'Fox' nearly wrecked--Afloat, and push ahead--Arctic hairbreadth
escapes--Nearly caught in the pack--Shooting little auks--The Arctic
Highlanders--Cape York--Crimson snow--Struggling to the
westward--Reach the West-land--Off the entrance of Lancaster Sound.
{THE 'FOX' NEARLY WRECKED.}
_June 8th._--Yesterday morning we passed close outside Buchan Island; it
is small but lofty, its north side is almost precipitous, yet
notwithstanding this strong indication of deep water, a reef of rocks
lies about a mile off it. I happened to be aloft with the look-out-man
at half-past eight o'clock as we were steaming through a narrow lead in
the ice, when I saw a rock close ahead; it was capped with ice,
therefore was hardly distinguishable from the floating masses around;
the engines were stopped and reversed, but there was neither time nor
room to avoid the reef, which now extended on each side of us, and upon
which the ship's bow stuck fast whilst her stern remained in 36 feet
water; the tide had just commenced to fall, and all our efforts to haul
off from the rocks were ineffectual. The floes lay within 30 yards of us
upon each side. I feared their drifting down upon the ship and turning
her over; but fortunately it was perfectly calm, and as the tide
fell, points of the reef held them fast. The ship continued to fall over
to starboard; at dead low water her inclination was 35°; the water
covered the starboard gunwale from the mainmast aft, and reached almost
up to the after hatchway; at this time the slightest shake must have
caused her to fall over upon her side, when she would have instantly
filled and sunk. The dogs, after repeated ineffectual attempts to lie
upon the deck, quietly coiled themselves up upon such parts of the lee
gunwale as remained above water and went to sleep.
[Illustration: The 'Fox' on a Rock near Buchan Island.]
To me the moments seemed lengthened out beyond anything I could have
imagined; but at length the water began to rise, and the ship to resume
her upright position. Boats, anchors, hawsers, etc., were got on board
again with the utmost alacrity, and the ship floated off unhurt after
having been eleven hours upon the reef. We had grounded during the day
tide and were floated off by the night tide, which upon this coast
occasions a much greater rise and fall,--so far we were favored, but the
poor little 'Fox' had a very narrow escape; as for ourselves, there was
not the slightest cause for apprehension, three steam whalers being
within signal distance.
{AFLOAT, AND PUSH AHEAD.}
To-day we are steaming along after the three vessels which passed us
last evening and disappeared round Cape Shackleton during the night.
The contrast between our prospects yesterday and to-day fills one with
delight,--to be afloat and advancing unobstructedly once more is indeed
charming.
_11th._--On the afternoon of the 8th we joined the steamers 'Tay,'
Captain Deuchars; 'Chase,' Captain Gravill, sen.; and 'Diana,' Gravill,
jun. After repeated ice-detentions, we have reached Duck Island. Captain
Deuchars says there is every prospect of an early north passage; we have
had several conversations about the Pond's Bay natives, and their
reports of ships, wrecks, and Europeans. There appears to be not only
great difficulty, but also uncertainty, in arriving at their meaning; to
form an idea of the time elapsed since an event, or the distance to the
spot where it occurred, is a still harder task. I look forward to our
visit at Pond's Bay with greatly increased interest.
{ARCTIC HAIRBREADTH ESCAPES.}
In August, 1855, when Captain Deuchars was crossing through the middle
ice, in latitude 70°, he found part of a steamer's topmast embedded in
heavy ice; he also saw the moulded form of a ship's side, and thinks the
latter must have sunk; the portion of the topmast visible was sawed off
and taken to England. It is most probable that the vessel was either
H.M.S. 'Intrepid' or 'Pioneer,' as two months later, and 250 miles
further south, the 'Resolute' was picked up. About two or three years
ago, Captain Deuchars lost his ship 'Princess Charlotte,' in Melville
Bay. It was a beautiful morning; they had almost reached the North
Water, and were anticipating a very successful voyage; the steward had
just reported breakfast ready, when Captain Deuchars, seeing the floes
closing together ahead of the ship, remained on deck to see her pass
safely between them, but they closed too quickly; the vessel was
_almost_ through, when the points of ice caught her sides abreast of the
mizenmast, and, passing through, held the wreck up for a few minutes,
barely long enough for the crew to escape and save their boats! Poor
Deuchars thus suddenly lost his breakfast and his ship; within _ten
minutes_ her royal yards disappeared beneath the surface. How closely
danger besets the Arctic cruiser, yet how insidiously; everything looks
so bright, so calm, so still, that it requires positive experience to
convince one that ice only a very few inches, perhaps only three or four
inches, _above water_, perfectly level, and moving extremely slow, could
possibly endanger a strong vessel! The 'Princess Charlotte' was a very
fine, strong ship, and her captain one of the most experienced Arctic
seamen. He now commands the finest whaler in the fleet.
{SUPPLY OF PROVISIONS.}
_14th._--We have only advanced a few miles to the northward. The steamer
'Innuit' has joined our small steam squadron. Captain Sutter left
Scotland only a month ago: he has very kindly and promptly sent us a
present of newspapers and potatoes. Captain Deuchars has also been good
enough to supply us with some potatoes and porter, perhaps the most
serviceable present he could have made us after our long subsistence
upon salt and preserved meats.
_10th._--Once more alone in Melville Bay. The 'Innuit' and 'Chase'
steamed much too fast for us, and the last of the four vessels, the
'Tay,' parted from us in a thick fog yesterday. We have come close along
the edge of the fixed ice, passing about six miles outside of the Sabine
Islands, and are advancing as opportunities offer. This morning the man
who was stationed to watch a nip about a quarter of a mile ahead of the
ship, came running back, pursued by three bears--a mother with her
half-grown cubs. I suppose they followed him chiefly because he ran from
them; and at all events they were very close up before he reached the
ship. Another bear was seen about the same time, but none of them came
within shot. Rotchies (or little auks) are very abundant. Seals are
occasionally shot. I ate some boiled seal to-day, and found it good:
this is the first time I have eaten positive _blubber_; all scruples
respecting it henceforth vanish.
{NEARLY CAUGHT IN THE PACK.}
_25th._--The land-ice broke away inshore of the 'Fox' on the 19th or
20th, and we found ourselves drifting southward amongst extensive fields
of ice. Sad experience has already shown us how absolutely powerless
our small craft is under such circumstances. But after many attempts we
regained the edge of the fast ice this morning, and steamed merrily
along it towards Bushnan Island. When within a few miles a nip brought
us to a standstill: here five or six icebergs lie encompassed by
land-ice, and apparently aground; one of them juts out and has caught
the point of an immense field of ice. There is some slight movement in
the latter, but not enough to let us pass through.
Twelve or eighteen miles to the south there is a cluster of bergs, in
all probability aground upon our "70 fathom bank" of last September. The
ice-field appears to rest against them, as both to the east and west
there is much clear water. Exactly at this spot Captain Penny was
similarly detained by a nip in August, 1850. Although progress is denied
to us at present, yet it is an unspeakable relief to have got out of the
drifting ice.
{ARCTIC PERPLEXITIES.}
I have passed very many anxious days in Melville Bay, but hardly any of
them weighed so heavily upon me as yesterday. There was the broad, clear
_land-water_ within a third of a mile of me, clear weather, and a fair
breeze blowing. The intervening nip worked sufficiently with wind and
tide to keep one in suspense; it _nearly_ opened at high water, but
closed again with the ebb tide. I thought of the week already spent in
struggling amongst drifting floes, and was haunted by visions of
everything horrible--gales, ice-crushing, etc. Nor was it consoling to
reflect that all the sailing ships as well as the steamers might have
actually slipped past us. In fact, I must acknowledge that anxiety and
weariness had worked me up into a state of burning impatience and of
bitter chagrin at being so repeatedly baffled in all my efforts by the
varying yet continual perplexities of our position. The only difference
in favor of our prospects over those of the past year consisted in our
having arrived here two months earlier; but the importance of this
difference is incalculable.
The opportunities afforded by the delays to which we have been subjected
were turned, however, to some account. Nearly one thousand rotchies were
shot; they are excellent eating; their average weight is four ounces and
a half, but when prepared for the table they probably do not yield more
than three ounces each. A young bear imprudently swam up to the ship,
and was shot,--his skin fell to the sportsman, and carcase to the dogs.
Several others have been seen: we watched one fellow surprise a seal
upon the ice, and carry it about in his mouth as a cat does a mouse.
{THE ARCTIC HIGHLANDERS.}
_27th._--Lying fast to the ice off the Crimson Cliffs of Sir John Ross.
Yesterday we succeeded in passing through the nip, and by evening
reached Cape York. Seeing natives running out upon the land-ice, the
ship was made fast for an hour in order to communicate with them. A
party of eight men came on board: they immediately recognized Petersen,
for they lived at Etah in Smith's Sound when he was there in the
American expedition. They asked for Dr. Kane, and told us Hans was
married and living in Whale Sound. They all said he was most anxious to
return to Greenland, but had neither sledge-dogs nor kayak; hunger had
compelled him to eat the seal-skin which covered the framework of the
latter. Petersen gave them messages for Hans from his Greenland friends,
and advice that he should fix his residence here, where he might see the
whalers and perhaps be taken back to Greenland. The natives did not seem
to be badly off for anything except dogs, some distemper having carried
off most of these indispensable animals. I was therefore unable to
procure any from them. These people spent the winter here; they seemed
healthy, well-clad, and happy little fellows. One of them is
brother-in-law to Erasmus York, who voluntarily came to England in the
'Assistance' in 1851. This man is an _angekok_, or magician; he has a
still flatter face than the rest of his countrymen, but appears more
thoughtful and intelligent.
Petersen pointed out to me a stout old fellow, with a tolerable
sprinkling of beard and moustache. This worthy perpetrated the only
murder which has taken place for several years in the tribe: he disliked
his victim and stood in need of his dogs, therefore he killed the owner
and appropriated his property! Such motives and passions usually govern
the "unsophisticated children of nature;" yet, as savages, the Esquimaux
may be considered exceedingly harmless.
Of late years these Arctic Highlanders have become alarmed by the rapid
diminution of their numbers through famine and disease, and have been
less violent towards each other in their feuds and quarrels.
The appearance of these men, as they danced and rolled about in frantic
delight at our approach, was wild and strange, and their costume uniform
and picturesque. Their long, coarse, black hair hung loosely over the
seal-skin frock which in its turn overlapped their loose shaggy
bear-skin breeches, and these again came down over the tops of their
seal-skin boots. Most of them carried a spear formed out of the horn of
a narwhal.
Having distributed presents of knives and needles, and explained to them
that we did so because they had behaved well to the white people, (as we
learned from Dr. Kane's narrative of their treatment of him and his
crew), we pursued our voyage, not doubting but that we should soon reach
the _North Water_, an extensive sea through which we could sail
uninterruptedly to Pond's Bay.
During the night we advanced through loose ice; but fog and a rising
S.E. gale delayed us, and to-day the pack has pressed in against the
land, so that our wings are most unexpectedly clipped. A walrus was shot
through the head by a Minié bullet; none other will penetrate such a
massive skull: unfortunately for my collection of specimens, and for the
dogs, the animal sank.
{JULY, 1858.}
{DAMAGE FROM ICE.}
_2d July._--For five days we have been almost beset amongst loose ice
and grounded bergs; the winds were generally from the S.E. and
accompanied by fog. To avoid being squeezed we had constantly to shift
our position; once we were caught and rather severely nipped; the ship
was heeled over about ten degrees and lifted a couple of feet: the ice
was three feet thick, but broke readily under her weight. Unfortunately
there was not time to unship the rudder, so it suffered very severely.
Upon a previous occasion the screw-shaft was bent and a portion of the
screw broken off.
{ROTCHIES AND GULLS.}
Landed to obtain a good view of the sea in the offing; from the hills we
could see nothing but pack to seaward. There was no land ice; we stepped
out of the boat upon a narrow icefoot which fringed the coast;
immediately above it we trod over a velvet sward of soft bright green
moss; the turf beneath was of considerable depth. Here and there under
this noble range of cliffs, which are composed of primary rock, there
exists much vegetation for so high a latitude. From the fact of thick
layers of turf descending quite down to the sea, it is evident that the
land has been gradually sinking. Steep slopes of rocky _débris_, which
screen the bases of the most precipitous cliffs, form secure nurseries
for the little auk; these localities were literally alive with them;
they popped in and out of every crevice, or sat in groups of dozens upon
every large rock. I have nowhere seen such countless myriads of birds.
The _rotchie_, or little auk, lays its single egg upon the bare rock,
far within a crevice beyond the reach of fox, owl, or burgomaster gull.
We shot a couple of hundred during our short stay on shore, and, by
removing the stones, gathered several dozen of their eggs.
The huge predatory gulls, long ago named "Burgomasters" by Dutch seamen
(because they lord it over their neighbors, and appropriate every thing
good to themselves), have established themselves in the cliffs, where
their nests are generally inaccessible: we were a month too late for
their eggs; the young birds were as large as spring chickens. Of course
we obtained specimens of the red snow, but had to seek rather diligently
for it; its color was a dirty red, very like the stain of port wine:
very few patches of it were found.
Last night a westerly wind blew freshly and dispersed the ice outside of
us, so much so that this evening we have got out into almost clear
water. Farewell Greenland!--hurrah for the west!
{FREE FROM THE ICE.}
_5th._--After getting free from the ice off the Crimson Cliffs, we soon
lost sight of the last fragment, and steered for Pond's Bay. And now we
all set to work in zealous haste to write our last letters for England,
by the whalers, which we hoped soon to meet there.
After running 60 miles the ice re-appeared, and we sailed through a vast
deal of it, but it became more closely packed, and a thick fog detained
us for a day.
When the weather became clear, the main pack was seen to the W., S., and
S.E.; in the hope of rounding its northern extreme we ran along it to
the N.W. To-day it has led us to the N. and N.E., so that this evening
Wolstenholme Sound is in sight. To the N. the pack appears impenetrable,
and there is a strong ice-blink over it. All the ice we have lately
sailed through is loose, and much decayed; it seems but recently to have
broken away from the land, is not water-washed, neither has it been
exposed to a swell, the fractured edges remaining sharp.
{ICE CLOSING AGAIN.}
_6th._--Midnight. Last evening I persevered to the N. until every hope
of progress in that direction vanished. To the W. the pack appeared
tolerably loose; the wind was fresh at E.S.E., so I determined once
more to push into it, and endeavor to battle our way through; I hoped it
would prove to be merely a belt of 30 or 40 miles in width. We found the
ice to lie for the most part in streams at right angles to the wind, and
therefore much more open than it had appeared: there was seldom any
difficulty in winding through it from one water space to another. The
wind greatly increased, bringing much rain, but fortunately no fog;--the
dread of this hung over me like a nightmare,--our progress depended upon
the vigilance of the look-out kept in the crow's-nest. By noon we had
made good 60 miles. Throughout the day the wind has gradually moderated:
the rain gave place to snow, which in its turn was succeeded by mist.
The evening was fine eventually and clear; but still we find the ice is
all around. Just before midnight the termination of our lead was
discovered, whilst the ice through which we had passed was closing
together, and a dense fog came rolling down. Under these circumstances
the ship was made fast as near to the nip as safety permitted, to await
some favorable change.
_10th._--All the 7th we remained in our small basin, there being no
outlet from it, and but little water anywhere visible. To pass away the
dull hours and get rid of unwelcome reflections upon the similarity of
our present position and that in August last, I commenced an attack
upon all the feathered denizens of the pack--they seemed so provokingly
contented with it--but they soon became wary, and deserted our vicinity,
so I shot only a dozen fulmar petrels, three ivory gulls, two looms,[13]
and a _Lestris parasiticus_; some of them were useful as specimens, and
such as were not destined for our table were given to the dogs. Although
Cobourg Island was 45 miles distant from us, its lofty rounded outlines
were very distinct, and much covered with snow. On the 8th we squeezed
through nips for 4 or 5 miles, and on the 9th, reaching a large space of
water, steamed towards Cobourg Island until again stopped by the pack at
an early hour this morning, when within 5 or 6 leagues of it.
{STRUGGLING TO THE WESTWARD.}
This evening we are endeavoring to steam in towards the West-land, and
fancy we can trace with the crow's-nest telescope a practicable route
through the intervening ice-mazes to a faint streak of water along the
shore. This sort of navigation is not only anxious, but wearying. To me
it seems as if several months instead of only eight days had elapsed
since we left Cape York. We are constantly wondering what our whaling
friends are about, and where they are?
_14th._--The faint streak of water seen on the night of the 10th proved
to be an extensive sheet to leeward of Cobourg Island. We reached it
next morning. Jones' Sound appeared open, and a slight swell reached us
from it, but all along the shore there was close pack. Although but
little water was visible to the southward, we persevered in that
direction, and, as the ice was rapidly moving off-shore under the
combined influence of wind and tide, we were only occasionally detained.
Two hundred and forty-two years ago--to a day, I believe--William Baffin
sailed without hindrance along this coast and discovered Lancaster
Sound. What a very different season he must have experienced!
{VISIT OF NATIVES.}
Passing near Cape Horsburgh we approached De Ros Islet at midnight. The
air being very calm, and still, the shouting of some natives was heard,
although we could scarcely distinguish them upon the land-ice. The ship
was made fast, and the shouting party, consisting of three men, three
women, and two children, eagerly came on board. Only four individuals
remained on shore.
{OFF LANCASTER SOUND.}
The old chief Kal-lek is remarkable amongst Esquimaux for having a bald
head. He inquired by name for his friend Captain Inglefield. These three
families have spent the last two years upon this coast, between Cape
Horsburgh and Croker Bay. Their knowledge does not extend further in
either direction. They are natives of more southern lands, and crossed
the ice in Lancaster Sound with dog-sledges. Since the visit of the
'Ph[oe]nix' in '54 they have seen no ships, nor have any wrecks drifted
upon their shores. They seemed very fat and healthy, but complained that
all the reindeer had gone away, and asked if _we_ could tell where they
went to? Our presents of wood, knives, and needles were eagerly
received. They assured us that Lancaster Sound was still frozen over,
and that all the sea was covered with pack. After half an hour's delay
we steamed onward, and on reaching a larger space of water our hopes
(somewhat depressed by the native intelligence) began to revive. But we
soon found that our clear water terminated near Cape Warrender.
Lancaster Sound, although not frozen over, was crammed full of floes and
icebergs. The wind increased to a strong gale from the east, and pressed
in more ice. At length the ship was with difficulty made fast to a strip
of land-ice a few miles westward of Point Osborn. Gradually the gale
subsided, but not until the pack was close in against the land. The
tides kept sweeping it to and fro, to our great discomfort. The land is
composed of gneiss, and the gravelly shore is low. A few ducks only have
been shot, and traces of reindeer and hares seen. Our Melville Bay
friends, the rotchies, are very rare visitors upon this side of Baffin's
Bay.
Part of a ship's timber has been found upon the beach; it measures 7
inches by 8 inches, is of American oak, and, although sound, has long
been exposed to the weather.
FOOTNOTES:
[13] These birds are called willocks at home; they are the "Uria
brunnichii" of naturalists.