GLOSSARY

A

ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109,

135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3)

in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.

aglæca, ahlæca, äglæca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi,

_terror_, + lâc, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_;

hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433,

593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_;

of Sigemund, 894; of Beówulf: gen. sg. aglæcan(?), 1513; of Beówulf and the

drake: nom. pl. þâ aglæcean, 2593.

aglæc-wîf, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's

mother, 1260.

aldor. See ealdor.

al-wealda. See eal-w.

am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_:

nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgâr, 336.

ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), _servant,

man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Beówulf's servant, 674.

an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at,

upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248.

Elsewhere on, which see.

ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.

ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.

and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39,

40, etc. (See Appendix.)

anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wrâðum on andan, 709,

2315.

and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.

and-hâtor, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. rêðes

and-hâttres, 2524.

and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up

high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers

Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne däg, 2116, _the whole

day_; andlonge niht, 2939.

and-leán, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-,

hond-lean, MS.).

and-risno, st. f. (see rîsan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be

observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum,

_according to etiquette_, 1797.

and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.

and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times

hond-slyht).

and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an

address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494,

1841.

and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swîn ofer helme and-weard

(_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288.

and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690.

an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001.

an-sýn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_,

251: ansýn ýwde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect,

appearance_, 929; on-sýn, 2773.

an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note.

atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of

Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl.

atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597,

2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.

atelîc, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelîc egesa, 785.

Â

â, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931,

1479: â syððan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_,

780.--Comp. nâ.

âd st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. âd, 3139; dat. sg. âde, 1111, 1115.

âd-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on âd-färe, 3011.

âdl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849.

âð, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath

of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108.

âð-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_:

nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.

âðum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84.

âgan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg.

âh, 1728; inf. âgan, 1089; prt. âhte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald,

to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nâh hwâ

sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253.

âgen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677.

âgend (prs. part. of âgan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. âgendes, _of

God_, 3076.--Compounds: blæd-, bold-, folc-, mägen-âgend.

âgend-freá, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. âgend-freán, 1884.

âhsian, ge-âhsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret.

part. ge-âhsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. âhsode, 1207;

pl. âhsodon, 423.

âht, st. n. (contracted from â-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: âht

cwices, 2315.

ân, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative

character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned

before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2)

_one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb

âne niht (_the next night_), 135; þurh ânes cräft, 700; þâra ânum, 1038; ân

äfter ânum, _one for the other_ (Hrêðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ân

äfter eallum, 2269; ânes hwät, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se ân

leóda duguðe, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; ânes willan,

_for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone,

distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article:

ân ... feónd, 100; gen. sg. ânre bêne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ân ... draca,

221l--5) gen. pl. ânra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; ânra

gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; ânra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the

dat. pl. in this sense: nemne feáum ânum, _except a few single ones_,

1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form,

145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., âna Geáta duguðe, _alone of the

warriors of the Geátas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see

æn.--Comp. nân.

ân-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. ânfealdne

geþôht, _simple opinion_, 256.

ân-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449.

ân-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369.

ân-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-râd-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm

resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.

ânga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. ângan dôhtor,

375, 2998; ângan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. ângan brêðer, 1263.

ân-päð, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. ânpaðas, 1411.

ân-ræd, adj. (cf. under ân-hydig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530,

1576.

ân-tîd, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores,

_about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours),

219.--ân stands as in ân-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same

disposition_.

ânunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635.

âr, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784.

âr, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: ârum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296;

similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. âre, 1273,

2607; dat. sg. âre, 2379; gen. pl. hwät ... ârna, 1188.--Comp. worold-âr;

also written ær.

âr-fäst, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hûnferð (with reference to

588). See fäst.

ârian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nænegum

ârað; of Grendel, 599.

âr-stäf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid ârstafum,

317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for âr-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382,

458. See stäf.

âter-teár, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. îren âter-teárum fâh (steel which

is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460.

âttor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom.,

2716.

âttor-sceaða, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg.

-sceaðan, 2840.

âwâ, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of â, which

see), _ever_: âwâ tô aldre, _fôr ever and ever_, 956.

Ä

ädre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107. [ædre.]

äðele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of Beówulf, 198, 1313; of Beówulf's father,

263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical

sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. äðelan cynnes, 2235.

äðeling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the

appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of

Scyld, 33; of Hrôðgâr, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Beówulf, 1226, 1245, 1597,

1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Däghrefn,

2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men:

Äschere, 1295; Hrôðgâr's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremôd's courtiers, 907;

Hengest's warriors, 1113; Beówulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born

in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-äðeling.

äðelu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of

noble lineage: acc. pl. äðelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning äðelum gôd, _the king,

of noble birth_, 1871; äðelum dióre, _worthy on account of noble lineage_,

1950; äðelum (hæleþum, MS.), 332.--Comp. fäder-äðelu.

äfnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf.

ellen-weorc äfnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht äfnde,

_perpetrated wrong_, 1255.

ge-äfnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. þät geäfndon

swâ, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part. âð wäs geäfned, _the oath was

sworn_, 1108.--2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. geäfned, 3107. See

efnan.

äfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea

of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341,

1390, 2155.--ic him äfter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word

äfter cwäð, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b)

prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; äfter

beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; äfter

mâððum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.--2) (causal) as

proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in

consequence of, conformably to_: äfter rihte, _in accordance with right_,

1050, 2111; äfter faroðe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944,

2180, etc., äfter heaðo-swâte, _in consequence of the blood of battle_,

1607; äfter wälnîðe, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance

with, on account of, after, about_: äfter äðelum (hæleþum, MS.)frägn,

_asked about the descent_, 332; ne frin þu äfter sælum, _ask not after my

welfare_, 1323; äfter sincgyfan greóteð, _weeps for the giver of treasure_,

1343; him äfter deórum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear

man_, 1880; ân äfter ânum, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.--3) (local),

_along_: äfter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945;

sôhte bed äfter bûrum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the

castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; äfter recede wlât, _looked

along the hall_, 1573; stone äfter stâne, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289;

äfter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068,

1317, etc.

äf-þunca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502.

äglæcea. See aglæcea.

äled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016. [æled.]

äled-leóma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. leóman, 3126. See leóma.

äl-fylce (from äl-, Goth. ali-s, [Greek: allos], and fylce, O.N. fylki,

collective form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl.

wið älfylcum, 2372.

äl-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se

äl-mihtiga, 92.

äl-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. äl-wihta

eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501.

äppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl.

äppel-fealuwe mearas, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166.

ärn, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þryð-, win-ärn.

äsc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in Beówulf in this sense), _lance,

spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (quâ instr.) äscum

and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773.

äsc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. äsc-holt ufan græg,

_the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330.

äsc-wîga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg.,

2043.

ät, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something,

hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): ät hýðe, in _harbor_,

32; ät symle, _at the meal_, 81, ät âde, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115;

ät þe ânum, _with thee alone_, 1378; ät wîge, _in the fight_, 1338; ät

hilde, 1660, 2682; ät æte, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_

(motion to): deáðes wylm hrân ät heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271;

gehêton ät härgtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175.

c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an

object): geþeah þät ful ät Wealhþeón, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic

gebâd grynna ät Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; ät mînum fäder genam, _took

me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time

of_: ät frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; ät ende, _at an end_, 224;

fand sînne dryhten ealdres ät ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791;

similarly, 2823; ät feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; ät sîðestan,

_finally_, 3014.

ät-græpe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270.

ät-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658.

Æ

ædre, êdre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in Beów.), _vein_ (not in

Beów.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swât ædrum sprong, _the

blood sprang in streams_, 2967; blôd êdrum dranc, _drank the blood in

streams_(?), 743.

æðm, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreðer æðme weóll, _the

breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594.

æfen, st. m., _evening_, 1236.

æfen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. æfen-grom,

of Grendel, 2075.

æfen-leóht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413.

æfen-räst, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -räste, 647, 1253.

æfen-spræc, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde ...æfen-spræce,

_thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760.

æfre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative

sentences, æfre ne, _never_, 2601.--Comp. næfre.

æg-hwâ (O.H.G. êo-ga-hwër), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. æghwæm, 1385.

The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: æghwäs

untæle, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; æghwäs unrîm, _entirely innumerable

quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.

æg-hwäðer (O.H.G. êo-ga-hwëdar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. häfde

æghwäðer ende gefêred, _each of the two_ (Beówulf and the drake) _had

reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. æghwäðrum wäs brôga fram ôðrum, _to each

of the two_ (Beówulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg.

æghwäðres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora

æghwäðrum, 1637.

æg-hwær, adv., _everywhere_, 1060.

æg-hwilc (O.H.G. êo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used

as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dæl æghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the

partitive genitive: nom. sg. æg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. æghwylcum, 1051.

b) without gen.: nom. sg. æghwylc, 985, 988; (wäs) æghwylc ôðrum trýwe,

_each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166.

æg-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. æg-wearde, 241.

æht (abstract form from âgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1)

_possession, power_: acc. sg. on flôdes æht, 42; on wäteres æht, _into the

power of the water_, 516; on æht gehwearf Denigea freán, _passed over into

the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions,

goods_: acc. pl. æhte, 2249.--Comp. mâðm-, gold-æht.

æht (O.H.G. âhta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom. þâ wäs æht boden Sweona leódum,

segn Higelâce, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas,

(their) banner to Hygelâc_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during

their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelâc), 2958.

ge-æhtan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. geæhted,

1866. [geähtan.]

ge-æhtla, w. m., or ge-æhtle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high

esteem_: gen. sg. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla geæhtlan, _seem worthy of the

high esteem of the noble-born_, 369. [geähtla.]

æn (oblique form of ân), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. þone ænne þone..., _the

one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, _much oftener than one

time_, 1580; forð onsendon ænne, _sent him forth alone_, 46.

æne, adv., _once_: oft nalles æne, 3020.

ænig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ...

0nige þinga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lyt ænig mearn, _little

did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: näs se

folccyning ... ænig, _no people's king_, 2735.--Comp. nænig.

æn-lîc, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: ænlîc ansýn,

_distinguished appearance_, 251; þeáh þe hió ænlîcu sý, _though she be

beautiful_, 1942.

ær (comparative form, from â): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15,

656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft swâ ær, _again as

formerly_, 643; ær ne siððan, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; ær and sîð,

_sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; nô þý ær (_not so much the sooner_),

_yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a)

with the ind.: ær hió tô setle geóng, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ær ge fyr

fêran, _before you travel farther_, 252; ær he on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819;

ær þon däg cwôme, _ere the day break_, 732; ær correlative to ær adv.: ær

he feorh seleð, aldor an ôfre, ær he wille ..., _he will sooner_ (rather)

_leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ ..., 1372.--3)

prepos. with dat., _before_ ær deáðe, _before death_, 1389; ær däges hwîle,

_before daybreak_, 2321; ær swylt-däge, _before the day of death_, 2799.

æror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655.

ærra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., ærran mælum, _in former times_,

908, 2238, 3036.

ærest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2)

as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. þät ic his ærest þe eft

gesägde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of

mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note.

ær-däg, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat.

sg. mid ærdäge, 126; samod ærdäge, 1312, 2943.

ærende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345.

ær-fäder, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. swâ his ærfäder,

2623.

ær-gestreón, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc

sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ærgestreóna, _much of such old treasure_,

2233. See gestreón.

ær-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta ær-geweorc,

_the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's

water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.

ær-gôd, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or

_advantages_: äðeling ærgôd, 130; (eorl) ærgôd, 1330; îren ærgôd

(_excellent sword_), 990, 2587.

ær-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg.

ærwelan, 2748. See wela.

æs, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. æse, of Äschere's corpse,

1333.

æt, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., hû him ät æte speów, _how he fared well

at meat_, 3027.

ættren (see âttor), adj., _poisonous_: wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât, ættren

ellorgâst, se ær inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the

demon_ (Grendel's mother) _who died therein_, 1618

B

bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan

Ongenþeówes, of Hygelâc, although in reality his men slew Ongenþeów (2965

ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wäs ecg bona, 2507; wearð

wracu Weohstânes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gâst-, hand-, mûð-bana.

bon-gâr, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032.

ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command,

to bid_: inf., 74.

bâd, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nýd-bâd.

bân, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bâne (on the bony skin of the drake),

2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefêng biteran bânum (here of the teeth of the

drake), 2693.

bân-côfa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -côfan,

1446.

bân-fâg, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of

bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hrôðgâr's hall,

781. The last meaning seems the more probable.

bân-fät, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bân-fatu, 1117.

bân-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire

wið halse ... bânhringas bräc (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568.

bân-hûs, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bânhûs gebräc, 2509;

similarly, 3148.

bân-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bât

bânlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston bânlocan, _the body burst_

(of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819.

bât, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.--Comp. sæ-bât.

bât-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat.

sg. -wearde, 1901.

bäð, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bäð, _over the diver's bath_

(i.e. the sea), 1862.

bärnan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. hêt ... bânfatu bärnan,

_bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu bärnan,

_began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314.

for-bärnan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hy hine ne môston ...

brondefor-bärnan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead

Äschere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127.

bædan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. bædde

byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

ge-bædan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebæded, _distressed

by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send

forth_: stræla storm strengum gebæded, _the storm of arrows sent with

strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca ... bealwe gebæded, _the dragon ...

overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827.

bæl (O.N. bâl), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, _passed

(through the air) with fire_, 2309; häfde landwara lîge befangan, bæle and

bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, _the fire of the

funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; ær he bæl cure, _ere he

sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hâtað ... hlæw gewyrcean ... äfter

bæle, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (Beówulf's

words), 2804.

bæl-fýr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. bælfýra

mæst, 3144.

bæl-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bæl=stede,

3098.

bæl-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113.

bær, st. f., _bier_, 3106.

ge-bæran, w. v., _to conduct one's self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefrägen

ic þâ mægðe ... sêl gebæran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself

better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; he on eorðan geseah þone

leófestan lîfes ät ende bleáte gebæran, _saw the best-beloved upon the

earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless

situation), 2825.

ge-bætan (denominative from bæte, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in

the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. þâ wäs Hrôðgâre hors

gebæted, 1400.

be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, "but not of one

direction, as ät, but more general"): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_

(rest): be ýdlâfe uppe lægon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_

(upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; häfde be honda, _held by the

hand_ (Beówulf held Grendel), 815; be sæm tweonum, _in the circuit of both

the seas_, 859, 1686; be mäste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fýre, _by the

fire_, 2220; be nässe, _at the promontory_, 2244; sät be þæm gebrôðrum

twæm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle

swâ bið mägða cräft be wæpnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is

the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2)

also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object,

_on, upon, by_: gefêng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; âlêdon

leófne þeóden be mäste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse

genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; wæpen hafenade be

hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.--3) with this is

connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic þis gid

be þe âwräc, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; þû

þe lær be þon, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be fäder lâre,

_according to her father's direction_, 1951.--4) temporal, _while, during_:

be þe lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See bî.

bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792;

dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: deað-, hlin-, läger-, morðor-, wäl-bed.

ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde sêcan ewên tô gebeddan,

_wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_,

666.--Comp. heals-gebedde.

begen, fem. bâ, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bâ healfa,

_on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bâm, 2197; and

in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ûrum

bâm, 2661; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896; bega gehwäðres, _each one of the two_,

1044; bega folces, of _both peoples_, 1125.

ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_:

w. dat. (pret. subj.) þät he êcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had

bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540;

(gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original

meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.

â-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc. ôð þät hyne ân âbealh mon on môde,

_till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. âbolgen, 724.

ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.

benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189,

1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.

benc-swêg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the

benches_, 1162.

benc-þel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches

stand_: nom. pl. benc-þelu, 486; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the

bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches),

1240.

bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond_,

1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fýr-, hell-, hyge-, îren-, oncer-,

searo-, wäl-bend.

ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato,

1122.

bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera.

beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone

mâððum byreð, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj.

bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; hêht þâ se

hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran,

2153; pret. bär, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bär fäted wæge, _brought

the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. bæron, 213, 1636, etc.; bæran, 2851;

pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic

paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: þät we rondas beren eft tô earde,

2654; gewîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, 291; ic gefrägn sunu Wihstânes

hringnet beran, 2755; wîgheafolan bär, 2662; helmas bæron, 240

(conjecture); scyldas bæran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of

the man with his weapons.

ät-beran, _to carry to_: inf. tô beadulâce (_battle_) ätberan, 1562; pret.

þâ hine on morgentîd on Heaðoræmas holm up ätbär, _the sea bore him up to

the Heaðoræmas_, 519; hió Beówulfe medoful ätbär _brought Beówulf the

mead-cup_, 625; mägenbyrðenne ... hider ût ätbär cyninge mînum, _bore the

great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. hî hyne ätbæron tô brimes

faroðe, 28.

for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. þät he þone breóstwylm forberan ne

mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878.

ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. þät lâ mäg secgan se þe

sôð and riht fremeð on folce ... þät þes eorl wære geboren betera (_that

may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_),

1704.

ôð-beran, _to bring hither_: pret. þâ mec sæ ôðbär on Finna land, 579.

on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre,

_to carry off, to take away_: inf. îren ærgôd þät þäs ahlæcan blôdge

beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody

hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (wäs) onboren beága hord, _the

treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the

pres. part.: helm-, sâwl-berend.

berian (denominative from bär, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_:

pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the

benches), 1240.

berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston bânlocan, 819;

bengeato burston, 1122.--_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras

burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from Beówulf's gripe), 761.

for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Nägling forbärst, _Nägling_

(Beówulf's sword) _broke in two_, 2681.

betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.

bet-lîc, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of Hrôðgâr's hall, 781;

of Hygelâc's residence, 1926.

betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca,

1110; neut. nu is ôfost betost, þät we ..., _now is haste the best, that

we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrûda betst, 453;

acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, 1872.

bêcn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon

beadu-rôfes bêcn (of Beówulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen.

bêg. See beág.

bên, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bêne, 428, 2285.

bêna, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. swâ þu bêna eart (_as thou

entreatest_), 352; swâ he bêna wäs (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hy

bênan synt, 364.

ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac þu Hrôðgâre wîdcûðne weán

wihte gebêttest, _hast thou in any way relieved Hrôðgâr of the evil known

afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncýððe ealle gebêtte, _removed

all trouble_, 831. --2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on þam feorhbonan

fæhðe gebêtan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466.

beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in

combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bâd beadwa ge-þinges, _waited for the combats_

(with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710.

beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.

beado-grîma, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -grîman, 2258.

beado-hrägl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552.

beadu-lâc, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat.

sg. tô beadu-lâce, 1562.

beado-leóma, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524.

beado-mêce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mêcas, 1455.

beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca,

1110.

beadu-rôf, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rôfes, of Beówulf, 3162.

beadu-rûn, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rûne, _solved

the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501.

beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705.

beadu-scrûd, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl.

beaduscrûda betst, 453.

beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg.

brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings),

2756.

beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh

beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300.

beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald.

bealdian, w. v., _to show one's self brave_: pret. bealdode gôdum dædum

(_through brave deeds_), 2178.

bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia

bealdor, 2568.

bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl.

bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-,

hreðer-, leód-, morðor-, niht-, sweord-, wîg-bealu.

bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sâr hafað befongen

balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978.

bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266.

bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_:

gen. pl. æghwäðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.

bealo-hydig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of Grendel,

724.

bealo-nîð, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg.,

2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh þe þone bealonîð, _beware of

destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on

breóstum bealo-nîð weóll, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the

dragon's poison), 2715.

bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom.

sg. eágena bearhtm, 1767.--2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeâton,

gûðhorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432.

bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc.

sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan

bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because

things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on

bearm licgan, âlecgan); dat. sg. him tô bearme cwom mâððumfät mære, _came

into his possession_, 2405.

bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.;

Ecglâfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat.

pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_:

nom. sg. Ongenþeów's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn,

70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; häleða bearn, 1190; äðelinga

bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150;

gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.--Comp.: brôðor-, dryht-bearn.

bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. þät hyre ealdmetod

êste wære bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a

son_ (i.e. as Beówulf), 947.

bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree,

especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl.

hrîmge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364.

beácen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht beácen godes, _of

the sun_, 570; gen. pl. beácna beorhtost, 2778. See bêcn.

ge-beácnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-beácnod, 140.

beág, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. beáh (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg.

beáh (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bêg

(collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under

gyldnum beáge, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden

diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. beáges (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. beágas (rings

in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. beága, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.--

Comp.: earm-, heals-beág.

beág-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan,

1103.

beág-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg.

beághroden, cwên, of Hrôðgâr's consort, perhaps with reference to her

diadem (cf. 1164), 624.

beáh-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg.

beáh-hordes, 895; dat. pl. beáh-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. beáh-horda weard, of

King Hrôðgâr, 922.

beáh-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_:

nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.

beáh-þegu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. äfter beáh-þege,

2177.

beáh-wriða, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the

form of a band: acc. sg. beáh-wriðan, 2019.

beám, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, gleó-beám.

beátan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede beáteð, _the

steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with

his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-beáten, _died, struck by the

battle-axe_, 2360.

beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges,

2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg.

biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat

(cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp.

stân-beorh.

beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. heáfod-beorh.

beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to

shield_: inf. wolde feore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294;

here-byrne ... seó þe bâncôfan beorgan cûðe, _which could protect his

body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600.

be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care,

to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep

himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh þe þone bealontð, 1759.

ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_:

pret. sg. þät gebearh feore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wel gebearg

lîfe and lîce, 2571.

ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring ûtan ymb-bearh,

1504.

beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg.

beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þät beorhte bold,

998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Beówulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tô þære

byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frätwe, 214, 897;

beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314.

Superl.: beácna beorhtost, 2778. --2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg.

beorhtre bôte, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.

beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518.

beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swêg, 1162.

beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (Hrôðgâr), 1881,

(Beówulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Beów.), 1025, (Äschere), 1300; dat. sg.

beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Beówulf and his companions), 211,

(Hrôðgâr's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Beówulf's liege-men),

2405.--Comp.: folc-, gûð-beorn.

beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake),

2273.--Comp. un-byrnende.

for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668;

for-born, 2673.

ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698.

beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as

voc.), 2149.

beódan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. biódan,

2893.--2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in

direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo

budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part. þâ wäs æht boden

Sweona leódum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic

þäm gôdan sceal mâðmas beódan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_,

385.

â-beódan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne âbeád, _made known the

words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hæl âbeád,

_wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hælo âbeád, 2419; eoton

weard âbeád, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669.

be-beódan, _to command, to order_: pret. swâ him se hearda bebeád, _as the

strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swâ se rîca bebeád, 1976.

ge-beódan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. hêt þâ gebeódan byre Wihstânes

häleða monegum, þät hie..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given

to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebeád hord and

rîce, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. gûðe

gebeódan, _to offer battle_, 604.

beód-geneát, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. geneátas, 343,

1714.

beón, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I.

gûðgeweorca ic beó gearo sôna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike

deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wâ bið þäm þe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183;

so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þe wilna gâd (_no wish will be

denied thee_), 661; þær þe bið manna þearf, _if thou shalt need the

warriors_, 1836; ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw, _is not becoming, honorable to

a woman_, 1941; eft sôna bið _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768,

etc.; pl. þonne bióð brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cýððe beóð

sêlran gesôhte þam þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei

qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. beó (bió) þu on ôfeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748;

beó wið Geátas gläd, _be gracious to the Geátas_, 1174.

beór, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. ät beóre, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr.

sg. beóre druncen, 531; beóre druncne, 480.

beór-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl.

beór-scealca sum (one of Hrôðgâr's followers, because they served the

Geátas at meals), 1241.

beór-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in

(on) beórsele, 482, 492, 1095; biórsele, 2636.

beór-þegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. äfter beórþege,

117; ät þære beórþege, 618.

beót, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be

undertaken_: acc. sg. he beót ne âlêh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; beót

eal ... gelæste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523.

ge-beótian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's

self_: pret. gebeótedon, 480, 536.

beót-word, st. n., same as beót: dat. pl. beót-wordum spräc, 2511.

biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. dôð swâ ic bidde!

1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þe

biddan wille ânre bêne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swâ he selfa bäd,

_as he himself had requested_, 29; bäd hine blîðne (supply wesan) ät þære

beórþege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic þe lange

bäd þät þu..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioðowære bäd

hlâford sînne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of

thing), 2283; bäd þät ge geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum

bædon þät..., 176.

on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lætað hilde-bord her onbidian ... worda

geþinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay

the shields aside here), 397.

bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558;

instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40;

gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gûð-, hilde-, wîg-bil.

bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the

bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound

with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold

chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg.

heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.

ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. þær ic fîfe geband, _where I had bound

five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ôðer fand sôðe gebunden, _the

king's man found_ (after many had already praised Beówulf's deed) _other

words_ (also referring to Beówulf, but in connection with Sigemund)

_rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming

to a gid, 872; wundenmæl wrättum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_,

i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel

gûðwîga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed),

2112.

on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501.

ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. îs-gebind.

bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite

îrena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. äfter billes bite, 2061.--Comp.

lâð-bite.

biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting

in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran stræle,

1747; instr. pl. biteran bânum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated,

furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.

bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332.

bî, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near,

at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bî sæm tweónum, _in the circuit of

both seas_, 1957; ârâs bî ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539;

bî wealle gesät, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big

stôdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_

(motion): hwearf þâ bî bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; geóng

bî sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757.

bîd (see bîdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: þær wearð Ongenþió on bîd

wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963.

bîdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. nô on

wealle leng bîdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the

drake), 2309; pret. in þýstrum bâd, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota

stille bâd, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on þäm se rîca bâd,

_where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; þær se snottra bâd, _where the wise man_

(Hrôðgâr) _waited_, 1314; he on searwum bâd, _he_ (Beówulf) _stood there

armed_, 2569; ic on earde bâd mælgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground

the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume þær bidon, _some

remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of

that which is awaited: inf. bîdan woldon Grendles gûðe, _wished to await

the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wîges

bîdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bîdan wolde, _would await

no answer_, 1495; pret. bâd beadwa geþinges, _awaited the event of the

battle_, 710; sægenga bâd âgend-freán, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its

owner_, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bâd, lâðan lîges (the poet probably means

to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a

fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but

which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.

â-bîdan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978.

ge-bîdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebîde ge on beorge, _wait ye on the

mountain_, 2530; pret. part. þeáh þe wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden

häbbe Häreðes dôhtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in

the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w.

acc.): inf. sceal endedäg mînne gebîdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne

wênde ... bôte gebîdan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935;

fela sceal gebîdan leófes and lâðes, _experience much good and much

affliction_, 1061; ende gebîdan, 1387, 2343; pret. he þäs frôfre gebâd,

_received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebâd wintra worn,

_lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930,

1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tô gebîdanne ôðres yrfeweardes, _to await

another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tô gebîdanne þät his byre

rîde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_,

2446; pret. dreám-leás gebâd þät he..., _joyless he experienced it, that

he_..., 1721; þäs þe ic on aldre gebâd þät ic..., _for this, that I, in my

old age, lived to see that_..., 1780.

on-bîdan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbâd earfoðlîce ôð þät æfen

cwom, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303.

bîtan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bîtan, 1455, 1524;

pret. bât bânlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bât unswîðor, _cut

with less force_ (Beówulf's sword), 2579.

blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much

of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.

ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.:

sund-, ýð-geblond, windblond.

blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair,

_gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792;

blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe,

1595.

bläc, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.

blâc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blâcne leóman, _a brilliant

gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblâc.

blæd, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. wäs hira blæd scacen

(of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay

slain, 1125; nu is þînes mägnes blæd âne hwîle, _now the fulness of thy

strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with

stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blæd, 18;

(þîn) blæd is âræred, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704.

blæd-âgend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blæd-âgende, 1014.

blæd-fäst, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg.

blædfästne beorn (of Äschere, with reference to 1329), 1300.

bleát, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wäl-bleát.

bleáte, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825.

blîcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222

blîðe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blîðne, 618.--2)

_gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. blîðe, 436.--Comp. un-blîðe.

blîð-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803.

blôd, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blôde, 848;

äfter deórum men him langað beorn wið blôde, _the hero_ (Hrôðgâr) _longs

for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is

not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blôde, 486, 935, 1595,

etc.

blôd-fâg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061.

blôdig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blôdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blôdig, 448;

instr. sg. blôdigan gâre, 2441.

ge-blôdian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part.

ge-blôdegod, 2693.

blôdig-tôð, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blôdig-tôð (of

Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.

blôd-reów, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhðe

greów breóst-hord blôd-reów, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty

feeling_, 1720.

be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod.

bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret.

hrefn blaca heofones wynne blîð-heort bodode, _the black raven announced

joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803.

boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp.

hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flân-, horn-boga;

bow of the arch, in comp. stân-boga.

bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks

which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan,

231.

bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998;

(Hygelâc's residence), 1926; (Beówulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp.

fold-bold.

bold-âgend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum

boldâgendra, 3113.

bolgen-môd, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714.

bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-bræded

wearð beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_,

1241.--Comp. hleór-bolster.

bon-. See ban-.

bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, ræd-,

wæg-bora.

bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda

gebräc, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wîg-bord.

bord-häbbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. häbbende,

2896.

bord-hreóða, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its

cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hreóðan, 2204.

bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560.

bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981.

bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu,

1244.

botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. tô botme (here of the bottom of the

fen-lake), 1507.

bôt (emendation, cf. bêtan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281;

acc. sg. bôte, 935; acc. sg. bôte, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a

giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bôte, 158.

brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. þâ sceal brond fretan

(_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne môston ... bronde

forbärnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; häfde

landwara lîge befangen, bæle and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_,

2323.--2) in the passage, þät hine nô brond ne beadomêcas bîtan ne meahton,

1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r).

The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old

helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were

mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the

helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in

the passage, forgeaf þâ Beówulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our

text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be

intended as a designation of Hrôðgâr (perhaps _son_), has not up to this

time been found in this sense in A.-S.

brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves:

acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.

brâd, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brâde rîce, 2208.--2) _broad_:

nom. sg. heáh and brâd (of Beówulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brâdne

mêce, 2979; (seax) brâd [and] brûnecg, _the broad, short sword with bright

edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brâd gold, 3106.

ge-bräc, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebräc, 2260.

geond-brædan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part.

geond-bræded, 1240.

brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bânhringas bräc,

(the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þät þær

ænig mon wære ne bræce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101;

pret. part. þonne bióð brocene ... âð-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of

the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon

something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sædeór monig hildetuxum

heresyrcan bräc, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the

shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it

was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah

... streám ût brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_,

2547; lêt se hearda Higelâces þegn brâdne mêce ... brecan ofer bordweal,

_caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4)

figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt bräc, _curiosity

tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.

ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bânhûs gebräc, _broke in pieces his

body_ (Beówulf in combat with Däghrefn), 2509.

tô-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. tô-brocen, 998.

þurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord breósthord þurh-bräc,

_the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out

from his breast, 2793.

brecð, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. môdes brecða

(_sorrow of heart_), 171.

â-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret.

âbredwade, 2620.

bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf.

under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of

shadows_, 708; pret. brägd ealde lâfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brägd

feorh-genîðlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her

down, 1540; pl. git eágorstreám ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with

your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part.

broden (brogden) mæl, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot,

to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ôðrum bregdan, _to weave a

waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for

another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrägl broden, _a

woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together),

552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.

â-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up â-bräd, _swung, raised his hand_,

2576.

ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mæl gebrägd, _swung the ringed sword_,

1565; eald sweord eácen ... þät ic þý wæpne gebrägd, _an old heavy sword

that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc.

wällseaxe gebräd, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the

sheath_: sweord ær gebräd, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to

knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444.

on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbräd þâ recedes mûðan,

_had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because

the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.

brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610.

brego-rôf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength_: nom. sg. m.,

1926.

brego-stôl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him

gesealde seofon þûsendo, bold and brego-stôl, _seven thousand_ see under

sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; þær him Hygd

gebeád ... brego-stôl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lêt

þone bregostôl Beówulf healdan, _gave over to Beówulf the chief power_ (did

not prevent Beówulf from entering upon the government), 2390.

breme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18.

brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.

â-breátan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. âbreót

brimwîsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See breótan.

breóst, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc.

þät mîne breóst wereð, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrägl

broden on breóstum läg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart,

the bosom_: nom. sg. breóst innan weóll þeóstrum geþoncum, _his breast

heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lêt þâ of breóstum word ût

faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551.

breóst-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl.

-gehygdum, 2819.

breóst-gewædu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_,

of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.

breóst-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast,

heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.

breóst-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom.

sg. breóst-net broden, 1549.

breóst-weorðung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg.

breóst-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Beówulf receives

from Wealhþeów (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173,

presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her

husband Hygelâc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frätwe),

which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breóst-weorðung.

breóst-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc.

sg, 1878.

breótan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. breát

beódgeneátas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714.

â-breótan, same as above: pret. þone þe heó on räste âbreát, _whom she

killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. þâ þät monige gewearð, þät hine

seó brimwylf âbroten häfde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's

mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hî hyne ... âbroten häfdon, _had killed

him_ (the dragon), 2708.

brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tô brimes

faroðe, _to the sea_, 28; ät brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804;

nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, _the waves subsided_, 570.

brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu,

222.

brim-lâd, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. þâra þe mid Beówulfe

brimlâde teáh, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052.

brim-lîðend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -lîðende, 568.

brim-streám, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer

brim-streámas, 1911.

brim-wîsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwîsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the

Geátas, 2931.

brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg.

seó brimwylf, 1507, 1600.

brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495.

bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic þe þûsenda þegna

bringe tô helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830;

inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heáðu bringan lâc and luftâcen, _shall bring

gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505;

pret. pl. we þâs sælâc ... brôhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's

head), 1654.

ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. þat we þone gebringan ... on

âdfäre, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010.

brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs.

sg. III. herepâd ... brosnað äfter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to

pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261.

brôðor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brêðer, 1263; gen.

sg. his brôðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brôðrum, 588, 1075.

ge-brôðru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. sät be þæm gebrôðrum twæm,

_sat by the two brothers_, 1192.

brôga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa

brôgan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-brôga.

brûcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. se þe longe

her worolde brûceð, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives

long, 1063; imp. brûc manigra mêda, _make use of many rewards, give good

rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. þät he beáhhordes brûcan môste, _could

enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. breác

lîfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954.

With the genitive to be supplied: breác þonne môste, 1488; imp. brûc þisses

beáges, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends

the form of the wish, wel brûcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf.

hêt hine wel brûcan, 1046; hêt hine brûcan well, 2813; imp. brûc ealles

well, 2163.

brûn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sió ecg brûn, 2579.

brûn-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brâd

[and] brûnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547.

brûn-fâg, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brûnfâgne helm, 2616.

bryne-leóma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg.,

2314.

bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.

brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. breótan), w. v., _to

bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e.

ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.

brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg.

sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. beága bryttan, 35, 352, 1488;

sinces bryttan, 1923.

bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg.

III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_,

1727.

brýd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. brýd, 2931; brýde, 2957, both

times of the consort of Ongenþeów (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of

Hrôðgâr's daughter, Freáware, 2032.

brýd-bûr, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. eode ... cyning of

brýdbûre, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which,

according to 666, he had gone), 922.

bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_:

nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc.

pl. bunan, 2776.

burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523;

dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: freó,

freoðo-, heá-, hleó-, hord-, leód-, mæg-burg.

burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the

castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelâc's), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city

stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden

he burh-welan brûcan môste, 3101.

burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þære burnan wälm, _the bubbling of

the spring_, 2547.

bûan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif he weard onfunde

bûan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_,

2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld bûan, _to inhabit the

mead-house_, 3066.

ge-bûan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. heán

hûses, hû hit Hring Dene äfter beórþege gebûn häfdon, _how the Danes, after

their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it),

117.--With the pres. part. bûend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-,

lond-bûend.

bûgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III.

bon-gâr bûgeð, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned

down, it rests, 2032; inf. þät se byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, _that the armed

hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly,

2975; pret. sg. beáh eft under eorðweall, _turned, fled again behind the

earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tô bence, _turned to the bench_, 327,

1014; hy on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599.

â-bûgan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle âbeág medubenc

monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776.

be-bûgan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swâ (_which_) wäter

bebûgeð, 93; efne swâ sîde swâ sæ bebûgeð windige weallas, _as far as the

sea encircles windy shores_, 1224.

ge-bûgan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: heó on flet gebeáh,

_sank on the floor_, 1541; þâ gebeáh cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þâ

se wyrm gebeáh snûde tôsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_),

2568; gewât þâ gebogen scrîðan tô, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake),

2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste

gebeáh, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebeág, 1242.

bûr, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. bûre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. bûrum,

140.--Comp. brýd-bûr.

bûtan, bûton (from be and ûtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is

without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: bûtan his

lîc swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: bûton

hit wäs mâre þonne ænig mon ôðer tô beadulâce ätberan meahte, _but it_ (the

sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561.

After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þâra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne

wiston bûton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at

all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom he mâðm-æhta mâ bûton

þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head

alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: bûton folcscare, 73; bûton þe,

658; ealle bûton ânum, 706.

bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne wäs þät gewrixle til þät hie on bâ

healfa bicgan scoldon freónda feorum, _that was no good transaction, that

they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay

with the lives of their friends_, 1306.

be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte frôde

feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800.

ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. nô þær ænige ...

frôfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his,

MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes

feore beágas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to

brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swâ he Fresena cyn on beórsele byldan wolde (by

distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie on gebyrd

hruron gâre wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrûd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg.,

2661.

byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl.

byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bædde byre

geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019.

byrðen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mägen-byrðen.

byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. leód-gebyrgea.

byrht. See _beorht_.

byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.;

hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg.

byrnan, 1023, etc.; sîde byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde

byrnan, 2616; hâre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on

byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e.

the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum,

_with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gûð-, here-, heaðo-, îren-,

îsern-byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wîga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu,

281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.

bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds lîf-bysig, syn-bysig.

býme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. býman

gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944.

býwan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. þâ þe beado-grîman býwan

sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258.

C

camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Beówulf's

with Däghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.

candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun,

1573.--Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. äðele cempa, 1313; Geáta

cempa, 1552; rêðe cempa, 1586; mære cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa,

2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hûga cempan,

2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. fêðe-cempa.

cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan

cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þäm eafera wäs äfter cenned,

_to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal

one's self_: imp. cen þec mid cräfte, _prove yourself by your strength_,

1220.

â-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. nô hie fäder cunnon, hwäðer him ænig wäs

ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know

his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born

to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.

cênðu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cênðu, 2697.

cêne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cênra gehwylcum, 769. Superl.,

acc. pl. cênoste, 206.--Comp.: dæd-, gâr-cêne.

ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde streámas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum

cearsîðum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera

cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald.

cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs.

sg. III. nâ ymb his lîf cearað, _takes no care for his life_, 1537.

cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig.

cear-sîð, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e.

a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsîðum (of Beówulf's expeditions against

Eádgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg.

[ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gûð-, mæl-, môd-cearu.

cear-wälm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat.

pl. äfter cear-wälmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þâ cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-bûend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a

castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-bûendum, of those established in Hrôðgâr's

castle, 769.

ceáp, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. näs þät ýðe

ceáp, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þeáh þe ôðer hit ealdre

gebohte, heardan ceápe, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear

purchase_, 2483.

ge-ceápian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrîme grimme geceápod,

_gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Beówulf's life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and

instr. of the thing): pret. hine þâ heáfde becearf, _cut off his head_,

1591; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909;

dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrêðel), 2445; so, ealdum

ceorle, of King Ongenþeów, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202,

416, 1592.

ceól, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg.

ceól, 38, 238; gen. sg. ceóles, 1807.

ceósan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedôm ciósan

wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. ær he

bæl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819.

ge-ceósan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, tô geceósenne cyning ænigne

(sêlran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þe þät sêlre ge-ceós,

_choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonîð and êce rædas), 1759; pret. he

ûsic on herge geceás tô þyssum siðfate, _selected us among the soldiers for

this undertaking_, 2639; geceás êcne ræd, _chose the everlasting gain_,

i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes leóht geceás, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl.

häfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.

on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... þäs wealdendes

[willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858;

pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_,

2971.

â-cîgan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. âcîgde of corðre cyninges þegnas

syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122.

clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat.

pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible

claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.

clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Geáta clifu,

1912.--Comp.: brim-, êg-, holm-, stân-clif.

ge-cnâwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þu, mîn wine, mêce

gecnâwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048.

on-cnâwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncniów mannes reorde,

_distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555.

cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_

(Hrôðgâr's sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine

cûðe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þät

gecwædon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne

... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other,

stormed_ (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon

thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others,

high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Beówulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of

Wîglâf, 2786.

corðer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. þâ wäs ...

Fin slägen, cyning on corðre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_

(of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_,

3122.

costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) he mîn costode, _tried me_, 2085.

côfa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bân-côfa.

côl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas côlran wurðað, _the waves of sorrow

become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wîflufan ... côlran

weorðað, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067.

cräft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical

strength_: nom. sg. mägða cräft, 1284; acc. sg. mägenes cräft, 418; þurh

ânes cräft, 700; cräft and cênðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cräfte, 983,

1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum

cräfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan cräfte, 2291; þeófes

cräfte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. deófles cräftum, _by devil's

art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cräft,

2223.--Comp.: leoðo-, mägen-, nearo-, wîg-cräft.

cräftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoðes cräftig, 1467; nîða

cräftig, 1963. Comp. wîg-cräftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp.

lagu-cräftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. eácen-cräftig.

cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of

those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wäl crunge, _would sink into death,

would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wäle crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, _fell under his

shield_, 1210; ät wîge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; heó on flet

gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single

combat_, 2506.

cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.:

cwealm-, wil-cuma.

cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þu on weg cymest, _if thou

comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23;

pl. þonne we ût cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281,

1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwom, 419,

2915; pret. subj. sg. cwôme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361.

Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gongan, 711; com sîðian,

721; com in gân, 1645; cwom gân, 1163; com scacan, 1803; cwômon lædan, 239;

cwômon sêcean, 268; cwôman scrîðan, 651, etc. [pret. côm, etc.]

be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syððan niht becom,

_after the night had come_, 115; þe on þâ leóde becom, _that had come over

the people_, 192; þâ he tô hâm becom, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn

in becom ... hlynnan under hârne stân, 2553; lyt eft becwom ... hâmes

niósan, 2366; ôð þät ende becwom, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of

pers.: þâ hyne sió þrag becwom, _when this time of battle came over him_,

2884.

ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þý he þone feónd ofercwom,

_thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hie feónd heora ... ofercômon,

700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nîða ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp.

hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or

depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mînne can glädne Hrôðulf þät he ... wile,

_I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard git ne const,

_thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. he þät wyrse ne con, _knows no

worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_,

2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrûnan scrîðað, _men do not know

whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cûðe, _knew him_, 372; cûðe he duguð

þeáw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the

acc., 2013; seolfa ne cûðe þurh hwät..., _he himself did not know through

what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cûðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234.

With both (acc. and depend. clause): nô hie fäder cunnon (scil. nô hie

cunnon) hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, 1356.--2) with inf.

following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend

himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg.

cûðe reccan, 90; beorgan cûðe, 1446; pret. pl. hêrian ne cûðon, _could not

praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cûðe, 2373.

cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund

cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan

higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode,

_tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the

flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.

cûð, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cûð,

150, 410; wîde cûð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cûðe folme, 1304; cûðe stræte,

1635; nom. pl. ecge cûðe, 1146; acc. pl. cûðe nässas, 1913.--2) _renowned_:

nom. sg. gûðum cûð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cûðe, 868.--3) also, _friendly,

dear, good_ (see un-cûð).--Comp.: un-, wîd-cûð.

cûð-lîce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon

lind-häbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_

(the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. deáð-cwalu.

cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret.

cwehte mägen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235.

cweðan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið ät

beóre, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word äfter cwäð,

315; feá worda cwäð, 2247, 2663.--c) with þät following: pret. sg. cwäð,

92, 2159; pl. cwædon, 3182.--d) with þät omitted: pret. cwäð he gûð-cyning

sêcean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811,

2940.

â-cweðan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þät word âcwyð, _speaks the

word_, 2047; pret. þät word âcwäð, 655.

ge-cweðan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swâ þu gecwæde,

2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecwäð, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit

þät gecwædon, 535.--c) w. þät following: pret. gecwäð, 858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þu

Grendel cwealdest, 1335.

â-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (he) wyrm âcwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ær

mâne âcwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn

âcwealde, 2122.

cwên, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwên, 62;

(Hrôðgâr's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen:

nom. sg. beághroden cwên (Wealhþeów), 624; mæru cwên, 2017; fremu folces

cwên (Þryðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwên (Wealhþeów), 666.-Comp. folc-cwên.

cwên-lîc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw

(_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941.

cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm

gewräc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mændon mondryhtnes

cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, deáð-,

gâr-cwealm.

cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates

murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793,

2786; gen. sg. âht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98;

cwico wäs þâ gena, _was still alive_, 3094.

cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleó-, ðor-

[non-existant form--KTH], word-cwide.

cwîðan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe

cwîðan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of

his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwîðan, _lament their cares_, 3173.

cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan eówre cyme syndon, _whence

your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme.

cymlîce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cymlîcor, 38.

cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage:

nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena

cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811,

915, 1726; eówrum (of those who desert Beówulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen.

sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mæran cynnes, 1730; lâðan cynnes,

2009, 2355; ûsses cynnes Wægmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum,

98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.

cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of

etiquette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-dôm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning,

620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl.

kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, heáh-,

leód-, sæ-, sôð-, þeód-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom.

pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste þâ cyning ... þegen betstan,

_kissed the best thane_ (Beówulf), 1871.

cyst (_choosing_, see ceósan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing,

good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. îrenna cyst, _of the swords_, 803,

1698; wæpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. îrena

cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cûðe, _known through excellent

qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecýðed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.

cýð. See on-cýð.

cýðan (see cûð), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg.

mägen-ellen cýð, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cýðan,

1941; ellen cýðan, 2696.

ge-cýðan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_:

inf. andsware gecýðan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, tô gecýðanne hwanan

eówre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. sôð is

gecýðed þät ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be

true), 701; Higelâce wäs sîð Beówulfes snûde gecýðed, _the arrival of B.

was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in

pret. part.: wäs mîn fäder folcum gecýðed (_my father was known to

warriors_), 262; wäs his môdsefa manegum gecýðed, 349; cystum gecýðed, 924.

cýððu (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f.,

_home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cýððu. [should be cýð, feor-cýð--KTH]

ge-cýpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. näs him ænig þearf þät he ... þurfe

wyrsan wîgfrecan weorðe gecýpan, _had need to buy with treasures no

inferior warrior_, 2497.

D

daroð, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareðum lâcan (_to fight_), 2849.

ge-dâl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedâl, _his

separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, lîf-gedâl.

däg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. däg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. däg, 2400;

andlangne däg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne däg (_the whole

morning_), 2895; ôð dômes däg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þäm

däge þysses lîfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. däges, 1601,

2321; hwîl däges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; däges and nihtes, _day

and night_, 2270; däges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, _in ten

days_, 3161.--Comp. ær-, deáð-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geâr-, læn-, lîf-,

swylt-, win-däg, an-däges.

däg-hwîl, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þät he däghwîla gedrogen häfde

eorðan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_

(appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.)

däg-rîm, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dôgera

dägrîm (_number of the days of his life_), 824.

dæd, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, 585; dômleásan dæd,

2891; frêcne dæde, 890; dæd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dæda, 195; gen. pl.

dæda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dædum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-,

fyren-, lof-dæd.

dæd-cêne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dæd-cêne mon, 1646.

dæd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

dæd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel,

275.

dædla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mân-for-dædla.

dæl, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dæl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl.

dælas, 1733.--Often dæl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality

which belongs in general to an individual, as, ôð þät him on innan

oferhygda dæl weaxeð, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance

increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Biówulfe

wearð dryhtmâðma dæl deáðe, forgolden, _to Beówulf his part of the splendid

treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were

allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the

dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.

dælan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg.

III. mâdmas dæleð, 1757; pres. subj. þät he wið aglæcean eofoðo dæle, _that

he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the

drake), 2535; inf. hringas dælan, 1971; pret. beágas dælde, 80; sceattas

dælde, 1687.

be-dælan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret.

part. dreámum (dreáme) bedæled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of

Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-dælan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_);

bær on innan eall gedælan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde,

_distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2)

_to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedælan lîf wið lîce,

_separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þät he gedælde ... ânra

gehwylces lîf wið lîce, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þäs wyrmes

denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewât dennes niósian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swâ hit

gedêfe wäs (bið), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good,

kind, friendly_; nom sg. beó þu suna mînum dædum gedêfe, _be friendly to my

son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained

to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-dêfelîce.

dêman (see dôm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mærðo

dême, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his

ellenweorc duguðum dêmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_,

3176.

dêmend, _judge_: dæda dêmend (of God), 181.

deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þryðum dealle,

494.

deád, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. deádne, 1310.

deáð, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, deáð, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. deáð,

2169; dat. sg. deáðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. deáðes

wylm, 2270; deáðes nýd, 2455.--Comp. gûð-, wäl-, wundor-deáð.

deáð-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. deáð-bedde fäst, 2902.

deáð-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. tô

deáð-cwalum, 1713.

deáð-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671.

deáð-däg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. äfter deáð-däge (_after

his death_), 187, 886.

deáð-fæge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) deáð-fæge deóg,

_had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851.

deáð-scûa, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg.

deorc deáð-scûa (of Grendel), 160.

deáð-wêrig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. deáð-wêrigne,

2126. See wêrig.

deáð-wîc, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewât deáðwîc

seón (_had died_), 1276.

deágan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to

hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) deóg, 851.--Leo.

deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat.

pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc

deáð-scûa, 160.

deófol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. deófles, 2089; gen. pl. deófla, of

Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.

deógol, dýgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information,

unknown_: nom. sg. deógol dædhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dýgel lond,

_inaccessible land_, 1358.

deóp, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550.

deóp, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. deóp wäter, 509, 1905.

diópe, adj., _deep_: hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas mære, _the

illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a

solemn spell upon it_, 3070.

deór, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sæ-deór.

deór, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. diór dæd-fruma (of Grendel),

2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. nænig ... deór, 1934.--Comp.: heaðu-,

hilde-deór.

deóre, dýre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dýre îren,

2051; drincfät dýre (deóre), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. deóran sweorde, 561;

dat. sg. deórum mâðme, 1529; nom. pl. dýre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. deóre

(dýre) mâðmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., äðelum

dióre, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. äfter deórum men, 1880;

gen. sg. deórre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone deórestan,

1310.

deór-lîc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, 585. See deór.

disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-dîgan. See ge-dýgan.

dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless

audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-lîc, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mæst ... dæda dollîcra, 2647.

dol-sceaða, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.

dôgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb ântîd

ôðres dôgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-leóht ôðres

dôgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual

sense: acc. sg. n. þys dôgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þý dôgore,

1798; forman dôgore, 2574; gen. pl. dôgora gehwâm, 88; dôgra gehwylce,

1091; dôgera dägrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life),

824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dôgrum, _in

later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dôgor.

dôgor-gerîm, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. wäs eall sceacen

dôgor-gerîmes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729.

dôhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dôhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982,

etc.

dôm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-,

wis-dôm.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial

opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dôme, _according to the judgment of the

Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: äfter dôme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3)

_court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dômes, 979; ôð dômes däg, 3070, both

times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_,

hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sînne sylfes dôm, _according to

his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dôme, 896, 2777. 5) _might,

power_: nom. sg. dôm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ânne dôm, 2965; dat. sg.

drihtnes dôme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dôm], 955; dôm

unlytel, _not a little glory_, 886; þät wäs forma sîð deórum mâðme þät his

dôm âläg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting)

_that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic me dôm gewyrce, _make

renown for myself_, 1492; þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, _that thou let not

honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þær he dôme forleás, _here he lost his

reputation_, 1471; dôme gewurðad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg.

wyrce se þe môte dômes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_,

1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. sôð-fästra dôm, _the glory of the

saints_, 2821.

dôm-leás, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dômleásan

dæd, 2891.

dôn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. dôð swâ ic

bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. hêt hire selfre sunu on bæl

dôn, 1117; pret. þâ he him of dyde îsernbyrnan, _took off the iron

corselet_, 672; (þonne) him Hûnlâfing, ... billa sêlest, on bearm dyde,

_when he made a present to him of Hûnlâfing, the best of swords_, 1145;

dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_,

2810; ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, _nor did he

reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hi

on beorg dydon bêg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and

ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tô Geátum sprec

mildum wordum! swâ sceal man dôn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly,

1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum weóld, swâ he nu git dêð, _the creator ruled

over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.)

1135; pret. II. swâ þu ær dydest, 1677; III. swâ he nu gyt dyde, 957;

similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swâ hie oft ær dydon, 1239; similarly,

3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wên' ic þät he

wille ... Geátena leóde etan unforhte, swâ he oft dyde mägen Hrêðmanna, _I

believe he will wish to devour the Geát people, the fearless, as he often

did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrêðmen_, 444; gif ic þät gefricge ...

þät þec ymbesittend egesan þýwað, swâ þec hetende hwîlum dydon, _that the

neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed),

1829; gif ic ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian þonne ic gyt dyde, _if

I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825;

similarly, pl. þonne þâ dydon, 44.

ge-dôn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god)

gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, _makes the parts of the world_

(i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. ne hyne on

medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedôn wolde, _nor would the leader

of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: he mec

þær on innan ... gedôn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091.

draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403,

3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eorð-, fýr-, lêg-, lîg-,

nîð-draca.

on-drædan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to

be afraid of_: inf. þät þu him on-drædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, _needest

not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. nô he him þâ säcce ondrêd, _was not

afraid of the combat_, 2348.

ge-dräg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_:

acc. sg. sêcan deófla gedräg, 757.

drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genîðlan,

2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran stræle, _struck in the

breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; wäs in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_),

2982.

drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.

drêfan, ge-drêfan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewât ...

drêfan deóp wäter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wäter under stôd

dreórig and gedrêfed, 1418.

dreám, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. häleða dreám,

497; acc. sg. dreám hlûdne, 88; þu ... dreám healdende, _thou who livest in

rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr.

sg. dreáme bedæled, 1276; gen. pl. dreáma leás, 851; dat. pl. dreámum (here

adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; dreámum bedæled,

722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. gleó-, gum-, man-,

sele-dreám.

dreám-leás, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremôd,

1721.

dreógan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret.

dreáh äfter dôme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe

ongeat, þät hie ær drugon aldorleáse lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great

distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2)

_to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. dreóh

symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_,

1783; inf. driht-scype dreógan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte

dreáh (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361;

pret. pl. hie gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hî sîð drugon, _made the way,

went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhðo

dreógan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge dreáh, _bore

sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe dreáh, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge

þe hie ær drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

â-dreógan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wræc âdreógan, 3079.

ge-dreógan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þät he ... gedrogen

häfde eorðan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e.

that he was at his death), 2727.

dreór, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. dreóre,

447.--Comp. heoru-, sâwul-, wäl-dreór.

dreór-fâh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485.

dreórig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wäter stôd dreórig, 1418; acc.

sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-dreórig.

ge-dreósan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. lîc-homa læne

gedreóseð, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þät þu ne

âlæte dôm gedreósan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667.

drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom.

pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blôd êdrum dranc, _drank the blood in

streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wîn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234;

þær guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it

stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye

warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slôg

heorð-geneátas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_,

i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg.

beóre (wîne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. beóre druncne, 480.

drîfan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. þâ þe brentingas ofer flôda genipu

feorran drîfað, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness

of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þeáh þe he [ne] meahte on mere drîfan

hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131.

to-drîfan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. ôð þät unc flôd tôdrâf,

545.

drohtoð, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom.

sg. ne wäs his drohtoð þær swylce he ær gemêtte, _there was no employment

for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757.

drusian, w. v. (cf. dreósan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of

water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood

of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in

comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mînra

eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. äðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (häleða)

gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_:

nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg.

dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.;

dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat.

sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441;

drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: freá-, freó-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg.

drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer

dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrôðgâr's warriors).

dryht-lîc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble,

excellent_: dryhtlîc îren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an

acc. sg. n.) drihtlîce wîf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-mâðum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl.

dryhtmâðma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_:

acc. sg. drihtscype dreógan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485;

dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble

warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-fät, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg.,

2255; drinc-fät, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain):

pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hûru se

aldor deáh, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ðonne his ellen deáh,

_if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þe him selfa deáh, _who is capable

of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þeáh þîn wit duge,

_though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661,

2032; pret. sg. þu ûs wel dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself

well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nu seó hand ligeð se þe eów welhwylcra

wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret.

subj. þeáh þu heaðoræsa gehwær dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong

in battle_, 526.

duguð (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_:

dat. pl. for dugeðum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguðum dêmdon, _praised with

all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of

warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. duguð unlytel, 498; duguð,

1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frätwe

geaf ealdor duguðe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921;

leóda duguðe on lâst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e.

after them, 2946; gen. sg. cûðe he duguðe þeáw, _the custom of the noble

warriors_, 359; deórre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða,

2036.--3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of

noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so

gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675;

duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þu dearst bîdan, _darest

to await_, 527; III. he gesêcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sêc gyf þu dyrre,

_seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469,

etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dûfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þät sweord gedeáf (_the

sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701.

þurh-dûfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wäter up

þurh-deáf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the

bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. nô hine wiht dweleð, âdl

ne yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig,

1288.

dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu,

hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg.

dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious,

hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cräfte, _with secret magic art_,

2291; dyrnum cräfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta, _of malicious spirits_

(of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað,

_longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þeáh þe he dæda gehwäs dyrstig wære,

_although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839.

ge-dýgan, ge-dîgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the

thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þu þät ellenweorc aldre gedîgest, _if thou

survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þät þone hilderæs hâl

gedîgeð, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf.

unfæge gedîgan weán and wräcsîð, 2293; hwäðer sêl mæge wunde gedýgan,

_which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532;

ne meahte unbyrnende deóp gedýgan, _could not endure the deep without

burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III.

ge-dîgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dýgol. See deógol.

dýre. See deóre.

E

ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg,

1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd, _defended the

entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550;

mêces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting

weapon_: nom. sg. ne wäs ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sió

ecg brûn (Beówulf's sword Nägling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword

snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. äscum and

ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) eácnum ecgum, 2141;

gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg wäs îren, 1460.--Comp.: brûn-,

heard-, stýl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wearð tô ecg-banan

ângan brêðer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom.

sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þräce,

597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): þâ þær sôna wearð

edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (i.e. after Grendel's

mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the

time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him

edwendan æfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil

should ever cease_, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden

torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189.

edwît-lîf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon

the same level, near_: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_,

2904.

efnan (see äfnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres.

subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe

efnan, 2623; sweorda gelâc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. tô efnanne,

1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swâ or swylc:

efne swâ swîðe swâ, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swâ sîde swâ, 1224; wäs

se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284;

leóht inne stôd efne swâ ... scîneð, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword)

_just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende

(_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ him

gemet þûhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce

mæla swylce ... þearf gesælde, _just at the times at which necessity

commanded it_, 1250.

eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sôna

bið, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bôt eft cuman, _help come again_,

281.--2) _again, on the other side_: þät hine on ylde eft gewunigen

wilgesîðas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing

companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693,

1557, etc.; eft swâ ær, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus,

_back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þät hig äðelinges eft ne wêndon (_did not

believe that he would come back_), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-sîð, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sîðes

georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsîðas teáh, _went the road back_, i.e. returned,

1333.

egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_:

acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gýmeð, _cares for nothing

terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror,

horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.:

glêd-, lîg-, wäter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930.

eges-lîc, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of

the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably,

perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret.

(as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres.

þät þe ... weras ehtigað, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223.

elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the

pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde.

eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan,

(_shall be banished_), 3020.

ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573;

eafoð and ellen, 903; Geáta ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and

ellen, 2350; ellen cýðan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised

heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlîc

ellen, 638; ferh ellen wräc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the

departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on

elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êðbegête

þâm þe ær his elne forleás, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those

who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young

man_ (Wîglâf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense,

_strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly,

transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes lät, 1530; þâ him

wäs elnes þearf, 2877.--Comp. mägen-ellen.

ellen-dæd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -dædum, 877, 901.

ellen-gæst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg.

of Grendel, 86.

ellen-lîce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123.

ellen-mærðu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mærðum, 829,

1472.

ellen-rôf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl.

-rôfum, 1788.

ellen-seóc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þeóden ellensiócne (_the

mortally wounded king, Beówulf_), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in

battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b

(local), elles hwær, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255.

ellor-gâst, -gæst, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of

the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgâst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's

mother), 1622; ellorgæst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgæstas,

1350.

ellor-sîð, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius),

_another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-þeódig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þeódige men,

336.

ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (lîfes) ende,

823, 2845; ôð þät ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende

lîfgesceafta (lîfes, læn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; häfde eorðscrafa ende

genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves

for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lîfes) ät ende, 2791, 2824;

eoletes ät ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sîde rîce þät he his selfa

ne mäg ... ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot

comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on

ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp.

woruld-ende.

ende-däg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dôgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bega on wênum

endedôgores and eftcymes leótes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in

the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897.

ende-lâf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þu eart ende-lâf ûsses cynnes,

_art the last of our race_, 2814.

ende-leán, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sæta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg.

(here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stäf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestäf eft

gelimpeð, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge ânpaðas, _narrow paths_, 1411.

ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta ær-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the

dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718;

eald-enta ær-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blôdig wäl ... eteð

ân-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_,

448; inf. Geátena leóde ... etan, 444.

þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone,

_swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050.

Ê

êc. See eác.

êce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. êce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. êce

eorðreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceás

êcne ræd, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. êcean

dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. geceós êce rædas, 1761.

êdre. See ædre.

êð-begête, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. þâ wäs ät þam geongum

grim andswaru êð-begête, _then from the young man_ (Wîglâf) _it was an easy

thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862.

êðe. See eáðe.

êðel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swæsne

êðel, 520; dat. sg. on êðle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary

possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. êðel Scyldinga, _of the

kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wîsdôme heóld êðel sînne, _ruled

with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961.

êðel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a

hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard êðel-riht, _estate and inherited

privileges_, 2199.

êðel-stôl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl.

êðel-stôlas, 2372.

êðel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mînre

êðeltyrf, 410.

êðel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg.

êðelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Eást-Dena êðel wearde (King

Hrôðgâr), 617.

êðel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom.

sg. nu sceal ... eall êðelwyn eówrum cynne, lufen âlicgean, _now shall your

race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished

from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard

êðelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494.

êð-gesýne, ýð-gesêne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111,

1245.

êfstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nu êfstan, _let us

hurry now_, 3102; pret. êfste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_,

1494.

êg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer êg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

êg-streám, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on êg-streámum, _in

the sea-floods_, 577. See eágor-streám.

êhtan (M.H.G. æchten; cf. æht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a

pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. äglæca êhtende wäs duguðe and geogoðe,

159; pret. pl. êhton aglæcan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_

(Beówulf)(?), 1513.

êst, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. he him êst geteáh meara

and mâðma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor häfde

âgendes êst ær gesceáwod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_

(of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce

heóld, êstum mid âre, 2379; êstum geýwan (_to present_), 2150; him wäs ...

wunden gold êstum geeáwed (_presented_), 1195; we þät ellenweorc êstum

miclum fremedon, 959.

êste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. êste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the

birth_ (of such a son as Beówulf), 946.