[1] The etymology of these names has been much discussed. That of the
latter, which has generally been adopted by German and French
authorities, seems to defy investigation, but the former has been
shown by Prof. Schlegel (_Versl. en Mededeel. K. Akad. Wetensch._ ii.
pp. 255 et seq.) to be the homely name of the dabchick or little
grebe (_Podiceps minor_), of which the Dutchmen were reminded by the
round stern and tail diminished to a tuft that characterized the
dodo. The same learned authority suggests that dodo is a corruption
of _Dodaars_, but, as will presently be seen, we herein think him
mistaken.
[2] What has become of the specimen (which may have been a relic of
the bird brought home by Van Neck's squadron) is not known. Broderip
and Dr Gray have suggested its identity with that now in the British
Museum, but on what grounds is not apparent.
[3] i.e. Rodriguez; an error.
[4] Hence we venture to dispute Prof. Schlegel's supposed origin of
"Dodo." The Portuguese must have been the prior nomenclators, and if,
as is most likely, some of their nation, or men acquainted with their
language, were employed to pilot the Hollanders, we see at once how
the first Dutch name _Walghvogel_ would give way. The meaning of
_Doudo_ not being plain to the Dutch, they would, as is the habit of
sailors, convert it into something they did understand. Then
_Dodaers_ would easily suggest itself.
[5] _The Dodo and its Kindred_, by H. E. Strickland and A. G.
Melville (London, 1848, 4to).
[6] _Neu aufgefundene Abbildung des Dronte_, by Georg Ritter von
Frauenfeld (Wien, 1868, fol.).
[7] E. Newton and H. Gadow, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ xiii. (1893) pp.
281-302, pls.
[8] _Voyage et aventures de Francois Leguat_, &c. (2 vols., London,
1708). An English translation, edited with many additional
illustrations by Captain Oliver, has been published by the Hakluyt
Society (2 vols., 1891).
[9] E. Newton and J. W. Clark, _Phil. Trans._ clix. (1869), pp.
327-362; clxviii. (1879), pp. 448-451.
DODONA, in Epirus, the seat of the most ancient and venerable of all
Hellenic sanctuaries. Its ruins are at Dramisos, near Tsacharovista. In
later times the Greeks of the south looked on the inhabitants of Epirus
as barbarians; nevertheless for Dodona they always preserved a certain
reverence, and the temple there was the object of frequent missions from
them. This temple was dedicated to Zeus, and connected with the temple
was an oracle which enjoyed more reputation in Greece than any other
save that at Delphi, and which would seem to date from earlier times
than the worship of Zeus; for the normal method of gathering the
responses of the oracle was by listening to the rustling of an old oak
tree, which was supposed to be the seat of the deity. We seem here to
have a remnant of the very ancient and widely diffused tree-worship.
Sometimes, however, auguries were taken in other manners, being drawn
from the moaning of doves in the branches, the murmur of a fountain
which rose close by, or the resounding of the wind in the brazen
caldrons which formed a circle all round the temple. Croesus proposed to
the oracle his well-known question; Lysander sought to obtain from it a
sanction for his ambitious views; the Athenians frequently appealed to
its authority during the Peloponnesian War. But the most frequent
votaries were the neighbouring tribes of the Acarnanians and Aetolians,
together with the Boeotians, who claimed a special connexion with the
district.
Dodona is not unfrequently mentioned by ancient writers. It is spoken of
in the _Iliad_ as the stormy abode of Selli who sleep on the ground and
wash not their feet, and in the _Odyssey_ an imaginary visit of Odysseus
to the oracle is referred to. A Hesiodic fragment gives a complete
description of the Dodonaea or Hellopia, which is called a district full
of corn-fields, of herds and flocks and of shepherds, where is built on
an extremity ([Greek: ep eschatie]) Dodona, where Zeus dwells in the
stem of an oak ([Greek: phegos]). The priestesses were called doves
([Greek: peleiai]) and Herodotus tells a story which he learned at
Egyptian Thebes, that the oracle of Dodona was founded by an Egyptian
priestess who was carried away by the Phoenicians, but says that the
local legend substitutes for this priestess a black dove, a substitution
in which he tries to find a rational meaning. From inscriptions and
later writers we learn that in historical times there was worshipped,
together with Zeus, a consort named Dione (see further ZEUS; ORACLE;
DIONE).
The ruins, consisting of a theatre, the walls of a town, and some other
buildings, had been conjectured to be those of Dodona by Wordsworth in
1832, but the conjecture was changed into ascertained fact by the
excavations of Constantin Carapanos. In 1875 he made some preliminary
investigations; soon after, an extensive discovery of antiquities was
made by peasants, digging without authority; and after this M. Carapanos
made a systematic excavation of the whole site to a considerable depth.
The topographical and architectural results are disappointing, and show
either that the site always retained its primitive simplicity, or else
that whatever buildings once existed have been very completely
destroyed.
To the south of the hill, on which are the walls of the town, and to the
east of the theatre, is a plateau about 200 yds. long and 50 yds. wide.
Towards the eastern end of this terrace are the scanty remains of a
building which can hardly be anything but the temple of Zeus; it appears
to have consisted of pronaos, naos or cella, and opisthodomus, and some
of the lower drums of the internal columns of the cella were still
resting on their foundations. No trace of any external colonnade was
found. The temple was about 130 ft. by 80 ft. It had been converted into
a Christian church, and hardly anything of its architecture seems to
have survived. In it and around it were found the most interesting
products of excavation--statuettes and decorative bronzes, many of them
bearing dedications to Zeus Naius and Dione, and inscriptions, including
many small tablets of lead which contained the questions put to the
oracle. Farther to the west, on the same terrace, were two rectangular
buildings, which M. Carapanos conjectures to have been connected with
the oracle, but which show no distinguishing features.
Below the terrace was a precinct, surrounded by walls and flanked with
porticoes and other buildings; it is over 100 yds. in length and
breadth, and of irregular shape. One of the buildings on the
south-western side contained a pedestal or altar, and is identified by
M. Carapanos as a temple of Aphrodite, on the insufficient evidence of a
single dedicated object; it does not seem to have any of the
characteristics of a temple. In front of the porticoes are rows of
pedestals, which once bore statues and other dedications. At the
southern corner of the precinct is a kind of gate or propylaeum, flanked
with two towers, between which are placed two coarse limestone drums. If
these are _in situ_ and belong to the original gateway, it must have
been of a very rough character; it does not seem probable that they
carried, as M. Carapanos suggests, the statuette and bronze bowl by
which divinations were carried on.
The chief interest of the excavation centres in the smaller antiquities
discovered, which have now been transferred from M. Carapanos's
collection to the National Museum in Athens. Among the dedications, the
most interesting historically are a set of weapons dedicated by King
Pyrrhus from the spoils of the Romans, including characteristic
specimens of the pilum. The leaden tablets of the oracle contain no
certain example of a response, though there are many questions, varying
from matters of public policy or private enterprise to inquiries after
stolen goods.
The temple of Dodona was destroyed by the Aetolians in 219 B.C., but the
oracle survived to the times of Pausanias and even of the emperor
Julian.
See C. Wordsworth, _Greece_ (1839), p. 247; Constantin Carapanos,
_Dodone et ses ruines_ (Paris, 1878). For the oracle inscriptions, see
E. S. Roberts in _Journal of Hellenic Studies_, vol. i. p. 228. (E.
GR.)
DODS, MARCUS (1834-1909), Scottish divine and biblical scholar, was born
at Belford, Northumberland, the youngest son of Rev. Marcus Dods,
minister of the Scottish church of that town. He was trained at
Edinburgh Academy and Edinburgh University, graduating in 1854. Having
studied theology for five years he was licensed in 1858, and in 1864
became minister of Renfield Free Church, Glasgow, where he worked for
twenty-five years. In 1889 he was appointed professor of New Testament
Exegesis in the New College, Edinburgh, of which he became principal on
the death of Dr Rainy in 1907. He died in Edinburgh on the 26th of April
1909. Throughout his life, both ministerial and professorial, he devoted
much time to the publication of theological books. Several of his
writings, especially a sermon on Inspiration delivered in 1878, incurred
the charge of unorthodoxy, and shortly before his election to the
Edinburgh professorship he was summoned before the General Assembly, but
the charge was dropped by a large majority, and in 1891 he received the
honorary degree of D.D. from Edinburgh University. He edited Lange's
_Life of Christ_ in English (Edinburgh, 1864, 6 vols.), Augustine's
works (1872-1876), and, with Dr Alexander Whyte, Clark's "Handbooks for
Bible Classes" series. In the Expositor's Bible series he edited Genesis
and 1 Corinthians, and he was also a contributor to the 9th edition of
the _Encyclopaedia Britannica_ and Hastings' _Dictionary of the Bible_.
Among other important works are: _The Epistle to the Seven Churches_
(1865); _Israel's Iron Age_ (1874); _Mohammed, Buddha and Christ_
(1877); _Handbook on Haggai, Zechariah and Malachi_ (1879); _The Gospel
according to St John_ (1897), in the Expositor's Greek Testament; _The
Bible, its Origin and Nature_ (1904), the Bross Lectures, in which he
gave an able sketch of the use of Old Testament criticism, and finally
set forth his Theory of Inspiration. Apart from his great services to
Biblical scholarship he takes high rank among those who have sought to
bring the results of technical criticism within the reach of the
ordinary reader.
DODSLEY, ROBERT (1703-1764), English bookseller and miscellaneous
writer, was born in 1703 near Mansfield, Nottinghamshire, where his
father was master of the free school. He is said to have been
apprenticed to a stocking-weaver in Mansfield, from whom he ran away,
taking service as a footman. In 1729 Dodsley published his first work,
_Servitude; a Poem ... written by a Footman_, with a preface and
postscript ascribed to Daniel Defoe; and a collection of short poems, _A
Muse in Livery, or the Footman's Miscellany_, was published by
subscription in 1732, Dodsley's patrons comprising many persons of high
rank. This was followed by a satirical farce called _The Toyshop_
(Covent Garden, 1735), in which the toyman indulges in moral
observations on his wares, a hint which was probably taken from Thomas
Randolph's _Conceited Pedlar_. The profits accruing from the sale of his
works enabled Dodsley to establish himself with the help of his
friends--Pope lent him L100--as a bookseller at the "Tully's Head" in
Pall Mall in 1735. His enterprise soon made him one of the foremost
publishers of the day. One of his first publications was Dr Johnson's
_London_, for which he gave ten guineas in 1738. He published many of
Johnson's works, and he suggested and helped to finance the _English
Dictionary_. Pope also made over to Dodsley his interest in his letters.
In 1738 the publication of Paul Whitehead's _Manners_, voted scandalous
by the Lords, led to a short imprisonment. Dodsley published for Edward
Young and Mark Akenside, and in 1751 brought out Thomas Gray's _Elegy_.
He also founded several literary periodicals: _The Museum_ (1746-1767, 3
vols.); _The Preceptor containing a general course of education_ (1748,
2 vols.), with an introduction by Dr Johnson; _The World_ (1753-1756, 4
vols.); and _The Annual Register_, founded in 1758 with Edmund Burke as
editor. To these various works, Horace Walpole, Akenside, Soame Jenyns,
Lord Lyttelton, Lord Chesterfield, Burke and others were contributors.
Dodsley is, however, best known as the editor of two collections:
_Select Collection of Old Plays_ (12 vols., 1744; 2nd edition with notes
by Isaac Reed, 12 vols., 1780; 4th edition, by W. C. Hazlitt, 1874-1876,
15 vols.); and _A collection of Poems by Several Hands_ (1748, 3 vols.),
which passed through many editions. In 1737 his _King and the Miller of
Mansfield_, a "dramatic tale" of King Henry II., was produced at Drury
Lane, and received with much applause; the sequel, _Sir John Cockle at
Court_, a farce, appeared in 1738. In 1745 he published a collection of
his dramatic works, and some poems which had been issued separately, in
one volume under the modest title of _Trifles_. This was followed by
_The Triumph of Peace, a Masque occasioned by the Treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle_ (1749); a fragment, entitled _Agriculture_, of a long
tedious poem in blank verse on _Public Virtue_ (1753); _The Blind Beggar
of Bethnal Green_ (acted at Drury Lane 1739, printed 1741); and an ode,
_Melpomene_ (1757). His tragedy of _Cleone_ (1758) had a long run at
Covent Garden, 2000 copies being sold on the day of publication, and it
passed through four editions within the year. Lord Chesterfield is,
however, almost certainly the author of the series of mock chronicles of
which _The Chronicle of the Kings of England_ by "Nathan ben Saddi"
(1740) is the first, although they were included in the _Trifles_ and
"ben Saddi" was received as Dodsley's pseudonym. _The Economy of Human
Life_ (1750), a collection of moral precepts frequently reprinted, is
also by Lord Chesterfield. In 1759 Dodsley retired, leaving the conduct
of the business to his brother James (1724-1797), with whom he had been
many years in partnership. He published two more works, _The Select
Fables of Aesop translated by R. D._ (1764) and the _Works of William
Shenstone_ (3 vols., 1764-1769). He died at Durham while on a visit to
his friend the Rev. Joseph Spence, on the 23rd of September 1764.
See also _Shadows of the Old Booksellers_, by Charles Knight (1865),
pp. 189-216; "At Tully's Head" in _Eighteenth Century Vignettes_, 2nd
series, by Austin Dobson (1894); E. Solly in _The Bibliographer_, v.
(1884) pp. 57-61. Dodsley's poems are reprinted with a memoir in A.
Chalmers's _Works of English Poets_, vol. xv. (1810).
DODSWORTH, ROGER (1585-1654), English antiquary, was born near
Oswaldkirk, Yorkshire. He devoted himself early to antiquarian research,
in which he was greatly assisted by the fact that his father, Matthew
Dodsworth, was registrar of York cathedral, and could give him access to
the records preserved there. He married the widow of Laurence Rawsthorne
of Hutton Grange, where he subsequently resided till his death in August
1654. At various times in his life he was enabled to study the records
in the library of Sir Robert Cotton, in Skipton Castle, and in the Tower
of London. He collected a vast store of materials for a history of
Yorkshire, a _Monasticon Anglicanum_, and an English baronage. The
second of these was published with considerable additions by Sir William
Dugdale (2 vols., 1655 and 1661). The MSS. were left to Thomas, third
Lord Fairfax, who by his will bequeathed them (160 volumes in all) to
the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Portions have been printed by the
Yorkshire Archaeological Society (_Dodsworth's Yorkshire Notes_, 1884)
and the Chetham Society (copies of Lancashire postmortem inquisitions,
1875-1876).