[1695] Ezek. xxi, 26 [21] (King Nebuchadrezzar divines by
teraphim).
[1696] Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans
l'antiquité_, iii, 363 ff.; Daremberg and Saglio,
_Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines_, article
"Divination," p. 308.
[1697] 1 Cor. xv, 49; 2 Cor. v, 8; Cumont, _Astrology and
Religion among the Greeks and Romans_, lecture vi.
[1698] Cranz, _Greenland_, i, 192 ff.; Rink, _Danish
Greenland_, p. 142 f.
[1699] Brinton, _Cakchiquels_, p. 47.
[1700] Cf. Nöldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings,
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, i, 667, 671.
[1701] Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 56 ff.; id., _Tshi_, p. 124 ff.
[1702] P. R. Gurden, article "Ahoms" in Hastings,
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1703] Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 249 ff.
[1704] A. Bertrand, _La religion des Gaulois_, pp. 257, 259,
263.
[1705] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 341.
[1706] On Hebrew divination see articles "Divination" in
Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_, and in the
_Encyclopædia Biblica_.
[1707] Deut. xiii, 1; xviii, 10.
[1708] The Hebrew text is doubtful, and its meaning is not
clear; cf. Gray, "The Book Of Isaiah," in _The International
Critical Commentary_.
[1709] Gen. xliv, 5.
[1710] Cf. Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans
l'antiquité_, ii, 1 ff., 62 ff.
[1711] _Timæus_, 72.
[1712] Xenophon, _Memorabilia_, i, 3, 4: [Greek: ta hypo tôn
theôn sêmainomena].
[1713] Originally diviners from the flight of birds, but the
area of their divinatory functions was gradually extended.
See Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 450 ff.; Fowler,
_Religious Experience of the Roman People_, lecture xiii.
[1714] Charged with the interpretation of the entrails of
sacrificed animals, and also of lightning and portents.
[1715] Wissowa, op. cit., p. 474.
[1716] Cf. above, § 895 f.
[1717] This story (connected with Thebes) appears to
represent some sort of protest against the Dionysiac cult
when it was first brought to Greece; cf. Roscher, _Lexikon_,
article "Pentheus."
[1718] Cf. above, § 927.
[1719] 1 Sam. xix, 24; cf. Mic. i, 8 ff.
[1720] Their "visions" sometimes show literary art (Ezek. xl
ff.; Zech. i-viii).
[1721] Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Sibylla."
[1722] That is, she was not to be tolerated as a rival of
the great oracular god.
[1723] Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, pp. 239, 462 ff.
[1724] Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de la divination dans
l'antiquité_, ii, Index, s.v. _Cumes_.
[1725] Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 463; Fowler,
_Religious Experience of the Roman People_, p. 339.
[1726] Augustine, _De Civitate Dei_, x, 27 (in connection
with Vergil's verses, _Eclogues_, iv, 13 f.); xxviii, 23
(the initial letters in _Sibylline Oracles_, viii, 268-309,
giving a title of Christ). So Eusebius, in his report of the
Oration of Constantine, xviii; cf. Lactantius, _Divinae
Institutiones_, lib. i, cap. vi.
[1727] _Oracula Sibyllina_, ed. Alexandre (Greek text, with
Latin tr.); ed. Friedlieb (Greek text, with German tr. and
additions by Volkmann); ed. Rzack (critical Greek text);
Terry, _The Sibylline Oracles_ (Eng. tr., blank verse).
[1728] On the attitude of early Greek philosophers
(Pythagoras, Democritus, Empedocles, Thales, Xenophanes)
toward divination, and the relation of the latter to the
idea of divine providence, see Bouché-Leclercq, _Histoire de
la divination dans l'antiquité_, i, 29 ff.
[1729] See Chapter iii.
[1730] Cf. Barton, _Semitic Origins_, chap. i.
[1731] Cf. Breasted, _Religion and Thought in Ancient
Egypt_.
[1732] Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_,
chaps. i, xvi.
[1733] Bertrand, _La religion des Gaulois_; Rhys, _Celtic
Heathendom_; Usener, _Götternamen_; articles "Celts" and
"Aryan Religion" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics_.
[1734] Cf. the sketch given above, Chapter vii; Tylor,
_Primitive Culture_; Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., passim.
[1735] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central
Australia_, and _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_;
Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_;
Quatrefages, _The Pygmies_; Hyades and Deniker, _Mission
scientifique du cap Horn_; Seligmann, _The Melanesians of
British New Guinea_.
[1736] Fritsch, _Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's_; article
"Bantu" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1737] Callaway, _The Amazulu_.
[1738] See above, § 837.
[1739] Rivers, _The Todas_.
[1740] Codrington, _The Melanesians_; W. Ellis, _Polynesian
Researches_; Williams and Calvert, _Fiji_; Turner, _Samoa_;
Krämer, _Die Samoa-Inseln_; Taylor, _New Zealand_; H. Ling
Roth, _The Natives of Sarawak and British North Borneo_.
[1741] Brinton, _The Lenâpé_; Matthews, _Navaho Legends_;
Dorsey, _Traditions of the Skidi Pawnee_; Teit, _Thompson
River Indians_; Boas, _The Kwakiutl_; Dixon, _The Northern
Maidu_ and _The Shasta_; _Journal of American Folklore_,
passim.
[1742] Van Gennep, _Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar_; A.B.
Ellis, _E[´w]e_, _Tshi_, _Yoruba_; Skeat, _Malay Magic_; Skeat
and Blagden, _Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula_; Hopkins,
_Religions of India_.
[1743] Aston, _Shinto_; Knox, _Development of Religion in
Japan_.
[1744] _The Kalevala_; Castrén, _Finnische Mythologie_.
[1745] Prescott, _Conquest of Mexico_ and _Conquest of
Peru_; Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History of America_;
Brinton, _American Hero-Myths_, Index; Lang, _Myth, Ritual,
and Religion_, Index, s.vv. _Mexican Divine Myths_ and
_Peruvian Myths_.
[1746] Ehrenreich, _Mythen und Legenden der
südamericanischen Urvölker_.
[1747] De Groot, _Religious System of China_.
[1748] The _Avesta_; Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_,
vol. ii, bk. iv, chaps. i, ii; De Harlez, _Avesta_,
Introduction, p. lxxxiv ff.; _The Shahnameh_.
[1749] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, p. 155 ff.;
Steindorff, _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 106 ff.
[1750] Plutarch, _Isis and Osiris_; Steindorff, op. cit.,
Index, s.vv. _Isis_ and _Osiris_; Roscher, _Lexikon_,
articles "Isis," "Usire."
[1751] R. F. Harper, _Assyrian and Babylonian Literature_;
Jastrow, _Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in
Babylonia and Assyria_, Index, s.v. _Myths_.
[1752] Job xxvi, 12; Ps. lxxxix, 11 [10]; Isa. li, 9.
[1753] Deut. xxxii, 8 f.
[1754] Gen. iv, 17 ff.; v, vi, 4; Ezek. xxxii, 27 (revised
text).
[1755] Gen. iii, 14 ff. On the loss of immortality see
above, § 834.
[1756] On the ceremony of mourning for Tammuz (Ezek. viii,
14) see Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 574
ff.; Pseudo-Lucian, _De Syria Dea_. In Babylonia the
ceremony appears to have been an official lament for the
loss of vegetation (the women mourners being attached to the
temple); in Syria (Hierapolis) it took on orgiastic elements
(perhaps an importation from Asia Minor). The women of Ezek.
viii were attached, probably, to the service of the temple.
[1757] Barth, _Religions of India_; Hopkins, _Religions of
India_; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_; Lang, _Myth, Ritual,
and Religion_, Index.
[1758] This is true of all mythical and legendary creations
of the thought of communities, but in an especial degree of
the Greek.
[1759] Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, Index, s.v.
_Myths_; he distinguishes between the earlier and the later
stories; R. M. Meyer, _Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte_,
chaps. iii, iv.
[1760] Folk-lore and legend mingle with the myths.
[1761] See R. M. Meyer, op. cit., p. 444 ff.
[1762] Even in great modern religions nominally monotheistic
a virtual polytheism continues to exist.
[1763] See above, § 683 ff.
[1764] This conception survives in the great polytheistic
cults, and may be recognized in the later religions of
redemption.
[1765] Compare the Brazilian Tapuyas (Botocudos); see
article "Brazil" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics_.
[1766] For West Africa cf. A. B. Ellis, _Yoruba_, p. 87;
_Tshi_, chaps. iii-viii; _E[´w]e_, chaps. iii-v.
[1767] § 365 ff. On this attitude see the reports of the
religions of particular peoples and the summaries of such
reports in dictionaries and encyclopedias, and in such works
as Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung
der Strafe_; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the
Moral Ideas_; also articles in the _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, the reports of the American
Bureau of Ethnology, and similar publications.
[1768] Theoph. Hahn, _Tsuni-Goam_, p. 38.
[1769] Hollis, _The Masai_, p. 264 f.
[1770] Skeat, _Malay Magic_, pp. 93 ff., 320 ff.
[1771] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, pp. 193 f., 200.
[1772] Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen Heidentumes_, p. 135
ff.; W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, Index, s.v.
_Jinn_.
[1773] R. C. Temple, article "Andamans" in Hastings,
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1774] For example, by Waitz, _Anthropologie_, iii, pp. 182
f., 330, 334 f.; Waitz expresses doubt (p. 345) as to the
correctness of certain accounts of the religious ideas of
the Oregon tribes.
[1775] Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_, p. 215
f., Brinton, _The Lenâpé_, p. 67 f.; Dorsey, _The Skidi
Pawnee_, p. xviii f.; Dixon, _The Shasta_, p. 491 ff.
[1776] On methods of accounting for the existence of death
in the world see above, § 834.
[1777] Brébeuf's account is given in _Relation des Jésuites
dans la nouvelle France_, 1635, p. 34; 1636, p. 100; cf. the
edition of the _Relation_ by R. G. Thwaites, viii, 116 ff.;
x, 126 f. Brébeuf appears to have followed Sagard, _Canada_
(see Troas ed., p. 452 ff.). The story is discussed by
Brinton, in _Myths of the New World_, 3d ed., p. 79 ff., and
his criticism is adopted by Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, 3d
ed., ii, 322.
[1778] Brinton, op. cit., p. 77.
[1779] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 334 ff.; article
"Algonquins" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics_, pp. 320, 323.
[1780] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, and his article in Hastings,
op. cit.
[1781] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 528 ff. The
influence of Brahmanism is possible here; but cf. Hopkins,
op. cit., p. 530, note 3.
[1782] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_, pp. 172, 202;
Breasted, _History of Egypt_, p. 571; Steindorff, _Religion
of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 67 ff.
[1783] This myth may have trickled down to them (through the
Canaanites or in some other way) in subdued form--it
appears, perhaps, in the serpent of Gen. iii; but it seems
to have been adopted in full form at a later time,
apparently in or after the sixth century B.C.
[1784] Rohde, _Psyche_, Index, s.v. _Erinyen_; articles
"Ate," "Erinys," in Roscher's _Lexikon_.
[1785] On the diverse elements in Loki's character, and on
his diabolification, see Saussaye, _Religion of the
Teutons_, p. 259 ff.; R. M. Meyer, _Altgermanische
Religionsgeschichte_, p. 335 ff. (Loki as fire-god developed
out of a fire-demon).
[1786] Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_,
article "Celts," p. 289. On the anthropinizing or the
distinctly euhemerizing treatment of these two personages
see Rhys, _Celtic Folklore_, Index, s.vv.
[1787] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 367, 377, 414.
[1788] See above, § 857.
[1789] It has been suggested that climatic conditions (sharp
contrasts of storm and calm, with consequent strain and
peace in life) led to this dual arrangement. But we do not
know that there were specially strong contrasts of weather
in the Iranian home, and there is no mention of such a
situation in the early documents, in which the complaint is
of inroads of predatory bands from the steppe.
[1790] See above, § 742 ff.
[1791] According to Diogenes Laertius, Proem, viii.
[1792] To designate the unfriendly supernatural Powers two
terms meaning 'divine beings' were available, 'asuras' and
'divas' (daevas); the Hindus chose the former, the Iranians
the latter. Cf. Darmesteter, _Ormazd et Ahriman_, p. 268
ff.; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, p. 156 ff.
[1793] Zech. iii; Job i, ii; 1 Chron. xxi, 1, contrasted
with 2 Sam. xxiv, 1; Enoch xl, 7; liii, 3, etc.; Secrets of
Enoch (Slavonic Enoch), xxix, 4, 5; xxxi, 3, 4. The word
Satan means 'adversary,' and, as legal adversary, 'accuser.'
The germ of the conception is to be sought in the apparatus
of spirits controlled by Yahweh, and sometimes employed by
him as agents to harm men (1 Kings xxii, 19-23). The idea of
an accusing spirit seems to have arisen from the necessity
of explaining the misfortunes of the nation (Zech. iii); it
was expanded under native and foreign influences.
[1794] 2 Cor. iv, 4.
[1795] _Koran_, vii, 10 ff.
[1796] So in the ceremonies of the pilgrimage to Mecca and
in common life. The "satans" have in part coalesced with the
jinn; see Lane's _Arabian Nights_, "Notes to the
Introduction," note 21.
[1797] Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_, s.v. "Mani u.
Manichäismus."
[1798] On a lack of unity in the world see W. James, _A
Pluralistic Universe_.
[1799] § 643.
[1800] So the Zulu Unkulunkulu, the Fiji Ndengei, the
Virginia Ahone, and others.
[1801] Compare Lang's sketch of the gods of the lower races
in _Myth, Ritual, and Religion_, chap. xii f., and _Making
of Religion_, preface and chaps. xii-xiv.
[1802] Strachey, _Historie of Travaile into Virginia
Britannica_ (1612), p. 98 f. and chap. vii; Winslow,
_Relation_ (1624), printed in Young's _Chronicles of the
Pilgrim Fathers_, see chap. xxiii.
[1803] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 324, 339.
[1804] Callaway, _The Amazulu_, p. 1 ff.
[1805] Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_,
Index (cf. Spencer and Gülen, _Northern Tribes of Central
Australia_, p. 492); cf. Thomas, _Natives of Australia_,
chap. xiii, and article "Australia" in Hastings,
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1806] Temple, article "Andamans" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics_.
[1807] Williams and Calvert, _Fiji_, chap. vii.
[1808] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, chap. xvii; Taylor, _New
Zealand_, chaps. v-vii; Rink, _Danish Greenland_, p. 204
ff.; Boas, _The Kwakiutl_, chap. vi.
[1809] The confusion incident to savage theogonic reflection
is illustrated by Zulu attempts to explain Unkulunkulu
(Callaway, loc. cit.).
[1810] Lang, in the works cited in the preceding paragraph,
is right in his contention that the clan god is not always
derived from a spirit; but the coloring he gives to the
character of this sort of god is not in accordance with
known facts.
[1811] See above, § 746 ff.
[1812] It is not probable that the recent abolition of the
office of emperor (supposing the present revolutionary
movement to maintain itself) will affect the essence of the
existing cult.
[1813] In place of the emperor some high official personage
will doubtless be deputed to conduct the national
sacrifices.
[1814] De Groot, _Religious System of China_, _Religion of
the Chinese_, and _Development of Religion in China_.
[1815] Prescott, _Conquest of Peru_; Spence, _Mythologies of
Ancient Mexico and Peru_.
[1816] An approach to such a system appears in the later
cult of Confucius.
[1817] See § 977.
[1818] So later, for example, in Plato, necessity appears as
something limiting the deity. See below, § 1001. Cf. Cicero,
_De Fato_.
[1819] Cf. the Chinese conception of the supreme order of
the world. Possibly this goes back to the general savage
conception of mana.
[1820] _Metaphysics_, ix, 8; xii, 6 f.
[1821] _Timæus_, 47 f.
[1822] Stobæus, _Elogæ_, ed. Wachsmuth, lib. i, cap. i, no.
12; Pearson, _Fragments of Zeno and Cleanthes_; Eng. tr. in
Arnold, _Roman Stoicism_, p. 85 ff. The quotation in Acts
xvii, 28, may be from Cleanthes or from Aratus. On the
Græco-Roman Stoicism and the relation between it and
Christianity see Arnold, op. cit.
[1823] Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_, bk. xi; Roscher,
_Lexikon_, article "Isis"; Cumont, _Mysteries of Mithra_;
id., _Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans_,
Index, s.vv. _Isis and Serapis_ and _Mithra_.
[1824] _Metaphysics_, i, 5: "The one is god."
[1825] So in Goethe, Wordsworth, and other modern poets.
[1826] In certain regions, especially in Tibet and Japan,
Buddhism coalesces with popular nature-cults and shamanistic
systems, and loses its nontheistic character.
[1827] Cf. Satayana, "Lucretius," in his _Three
Philosophical Poets_.
[1828] The great exception is the resurrection of Jesus,
regarded in the New Testament and by the mass of orthodox
Christians as an historical fact, and one of infinite
significance for the salvation of the world.
[1829] An emotional element possessing moral force may exist
in any religion; cf. below, §§ 1167, 1192, 1199.
[1830] § 13 ff.
[1831] See above, Chapter iii.
[1832] See above, §§ 128, 131, 231 ff.
[1833] Cf. article "Charms and Amulets" in Hastings,
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1834] Cf. Marett, _Threshold of Religion_, p. 77 ff.
[1835] Examples are found in J. H. King, _The Supernatural_,
Index, s.v.; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Index, s.v.; L. T.
Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, Index, s.v.; and see the
references in these works.
[1836] See above, § 3.
[1837] Spencer, _Principles Of Sociology_, i, 280 ff.;
Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_,
ii, 550 al.
[1838] Dorsey, _Skidi Pawnee_, p. 341; article "Bantu" in
Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_, ii, 359;
Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 393; Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii,
392; Westermarck, op. cit., ii, 518 al.
[1839] Tylor, op. cit., ii, 385, 395 al.; Gen. viii, 21.
[1840] Batchelor, _The Ainu_; Miss Fletcher, _Indian
Ceremonies_; Hollis, _The Nandi_, p. 12; Hopkins, _Religions
of India_, pp. 449 ff. 528; Saussaye, _Religion of the
Teutons_, pp. 373, 383; R. M. Meyer, _Altgermanische
Religionsgeschte_, pp. 416, 419 ff.; N. W. Thomas, article
"Animals" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics_. Cf., for the Hebrews, W. R. Smith, _Religion of the
Semites_, 2d ed., p. 217 ff.; for the Greeks, Gardner and
Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 245 f.; Miss Harrison,
_Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, chap. x.
[1841] Batchelor, _The Ainu_.
[1842] A. C. Haddon, _Head-hunters_, p. 353 ff.
[1843] F. H. Cushing, "My Adventures in Zuñi" in _The
Century Magazine_ for May, 1883.
[1844] Cf. Hubert and Mauss, "Essai sur le sacrifice" in
_Année sociologique_, ii (1898).
[1845] A more socially refined conception appears in the
lectisternium, in which the gods sit at table with their
human friends. Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 355
ff.; Fowler, _Religious Experience of the Roman People_,
Index, s.v.
[1846] § 23.
[1847] For the worshiper the blood had strengthening power.
[1848] 1 Kings, xvi, 34; article "Bridge" in Hastings,
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1849] Cf. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral
Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Human Sacrifice_.
[1850] Breasted, _History of Egypt_, pp. 325, 411, 478.
[1851] Pietschmann, _Phönizier_, p. 167; Tylor, _Primitive
Culture_, ii, 403; 2 Kings, iii, 27; Exod. xiii; i, 13;
Nöldeke, article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings,
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1852] 2 Kings, xvii, 31.
[1853] _Rig-Veda_, x, 18, 8; viii, 51, 2.
[1854] _Sánkhayan Srauta Sutra_, xvi, 10-14; Weber,
_Indische Streifen_, i, 65; Hopkins, _Religions of India_,
pp. 196, 198.
[1855] Hopkins, op. cit., p. 326 ff. Cf. also the practice
of the thugs, which has now been put a stop to by the
British Government.
[1856] De Groot, in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der
Religionsgeschichte_, 2d ed., p. 77 f.
[1857] Saussaye, _Religion of the Teutons_, Index, s.v.
[1858] Williams, _Fiji_; Turner, _Samoa_; Codrington, _The
Melanesians_.
[1859] Waitz-Gerland, _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_,
Index; J. G. Müller, _Geschichte der amerikanischen
Urreligionen_, Index; Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the
Creeks_, p. 36.
[1860] Payne, _The New World, Called America_. In Mexico the
victim was surrounded with luxuries (including wives) and
treated as a god for one year and then sacrificed (Frazer,
_Golden Bough_, 1st ed., ii, 218 ff.; 2d ed., ii, 342 f.).
[1861] A. B. Ellis, _Tshi_, _E[´w]e_, and _Yoruba_.
[1862] For such substitutions in Greece see Gardner and
Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 243 f.
[1863] Ellis, _Yoruba_.
[1864] § 106 ff.
[1865] Alice Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_; _Journal of
American Folklore_, vol. iv (1891), no. 15, and vol. xvii
(1904), no. 64; _Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology_, vol
xiv, p. 701.
[1866] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, Index, s.v.
_Sacrifice_, and Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the
Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Sacrifice_.
[1867] Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, p. 338 f.
[1868] _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 455.
[1869] Lev. i-iv, viii, xvi, xxi; Numb. xix; Hopkins,
_Religions of India_, p. 197 ff.; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek
Antiquities_, Index, s.v. _Priests and Sacrifices_; Lippert,
_Geschichte des Priesterthums_.
[1870] Heb. x, 3.
[1871] _De Abstinentia_ ii, 24.
[1872] See below, § 1045 ff.
[1873] Gen. iv, 3, 4; Lev. ii, al.
[1874] _Primitive Culture_, ii, 375 ff.; cf. Spencer,
_Principles of Sociology_, i, 280 ff.
[1875] So often in ascetic practices.
[1876] So, for example, in the _Imitatio Christi_.
[1877] Euripides, _Iphigeneia in Aulis_, 1581 ff.
(Iphigeneia); Gen. xxii (Isaac); and similar procedures in
Hesiod, _Theogony_, 535 ff.; Ovid, _Fasti_, iii, 339 ff.;
_Aitareya Brahmana_, ii, 8; _Çatapatha Brahmana_, i, 2, 3,
5.
[1878] The expulsion of sin or evil in the person of a beast
or a human being is a totally different conception. See
above, § 143.
[1879] Isa. liii.
[1880] Isa. xl, 2.
[1881] Cf. §§ 128, 217 ff., 1023.
[1882] Other examples are given in Fowler, _Roman
Festivals_, pp. 81 (shepherd sacrifice), 96 (Feriæ Latinæ),
194 (at the temple of Hercules), and cf. his _Religious
Experience of the Roman People_, Index, s.v. _Meals,
Sacrificial_.
[1883] Foucart, _Des associations religieuses chez les
Grecs_. For the Isis ceremony cf. Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_,
xi, 24 f.
[1884] Cumont, _The Mysteries of Mithra_ (Eng. tr.), p. 160.
On the magical element in mysteries cf. De Jong, _Das antike
Mysterienwesen_, chap. vi.
[1885] See above, § 1024.
[1886] _Iliad_, i, 66 f.; _Odyssey_, x, 518 ff.; Gen. viii,
21.
[1887] So Wellhausen, _Prolegomena to the History of Israel_
(Eng. tr.), p. 62. In the Roman _sacra gentilicia_ it was
rather the divinized ancestors who were the guests--they
were entertained by the living.
[1888] In his article "Sacrifice" in _Encyclopædia
Brittanica_ (1886) and his _Religion of the Semites_ (new
ed., 1894).
[1889] The assumption that the victim is a totem is not
necessary to his argument, which rests on the sacredness
(that is, the divinity) of the victim--a fact universally
admitted.
[1890] Isa. lxv, lxvi.
[1891] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central
Australia_; id., _Native Tribes of Northern Australia_.
[1892] On this point and on Smith's theory in general see
the exposition of the theory by Jevons, _Introduction to the
History of Religion_, chap. xii.
[1893] _The Dying God_ (part iii of 3d ed. of _The Golden
Bough_).
[1894] _Wald- und Feldkulte_, 2d ed., ii, 273 ff.
[1895] _L'année sociologique_, ii, 115 ff.
[1896] Frazer, _The Dying God_, chap. ii, § 2.
[1897] Cf. Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_ (part iv of 3d ed.
of _The Golden Bough_); 2d ed. of _The Golden Bough_, ii,
365 f.
[1898] Article "Dido" in Roscher's _Lexikon_; Saussaye,
_Religion of the Teutons_, p. 231.
[1899] For the view that Odin's self-sacrifice is merely an
imitation of the reception into the Odin-cult see Meyer,
_Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte_, p. 241.
[1900] _L'année sociologique_, ii.
[1901] _Yajur-Veda_, passim; _Çatapatha Brahmana_, i, 3, 6,
8; ii, 6, 2; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 188 al.;
Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, pp. 31 ff., 215.
[1902] _Elements of the Science of Religion_ (Gifford
Lectures), ii, 144 ff.
[1903] Plato (_Laws_, iii, 716) says that a bad man gets no
benefit from sacrifice.
[1904] _Laws_, i, 631, 642.
[1905] Ps. xix, 7 ff.; cxix.
[1906] Ps. xl, 7; l, 8-15; li, 18 f., al.
[1907] Amos, v, 21 ff.; Isa. i, 11 ff.; Mic. vi, 6 ff.; Jer.
vii, 21 ff.
[1908] See Ellis, _E[´w]e_ (Dahomi), _Tshi_ (Ashanti),
_Yoruba_; Miss Kingsley, _Travels_; Codrington, _The
Melanesians_; Turner, _Samoa_; articles "Andeans," "Bantu,"
"Bengal," "Brazil," al., in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics_.
[1909] Rivers, _The Todas_, chaps. vi, xi, xiii.
[1910] Cf. also Crooke's _Popular Religion and Folklore of
Northern India_, in which similar customs are mentioned.
[1911] Chapter iii.
[1912] Dixon, _The Northern Maidu_ and _The Shasta_. For
Korea see H. G. Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_.
[1913] _L'année sociologique_, ii; see above, § 1049.
[1914] Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers. A single early detail is
mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 13 ff. For the later Jewish
ceremonial see article "Sacrifice" in _Encyclopædia
Biblica_.
[1915] Mariette, _Abydos_; Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_
(Eng. tr.), p. 121 ff.; Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian
Religion_, pp. 46-49, 122, 179 f. (reports of Herodotus).
[1916] For Babylonia see Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and
Assyria_, Index, s.v. _Rituals_; for Mazdean, De Harles,
_Avesta_, Introduction, pp. clxvi, clxx.
[1917] _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, xx, 58
ff.; cf. De Groot, in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der
Religionsgeschichte_, p. 60 ff.
[1918] Foucart, _Associations religieuses chez les Grecs_;
Jevons, _Introduction to History of Religion_, chap. xxiii;
De Jong, _Das antike Mysterienwesen_, p. 18 ff.
[1919] Cumont, _Mysteries of Mithra_.
[1920] Apuleius, _Metamorphoses_, chap. xi.
[1921] 1 Cor. xi, 20 ff.; xiv (cf. Acts ii, 46); _Teaching
of the Twelve Apostles_, chap. ix f.
[1922] So, for instance, postures in prayer, such as
kneeling, bowing, standing.
[1923] The _Amarna Letters; Records of Ancient Egypt_, ed.
Breasted; cuneiform inscriptions. The Egyptian king,
however, was regarded as divine.
[1924] Gibbon, chaps. xiii (Diocletian), xl, year 532; cf.
descriptions in Scott's _Count Robert of Paris_.
[1925] Daniel, _Codex Liturgicus_; articles "Liturgie" and
"Messe" in Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_; articles
"Liturgy" and "Liturgical Books" in Smith and Cheatham,
_Dictionary of Christian Antiquities_.
[1926] Cf. J. Lippert, _Allgemeine Geschichte des
Priesterthums_; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the
Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Priests_.
[1927] On priestly taboos see Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d
ed., Index, s.v.; these are often of the same sort as royal
taboos. See above, § 595 ff. For Hebrew priestly taboos see
Ezek. xliv, Lev. xxi f.
[1928] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral
Ideas_, i, 348, 381.
[1929] Not all these conditions were to be found in any one
community.
[1930] Westermarck, op. cit., ii, 406 ff.
[1931] Pausanias, ii, 33, 3.
[1932] For a possible case see Wilkinson, _The Ancient
Egyptians_, 1st ed., i, 317.
[1933] Ellis, _E[´w]e_, p. 141; Ward, _History, Literature
and Religion of the Hindoos_, ii, 134; Jastrow, _Religion of
Babylonia and Assyria_, p. 660; Hos. iv, 14; Deut. xxiii, 17
f. (prohibition); Gen. xxxviii, 14 ff.
[1934] Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, pp. 72, 221,
is disposed to reject the statement of Strabo (xvii, i, 46)
that there was libertinage at Thebes. Cf. Wilkinson, _The
Ancient Egyptians_, Index, s.v. _Priestesses_.
[1935] C. H. W. Johns, article "Code of Hammurabi" in
Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_, extra volume; D. G.
Lyon, "The Consecrated Women of the Hammurabi Code" in
_Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H.
Toy_.
[1936] Strabo, p. 378.
[1937] Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Aphrodite," col. 401.
Cf. the practice mentioned in 1 Sam. ii, 22.
[1938] Curtiss, _Primitive Semitic Religion To-day_.
[1939] See, for example, 1 Sam. ii, 22.
[1940] For a description of their privileges and power in
Ashanti see Ellis, _Tshi_, p. 121 ff.
[1941] License in festivals and mystical or symbolic
marriages are excluded as not being official consecration of
a class of persons.
[1942] Examples are given in Westermarck, _Origin and
Development of the Moral Ideas_, ii, 443 ff.; Frazer,
_Adonis Attis Osiris_, chap. iv; Seligmann, _Der böse Blick
und Verwandies_, ii, 190 ff.; and see above, § 384 ff.
[1943] Inscription of Tralles; see Ramsay, _Cities and
Bishoprics of Phrygia_, i, 94 ff.; Farnell, _Cults of the
Greek States_, ii, 636.
[1944] Herodotus, i, 199. The correctness of Herodotus's
statement has been doubted; but, though the procedure is
singular, it is not wholly out of keeping with known
Babylonian customs. It must be remembered, however, that
Herodotus wrote long after the fall of the Babylonian
empire, when foreign influence was possible. See also
_Epistle of Jeremias_, v, 43.
[1945] Pseudo-Lucian, _De Syria Dea_, chap. vi.
[1946] Homosexual practices do not belong here (Westermarck,
op. cit., chap. xliii). The intercourse of priests with
sacred and other women is likewise excluded.
[1947] Deut. xxiii, 18 [17] f., "sodomite."
[1948] 1 Kings, xiv, 24 (tenth century), where the
_kedeshim_ seem to be described as a Canaanite institution.
Cf. Deut. xxii, 3.
[1949] _Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum_, part i, i, 86, B
10.
[1950] With allusion, perhaps, to the dog's faithfulness to
his master. In the _Amarna Letters_ a Canaanite governor
calls himself the "dog" (_kalbu_) of his Egyptian overlord.
Cf. W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 292,
n. 2. For examples of the sanctity of the dog see article
"Animals" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics_, p. 512.
[1951] Cf. Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 71 f., and the
curious story told in Josephus, _Antiquities_, xviii, 3.
[1952] The Lydian method by which girls earned their dowries
(Herodotus, i, 93) is economic, and had, apparently, no
connection with religion.
[1953] See above, § 180. Cf. Ramsay, _Cities and Bishoprics
of Phrygia_, 1, 94 ff.
[1954] Westermarck, _History of Human Marriage_, chap. iii
ff.
[1955] At Byblos the prostitution of the woman was required
only in case she refused to offer her hair to the goddess.
This offering was probably originally a substitute for the
offering of her virginity, but there is no evidence that the
latter was of the nature of a sacrifice.
[1956] Farnell, in _Archiv für Religionswissenschaft_, vii,
88 (see above, §§ 182, 594, and cf. Crawley, _Mystic Rose_,
p. 322). Farnell does not mention this suggestion in his
_Greece and Babylon_, p. 269 ff.
[1957] Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral
Ideas_, ii, 446; cf. Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., Index,
s.vv. _Stranger_, _Strangers_.
[1958] Cumont, _Les religions orientales dans le paganisme
romain_ (Eng. tr., _Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism_,
p. 247 f.); cf. Hartland, in _Anthropological Essays
presented to Tylor_, p. 201 f.
[1959] On this cult see Mannhardt, _Baumkultus_ and _Antike
Wald- und Feldkulte_.
[1960] Mannhardt, _Antike Wald- und Feldkulte_, ii, 284;
Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 33 ff.
[1961] Cf. Hartland, op. cit., p. 199.
[1962] Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, chap. ii.
[1963] Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 50 ff.
[1964] Cf. Nilsson, _Griechische Feste_.
[1965] Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_; Erman, _Handbook of
Egyptian Religion_, Index, s.v.; Breasted, _History of
Egypt_, Index, s.v.
[1966] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, Index,
s.v.
[1967] Barth, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v.; Hopkins,
_Religions of India_, Index, s.v.
[1968] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, vol. III, bk.
vi.
[1969] O. Gruppe, _Griechische Mythologie_, Index, s.v.
_Priester_; Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, Index,
s.v.; Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_, passim.
[1970] This remark applies to the oracles as well as to the
ordinary temple-service.
[1971] Cf. Wissowa, _Religion der Römer_, Index, s.v.
_Pontifex_, _Pontifices_; Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, s.v.
_Pontifices_; Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte_,
2d ed. (Roman religion).
[1972] On the other hand, the Romans have given us such
fundamental terms as 'religion,' 'superstition,' 'cult,'
'piety,' 'devotion,' all theocratic and individual.
[1973] De Groot, _Religious System of China_; Legge,
_Religion of China_; Doolittle, _Social Life of the
Chinese_.
[1974] Some high official will, doubtless, now take the
emperor's place.
[1975] This seems to remain true notwithstanding the present
movement in China toward the adoption of Western methods of
education. De Groot's estimate of Chinese religion (in op.
cit.) is less favorable.
[1976] Garcilasso de la Vega, _Royal Commentaries of the
Yncas_, ed. C. R. Markham, part i, bk. ii, chap. ix;
Prescott, _Peru_, vol. 1, chap. iii; Payne, _New World,
called America_, Index; A. Réville, _Native Religions of
Mexico and Peru_, Index.
[1977] Sahagun, _Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva
España_, Eng. tr. by Markham; Payne, op. cit.; Réville, op.
cit.
[1978] In the political and social disorders in Judea in the
seventh and sixth centuries B.C. the priesthood was,
probably, influential in maintaining and transmitting the
purer worship of Yahweh, and thus establishing a
starting-point for the later development.
[1979] Cf. Breasted, _Religion and Thought in Ancient
Egypt_, lecture x.
[1980] So Ezekiel's altar (probably a copy of that in the
Jerusalem temple-court), over 16 feet high, with a base 27
feet square (Ezek. xliii, 13 ff.). The Olympian altar was 22
feet high and 125 feet in circumference. Cf. W. R. Smith,
_Religion of the Semites_, 3d ed., pp. 202, 341, 377 ff. On
the general subject see article "Altar" in Hastings,
_Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[1981] So in Australia (Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes
of Central Australia_, Index, and _Native Tribes of Northern
Australia_, Index), Samoa (Turner), Canaan (Genesis, Judges,
passim), Greece (Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p.
173), etc.
[1982] Gardner and Jevons, op. cit., Index, s.v. [Greek:
temenos], _Temple_; Wellhausen, _Reste arabischen
Heidentumes_, Index; W. R. Smith, op. cit., Index, s.v.
_Temples_. There is perhaps a hint of such a place in Ex.
iii, 5.
[1983] K. F. Hermann, _Gottesdienstliche Alterthümer der
Griechen_, § 18; Jevons, _Introduction to the History of
Religion_, 1st ed., p. 137.
[1984] Cf. article "Architecture" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics_.
[1985] Ps. xiii, 3 [2]; lxxxiv, 3 [2].
[1986] So in Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and probably in
Babylonia and Assyria.
[1987] In Herod's temple: the Court of the Gentiles, the
Court of Women, the Court of Israel (Nowack, _Lehrbuch der
hebräischen Archäologie_, ii, 76 ff.).
[1988] Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encyclopädie der classischen
Altertumswissenschaft_; article "Asylum" in _Jewish
Encyclopedia_. The right of asylum goes back to very early
forms of society in all parts of the world; many examples
are cited by Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the
Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Asylums_.
[1989] Cf. above, § 121.
[1990] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and Assyria_, chap.
xxvi.
[1991] On the supposed difference of symbolism between Greek
and Gothic temples (churches) see Ruskin, _Seven Lamps of
Architecture_.
[1992] §§ 15, 120, note 3.
[1993] For details see Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian
Religion_, p. 45 f.; Jastrow, op. cit., p. 658 ff.; articles
"Ritual" and "Sacrifice" in _Encyclopædia Biblica_;
Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 213 f.; Hopkins,
_Religions of India_, p. 124; _L'Année sociologique_, ii.
[1994] § 1199.
[1995] Some hymns to Tammuz are lamentations for dying
vegetation and petitions for its resuscitation.
[1996] 1 Chron. xvi; commentaries on the Psalms; works on
Hebrew archæology (Nowack, Benzinger); articles in Biblical
dictionaries and encyclopedias.
[1997] _Revue des études grecques_, 1894. On savage songs
and music see above, § 106.
[1998] Pauly-Wissowa, _Real-Encyclopädie der classischen
Altertumswissenschaft_; Fowler, _Roman Festivals_.
[1999] Passover with the departure from Egypt; Sukkot
(Tabernacles) with the march through the wilderness; later,
Weeks (Pentecost) with the revelation of the law at Sinai.
[2000] Book of Esther.
[2001] 1 Macc. v, 47 ff.
[2002] 1 Macc. vii, 49.
[2003] H. H. Wilson, _Religious Sects of the Hindus_;
Monier-Williams, _Hinduism_, Index.
[2004] Gardner and Jevons, _Greek Antiquities_, p. 289.
[2005] They sometimes degenerate into coarseness or
immorality.
[2006] Christmas, New Year's Day, May Day, Midsummer, All
Souls, and others.
[2007] The protest in Prov. xxvi, 2, against this whole
conception shows that it existed among the Jews down to a
late time.
[2008] Totemic poles, with carved figures of animals, are
found in Northwest America (Boas, _The Kwakiutl_; Swanton,
in _Journal of American Folklore_, xviii, 108 ff.) and in
South Nigeria (Partridge, _Cross River Natives_, p. 219);
but these figures are rather tribal or clan symbols than
idols.
[2009] The situation in Egypt was exceptional; after the
idolatrous stage had been reached the old worship of the
living animal survived.
[2010] Aniconic representations of deities in civilized
communities (like the stone representing the Ephesian great
goddess) are survivals from the old cult of natural objects.
[2011] Teraphim, 1 Sam. xix, 13 al.
[2012] In the literature they are guardians of sacred places
(Gen. iii, 24) and throne-bearers of the deity (Ezek. i, 26;
Ps. xviii, 11 [10]).
[2013] The numerous images mentioned in the Old Testament as
worshiped by the Israelites appear to have been borrowed
from neighboring peoples. The origin of the bull figures
worshiped at Bethel and Dan is obscure, but they appear to
represent the amalgamation of an old bull-cult with the cult
of Yahweh.
[2014] Possibly the civilization of China was in earliest
times identical with or similar to that Central Asiatic
civilization out of which Mazdaism seems to have sprung. Cf.
R. Pumpelly, in _Explorations in Turkestan_ (expedition of
1904), i, pp. xxiv, 7, chap. iv f.
[2015] The same feeling appears in the treatment of images
of saints by some European peasants.
[2016] For Egyptian forms see Rawlinson, _History of Ancient
Egypt_, vol. i; Maspero, _Dawn of Civilization_; for
Semitic, Ohnefalsch-Richter, _Kypros, the Bible, and Homer_;
for Indian, Lefmann, "Geschichte des alten Indiens" in
Oncken's _Allgemeine Geschichte_.
[2017] Even the Hindu women's linga-cult is said to be
sometimes morally innocent.
[2018] A church is here taken to be a voluntary religious
body that holds out to its members the hope of redemption
and salvation through association with a divine person or a
cosmic power.
[2019] § 530 f.
[2020] W. Ellis, _Polynesian Researches_, vol. i, chap. ix.
[2021] H. Webster, _Primitive Secret Societies_, chap. vii.
[2022] For a large definition of the term see S. Reinach,
_Orpheus_ (Eng. tr.), p.v.
[2023] For a possible influence see below, § 1101.
[2024] See the histories of philosophy of Ueberweg,
Windelband, Meyer, Zeller.
[2025] See the reference in the _Republic_ (ii, 364 f.) to
the mendicant prophets with their formulas for expiation of
sin and salvation from future punishment, and Demosthenes's
derisive description of Æschines as mystagogue (_De Corona_,
313).
[2026] It is not clear that the peculiar cults described in
Isa. lxv, 3-5; lxvi, 3 f., are of Semitic origin. Their
history, however, is obscure--they are not referred to
elsewhere in Jewish literature. In part they are, like the
cults mentioned in Ezek. viii, 10, the adoption of the
sacred animals of neighboring peoples; Isa. lxv, 5 seems to
point to a close voluntary association with a ceremony of
initiation, but nothing proves that the association was of
Semitic origin. For a different view see W. R. Smith,
_Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p. 357 ff.
[2027] _The Mysteries of Mithra_ (Eng. tr.), p. 29.
[2028] 1 Cor. ii, 7; Mk. iv, 11 al.
[2029] Barth, _Religions of India_, p. 76 ff.; Hopkins,
_Religions of India_, p. 216 ff.; cf. Bloomfield, _Religion
of the Veda_, p. 282 ff.
[2030] "Die Chinesen," in Saussaye, _Lehrbuch der
Religionsgeschichte_; R. K. Douglas, _Confucianism and
Taouism_; De Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_; cf. H. G.
Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_.
[2031] Stobæus, _Eclogues_, i, 30.
[2032] Porphyry, _Vita Plotini_, cap. 3.
[2033] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, chap. xii f.; Rhys
Davids, _Buddhism_; Barth, _Religions of India_; Oldenberg,
_Buddha_.
[2034] The problem of life is stated to be how to get rid of
desire, which is the source of all suffering; the Buddhist
answer is that desire is eliminated by moral living, for
which knowledge is necessary. So the Socratic school based
virtue and happiness on knowledge. Cf. also the Biblical
book of Proverbs.
[2035] It does not follow that every founder of a religion
will establish a church; other things than the person of the
founder, such as the nature of his teaching and the
character of his social milieu, enter into the problem.
[2036] On current proposed reforms of Buddhism in Japan see
Underwood, _Religions of Eastern Asia_, p. 222 ff.
[2037] The two last of these functions ceased on the
destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans (70 A.D.), the first
remained.
[2038] Proselytes arose mostly from the general liberal
tendency of the times (from about the second century B.C.
and on), sometimes from lower impulses, sometimes they were
made by force. See articles in Cheyne, _Encyclopædia
Biblica_; Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_; and _Jewish
Encyclopedia_.
[2039] They were virtually identified with the Jewish
people. On the early form of voluntary devotion to a foreign
deity see W. R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, 2d ed., p.
75 ff.
[2040] § 1115.
[2041] On attempts to discover forms of Christianity before
Jesus see W. R. Smith, _Der vorchristliche Jesus_, and _Ecce
Deus_; M. Friedländer, _Synagoge und Kirche_.
[2042] The two passages in the Gospels (Matt. xvi, 18;
xviii, 17) in which the word "church" occurs appear clearly,
on exegetical grounds, to be scribal insertions of the later
period.
[2043] "Elder" and "apostle" are Jewish titles, and the
reading of the Scriptures, prayer, and exhortation formed
part of the synagogal service; see Schürer, _The Jewish
People in the Time of Jesus Christ_ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 52
ff., and article "Apostle" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_. Other
offices arose in the church out of the peculiar conditions;
the eucharistic meal appears to have been developed under
non-Jewish influence.
[2044] So far has the idea of the civil character of the
Church been carried that in some places the keeper of a
licensed brothel has been required to be a member of the
State Church.
[2045] Harnack, _Dogmengeschichte_; articles in
Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_, and _Jewish
Encyclopedia_; Mansel, _The Gnostic Heresies_.
[2046] Cumont, _Textes et monuments_ and _The Mysteries of
Mithra_.
[2047] _Metamorphoses_, chap. xi.
[2048] Cf. article "Isis" in Roscher's _Lexikon_.
[2049] Cf. A. G. Leonard, _Islam, her Moral and Spiritual
Value_.
[2050] A. Müller, _Islam_, ii, 614 ff.; Coppée, _Conquest of
Spain_; Dozy, _Histoire des musulmans en Espagne_; Stanley
Lane-Poole, _Story of the Moors in Spain_.
[2051] Of these fraternities the largest and most powerful
is the Senussi of North Africa, a splendidly organized body
with a central administration clothed with absolute
authority; see Depont and Coppolani, _Les confréries
religieuses musulmanes_.
[2052] S. de Sacy, _Exposé de la religion des Druses_; J.
Wortabet, _Researches into the Religions of Syria_; C. H.
Churchill, _Ten Years' Residence in Mt. Lebanon_.
[2053] Cf. Dr. Thomas Arnold's ideal, the identification of
Church and State (A. P. Stanley, _Life and Correspondence of
Thomas Arnold_).
[2054] Payne, _History of the New World called America_;
Markham, _Rites and Laws of the Incas_; Prescott, _Conquest
of Peru_, bk. i, chap. iii.
[2055] On India's fertility in the production of religions
cf. Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 2 ff.
[2056] This organization was first called the "Brahma-Samaj"
(the Church of Brahma), later the "Adi-Samaj" (the First
Church).
[2057] The Brahma-Samaj.
[2058] There are other theistic bodies in India. The
Arya-Samaj (Aryan Church) derives its doctrines (monotheism
and other) from the Veda (necessarily by a forced
interpretation); it is a sort of protest against foreign
(Christian) influence. See articles "Arya Samaj" and "Brahma
Samaj" in Hastings, _Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics_.
[2059] Gobineau, _Les religions et les philosophies dans
l'Asie centrale_; R. G. Browne, _The Episode of the Bab_ and
_The New History of the Bab_; article "Bab, Babis" in
Hastings, op. cit.; article "Bahaism" in the _Nouveau
Larousse, Supplément_; _Some Answered Questions_, translated
by Laura C. Burney (exposition of the doctrine by the son of
the Bahaist founder).
[2060] Babism is fairly well represented in Persia at the
present day; see R. G. Browne.
[2061] Cf. articles in Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_;
McClintock and Strong, _Biblical Cyclopædia_; _New
Schaff-Herzog Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge_.
[2062] On the community founded by Pythagoras see the
histories of philosophy; it appears to have embodied a
suggestion of monastic life, but its origin is uncertain.
[2063] The Hebrew Nazirite vow, for example, was merely a
consecration of a part of the body to the deity with the
observance of old nomadic customs of food and dwellings.
[2064] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v. _Monks_.
[2065] Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_, chap. vi.
[2066] Cf. H. Weingarten, _Ursprung des Mönchthums_, cited
with approval by Meyer, _Geschichte des Alten Aegyptens_, p.
401; cf. Lehmann-Haupt, in Roscher's _Lexikon_, article
"Sarapis," col. 362 ff.
[2067] Cf. Hopkins, _Religions of India_, chap. xix; J.
Estlin Carpenter, "Buddhist and Christian Parallels" in
_Studies in the History of Religions presented to C. H.
Toy_.
[2068] Against this view see Breastad, _History of Egypt_,
p. 578 ff.
[2069] _De Vita Contemplativa_; see the edition of F. C.
Conybeare. The work is probably to be considered genuine.
[2070] Philo, _Quod omnis probus liber_; Pliny, _Historia
Naturalis_, v, 17; Josephus, _Antiquities_, xviii, 1, and
_War_, ii, 8; Schürer, _The Jewish People in the Time of
Jesus Christ_ (Eng. tr.), II, ii, 188 ff. (and the
bibliography there given); articles in Cheyne, _Encyclopædia
Biblica_, and Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_.
[2071] From the geographical and historical conditions a
Pythagorean origin (perhaps indirect) seems the more
probable.
[2072] The earliest appearance of an Essene is in the latter
part of the second century B.C. (Josephus, _Antiquities_,
xiii, 11, § 2).
[2073] Roscher, _Lexikon_, article "Sarapis," col. 362 f.
[2074] See references given above in § 1121, note.
[2075] Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_; R. S. Copleston, _Buddhism_.
[2076] Ezekiel, early in the sixth century, and Haggai and
Zechariah in the latter part of the century, show no
consciousness of the existence of authoritative writings.
[2077] Cf. G. F. Moore, "The Definition of the Jewish Canon
and the Repudiation of Christian Scriptures" in _Essays in
Modern Theology and Related Subjects ... Testimonial to C.
A. Briggs_.
[2078] G. Wildeboer, _Het Onstaan van den Kanon des Ouden
Verbonds_; H. E. Ryle, _Canon of the Old Testament_;
articles "Canon" in _Encyclopædia Biblica_, "Bible Canon" in
_Jewish Encyclopedia_, "Kanon des Alten Testaments" in
Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopädie_.
[2079] See the _Longer Catechism of Philaret_, 1839.
[2080] T. Zahn, _Gesichte des neutestamentlichen Kanons_, E.
C. Moore, _The New Testament in the Christian Church_;
article "Canon" in _Encyclopædia Biblica_.
[2081] _Historia Naturalis_, xxx, chap. i, § 2.
[2082] The question whether any of this material went back
to Zoroaster must here be left undecided.
[2083] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, iii, 778 ff.
[2084] Nöldeke, _Sketches from Eastern History_ (Eng. tr.),
p. 25 ff.
[2085] A creed usually contains also an affirmation of the
authority of the book on which it is based. Some religious
bodies do not regard any book as absolutely authoritative,
and their creeds are merely expressions of their independent
religious beliefs.
[2086] So among the Egyptians, Hebrews, Hindus, Greeks,
Romans, and others.
[2087] Cf. Sabatier, _Authority in Religion_ (Eng. tr.), and
the bibliography therein given.
[2088] The contention that a given religion must triumph
because it is divine and its triumph is divinely predicted
introduces a discussion that cannot be gone into here, where
the object is to consider existing facts.
[2089] Babism (or Bahaism) also claims to be universal, but
its origin is so recent that this claim cannot be tested.
[2090] Rhys Davids, _Buddhism_.
[2091] It has been professed by a few persons in Europe and
America, but the so-called "theosophy" is not Buddhism. On
supposed points of contact between the New Testament and
Buddhism cf. C. F. Aiken, _The Dhamma of Gotama the Buddha
and the Gospel of Jesus the Christ_.
[2092] T. W. Arnold, _The Preaching of Islam_.
[2093] See Tiele, article "Religion" in _Encyclopædia
Britannica_, 9th ed., and cf. his _Elements of the Science
of Religion_, i, 28 ff.; R. de la Grasserie, _Des religions
comparées au point de vue sociologique_; M. Jastrow, _The
Study of Religion_, pp. 58 ff.; article "Religion" in
_Encyclopædia Britannica_, 11th ed.
[2094] Cases of adoption of alien cults bodily are here of
course excluded; in such cases the cults are to be referred
to the creators and not to the borrowers.
[2095] In some forms of Brahmanism, in Buddhism, and in some
modern systems this Power is impersonal or undefined.
[2096] On Gautama's attitude toward divine beings cf. Rhys
Davids, _Buddhism_, p. 87 f.; Hopkins, _Religions of India_,
p. 333 f.
[2097] W. D. Whitney, _Princeton Review_, May, 1881.
[2098] Kuenen, _National Religions and Universal Religions_
(Hibbert Lectures, 1882); Tiele, _Elements of the Science of
Religion_, i, 43 ff.; Jastrow, _Study of Religion_, p. 89
ff.
[2099] Confucian China and Shintoist Japan are excluded; but
in both these countries Buddhism is widespread. Pure
Confucianism is not a religion, and the old Shinto is no
longer believed in by educated Japanese.
[2100] Cf. Tiele, _Elements of the Science of Religion_,
Index, s.v.
[2101] Myths, it may be remarked, are not confined to the
uncivilised and the old national cults; they are found in
all great religious systems.
[2102] See, in this connection, the account of the faith of
the philosopher Sallustius, the Emperor Julian's friend, by
Professor Gilbert Murray, "A Pagan Creed," in the _English
Review_ for December, 1909. The term 'pagan' now has a
connotation that is singularly out of accord with the
character of a man like Sallustius.
[2103] § 14 f.
[2104] Examples are the Copernican and Newtonian theories;
the magnitude of the stellar universe; Biblical criticism;
the theories of evolution and the conservation of energy.
[2105] The general religious attitude may be the same
whether the world be regarded as monistic or as pluralistic.
[2106] See above, § 172.
[2107] Cf. L. T. Hobhouse, _Morals in Evolution_, part ii,
chaps. v-vii.
[2108] An example is the Old-Hebrew usage respecting
marriage with a half-sister or with a wife (not one's
mother) of a father. Up to about the seventh century B.C.
such marriages were lawful (Gen. xx, 12; 2 Sam. xiii, 13;
xvi, 22); later they were forbidden (Ezek. xxii, 10 f.; Lev.
xviii, 11). Maspero (in the _Annuaire de l'école des hautes
études_, 1896) points out that in Egypt marriage between
uterine brothers and sisters in the royal family was not
only legal but a sacred duty, its object being to maintain
the purity of the divine blood.
[2109] See above, §§ 107, 180, 219.
[2110] Amos ii, 7; Hos. iv, 14.
[2111] The Old Testament command to exterminate the
Canaanites (Deut. vii, 2; xxv, 19; Josh. vi-xi) is not
historical, that is, was not given at the time stated or at
any other time. The Israelites, in fact, settled down among
the Canaanites and intermarried with them, and at the time
when the passages just cited were written (seventh century
and later) there were no such alien tribes in Canaan. But
these passages show how a current barbarous custom of war
could be regarded by religious leaders as pleasing to God.
[2112] See § 630 ff.
[2113] So, for example, Butler's _Analogy_.
[2114] It is an exaggeration to say (as has been said) that
the sentiment of the sacred obligation of opinion was first
formulated or created in the world by the early Christian
martyrs--before their time Socrates, Jews in the Antiochian
persecution, and probably others, had embodied this
sentiment--but the Christian devotion helped to make it a
generally recognized ethical principle.
[2115] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, Index, s.v. _Yoga_;
Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, Index, s.v. _Baksheesh_;
article "Saint and Saintliness" in _Jewish Encyclopedia_;
Christian hagiologies; Goldziher, _Muhammedanische Studien_;
C. Trumelet, _Les saints de l'Islam_.
[2116] See above, § 1163.
[2117] Ezek. xiv, 9.
[2118] It is this sort of insensate optimism that Voltaire
ridicules in _Candide_--a just and useful protest against a
superficial view of life.
SELECTED LIST OF BOOKS OF REFERENCE
ENCYCLOPÆDIAS AND DICTIONARIES
Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed., Edinburgh; 11th ed., Cambridge,
England, and New York).
La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris, 1886-1902).
Le Nouveau Larousse (Paris, 1898-1904).
Johnson's Universal Cyclopædia (New York, 1893-1895).
The New International Encyclopædia (New York, 1905).
Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh, 1908- ).
LICHTENBERGER. Encyclopédie des sciences religieuses (Paris, 1877-1882).
ROSCHER. Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie
(Leipzig, 1884- ).
DAREMBERG ET SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines
(Paris, 1873-1884).
PAULY-WISSOWA. Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft
(new ed., Stuttgart, 1904).
GEIGER AND KUHN. Grundriss der iranischen Philologie (Strassburg,
1895-1904).
Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London, 1901-1906).
Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York, 1899-1903).
HASTINGS. Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh, 1900-1904).
HUGHES. Dictionary of Islam (London, 1896).
Encyclopædia of Islam (Leiden) (in course of publication).
HERZOG-HAUCK. Real-Encyclopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche
(Leipzig, 1895-1909).
HAMBURGER. Realencyclopädie des Judenthums (2d ed., Leipzig, 1896).
The Catholic Encyclopedia (New York, 1907-1911).
SMITH AND CHEETHAM. Dictionary of Christian Antiquities (London, 1875).
MCCLINTOCK AND STRONG. Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological and
Ecclesiastical Literature (New York, 1868-1881).
MEUSEL. Kirchliches Handlexikon (Leipzig, 1887-1902).
WETZER AND WELTE. Kirchenlexikon (Freiburg im Breisgau, 1882-1903).
PERIODICALS
Revue de l'histoire des religions (Paris).
Archiv für Religionswissenschaft (Leipzig).
Le Muséon et La Revue des religions (Louvain, 1882- ).
Journal asiatique (Paris).
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (London).
Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Colombo).
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
(Singapore).
Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society (Hongkong).
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (Calcutta).
Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (Singapore).
De indische Gids (Amsterdam).
The Indian Antiquary (Bombay).
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig).
Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.
Mitteillungen der vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft and Der alte Orient
(Leipzig).
Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (Berlin).
Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan (Yokohama),
Journal of the American Oriental Society (New Haven).
Zeitschrift für die Mythologie (Göttingen).
Journal of the Anthropological Institute (London).
Transactions of the Ethnological Society (London).
Man (anthropological monthly) (London).
Annals of Archæology and Anthropology (Liverpool Institute
of Archæology).
Archæological Review (London).
Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Ottawa, Montreal,
and London).
Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology (London).
L'Anthropologie (Paris).
Revue internationale de sociologie (Paris).
Annales du Musée Guimet (Paris).
L'Année sociologique (Paris).
Zeitschrift für Ethnologie (Berlin).
Archiv für Anthropologie (Braunschweig).
Archäologische Gesellschaft (Berlin).
Archiv für slavische Philologie (Berlin, 1876- ).
Jahreshefte des oesterreichischen archäologischen Instituts (Vienna).
Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Anthropos, Ephemeris internationalis ethnologica et linguistica
(Salzburg, 1906- ).
Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia (Florence).
Internationales Archiv für Ethnologie (Leiden).
'[Greek: Ephêmeris' Archaiologikê] (Athens).
American Journal of Archæology (New York and London).
Transactions of the American Ethnological Society (New York).
The Anthropologist (Washington).
American Antiquarian Society (Worcester, Mass.).
Reports of the National Museum (Washington).
Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology (Washington).
Reports of the Smithsonian Institution (Washington).
University of California Publications in American Archæology
and Ethnology (Berkeley).
Revue des questions historiques (Paris).
Revue égyptologique (Paris).
Zeitschrift für aegyptische Sprache und Altertumswissenschaft
(Leipzig).
Revue sémitique (Paris).
Revue du monde musulman (Paris).
American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures (Chicago).
Revue d'Assyriologie (Paris).
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und verwandte Gebiete (Leipzig).
Beiträge zur Assyriologie und semitischen Sprachwissenschaft
(Leipzig).
Revue des études grecques (Paris, 1888- ).
Journal of Hellenic Studies (London).
Revue des études juives (Paris).
Folklore (London).
Folklore Journal (London).
Revue des traditions populaires (Paris).
Mélusine (mythology and popular traditions) (Paris).
Zeitschrift des Vereins für Volkskunde (Berlin).
Ons Volksleven (Tijdschrift voor Taal-Volks-en Oudheidkunde) (Brecht).
Revue Celtique (Paris).
Celtic Review (Edinburgh).
Mittheilungen der Gesellschaft für jüdische Volkskunde (Breslau).
Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni popolari (Palermo).
International Journal of Ethics (Philadelphia and London).
Hibbert Journal (London).
WORKS ON THE NATURE OF RELIGION
PLATO. Phædo; Phædrus; Republic.
HUME, DAVID. Natural History of Religion (vol. ii of Green and Grose's
ed. of Hume's Essays, London, 1882); Dialogues concerning Natural
Religion (ibid.).
KANT, IMMANUEL. Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft
(Königsberg, 1793; in new ed. of his Works, Berlin, 1912).
HEGEL, G. W. F. Philosophie der Religion (Berlin, 1832; new ed., Leiden,
1890; Eng. tr., London, 1895) (cf. John Caird's Philosophy of
Religion, London, 1876).
BURNOUF, E. La science des religions (3d ed., Paris, 1876; Eng. tr.,
London, 1888).
ARNOLD, MATTHEW. Literature and Dogma (London and New York, 1873).
PFLEIDERER, O. Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (3d
ed., Berlin, 1896); Eng. tr., The Philosophy of Religion on the Basis
of its History (London, 1886); Philosophy and Development of Religion
(Edinburgh, 1899); Evolution and Theology, and Other Essays (Eng. tr.,
London and New York, 1900); Religion und Religionen (Munich, 1906);
Eng. tr., Religion and Historic Faiths (New York, 1907).
GHEYN, J. VAN DEN. La science des religions (Lyon, 1886).
HARTMANN, E. VON. Religionsphilosophie (Leipzig, 1888).
MARTINEAU, J. A Study of Religion (London, 1888).
BENDER, W. Das Wesen der Religion (4th ed., Bonn, 1888).
DEUSSEN, P. Allgemeine Geschichte der Philosophie mit besonderer
Berücksichtigung der Religionen (Leipzig, 1894; new ed., 1899-1911).
JASTROW, MORRIS, JR. The Study of Religion (London and New York, 1901).
EVERETT, C. C. The Psychological Elements of Religion (New York and
London, 1902); Theism and the Christian Faith (New York and London,
1909).
JAMES, WILLIAM. The Will to Believe, and Other Essays (London and New
York, 1897); Varieties of Religious Experience (London and New York,
1902); Pragmatism (London and New York, 1907); A Pluralistic Universe
(New York, 1909).
ROYCE, JOSIAH. Religious Aspects of Philosophy (Boston, 1886); The World
and the Individual (London and New York, 1900-1901); The Sources of
Religious Insight (New York, 1912).
CAIRD, E. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1893).
LA GRASSERIE, RAOUL DE. De la psychologie des religions (Paris, 1899).
BOUSSET, W. What is Religion? (Eng. tr., New York and London, 1907).
HÖFFDING, H. Philosophy of Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York,
1906).
PERRY, R. B. The Approach to Philosophy, chaps. iii, iv, vii (New York,
1905).
SANTAYANA, G. Reason in Religion (vol. iii of his Life of Reason) (New
York, 1905).
KING, IRVING. Development of Religion (New York, 1910).
LEUBA, J. H. A Psychological Study of Religion (New York, 1912).
KANT, IMMANUEL. Kritik der praktischen Vernunft (4th ed., Riga, 1797),
and see his Collected Works (Berlin, 1912- ).
MARTINEAU, JAMES. The Relations between Ethics and Religion (London,
1881).
GUYAU, J. M. Esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction (Paris,
1885; 4th ed., 1896; Eng. tr., London, 1898); L'irreligion de l'avenir
(Paris, 1887).
PALMER, G. H. The Field of Ethics (Boston, 1901).
OTTO, R. Naturalism and Religion (Eng. tr., London and New York, 1909).
GENERAL DESCRIPTIVE WORKS
CICERO. De Fato and De Natura Deorum.
BROSSES, C. de. Du culte des dieux fétiches (Paris or Geneva, 1760).
DUPUIS, C. F. Origine de tous les cultes, ou religion universelle
(Paris, 1794; new ed., 1870).
MEINERS, C. Allgemeine kritische Geschichte der Religion (Hannover,
1806-1807).
WALTZ, T. Anthropologie der Naturvölker (Leipzig, 1859-1872).
BASTIAN, A. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Psychologie (Berlin, 1868).
MÜLLER, FR. MAX. Introduction to the Science of Religion (2d ed.,
London, 1880); Natural Religion (London, 1890); Physical Religion
(London, 1891); Anthropological Religion (London, 1892); Theosophy, or
Psychological Religion (London, 1893).
SPENCER, H. Descriptive Sociology (London, 1873-1881); Principles of
Sociology (London, 1879-1896); vol. i (on religious phenomena) (New
York, 1882).
LIPPERT, J. Religionen der europäischen Culturvölker (Berlin, 1881);
Allgemeine Geschichte des Priesterthums (Berlin, 1883).
RÉVILLE, A. Prolégomènes de l'histoire des religions (Paris, 1881; Eng.
tr., London, 1884); Les religions des peuples non-civilisés (Paris,
1883).
KUENEN, A. National Religions and Universal Religions (London, 1882).
CLARKE, J. F. Ten Great Religions (Boston, 1883; popular ed., 1899).
D'ALVIELLA, GOBLET. Introduction à l'histoire générale des religions
(Brussels, 1887); Origin and Growth of the Conception of God (London,
1892); Croyances, rites, institutions (Paris, 1911).
LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. Chantepie de. Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte
(Freiburg, 1887-1888; Eng. tr. of vol. i, London, 1892; 2d ed., 1897).
TYLOR, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind (London,
1878); Primitive Culture (3d ed., London, 1891 and 1903).
The Hibbert Lectures (London and New York, 1878-1894).
The Gifford Lectures (London and New York, 1890-).
USENER, H. Religionsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen (Bonn, 1889);
Götternamen (Bonn, 1896).
FRAZER, J. G. The Golden Bough (London, 1890; 3d ed., 1906-1911); Early
History of the Kingship (London, 1905).
KING, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).
Article "Fetishism" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.
TRUMBULL, H. C. The Blood-Covenant (New York, 1893); The
Threshold-Covenant (New York, 1896).
MARILLIER, L. La survivance de l'lâme et l'idée de justice chez les
peuples non-civilisés (Paris, 1894); L'origine des dieux [criticism of
Grant Allen's Evolution of the Idea of God] (Paris, 1899).
STEINMETZ, S. R. Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwicklung der Strafe
(Leiden and Leipzig, 1894).
TIELE, C. P. Geschichte der Religion im Alterthum bis auf Alexander den
Grossen (Germ. tr., Gotha, 1895; ed. Gehrich, Gotha, 1896-1903).
MENZIES, A. History of Religion (London and New York, 1895; New York,
1906).
Religious Systems of the World (London, 1896; new ed., 1902).
CARPENTER, J. E. Place of Christianity among the Religions of the World
(London, 1904).
Orientalische Religionen (in Die Kultur der Gegenwart) (Berlin and
Leipzig, 1906).
BLOOMFIELD, M. The Symbolic Gods (in Studies in Honor of B. L.
Gildersleeve) (Baltimore, 1902).
JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (London, 1896; 2d
ed., 1902); Introduction to the Study of Comparative Religion (New
York, 1908); The Idea of God in Early Religions (Cambridge, England,
1910).
JOHNSON, SAMUEL. Oriental Religions and their Relation to Universal
Religion (1872-1885; Boston, 1897).
WHITE, A. D. Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (New York,
1897).
DURKHEIM, E. Définition des phénomènes religieux (in _L'Année
sociologique_, ii) (Paris, 1897-1898).
ALLEN, GRANT. Evolution of the Idea of God (London and New York, 1897).
TIELE, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion (Edinburgh and London,
1897-1899).
BRINTON, D. G. Religions of Primitive Peoples (New York and London,
1897).
RATZEL, F. History of Mankind (Eng. tr., London, 1898).
LANG, A. Custom and Myth (London, 1884); Myth, Ritual and Religion (2d
ed., 1899); The Making of Religion (2d ed., London, 1900).
ANDREE, R. Die Flutsagen (Braunschweig, 1891).
USENER, H. Die Sintfluthsagen (Bonn, 1899).
WOODS, F. H. Article "Flood" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible)
(Edinburgh and New York, 1900).
SUTHERLAND, A. The Origin and Growth of the Moral Instinct (London and
New York, 1898).
LA GRASSERIE, RAOUL DE. Des religions comparées au point de vue
sociologique (Paris, 1899).
INGRAM, J. K. Outline of the History of Religion (London, 1900).
LORD AVEBURY (Sir John Lubbock). Prehistoric Times (6th ed., London,
1900).
HIRN, Y. Origins of Art (London, 1900).
ELLIS, HAVELOCK. Studies in the Psychology of Sex (London, 1900; and
Philadelphia, 1904-1910).
MORRIS, MISS M. The Economic Study of Religion (in _Journal of the
American Oriental Society_, xxiv) (New Haven, 1903).
REINACH, S. Cultes, mythes et religions (Paris, 1905-1908).
HOPKINS, E. W. The Universality of Religion (in _Journal of the American
Oriental Society_, xxv) (New Haven, 1904).
JORDAN, L. H. Comparative Religion, its Genesis and Growth (Edinburgh,
1905).
DIETERICH, A. Mutter Erde, ein Versuch über Volksreligion (Leipzig and
Berlin, 1905).
FARNELL, L. R. Evolution of Religion (London and New York, 1905).
DULAURE, J. A. Des divinités génératrices (2d ed., Paris, 1905).
REITZENSTEIN, R. Hellenistische Wundererzählungen (Leipzig, 1906).
CUMONT, F. Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain (Paris,
1907; Eng. tr., Chicago, 1911).
HAMILTON, MARY. Incubation (London, 1906).
HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in Evolution (London and New York, 1906).
Article "Art" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics (Edinburgh and New
York, 1908).
PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. Histoire de l'art dans l'antiquité (Paris,
1882-1911; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1883-1890).
MEYER, EDOUARD. Geschichte des Altertums (2d ed., Stuttgart and Berlin,
1907-1909).
WESTERMARCK, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (London,
1908).
PREUSS, K. T. Ursprung der Religion und Kunst.
WEBSTER, H. Primitive Secret Societies (New York, 1908); Rest-Days: a
Sociological Study (reprinted from _University Studies_) (Lincoln,
Nebraska, 1911).
CONDER, C. R. The Rise of Man (London and New York, 1908).
PLOSS, H. H. Das Kind (Stuttgart, 1876); Das Weib, ed. M. Bartels
(Leipzig, 1902).
HARTLAND, E. S. Primitive Paternity (London, 1909).
FRAZER, J. G. Psyche's Task [influence of superstition on the growth of
institutions] (London, 1909).
REINACH, S. Orpheus (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., revised by the author,
London and New York, 1909).
FROBENIUS, L. Childhood of Man (Eng. tr., London and Philadelphia,
1909).
THOMAS, W. I. Source-Book for Social Origins (Chicago and London. 1909).
MARETT, R. R. The Threshold of Religion (London [1909]).
SELIGMANN, S. Der böse Blick und Verwandtes (Berlin, 1910).
ELWORTHY, F. T. Article "Evil Eye" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).
BOEHMER, J. Religions-Urkunden der Völker (Leipzig).
Article "Cosmogony and Cosmology" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
(Oxford, 1912).
CRAWLEY, A. E. Articles "Cursing and Blessing," "Dress," and "Eating the
God," ibid.
Articles "Dwarfs and Pygmies," "Dualism," "Fate," "Calendar,"
"Feasting," "Fasting," "Festivals and Fasts," ibid.
SCHNEIDER, H. Religion und Philosophie (Leipzig, 1912).
CARPENTER, J. Estlin. Comparative Religion (London and New York,
1913(?)).
WORKS ON TOTEMISM AND EXOGAMY
MORGAN, L. H. Ancient Society (London, 1877).
SPENCER, H. Principles of Sociology, i, § 171 ff. (London and New York,
1882).
HAHN, ED. Die Haustiere (Leipzig, 1896); Demeter und Baubo (Lübeck,
1897).
TYLOR, E. B. Remarks on Totemism, _Journal of the Anthropological
Institute_ (1899).
PIKLER AND SOMLÓ. Ursprung des Totemismus (Berlin, 1900).
HARTLAND, E. S. Totemism and Some Recent Discoveries, _Folklore_ (1900).
DURKHEIM, E. La prohibition de l'inceste et ses origines, _L'Année
sociologique_, i (Paris, 1896-1897); Sur le totémisme, _L'Année
sociologique_, v (1900-1901).
ZAPLETAL, V. Totemismus und die Religion Israels (Freiburg (Swiss),
1901).
HILL-TOUT, C. Origin of Totemism among the Aborigines of British
Columbia, _Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada_ (2d Series,
1901-1902 and 1903-1904).
SMITH, W. R. Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia (2d ed., London, 1903)
(criticized by Nöldeke in _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft_, 1886).
LANG, A. Social Origins (London, 1903); Secret of the Totem (London,
1905); Australian Problems (in Anthropological Essays presented to
Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).
JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London,
1902).
MARILLIER, L. La place du totémisme dans l'évolution religieuse
[criticism of Jevons], _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, xxxvi,
xxxvii (Paris, 1897-1898); article "Totem" (in La Grande Encyclopédie)
(Paris, 1886-1902).
WUNDT, W. Mythus und Religion (in his Völkerpsychologie, Leipzig,
1908-1910).
CRAWLEY, A. E. Exogamy and the Mating of Cousins (in Essays presented to
Tylor, Oxford, 1907).
RIVERS, W. H. H. On the Origin of the Classificatory System of
Relationships (in Essays presented to Tylor, 1907).
THOMAS, N. W. La survivance du culte totémique ... dans le pays de
Galles, _Revue de l'histoire des religions_, xxxviii (Paris); Origin
of Exogamy (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).
GOMME, G. L. Totemism in Britain, _Archæological Review_ (London, 1889).
GOLDENWEISER, A. A. Totemism, an Analytical Study, _Journal of American
Folklore_ (Boston and New York, 1910).
FRAZER, J. G. Totemism and Exogamy (London, 1910).
WORKS ON TABOO
FRAZER, J. G. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed.).
CRAWLEY, A. E. Mystic Rose (London, 1902); Exogamy and the Mating of
Cousins (in Essays presented to Tylor, Oxford, 1907).
GENNEP, A. VAN. Tabou et totémisme à Madagascar (Paris, 1904).
HODSON, T. C. The Genna amongst the Tribes of Assam, _Journal of the
Anthropological Institute_, xxxvi (London, 1906).
MARILLIER, L. Article "Tabou" (in La Grande Encyclopédie) (Paris).
TYLOR, E. B. Early History of Mankind, p. 129 ff. (3d ed., London,
1878).
FRAZER, J. G. Lectures on the Early History of the Kingship [holds that
taboo is a negative magic] (London, 1905); Taboo and the Perils of the
Soul (part ii of 3d ed. of the Golden Bough) (London, 1911).
MARETT, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Essays presented to Tylor)
(Oxford, 1907) [reply to Frazer].
THOMAS, N. W. Article "Taboo" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed.).
GAIT, E. A. Article "Caste" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics)
(Edinburgh and New York, 1911).
TAYLOR, R. New Zealand (London, 1870).
ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892).
_The Hebrew Sabbath as a Taboo Day_
TOY, C. H. The Earliest Form of the Hebrew Sabbath, _Journal of Biblical
Literature_ (Boston, 1899).
DRIVER, S. R. Article "Sabbath" (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible)
(Edinburgh and New York, 1902).
PINCHES, T. G. Sapattu, the Babylonian Sabbath, _Proceedings of the
Society of Biblical Archæology_ (London, 1904).
ZIMMERN, H. Comments on Pinches's article, _Zeitschrift der deutschen
morgenländischen Gesellschaft_ (Leipzig, 1904).
MEINHOLD, J. Sabbat und Woche in Alten Testament (Göttingen, 1905).
WEBSTER, H. Rest Days: a Sociological Study, _University Studies_
(Lincoln, Nebraska, 1911).
ON MAGIC
Articles in La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris); Encyclopædia Britannica
(London, 11th ed.); Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquités
grecques et romaines (Paris).
TYLOR, E. B. Researches into the Early History of Mankind, p. 129 (3d
ed., London, 1878); Primitive Culture, Index, s.v. (3d ed., London,
1891).
KING, J. H. The Supernatural, bk. ii, chap. iii f. (London, 1892).
DAVIES, T. WITTON. Magic, Divination, and Demonology (London, 1898).
TIELE, C. P. Elements of the Science of Religion, Index, s.v. (Edinburgh
and London, 1899).
JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion, Index, s.v.
(London, 1896; 2d. ed., 1902).
LANO, A. Magic and Religion (London, 1901).
HOBHOUSE, L. T. Morals in Evolution, Index, s.v. (London and New York,
1906).
HADDON, A. C. Magic and Fetishism (London, 1906).
WESTERMARCK, E. Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, Index, s.v.
(London, 1908).
HUBERT AND MAUSS. In _L'Année sociologique_, vii (Paris, 1902-1903).
REINACH, S. Orpheus, Index, s.v. (Paris, 1909; Eng. tr., London and New
York, 1909).
FRAZER, J. G. Early History of the Kingship, Index, s.v. (London, 1905).
MARETT, R. R. Is Taboo a Negative Magic? (in Anthropological Essays
presented to E. B. Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).
HARRISON, MISS J. E. Chap. iv of her Themis (Cambridge, England, 1912).
_Egypt_
ERMAN, A. Life in Ancient Egypt (Eng. tr., London, 1894).
BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS. Egyptian Magic (London, 1899).
WIEDEMANN, A. Magie und Zauberei im alten Aegypten (Leipzig, 1905).
BREASTED, J. H. History of Egypt, Index, s.v. (New York, 1905).
_Babylonia and Assyria_
KING, L. W. Babylonian Magic and Sorcery (London, 1896).
JASTROW, M. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898); Religion
Babyloniens und Assyriens (Giessen, 1906- ).
FOSSEY, CH. La magie assyrienne (Paris, 1902).
_Jewish_
Articles in Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York); Hastings's
Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and London); Jewish Encyclopedia
(New York and London).
SCHÜRER, E. Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi
(3d ed., Leipzig, 1901); Eng. tr., History of the Jewish People in the
Time of Jesus Christ, Index. s.v. (New York, 1891).
BLAU, L. Das alt-jüdische Zauberwesen (Strassburg, 1898).
_Arabia and Modern Egypt_
WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index, s.v. (Berlin, 1897).
LANE, E. W. The Thousand and One Nights, Index (London, 1883).
_Finnish_
CASTRÉN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).
_India_
BLOOMFIELD, M. Eng. tr. of the Atharva-Veda (in Sacred Books of the
East) (Oxford).
HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, Index, s.v. (Boston and London,
1895).
_Greek_
HARRISON, MISS J. E. Themis, a Study of the Social Origins of Greek
Religion (Cambridge, England, 1912).
_Roman_
APULEIUS. Metamorphoses.
FRIEDLÄNDER, L. Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms (8th ed.,
Leipzig, 1910); Eng. tr., Roman Life and Manners under the Early
Empire, Index (London and New York, ca. 1903).
WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1902).
FOWLER, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People, Index (London,
1911).
_Teutonic_
LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v.
(Boston and London, 1902).
_Noncivilized Peoples_
ELLIS, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887); E[´w]e (London, 1890); Yoruba (London,
1894).
CODRINGTON, R. H. The Melanesians, Index, s.v. (Oxford, 1891).
SPENCER AND GILLEN. Native Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1899);
Northern Tribes of Central Australia [the Intichiuma ceremonies]
(London, 1904).
HOWITT, A. W. Native Tribes of South-East Australia (London, 1904).
HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai, Index (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi, Index (Oxford,
1909).
WESTERMARCK, E. L'âr, or the Transference of Conditional Curses in
Morocco (in Essays presented to Tylor) (Oxford, 1907).
SELIGMANN, C. G. Melanesians of British New Guinea, Index (Cambridge,
England, 1910).
BROWN, G. Melanesians and Polynesians, Index (London, 1910).
DIXON, R. B. The Northern Maidu (New York, 1905); The Shasta (New York,
1907).
SKEAT, W. W. Malay Magic (London, 1900).
RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas (London. 1906).
CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Index
(London, 1896).
TEIT, J. Traditions of the Thompson River Indians of British Columbia,
Index (Boston and New York, 1898).
BELL, H. H. J. Obeah: Witchcraft in the West Indies (2d ed., London,
1893).
ON DIVINATION
La Grande Encyclopédie (Paris), article "Divination."
Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), articles "Divination" and "Oracle."
Encyclopædia Biblica (London and New York), article "Divination."
Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible (Edinburgh and New York), articles
"Divination" and "Soothsaying."
Jewish Encyclopedia (New York and London), articles "Divination,"
"Astrology," "Necromancy."
CICERO. De Divinatione.
PLUTARCH. De Pythiae Oraculis; De Defectu Oraculorum.
MANILIUS. Astronomica (ed. Theod. Breiter, Leipzig, 1907-1908).
FIRMICUS MATERNUS. Matheseos Libri viii (ed. Pruckner, Basel, 1551);
bks. i-iv and bk. v, proem (ed. Kroll and Skutch, Leipzig, 1897).
TYLOR, E. B. Primitive Culture, Index (London, 1891).
KING, J. H. The Supernatural (London, 1892).
ERMAN, A. Handbook of Egyptian Religion (Eng. tr., London, 1907).
JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston and London,
1898; and the German ed., Giessen, 1906- ); Aspects of Religious
Belief and Practice in Babylonia and Assyria (New York and London,
1911).
HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India, pp. 256, 328 (Boston and London,
1895).
STENGEL AND OEMICHEN. Die griechischen Sakralaltertümer (Munich, 1890).
BOUCHÉ-LECLERCQ. Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité (Paris,
1879-1882); L'astrologie grecque (Paris, 1899).
DAREMBERG AND SAGLIO. Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines,
articles "Divinatio" and "Haruspices" (Paris, 1873-1884).
FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States, iv, 179 ff. (Oxford,
1896-1909) (Oracles); Greece and Babylon, Index,
s.v. (Edinburgh, 1911).
GARDNER AND JEVONS. Greek Antiquities (London, 1895).
WISSOWA, G. Religion und Kultus der Römer (München, 1902).
FOWLER, W. W. Religious Experience of the Roman People (London, 1911).
Article "Sibylla" (by Buchholz in Roscher's Lexikon).
CUMONT, FR. Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans (New York
and London, 1912).
WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes (Berlin, 1897).
Article "Celts" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics
(Edinburgh and New York, 1911).
LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index (Boston
and London, 1902).
GROOT, J. J. M. DE. Religious System of China (Leiden, 1892-1907).
Articles "Ancestor-worship," "Ahoms," "Bantu" in Hastings's Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics.
TURNER, G. Samoa, Index (London, 1884).
FURNESS, W. H. 3d. Home Life of Borneo Head-hunters (Philadelphia,
1902).
RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas, Index (London, 1906).
THURSTON, E. Omens and Superstitions of Southern India (London, 1912).
ELLIS, A. B. Tshi (London, 1887).
CALLAWAY, H. Religious System of the Amazulu (Natal, 1868-1870).
Article "Dreams and Sleep" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics.
ON FOLKLORE
See periodicals mentioned above, p. 587.
FRAZER, J. G. Golden Bough (3d ed., London, 1911).
KEIGHTLY, T. Fairy Mythology (2d ed., London, 1850).
MACCULLOCH, J. A. Article "Fairy" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).
MANNHARDT, J. W. E. Wald- und Feldkulte (Berlin, 1877).
History of the Æsopic Fable (in Caxton's Æsop, ed. Jos. Jacob) (London,
1889).
JACOBS, J. Migration of Fables (Introduction to his Fables of Pilpay)
(London, 1888); Fables of Æsop (London, 1894).
HARTLAND, E. S. Science of Fairy Tales (London, 1891); Folk-lore, what
is it? (London, 1897); Mythology and Folktales (London, 1900).
GOMME, G. L. Ethnology in Folklore (London, 1892); Folklore as an
Historical Science (London, 1908).
GENNEP, A. VAN. La formation des légendes (Paris, 1910).
Bibliotheca Diabolica (New York, 1874).
CARUS, P. History of the Devil and of the Idea of Evil (Chicago, 1900).
_Oceania_
BATCHELOR, J. The Ainu and their Folklore (London, 1901).
SEIDENAGEL, C. W. Language spoken by the Bontoc-Igorot [of Luzon]
(Chicago, 1909).
EMERSON, N. B. Unwritten Literature of Hawaii (Washington, 1909).
_America_
BOAS, F. Dissemination of Tales among the Natives of North America,
_Journal of American Folklore_, iv (Boston, 1891); Indianische Sagen
von der nordpacifischen Küste Nord-Amerikas (Berlin, 1895).
DORSEY, G. A. The Dwamish Indian Spirit Boat, _Bulletin of Philadelphia
Free Museum of Science and Art_ (1902).
_Egypt_
MASPERO, G. Les contes populaires de l'Égypte ancienne (Paris, 1882).
WIEDEMANN, A. Altägyptische Sagen und Märchen (Leipzig, 1906).
_Asia_
BENFEY, TH. The Pantschatantra (Leipzig, 1859); Introduction to
Bickell's ed. of the Kalilag and Damnag (Leipzig, 1876).
KEITH-FALCONER, F. G. N. Eng. tr. of Wright's ed. of the Late Syriac
Kalilah and Dimnah (Cambridge, England, 1885).
CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India, Westminster
(London, 1896).
THURSTON, EDGAR. Omens and Superstitions of Southern India (London,
1912).
The Jesup North Pacific Expedition (New York and Leiden, 1900- ).
BOGORAS, W. The Folklore of North-Eastern Asia as compared with that of
North-Western America, _American Anthropologist_ (Washington, 1902).
COSQUIN, E. Origine et propagation des contes populaires européens (in
his Contes populaires de la Lorraine) (Paris, 1886); Le lait de la
mère et le coffre flottant (reprint from _Revue de questions
historiques_) (Paris, 1908); Le prologue-cadre des Mille et Une Nuits,
les légendes perses et le livre d'Esther (Paris, 1909).
_Africa_
THEAL, G. M. Kaffir Folklore (London [1872]).
BLEEK, W. H. I. Specimens of Bushman Folklore (Eng. tr., London, 1911).
RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas, Index, s.vv. _Folklore, Mythology_ (London
and New York, 1906).
HOLLIS, A. C. The Masai, Index (Oxford, 1905); The Nandi, Index (Oxford,
1909).
_Europe_
GRIMM, W. Die deutsche Heldensage (1829; 3d ed., Göttingen, 1889).
WUTTKE, A. Der deutsche Volksaberglaube der Gegenwart (3d ed., Berlin,
1900).
RHYS, J. Celtic Folklore (Oxford, 1901).
CAMPBELL, J. F. Popular Tales of the West Highlands and Heroic Gaelic
Ballads (1872; new ed., Edinburgh, 1890-1893).
BRAND, J. Popular Antiquities of Great Britain (new ed., London, 1905).
SÉBILLOT, P. Le folklore de France (Paris, 1904-1907).
MAURY, L. F. A. Croyances et légendes du moyen âge (new ed., Paris,
1896).
GELDART, E. M. Folklore of Modern Greece (London, 1884).
KRAUSS, F. S. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Südslaven (Vienna,
1885; Münster, 1890).
KNOWLSON, T. S. Origin of Popular Superstitions (London, 1910).
WLISLOCKI, H. VON. Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Zigeuner
(Münster i. W., 1891); Volksglaube und religiöser Brauch der Magyaren
(Münster i. W., 1893).
ON MYTHOLOGY
_General_
Articles in Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.) and La Grande
Encyclopédie (Paris).
MÜLLER, K. O. Prolegomena zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mythologie
(Göttingen, 1825).
MÜLLER, F. Max. Comparative Mythology (1856; in vol. ii of Chips from a
German Workshop, London, 1858; New York, 1869).
BRÉAL, M. Mélanges de mythologie et de linguistique (Paris, 1877).
PFLEIDERER, O. Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (3d
ed., Berlin, 1896; Eng. tr., London, 1886).
TYLOR, E. B. Early History of Mankind (London, 1878); Primitive Culture
(3d. ed., London, 1891).
VIGNIOLI, T. Myth and Science (London, 1882).
LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Lehrbuch der Religionsgeschichte (1st
ed., Freiburg, 1887-1889); Eng. tr. of vol. i (London and New York
1891).
LANG, A. Myth, Ritual and Religion (2d ed., London, 1899); Custom and
Myth (London, 1901).
GARDENER, P. Origins of Myth (Oxford, 1896).
TIELE, C. P. De Oorsprong van myth en godsdienst, _Theologisch
Tijdschrift_, iv (Amsterdam and Leiden); Elements of the Science of
Religion, Index, s.vv. _Mythology_, _Myths_ (Edinburgh and London,
1897-1899).
JEVONS, F. B. Introduction to the History of Religion (2d ed., London,
1902).
RÉVILLE, J. De la complexité des mythes et des légendes, _Revue de
l'histoire des religions_, xiii (Paris).
JASTROW, M. Study of Religion (London and New York, 1901).
SCHULTZ, H. Old Testament Theology, Introduction (Eng. tr. of 4th Germ.
ed., Edinburgh, 1892).
Articles "Demons and Spirits," "Earth, Earth-gods" in Hastings's
Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.
_Special_
TAYLOR, R. New Zealand (London, 1870).
BÜLOW, W. Die samoansche Schöpfungssaga, _Internationales Archiv für
Ethnologie_ xii (Leiden).
BASTIAN, A. Die samoanische Schöpfungssage (Berlin, 1894).
ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief History of the Hawaiian People (New York, 1892).
TURNER, G. Samoa (London, 1884).
BRINTON, D. G. American Hero-Myths (Philadelphia, 1882); Myths of the
New World (New York, 1896).
EHRENREICH, P. Mythen und Legenden der südamerikanischen Urvölker
(Berlin, 1905).
CASTRÉN, M. A. Finnische Mythologie (Germ. tr., St. Petersburg, 1853).
COX, G. W. Mythology of Aryan Nations (London, 1887).
MEYER, E. H. Germanische Mythologie (Berlin, 1891).
GRUPPE, O. Griechische Mythologie (München, 1897-1906).
JASTROW, M. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston and London, 1898).
MUIR, JOHN. Original Sanskrit Texts (London and Edinburgh, 1858-1870).
HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston and London, 1895).
MACDONNEL, A. A. Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897).
FARNELL, L. R. Cults of the Greek States (Oxford, 1896-1909).
GRIMM, J. Deutsche Mythologie (4th ed., Berlin, 1875-1878); Eng. tr.,
Teutonic Mythology (London, 1888).
LA SAUSSAYE, P. D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index (Boston
and London, 1902).
CAMPBELL, J. F. The Celtic Dragon-Myth (Edinburgh, 1911).
Articles "Celts," "Cuchulainn Cycle," "Feinn Cycle" in Hastings's
Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics.
COLLIGNON, M. Manual of Mythology in Relation to Greek Art (translated
and enlarged by Jane E. Harrison) (London, 1899).
Article "Female Principle" in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics.
CURTIN, J. Myths of the Modocs (Boston, 1912).
Article "Animal" [on cults of animals, plants, stones, waters] in La
Grande Encyclopédie, section iv, "Mythology" (Paris).
THOMAS, N. W. Article "Animals" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of Religion
and Ethics); Article "Animal-Worship" (in Encyclopædia Britannica,
11th ed.).
TYLOR, E. B. Primitive Culture, Index, s.vv. _Stock-and Stone-Worship_,
_Mountain, River-Worship_ (London, 1891).
COOKE, S. A. Article "Tree-Worship" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.).
American Bureau of Ethnology, _16th Annual Report_ (Washington).
SMITH, W. R. Religion of the Semites, lecture v (new ed., London, 1894).
ERMAN, A. Handbook of Egyptian Religion, Index (Eng. tr., London, 1907).
STEINDORFF, G. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (New York and London,
1905).
JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, pp. 662 f., 688 f.
(Boston, 1898).
GARSTANG, J. Land of the Hittites, Index (London, 1910).
HOPKINS, E. W. Mythological Aspects of Trees and Mountains in the Great
Epic, _Journal of the American Oriental Society_ (September, 1910);
The Sacred Rivers of India (in Studies presented to C. H. Toy) (New
York, 1912).
GUBERNATIS, A. DE. Zoological Mythology (London, 1872); La mythologie
des plantes (Paris, 1878-1882).
FERGUSSON, JAMES. Tree- and Serpent-Worship (2d ed., London, 1873).
CROOKE, W. Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India (London,
1896).
HOS AND MCDOUGALL. Relation between Man and Animals in Sarawak, _Journal
of the Anthropological Institute_, xxxi (London).
ELLIS, A. B. E[´w]e, pp. 49 f., 98 (London, 1890).
BOETTICHER, K. Baumkultus der Hellenen und Römer (Berlin, 1856).
GRUPPE, O. Die griechischen Culte und Mythen (Leipzig, 1887).
OVERBECK, J. Das Cultusobject bei den Griechen in seinen ältesten
Gestaltungen, _Berichte der sächsischen Gesellschaft der
Wissenchaften_, p. 121 ff. (1864).
OHNEFALSCH-RICHTER, M. Kypros, the Bible and Homer (London, 1893).
WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes, Index (Berlin, 1897).
HUGHES, T. P. Dictionary of Islam, Index, s.v. _Kaaba_ (2d ed., London,
1896).
LA SAUSSAYE, P.D. CHANTEPIE DE. Religion of the Teutons, Index, s.v.
_Tree-Worship_ (Boston and London, 1902).
MANNHARDT, W. Baumkultus der Germanen und ihrer Nachbarstämme (Berlin,
1875).
FRAZER, J. G. Golden Bough, Index, s.v. _Tree-Worship_ (London, 1907);
Adonis Attis Osiris, Index, s.vv. _Animals_, _Water_, and p. 158
(London, 1907).
Articles "Asherah" and "Pillar" in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible.
Articles "Asherah" and "Massebah" in Encyclopædia Biblica.
TRUMBULL, H. C. Threshold Covenant, p. 228 (New York, 1896).
HARTLAND, E. S. Primitive Paternity, Index, s.v. _Trees_ (London, 1910).
PHILPOT, MRS. J. H. The Sacred Tree, or the Tree in Religion and Myth
(London, 1897).
WORKS ON PARTICULAR RELIGIONS
_Egyptian_
PLUTARCH, Isis and Osiris.
RAWLINSON, G. History of Ancient Egypt (London and New York, 1881).
TIELE, C. P. History of the Egyptian Religion (Eng. tr., Boston, 1882).
LE PAGE RENOUF, P. Religion of Ancient Egypt (London, 1884).
BRUGSCH, H. Religion und Mythologie der alten Aegypter (1884).
MEYER, ED. Geschichte des alten Aegyptens (Berlin, 1887).
MASPERO, G. Études de mythologie et d'archéologie égyptiennes (Paris,
1893); The Dawn of Civilization (Eng. tr., London, 1896).
MÜLLER, W. MAX. Asien und Europa (Leipzig, 1893); Article "Egypt" (in
Encyclopædia Biblica).
WIEDEMANN, K. A. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (London, 1897);
Egyptian Doctrine of Immortality (London, 1895); Religion of Egypt (in
Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v) (1904).
PETRIE, W. M. F. Religion and Conscience in Ancient Egypt (London,
1898); Article "Egyptian Religion" (in Hastings's
Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics).
STEINDORFF, G. Religion of the Ancient Egyptians (New York and London,
1905).
ERMAN, A. Aegypten und aegyptisches Leben im Altertum (1887); Eng. tr.,
Life in Ancient Egypt (London, 1894); Handbook of Egyptian Religion
(Eng. tr., London, 1907).
BREASTED, J. H. History of Egypt from the Earliest Times to the Persian
Conquest (New York, 1905); Development of Religion and Thought in
Ancient Egypt (New York, 1912).
CUMONT, F. The Religion of Egypt (Eng. tr., in _The Open Court_,
Chicago, September, 1910).
REITZENSTEIN, R. Poimandres (Leipzig, 1904).
FOUCART, G. Article "Dualism (Egyptian)" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).
_General Semitic_
BAUDISSIN, W. W. Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte (Leipzig,
1876-1878).
HALÉVY, J. Mélanges de critique et d'histoire relatifs aux peuples
sémitiques (Paris, 1883).
BAETHGEN, FR. Beiträge zur semitichen Religionsgeschichte (Berlin,
1888).
NÖLDEKE, TH. Sketches from Eastern History (Eng. tr., London and
Edinburgh, 1892).
MÜLLER, W. MAX. Asien und Europa (Leipzig, 1893).
SMITH, W. R. Religion of the Semites (2d ed., London, 1894); Kinship and
Marriage in Early Arabia (2d ed., London, 1903).
BARTON, G. A. A Sketch of Semitic Origins (New York and London, 1902).
CURTISS, S. I. Primitive Semitic Religion To-day (London, 1902).
LAGRANGE, M. J. Études sur les religions sémitiques (2d ed., Paris,
1905).
_Arabian_
SALE, G. Preliminary Discourse to Translation of the Koran (1734; new
ed., London, 1857) (and in Wherry's Commentary on the Quran,
London, 1882).
SPRENGER, A. Das Leben und die Lehre des Mohammeds (Berlin, 1861-1865).
SYED, AHMED. Essays on the Life of Mohammed and Subjects Subsidiary
thereto (London, 1870).
AMEER, ALI. Life and Teachings of Mohammed, or the Spirit of Islam
(London, 1873); Islam (London, 1897).
TASSY, GARCIN DE. L'Islamisme d'après le Coran (Paris, 1874).
KREMER, A. VON. Kulturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen (Vienna,
1875-1877).
SMITH, R. B. Mohammed and Mohammedanism (New York, 1875).
GOLDZIHER, I. Muhammedanische Studien (Halle, 1889-1890).
MUIR, SIR WILLIAM. Mahomet and Islam (London, Religious Tract Society;
New York, ca. 1894).
CASTRIES, LE COMTE HENRY DE. L'Islam (Paris, 1896).
WELLHAUSEN, J. Reste arabischen Heidentumes (Berlin, 1897).
SMITH, H. P. The Bible and Islam (New York, 1897).
KLEIN, F. A. The Religion of Islam (London, 1906).
LEONARD, A. G. Islam, her Moral and Spiritual Value (London, 1909).
MACDONALD, D. B. Religious Attitude and Life in Islam (Chicago, 1909);
Aspects of Islam (New York, 1911).
MARGOLIOUTH, D. S. Article "Mahomet" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.).
THATCHER, G. W. Article "Mahommedan Religion," ibid.
NÖLDEKE, TH. Article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Encyclopædia of Religion and
Ethics.
REES, J. D. The Muhammadans (in Epochs of Indian History) (London and
New York, 1894).
LANE, E. W. Notes to his Thousand and One Nights (ed E. S. Poole,
London, 1883).
HARTMANN, M. Article "Islam in China" (announced to appear in
Encyclopædia of Islam).
MEYER, EDOUARD. Der Ursprung des Islams und die ersten Offenbarungen
Mohammeds (excursus in his Ursprung und Geschichte der Mormonen, p. 62
_ff._) (Halle a. S., 1912).
TOY, C. H. Mohammed and the Islam of the Koran, _Harvard Theological
Review_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1912).
GARNETT, LUCY M. J. Mysticism and Magic in Turkey (London, 1912).
_Babylonian-Assyrian_
JENSEN, P. Die Kosmologie der Babylonier (Strassburg, 1890).
TIELE, C. P. Babylonisch-assyrische Geschichte (Gotha, 1886); Die
Religion in Babylonien und Assyrien (in his Geschichte der Religion im
Alterthum) (new ed., Gotha, 1896-1903).
JEREMIAS, FRIEDR. Die Babylonier und Assyrier (in Saussaye's Lehrbuch
der Religionsgeschichte) (2d ed., Freiburg, 1897).
KING, L. W. Babylonian Religion and Mythology (London, 1899).
JEREMIAS, ALFRED. Die babylonisch-assyrischen Vorstellungen vom Leben
nach dem Tode (Leipzig, 1897); Das Alte Testament im Lichte des alten
Orients (2d ed., Leipzig, 1906; Eng. tr., London and New York, 1911).
JASTROW, M., JR. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (Boston, 1898; Germ.
ed., Giessen, 1904- ); Religion of Babylonia and Assyria (in
Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. v) (Edinburgh and New York,
1904); Aspects of Religious Belief and Practice in Babylonia and
Assyria (New York and London, 1911).
HARPER, R. F. Assyrian and Babylonian Literature (New York, 1901).
DELITZSCH, FRIEDR. Babel und Bibel (Leipzig, 1902; and Stuttgart, 1903;
new ed., Stuttgart, 1905); Eng. tr., ed. C. H. W. Johns (London,
1903); Eng. tr. by McCormack and Carruth [with German criticisms and
the author's replies] (Chicago, 1903).
ROGERS, R. W. Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, especially in its
Relations to Israel (New York, 1908).
DHORME, P. La religion assyro-babylonienne (Paris, 1910).
ZIMMERN, H. Article "Babylonians and Assyrians" (in Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).
LANGDON, S. H. Sumerian and Babylonian Psalms (New York and Paris,
1909); Babylonian Eschatology (in Essays offered to C. A. Briggs, New
York, 1911).
TOY, C. H. Panbabylonianism, _Harvard Theological Review_ (Cambridge,
Mass., 1910).
Articles on Marduk, Nebo, Oannes, etc., in Roscher's Lexikon.
_Mandean_
NÖLDEKE, TH. Mandäische Grammatik, Einleitung (Halle, 1875).
BRANDT, A. J. H. W. Die mandäische Religion (Leipzig, 1889).
KESSLER, K. Article "Mandäer" (in Herzog-Hauck's Real-Encyklopädie).
GOTTHEIL, R. J. H. Article "Mandæans" (in Johnson's Universal
Cyclopædia).
_Yesidi_
IBN HALLIKAN. Wafayât al-Áyân (Biographical Dictionary) (ed. F.
Wüstenfeld, Göttingen, 1835-1840); Eng. tr. by MacGuckin de Slane
(Paris and London, 1842-1871).
LAYARD, SIR A. H. Nineveh and its Remains (2d ed., London, 1849; new
ed., New York, 1853); Discoveries among the Ruins of Nineveh and
Babylon (London, 1853).
BADGER, G. P. Nestorians and their Rituals (London, 1852).
SIOUFFI, N. In _Journal asiatique_ (Paris, 1882 and 1885).
MENANT, J. Les Yezidiz, _Annales du Musée Guimet_ (Paris, 1892).
PARRY, O. H. Six Months in a Syrian Monastery (London, 1895).
HUART, CLÉMENT. History of Arabic Literature, p. 272 f. (London and New
York, 1903).
JACKSON, A. V. W. In _Journal of the American Oriental Society_, vol.
xxv, p. 178 ff. (1904); Sketch in his Persia, Past and Present (New
York, 1906).
Article "Yesidis" in New International Encyclopædia (New York, 1905).
LIDZBARSKI, M. In _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen
Gesellschaft_, vol. li (Leipzig).
JOSEPH, ISYA. Yezidi Texts (reprinted from _American Journal of Semitic
Languages and Literatures_) (Chicago, 1909).
_Hebrew, Edomite, Phoenician, Aramean, etc._
KUENEN, A. Religion of Israel to the Fall of the Jewish State (Leipzig,
1873-1874; Eng. tr., London, 1874); The Prophets and Prophecy in
Israel (Eng. tr., London, 1877).
SCHULTZ, H. Old Testament Theology (Eng. tr. of 4th Germ. ed.,
Edinburgh, 1892).
SCHWALLY, F. Das Leben nach dem Tode nach den Vorstellungen des alten
Israel und Judentums (Giessen, 1892).
MONTEFIORE, C. G. Religion of the Ancient Hebrews (London, 1892).
DILLON, E. J. The Sceptics of the Old Testament (London, 1895).
GUNKEL, H. Schöpfung und Chaos in Urzeit und Endzeit (Göttingen, 1895).
MARTI, K. Geschichte der israelitischen Religion (3d ed., Strassburg,
1897); Religion des Alten Testaments (Tübingen, 1906; Eng. tr.,
London, 1907).
CHEYNE, T. K. Jewish Religious Life after the Exile (New York and
London, 1898).
BUDDE, K. Religion of Israel to the Exile (New York and London, 1899).
SMEND, R. Alttestamentliche Religionsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1899).
KAUTZSCH, E. Religion of Israel (in Hastings's Dictionary of the Bible,
vol. v) (Edinburgh and New York, 1904).
KENT, C. F. History of the Hebrew People (New York, 1896-1899).
MANN, NEWTON. The Evolution of a Great Literature (2d ed., Boston,
1906).
ADDIS, W. E. Hebrew Religion to the Establishment of Judaism under Ezra
(London and New York, 1906).
WELLHAUSEN, J. Israelitisch-jüdische Religion (in Kultur der Gegenwart)
(Berlin and Leipzig, 1909).
LOISY, A. La religion d'Israël (2d ed., revised and enlarged, Ceffonds,
chez l'auteur, 1908); Eng. tr., The Religion of Israel (London and New
York, 190?).
WALLIS, LOUIS. The Sociological Study of the Bible (Chicago, 1912).
MITCHELL, H. G. Ethics of the Old Testament (Chicago, 1912).
BENZIGER, I. Hebräische Archäologie (2d ed., Tübingen, 1907).
NOWACK, W. Lehrbuch der hebräischen Archäologie (Leipzig, 1894).
WACE, W. The Apocrypha (Eng. tr., in Speaker's Commentary) (London,
1888).
SCHÜRER, E. Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi
(3d and 4th edd., Leipzig, 1898-1907); Eng. tr. of 2d. ed., History of
the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ (New York, 1891).
BÜCHLER, A. Die Priester und der Cultus im letzten Jahrzehnt des
jerusalemischen Tempels (Vienna, 1895).
BOUSSET, W. Die Religion des Judentums im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter
(Berlin, 1903).
RIGGS, J. S. History of the Jewish People during the Maccabean and Roman
Periods (New York, 1910).
HOLLMANN, G. The Jewish Religion in the Time of Jesus (Eng. tr., London,
1909).
GRAETZ, H. History of the Jews (Eng. tr., Philadelphia, 1891-1895).
GROSSMAN, L. Judaism and the Science of Religion (New York and London,
1889).
SUFFRIN, A. E. Article "Dualism (Jewish)" (in Hastings's Encyclopædia of
Religion and Ethics).
WEBER, F. Jüdische Theologie (2d. ed., Leipzig, 1897).
LAZARUS, M. Ethics of Judaism (Eng. tr., Philadelphia, 1900- ).
PHILIPSON, D. The Reform Movement in Judaism (New York and London,
1907).
OESTERLEY, W. O. E., and BOX, G. H. Religion and Worship of the
Synagogue (New York, 1907).
BLISS, F. J. The Religions of Modern Syria and Palestine (New York,
1912).
JOSEPH, M. Judaism as Creed and Life (London and New York, 1910).
PHILO OF BYBLOS, Greek tr. of Sanchuniathon (text, Greek and Latin, in
K. Müller's Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum) (Paris, 1848).
CORY, I. P. Ancient Fragments of the Phoenician ... and Other Writers
(London, 1876).
GUTSCHMID, A. VON. Kleine Schriften (Leipzig, 1890).
RAWLINSON, G. History of Phoenicia (London, 1889).
PIETSCHMANN, R. Geschichte der Phoenizier (Berlin, 1889).
BAUDISSIN, W. VON. Adonis und Esmun (Berlin, 1911).
MÜLLER, W. MAX. Remarks on the Carthaginian Deity, _Journal of the
American Oriental Society_, vol. xxxii (December, 1912).
Articles "Edomites" and "Syrians" (announced) in Hastings's Encyclopædia
of Religion and Ethics.
ALEXANDRE, CHARLES. Oracula Sibyllina (Greek text with Latin tr.)
(Paris, 1841, new ed., 1869).
FRIEDLIEB, J. H. Oracula Sibyllina (Greek text with German tr.)
(Leipzig, 1852).
RZACH, A. Oracula Sibyllina (critical Greek text) (Vienna, 1891).
TERRY, M. S. The Sibylline Oracles (translated from the Greek) (New
York, 1890).
_Asia Minor_
PSEUDO-LUCIAN. De Syria Dea.
MEYER, EDOUARD. Geschichte des Altertums, vol. i, part ii (2d ed.,
Stuttgart and Berlin, 1909).
PERROT AND CHIPIEZ. History of Art in Sardinia ... and Asia Minor (Eng.
tr., 1890).
MESSËRSCHMIDT, L. Corpus Inscriptionum Hettiticarum, _Mitteilungen der
vorderasiatischen Gesellschaft_ (Leipzig, 1900); The Ancient Hittites,
_Smithsonian Institution, Annual Reports_ (1893, 1894).
RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM. Historical Geography of Asia Minor (in
supplementary papers of the _Royal Geographical Society_, iv) (London,
1890); articles in _Journal of Royal Asiatic Society_, xv.
WINCKLER, H. In _Mitteilungen der deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft_
(Berlin, 1907).
HOGARTH, D. G. Article "Hittites" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.).
GARSTANG, J. Land of the Hittites (London, 1910).
WARD, W. H. The Greek and the Hittite Gods (in Essays presented to C. A.
Briggs, New York, 1911); Asianic Influence in Greek Mythology (in
Studies presented to C. H. Toy, New York, 1912).
ROSCHER. Lexikon, article "Kybele."
_Mithraism_
CUMONT FRANZ. Textes et monuments figurés relatifs aux mystères de
Mithra (Brussels, 1899); Mystères de Mithra (2d ed., Paris, 1902; Eng.
tr., Chicago, 1903); Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and
Romans (New York and London, 1912); article "Mithras" in Roscher's
Lexikon.
_Indian_ (_Vedic_, _Brahmanic_, _Modern_)
WARD, W. A. View of the History, Literature and Mythology of the Hindoos
(London, 1822).
WILSON, H. H. Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus (in Asiatic
Researches, 1828-1832) (republished, London, 1861).
MACPHERSON, S. C. Religious Opinions and Observances of the Khonds,
_Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_ (London, 1842 and 1852).
BURNOUF, EMILE. Essais sur le Véda (Paris, 1863).
COLEBROOKE, H. T. Essays (new ed., London, 1873).
BERGAIGNE, A. La religion védique (Paris, 1878-1883).
MÜLLER, F. MAX. Religions of India (London, 1878).
ZIMMER, H. Altindisches Leben (Berlin, 1879).
LEFMANN, S. Geschichte des alten Indiens (Berlin, 1880).
BARTH, A. Religions of India (Eng. tr., London, 1882).
DEUSSEN, P. Das System des Vedanta (Leipzig, 1883); Eng. tr., The system
of the Vedanta (Chicago, 1912).
WILKINS, W. J. Modern Hinduism (London, 1887).
LE BON, G. Les civilisations de l'Inde (Paris, 1887).
LANMAN, C. R. Beginnings of Hindu Pantheism (Cambridge, Mass., 1890).
MONIER-WILLIAMS, SIR MONIER. Hinduism (London, 1890); Brahmanism and
Hinduism (4th ed., London, 1891); Indian Wisdom (London, 1893).
GARBE, R. Die Samkhya Philosophie (Cambridge, Mass., and Boston, 1895);
Beiträge zur indischen Kulturgeschichte (Berlin, 1903); Akbar, Emperor
of India, _The Monist_, (Chicago, April, 1909).
OLDENBERG, H. Religion des Veda (Berlin, 1894).
MACDONELL, A. A. Vedic Mythology (Strassburg, 1897).
HILLEBRANDT, A. Vedische Mythologie (Breslau, 1891-1902).
BLOOMFIELD, M. Religion of the Veda (New York and London, 1908).
HOPKINS, E. W. Religions of India (Boston, 1895); The Great Epic of
India (New York, 1901); India Old and New (New York, 1901).
DUBOIS, J. A. Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies (tr. from the
author's later French manuscript, by H. K. Beauchamp) (Oxford, 1897).
DUTT, R. C. Civilization of India (London, 1900).
EGGELING, H. J. Article "Hinduism" (in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th
ed.) (London).
BEVERIDGE, H. Article "Akbar" (in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics)
(Edinburgh and New York).
GRIERSON, G. A. Article "Bhakti-Marga," ibid.
PRIDHAM, C. An Account of Ceylon [the Veddas] (London, 1849).
CROOKS, W. Popular Religion and Folk-Lore of Northern India (London,
1896); article "Bengal" in Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics;
article "Dravidians (North India)," ibid.
FRAZER, R. W. Article "Dravidians (South India)," ibid.
ROBERTSON, SIR G. SCOTT. The Kafirs of the Hindu Kush (London, 1896).
RIVERS, W. H. H. The Todas (London, 1906).
HODSON, T. C. The Naga Tribes of Manipur (London, 1911).
_Buddhism_
BURNOUF, EMILE. Introduction à l'histoire du bouddhisme indien (Paris,
1844); Le lotus de la bonne loi (tr. of the Saddharma-Pundarika)
(Paris, 1852).
HUC, ABBÉ. Travels in Tartary, Thibet and China (1844-1846; Eng. tr.,
Chicago, 1898).
HARDY, R. Spence. Eastern Monachism (London, 1850); Manual of Buddhism
in its Modern Development (2d ed., London, 1860).
DAVIDS, T. W. Rhys. Some Points in the History of Indian Buddhism
(London, 1881); Buddhism (London, 1882); Buddhist India (London,
1903); Buddhism, its History and Literature (2d ed., New York and
London, 1907).
OLDENBERG, H. Buddha, his Life, his Doctrine, his Order (Eng. tr.,
London, 1882).
KERN, H. The Lotus of the True Law (tr. of the Saddharma-Pundarika),
vol. xxi of Sacred Books of the East (Oxford, 1884).
MONIER-WILLIAMS, SIR MONIER. Buddhism (London, 1890).