Lake (Nos. 34502 and 29031, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) measure,
respectively: condylobasal length (tip of premaxillary to
posterior plane of condyles), 381, 371; zygomatic width, 138,
approximately 142; interorbital width, 143, 144; nasal, 126,
112; maxillary tooth-row, 87, 84; mandibular tooth-row (of No.
29031), 93. The rostral profile of the former is slightly
convex; of the latter nearly flat. Comparison with Windy River
adult males (see accompanying table) indicates a longer and a
broader skull in the more northwesterly specimens. The
measurements of the skulls of Southampton Island specimens as
presented by Sutton and Hamilton (1932: 87), suggest a somewhat
larger animal than the mainland form.
The left antler of an adult male from Horton River (No. 34502,
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.) measures: length, 1248; length of brow
tine, 345; width of brow tine, 360; total points (both antlers),
16 + 14 = 30. The corresponding measurements of two sets of
antlers from Fort Reliance in the American Museum of Natural
History are: No. 121471 (left), 1242-285-108; (right),
1244-412-294; total points, 16 + 23 = 39; No. 121473 (left),
1312-360-290 (broken); (right), 1230 (approx.), brow tine a
spike, not palmated; total points, approximately 19 + 13 = 32.
The Fort Reliance specimens were selected by George G. Goodwin
from a large number of old antlers lying about, and they are
naturally above the average in size. The antlers of adult males
from the Windy River area (see accompanying table) measure
distinctly less than those just mentioned.
Anderson (1913b: 505) and Stefánsson (1913a: 106, and 1913b: 241,
276-277) have called attention to certain rather well-defined
differences between the Caribou on both sides of Coronation Gulf and
those elsewhere in northern Mackenzie. It may be assumed that the summer
home of the former type is on Victoria Island. Many of these animals in
former years crossed over to the mainland in the autumn after the
freezing of Dolphin and Union Strait, Coronation Gulf, and Dease Strait
made such a migration possible; and they recrossed to the island in the
spring. During recent years this migration has greatly dwindled
(Blanchet, 1930: 50; Birket-Smith, 1933: 93; Clarke, 1940: 98; Gavin,
1945: 227; Godsell, 1937: 288; Banfield, 1949: 481); consequently the
Victoria Island population now seems to be largely confined to that
island throughout the year. In the American Museum of Natural History I
have examined several of Anderson's specimens of 1911-1912 that are
obviously of this form, and I should scarcely hesitate to give them
nomenclatural recognition except for the fact that there has obviously
been some confusion in the labeling of the specimens (after they reached
the museum). Needless to say, a specimen selected as a type should bear
unquestionable data.
During the winter there is some interchange of populations between Banks
and Victoria islands across the frozen Prince of Wales Strait
(Armstrong, 1857: 297, 336). The description that Armstrong gives (1857:
478), based ostensibly on Banks Island specimens, indicates that the
animals of that island are very close to, if not identical with,
_Rangifer pearyi_ of the more northerly Arctic islands. Yet there is no
known interchange of populations across the frozen McClure Strait or
other wide sea channels in approximately latitude 74° N.
The Caribou of Boothia Peninsula and Somerset and Prince of Wales
islands are said to be a small form (Wright, 1944: 195).
The Caribou of the Dubawnt River region, as far as may be judged from
J. B. Tyrrell's photographs (1897: pl. 1; Seton, 1929, +3+: pl. 22), are
indistinguishable from those of the Nueltin Lake region.
The Southampton Island antlers figured by Sutton and Hamilton (1932:
pl. 8) are so strikingly different from all but one (No. 1132) of those
that I noticed in southwestern Keewatin that I should be much inclined
to regard them as representing a separate subspecies, provided they are
typical of that island. In most of the bucks of the Windy River area the
beams are deeply and fairly uniformly bowed, although there is a strong
tendency for approximately the basal third to be nearly straight, with a
pronounced forward bend just above it (_cf._ figs. 3, 4, 9, 10, 12, 22,
25). The bend at this point in the Southampton antlers is extremely
slight by comparison. In mainland specimens the beam in cross-section
is generally more or less round, with rarely any tendency toward
flattening, such as may be seen in the Southampton set and in my No.
1132. Furthermore, I cannot recall in the mainland animals a single such
pronounced zigzag effect as may be seen in the Southampton antlers. In
extremely few of them does the bez tine originate at such a distance
(apparently 8 inches or so) above the base, as in Sutton and Hamilton's
figure. The lack of palmation in the bez tines of their specimen is
noteworthy.
There is a distinct likelihood that the isolated herd of Coats Island
(Wright, 1944: 188; Banfield, 1949: 481), and also that of Salisbury
Island in Hudson Strait (Grant, 1903: 189; Tweedsmuir, 1951: 37), may be
distinct from the populations on the nearest large land bodies.
I have briefly examined a dozen or more heads (skulls with antlers) of
the Labrador Barren Ground Caribou (_R. a. caboti_ G. M. Allen) in the
United States National Museum; they were collected by L. M. Turner in
the 1880's. Some of these antlers appear longer than any I saw in
Keewatin. Furthermore, the tips of the bez tines in these specimens
seem, on the average, more strongly incurved than in _R. a. arcticus_.
For the purpose of comparing the Barren Ground Caribou with the Western
Woodland Caribou, _Rangifer caribou sylvestris_ (Richardson), the
following notes are offered on an adult male of the latter form in the
United States Biological Surveys Collection (No. 235361; fig. 28). It
was secured by a Cree Indian on Stony Mountain, about 27 miles south of
Fort McMurray, Alberta, on October 21, 1920, and it was measured and
prepared by myself. The general dorsal color is near Prout's Brown,
overlaid more or less with longer whitish hairs; outer surface of ears
near Prout's Brown, with an admixture of grayish white hairs; tip of
snout, between nostrils and upper lip, Cartridge Buff; this area of more
restricted extent than the similar patch in _arcticus_; neck creamy;
longest hairs of throat fringe about 20 mm. (longer than in _arcticus_);
no appreciable dark longitudinal stripe on lower sides, but an
ill-defined lighter patch on the side behind the shoulder; rump-patch
apparently less extensive than in _R. a. arcticus_; venter near Buffy
Brown, posteriorly creamy; creamy white "spats" above hoofs ¼ to 1½
inches wide, not extending up hind leg as indicated by Seton (1929, +3+:
pl. 10). Length, 2025; tail, 225; foot, 625; front hoof, 109; hind hoof,
101; estimated weight, 300 lb. The Western Woodland Caribou is thus a
distinctly larger animal than _R. a. arcticus_, with a noteworthy
difference in the virtual absence of a light lateral stripe, setting off
a darker stripe below it. The specific distinctness between the two
animals seems abundantly clear.
_References to general descriptions (including geographical
variation)._--Richardson, 1829: 239, 241-242; Armstrong, 1857:
478; Baird, 1857: 635; Caton, 1881: 105; Lydekker, 1898: 47-48,
1901: 38-40, and 1915: 254; Elliot, 1901: 37, and 1902: 281-282,
286-287; Preble, 1902: 42-43; Stone and Cram, 1904: 52; J. A.
Allen, 1908a: 488; Millais, 1915: 261; Buchanan, 1920:
125-126; Anthony, 1928: 530-531; Seton, 1929, +3+: 98-99;
Jacobi, 1931: 78-80; Sutton and Hamilton, 1932: 88; Degerbøl,
1935: 48-51; R. M. Anderson, 1937: 103; Hamilton, 1939: 109;
Murie, 1939: 239; G. M. Allen, 1942: 297-298; Wright, 1944: 195;
Rand, 1948a: 211-212; Banfield, 1951a: 15-17; Mochi and Carter,
1953: text to pl. 9.
_References to illustrations._--Parry, 1824: pl. facing p. 508;
Richardson, 1829: 240; Caton, 1881: 207; Pike, 1917 (1892): pl.
facing p. 89; J. B. Tyrrell, 1897: pl. 1; J. W. Tyrrell, 1908
(1898): pls. facing pp. 80, 81; Grant, 1903: 6th and 7th pls.
following p. 196; J. A. Allen, 1908a: 500-503; Seton, 1911:
254, 256, 262, and pls. facing pp. 222, 224, 226, 228, 234;
Buchanan, 1920: pl. facing p. 132; Hewitt, 1921: pls. 3, 5;
Blanchet, 1926b: 47; Seton, 1929, +3+: pls. 17, 21, 22, 23;
Blanchet, 1930: 50; Sutton and Hamilton, 1932: pl. 8, fig. 4;
Ingstad, 1933: pl. facing p. 178; Clarke, 1940: frontisp., 85,
87, 89; Harper, 1949: 224, 229; Banfield, 1951a: figs. 1, 2,
12-16, 20, 21, 23; Anonymous, 1952: 261, 263, 266, 267; Mochi
and Carter, 1953: pl. 9; Barnett, 1954: 90-91, 103-105.
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