange-brown ultimately dark brown spreading
branchlets armed with thin straight chestnut-brown spines 1′—2′ long.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands of the Mississippi River, St. Claire
County, Illinois (east St. Louis, near Fish Lake, and Kahokia); banks of
Desperes River, south St. Louis, St. Louis County, and Osage, Cole
County, Missouri.
10. Cratægus acutifolia Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 362]
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at
apex, cuneate at the usually entire base, finely crenulate-serrate often
only above the middle with glandular teeth, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open about the 10th of May, and then membranaceous, and lustrous
above, with occasional short scattered pale caducous hairs on the upper
side of the midrib, and at maturity thin and firm, dark green and
lustrous above, pale yellow-green below, about 1½′ long, and 1′ wide,
with a slender light yellow midrib and about 4 or 5 pairs of thin
primary veins; petioles glandular when they first appear with minute
dark glands, ¼′—½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
frequently divided at apex into 2 or 3 pairs of short acute lobes, and
often 3′ long and 2′ wide. Flowers ½′ in diameter, on slender pedicels,
in many-flowered compact corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, entire or obscurely and irregularly
glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 2 or
3. Fruit ripening and falling at the end of September, on slender
pedicels ½′—¾′ long, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong,
full and rounded at the ends, bright scarlet, marked by occasional dark
dots, ½′ long; calyx-tube prominent, with closely appressed lobes often
deciduous before the fruit ripens; nutlets 2 or 3, with a broad rounded
ridge, about 3/16′ long.
A tree, often 30° high, with a trunk 18′ in diameter, stout
wide-spreading branches forming a symmetrical round-topped rather open
head, and stout bright chestnut-brown branchlets dark gray-brown in
their second year, and occasionally armed with scattered thin straight
chestnut-brown spines 1′—2′ long.
Distribution. Open woods; banks of the Desperes River near Carondelet,
St. Louis County, Missouri; in St. Claire County, Illinois (north of
stock yards, East St. Louis, and near Kahokia).
11. Cratægus Bushii Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 363]
Leaves obovate, broad and rounded or acute at apex, or elliptic and
acute, gradually narrowed from near the middle to the cuneate entire
base, and coarsely serrate above, when they unfold dark green on the
upper surface, pale on the lower surface, and villose with short white
hairs on both sides of the midrib and veins, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open at the end of April, and at maturity coriaceous, lustrous,
glabrous, 1¼′—1½′ long, and ½′—1′ wide, with a stout yellow midrib and
few slender prominent primary veins; petioles villose early in the
season, becoming glabrous, usually about ½′ in length; leaves at the end
of vigorous shoots usually elliptic, acute, coarsely serrate, frequently
3′ long and 1½′ wide, with stouter and more broadly winged petioles.
Flowers ¾′—1′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad many-flowered
glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
elongated, linear-lanceolate, entire or occasionally slightly dentate;
stamens 20; anthers large, bright rose color; styles two or three,
surrounded at base by conspicuous tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening
late in October or in November, on slender pedicels about ½′ long, in
few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, green tinged with dull red,
⅓′ long, with only slightly enlarged erect and incurved calyx-lobes
mostly deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, green, dry and
hard; nutlets 2 or 3, with a high rounded ridge, ¼′ long.
A tree, 15°—20° high, with a trunk 8′—10′ in diameter, covered with dark
scaly bark, small spreading branches forming a broad open irregular
head, and nearly straight dull chestnut-brown branchlets gray-brown in
their second year, and unarmed or sparingly armed with stout straight
chestnut-brown spines 1½′—1¾′ long.
Distribution. Rich upland woods near Fulton, Hemstead County, southern
Arkansas; Chopin, Natchitoches Parish, near Winn, Winnfield Parish, and
Lake Charles, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana; in the neighborhood of
Marshall, Harris County, Texas.
12. Cratægus Cocksii Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 364]
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and
cuneate at base, finely serrate above the middle with straight acuminate
teeth, glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, dull and paler below,
1′—1¼′ long, and ¼′—½′ wide, with a slender midrib, and primary veins
mostly within the parenchyma; petioles slender, about ⅙′ in length;
leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broad-obovate, rounded or abruptly
short-pointed at apex, thicker, more coarsely serrate, often 1½′ long
and 1′ wide. Flowers ½′—¾′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in compact
few-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed and acuminate, entire, sparingly
villose on the inner surface; stamens 20, small, pale rose color; styles
2 or 3, surrounded at base by clusters of white hairs. Fruit ripening in
October, on slender pedicels about ⅓′ in length, in few-fruited
clusters, short-oblong to slightly obovoid, crimson, lustrous, ⅓′—½′
long, with spreading calyx-lobes mostly deciduous from the ripe fruit;
nutlets 2 or 3, obovoid, acute at apex, rounded at base, prominently
ridged on the back, ⅓′ long.
A slender tree, 20°—25° high, with a tall trunk 4′—6′ in diameter, with
dark red-brown bark covered with small closely appressed scales, smooth
slender drooping branches forming a broad open head, and slender bright
red-brown pendulous branchlets becoming gray in their second year, and
armed with straight slender dark chestnut-brown lustrous spines 1¼′—1¾′
in length.
Distribution. Low rich woods at the marble quarry near Winnfield, Winn
Parish, Louisiana.
Distinct in the Crus-galli Group in its head of slender pendulous
branches.
13. Cratægus arborea Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 365]
Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, narrowed, acute or rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the long tapering entire base,
and finely serrate above the middle with minute straight teeth, nearly
fully grown when the flowers open the middle of April and then glabrous,
and at maturity subcoriaceous, bright green and lustrous above, pale
below, 1¾′—2′ long, and about ¾′ wide; turning in the autumn orange,
yellow, and brown; petioles ⅓′—⅔′ in length; leaves at the end of
vigorous shoots coarsely serrate, occasionally slightly lobed, and often
3′ long and 1½′ wide. Flowers ½′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in
broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes slender, elongated, acuminate, slightly serrate; stamens 20;
anthers pale yellow; styles usually 2. Fruit ripening in September and
October, globose to subglobose, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter, red, the calyx
enlarged, with elongated coarsely glandular-serrate reflexed lobes;
nutlets usually 2, about ¼′ long.
A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter, spreading
or ascending branches forming a broad handsome head, and branchlets
orange-green in their first season, becoming reddish in their first
winter, and usually unarmed.
Distribution. In open woods usually in clay soil near Montgomery,
Montgomery County, Alabama.
14. Cratægus uniqua Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 366]
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or occasionally rounded at apex, gradually
narrowed to the long cuneate base, and finely serrate above the middle
with straight or incurved glandular teeth, more than half grown and
sparingly villose on the upper side of the midrib when the flowers open
the middle of April, and at maturity glabrous, dark green and lustrous
above, paler below, 1′—1½′ long, and ½′—¾′ wide, with a thin midrib, and
slender primary veins mostly within the parenchyma; petioles slender,
glabrous, ⅓′—½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots
broad-obovate, rounded or acute at apex, coarsely serrate, 2′—2½′ long,
and 1′—1¼′ wide. Flowers ⅖′—½′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in
mostly 5—8-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the
lobes short and broad, acuminate, entire or slightly dentate near the
middle, sparingly villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers
small, nearly white; styles 2 or 3. Fruit on slender drooping pedicels,
short-oblong, rounded at the ends, dull red, about ½′ long and ⅓′ thick;
calyx prominent, with reflexed closely appressed persistent lobes; flesh
thin, dry and hard; nutlets 2 or 3, broad and rounded at base, narrowed
at apex, about ¼′ long.
A tree, 18°—20° high, with a slender stem covered with close dark
slightly ridged bark, small wide-spreading branches forming a
flat-topped head, and slender slightly zigzag orange or red-brown
branchlets unarmed, or armed with few or many straight or slightly
curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines ½′—1′ in length.
Distribution. Woods in low sandy soil; eastern Texas (near Marshall,
Harrison County, and Livingston, Polk County).
15. Cratægus Engelmannii Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 367]
Leaves oblong-obovate or rarely elliptic, rounded or often short-pointed
and acute at apex, gradually narrowed or entire below, finely
crenulate-serrate usually only above the middle and generally only at
the apex, nearly fully grown and roughened on the upper surface by short
rigid pale hairs when the flowers open about the middle of May, and at
maturity coriaceous, dark green, lustrous and scabrate above, pale
below, and pilose on both surfaces of the slender midrib and obscure
primary veins and veinlets, 1′—1½′ long, and ½′—1′ wide; petioles
glandular, villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, usually about
¼′ in length. Flowers ¾′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad
loose 8—11-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
villose or nearly glabrous, the lobes narrow, acuminate, entire,
glabrous on the outer surface, usually puberulous on the inner surface;
stamens 10; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening
early in November, on slender pedicels, in drooping many-fruited
glabrous clusters, globose or short-oblong, bright orange-red, with a
yellow cheek, about ⅓′ in diameter; calyx prominent, with large
spreading lobes usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; nutlets 2 or
3, thick, with a broad rounded ridge, ¼′ long.
A tree, 15°—20° high, with a trunk 5′—6′ in diameter, wide-spreading
usually horizontal branches forming a low flat-topped or rounded head,
and branchlets covered with long pale hairs when they first appear, soon
glabrous and bright red-brown, becoming gray or gray tinged with red
during their second year, and armed with numerous stout straight or
slightly curved spines 1½′—2½′ long.
Distribution. Dry limestone slopes and ridges; common near Allenton and
Pacific, St. Louis and Franklin counties, Missouri; near Eureka Springs,
Carroll County, Arkansas.
16. Cratægus montivaga Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 368]
Leaves obovate to oval, rhombic or suborbicular, rounded, acute or
acuminate or abruptly short-pointed at apex, concave-cuneate at base,
and sharply coarsely serrate usually to below the middle with straight
acuminate glandular teeth, covered above with short white hairs and
glabrous below when they unfold, and at maturity dark green, lustrous
and scabrate above, pale yellow-green below, 1′—1¼′ long, and ¾′—1′
wide, with a slender midrib and prominent primary veins; petioles
slender, villose early in the season, becoming glabrous, about ¼′ in
length. Flowers opening late in April, about ½′ in diameter, on villose
pedicels ¼′—½′ long, in compact mostly 7—10-flowered villose corymbs,
their bracts and bractlets linear-obovate, conspicuously
glandular-serrate; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous or with
occasional hairs near the base, the lobes gradually narrowed from a wide
base, glandular-serrate, sometimes laciniate near the acuminate apex,
glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens
10—15, usually 10; anthers pink; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening late in
September or in October, on erect nearly glabrous or villose pedicels,
short-oblong to ellipsoid, orange-red, about ⅓′ long; the calyx enlarged
and conspicuous; flesh thin, yellow-green; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded at
apex, with a low broad rounded ridge, about ¼′ long.
A bushy tree, rarely more than 12°—15° high, with a short trunk 10′—12′
in diameter, erect and spreading branches, and slender nearly straight
branchlets orange-brown and covered with long scattered pale hairs when
they first appear, dull red-brown and glabrous at the end of their first
season, becoming gray the following year. Bark of the branches smooth
and dark brown, becoming slightly scaly on the trunk.
Distribution. Rocky banks of streams; western Texas (Comal, Kendall,
Bandera, Edwards, Brown and Calhoun Counties, and on the Davis
Mountains, Jeff Davis County); common on the banks of the Guadalupe and
other streams on the Edwards Plateau.
Interesting as the extreme southwestern representative of the Crus-galli
Group, and its only species in western Texas.
17. Cratægus denaria Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 369]
Leaves oval, oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate at apex,
gradually narrowed from near the middle and cuneate and entire below,
and coarsely often doubly serrate above with straight teeth, when they
unfold tinged with red and slightly pilose above and glabrous below,
nearly fully grown when the flowers open toward the end of May, and at
maturity firm to subcoriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, 2½′—3′ long, and ¾′—1¼′ wide, with a
slender midrib and few remote thin primary veins; turning in the autumn
orange, yellow, or brown; petioles stout, conspicuously glandular, and
about ¼′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots broadly oval to
ovate or obovate, occasionally incisely lobed, 2½′—3′ long, and 1½′—2′
wide. Flowers ½′—⅔′ in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad lax
many-flowered sparingly villose corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes slender, elongated, acuminate and glandular at apex,
mostly entire or slightly serrate below; stamens usually 10; styles 3—5.
Fruit on long slender pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters,
globose to subglobose, ¼′—5/16′ in diameter, orange-red, the calyx
somewhat enlarged, with spreading or closely appressed lobes; nutlets
3—5, slightly ridged on the back, about 3/16′ long.
A tree, 18°—20° high, with a trunk sometimes 8′ in diameter, spreading
branches, and branchlets sparingly villose with long matted white hairs
when they first appear, soon glabrous, and unarmed or armed with
occasional straight slender spines about 1½′ long.
Distribution. Banks of streams, eastern Mississippi; common in the
neighborhood of Columbus, Lowndes County.
18. Cratægus signata Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 370]
Leaves obovate to elliptic, rounded and often short-pointed or acute at
apex, gradually narrowed from near the middle and cuneate at the entire
base, and sharply glandular-serrate usually only above the middle, about
half grown when the flowers open early in April, and then gray-green and
coated above and on the lower side of the midrib and principal veins
with short pale hairs, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, dark
green, lustrous and slightly pilose above, paler and pubescent below on
the slender midrib and 2—5 pairs of primary veins, 1½′—2′ long, and
¾′—1′ wide; petioles slender, grooved above, glandular, usually about ⅓′
in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often broad-ovate to
elliptic, coarsely dentate or sometimes incisely lobed, frequently 2½′
long and 2′ wide. Flowers about ¾′ in diameter, on slender pedicels, in
few-flowered compact hairy corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose
with long matted hairs, the lobes narrow, acute, entire or irregularly
glandular-serrate, usually glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the
inner surface; stamens 10; styles 3—5, surrounded at base by a few pale
hairs. Fruit ripening and falling toward the end of October, in
few-fruited drooping slightly villose clusters, short-oblong, rounded at
the ends, dark red, more or less pruinose, marked by numerous pale dots,
and about ½′ long; calyx enlarged, with elongated closely appressed
lobes usually persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh thin and yellow;
nutlets 3—5, prominently ridged and grooved on the back, about ¼′ long.
A tree, usually 15°—18° high, with a tall trunk 4′—5′ in diameter,
covered with ashy gray bark, often nearly black near the base of old
stems, and separating freely into thin plate-like scales, numerous
ascending or spreading branches forming a round-topped or oval compact
head, and stout chestnut-brown branchlets armed with stout, nearly
straight bright chestnut-brown spines 1′—2′ long.
Distribution. Open glades and dry copses of the Pine-covered coast-plain
of southern Alabama.
19. Cratægus edita Sarg.
[Illustration: Fig. 371]
Leaves oblong-obovate or rarely elliptic, acute at the gradually
narrowed apex, gradually narrowed from near the middle to the cuneate
entire base, and coarsely and often doubly serrate above, when the
flowers open from the 15th to the 20th of April lustrous and scabrate on
the upper surface with short rigid pale hairs and puberulous on the
lower surface, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, lustrous, and
slightly roughened above, pale yellow-green and scabrate below, 1½′—2′
long, and ½′—1′ wide; petioles stout, villose, becoming pubescent or
puberulous, ⅓′—½′ in length; leaves at the end of vigorous shoots often
slightly divided into lateral lobes, more coarsely serrate and sometimes
3′ long, and 1½′ wide, with stout broadly winged petioles. Flowers ½′—⅔′
in diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in villose few-flowered narrow
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or slightly hairy toward
the base, the lobes linear-lanceolate, usually entire or obscurely
glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface and puberulous on the
inner surface; stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3.
Fruit ripening early in October or in November, on stout glabrous or
slightly villose pedicels usually about ½′ long, in drooping few-fruited
clusters, short-oblong, rounded at the ends, slightly pruinose, dull
green tinged with red, ¼′—⅓′ long, with a prominent calyx-tube and
elongated spreading lobes puberulous on the inner surface and often
deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; flesh very thin, green, dry
and hard; nutlets 2 or 3, with a broad low rounded ridge, ¼′ long.
A tree, in low moist ground sometimes 40° high, with a trunk 1° in
diameter, free of branches for 18°—20°, stout horizontal branches
forming a broad round symmetrical head, and nearly straight branchlets
villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, light chestnut-brown
becoming dark gray-brown in their second or third year, and armed with
stout or slender straight chestnut-brown spines 1′—2′ long; or on the
dry soil of low hills much smaller and generally 20°—25° high.
Distribution. Low wet woods on the borders of streams, and on dry hills
in forests of Oak and Pine; near Marshall, Harris County, Texas;
Natchitoches, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana.
20. Cratægus tersa Beadl.
[Illustration: Fig. 372]
Leaves oblong to obovate, rounded and obtuse at apex, gradually narrowed
to the concave-cuneate entire base, and coarsely serrate above with
acute or rounded teeth, when they unfold tinged with red, sparingly
villose above and tomentulose below, nearly fully grown when the flowers
open the middle of April, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green,
lustrous, and glabrous or scabrate above, pale and pubescent below,
1½′—2′ long, and 1′—1¼′ wide, with a slender midrib and thin primary
veins; turning in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown; petioles stout,
at first hoary-tomentose, glabrous at maturity, about ½′ in length;
leaves on the end of vigorous shoots, broad-obovate, short-pointed at
the rounded apex, often 2′ long and 1½′ wide, with a prominent midrib
and primary veins. Flowers ⅝′—¾′ in diameter, on short stout hairy
pedicels, in usually 8—10-flowered very compact corymbs densely clothed
with long matted pale hairs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose, the
lobes acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose on the outer and slightly
pilose on the inner surface; stamens 18—20; anthers pale rose color,
styles usually 2 or 3. Fruit ripening in October, on stout glabrous
stems, in compact drooping few-fruited clusters, globose to subglobose
or short-oblong, about ⅜′ long, dark red; calyx prominent, with enlarged
erect or spreading glandular-serrate lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and
mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, mostly obtuse and rounded at the ends, about ¼′
long.
A tree, sometimes 18°—20° high, with a trunk 6′—8′ in diameter,
spreading branches forming a broad flat-topped head, and stout
chestnut-brown branchlets at first pilose, becoming glabrous before
autumn, and usually unarmed.
Distribution. Low woods west of Opelousas, St. Landry Parish, Louisiana.
21. Cratægus berberifolia T. & G.