[Illustration: FIG. 2.--_Cuscuta glomerata_. Section through union
between parasite and host.
c, stem of host.
d, stem of _Cuscuta_.
h, haustoria.
(After Dodel-Port.)]
DODDRIDGE, PHILIP (1702-1751), English Nonconformist divine, was born in
London on the 26th of June 1702. His father, Daniel Doddridge, was a
London merchant, and his mother the orphan daughter of the Rev. John
Bauman, a Lutheran clergyman who had fled from Prague to escape
religious persecution, and had held for some time the mastership of the
grammar school at Kingston-upon-Thames. Before he could read, his mother
taught him the history of the Old and New Testament by the assistance of
some blue Dutch chimney-tiles. He afterwards went to a private school in
London, and in 1712 to the grammar school at Kingston-upon-Thames. About
1715 he was removed to a private school at St Albans, where he was much
influenced by the Presbyterian minister, Samuel Clarke. He declined
offers which would have led him into the Anglican ministry or the bar,
and in 1719 entered the very liberal academy for dissenters at Kibworth
in Leicestershire, taught at that time by the Rev. John Jennings, whom
Doddridge succeeded in the ministry at that place in 1723, declining
overtures from Coventry, Pershore and London (Haberdashers' Hall). In
1729, at a general meeting of Nonconformist ministers, he was chosen to
conduct the academy established in that year at Market Harborough. In
the same year he received an invitation from the independent
congregation at Northampton, which he accepted. Here he continued his
multifarious labours; but the church seems to have decreased, and his
many engagements and bulky correspondence interfered seriously with his
pulpit work, and with the discipline of his academy, where he had some
200 students to whom he lectured on philosophy and theology in the
mathematical or Spinozistic style. In 1751 his health, which had never
been good, broke down, and he sailed for Lisbon on the 30th of September
of that year; but the change was unavailing, and he died there on the
26th of October. His popularity as a preacher is said to have been
chiefly due to his "high susceptibility, joined with physical advantages
and perfect sincerity." His sermons were mostly practical in character,
and his great aim was to cultivate in his hearers a spiritual and
devotional frame of mind. He laboured for the attainment of a united
Nonconformist body, which should retain the cultured element without
alienating the uneducated. His principal works are, _The Rise and
Progress of Religion in the Soul_ (1745), which best illustrates his
religious genius, and has been widely translated; _The Family Expositor_
(6 vols., 1739-1756), _Life of Colonel Gardiner_ (1747); and a _Course
of Lectures on Pneumatology, Ethics and Divinity_ (1763). He also
published several courses of sermons on particular topics, and is the
author of many well-known and justly admired hymns, e.g. "O God of
Bethel, by whose hand." In 1736 both the universities at Aberdeen gave
him the degree of D.D.
See _Memoirs_, by Rev. Job Orton (1766); _Letters to and from Dr
Doddridge_, by Rev. Thomas Stedman (1790); and _Correspondence and
Diary_, in 5 vols., by his grandson, John Doddridge Humphreys (1829).
The best life is Stanford's _Philip Doddridge_ (1880). Doddridge's
academy is now represented by New College, Hampstead, in the library
of which there is a large collection of his manuscripts.
DODDS, ALFRED AMEDEE (1842- ), French general, was born at St Louis,
Senegal, on the 6th of February 1842; his father's family was of
Anglo-French origin. He was educated at Carcassonne and at St Cyr, and
in 1864 joined the marine infantry as a sub-lieutenant. He was promoted
captain for his services during the disturbances in Reunion in 1868-69,
in the course of which he was wounded. He served as a company commander
in the Franco-German War, was taken prisoner at Sedan but escaped, and
took part in the campaigns of the Loire and of the East. In 1872 he was
sent to West Africa, and, except when on active service in Cochin China
(1878) and Tong-King (1883), he remained on duty in Senegal for the next
twenty years, taking a prominent part in the operations which brought
the countries of the Upper Senegal and Upper Niger under French rule. He
led the expeditions against the Boal and Kayor (1889), the Serreres
(1890) and the Futa (1891), and from 1888 to 1891 was colonel commanding
the troops in Senegal. At the close of 1891 he returned to France to
command the eighth marine infantry at Toulon. In April 1892 Dodds was
selected to command the expeditionary force in Dahomey; he occupied
Abomey, the hostile capital, in November, and in a second campaign
(1894) he completed the subjugation of the country. He was then
appointed inspector-general of the marine infantry, and after a tour of
the French colonies was given the command of the XX. (Colonial) Army
Corps, subsequently becoming inspector-general of colonial troops and a
member of the _Conseil superieur de guerre_.
DODECAHEDRON (Gr. [Greek: dodeka], twelve, and [Greek: hedra], a face or
base), in geometry, a solid enclosed by twelve plane faces. The
"ordinary dodecahedron" is one of the Platonic solids (see POLYHEDRON).
The Greeks discovered that if a line be divided in extreme and mean
proportion, then the whole line and the greater segment are the lengths
of the edge of a cube and dodecahedron inscriptible in the same sphere.
The "small stellated dodecahedron," the "great dodecahedron" and the
"great stellated dodecahedron" are Kepler-Poinsot solids; and the
"truncated" and "snub dodecahedra" are Archimedean solids (see
POLYHEDRON). In crystallography, the regular or ordinary dodecahedron is
an impossible form since the faces cut the axes in irrational ratios;
the "pentagonal dodecahedron" of crystallographers has irregular
pentagons for faces, while the geometrical solid, on the other hand, has
regular ones. The "rhombic dodecahedron," one of the geometrical
semiregular solids, is an important crystal form. Many other dodecahedra
exist as crystal forms, for which see CRYSTALLOGRAPHY.
DODECASTYLE (Gr. [Greek: dodeka], twelve, and [Greek: stylos], column),
the architectural term given to a temple where the portico has twelve
columns in front, as in the portico added to the temple of Demeter at
Eleusis, designed by Philo, the architect of the arsenal at the
Peiraeus.
DODERLEIN, JOHANN CHRISTOPH WILHELM LUDWIG (1791-1863), German
philologist, was born at Jena on the 19th of December 1791. His father,
Johann Christoph Doderlein, professor of theology at Jena, was
celebrated for his varied learning, for his eloquence as a preacher, and
for the important influence he exerted in guiding the transition
movement from strict orthodoxy to a freer theology. Ludwig Doderlein,
after receiving his preliminary education at Windsheim and Schulpforta
(Pforta), studied at Munich, Heidelberg, Erlangen and Berlin. He devoted
his chief attention to philology under the instruction of such men as F.
Thiersch, G. F. Creuzer, J. H. Voss, F. A. Wolf, August Bockh and P. K.
Buttmann. In 1815, soon after completing his studies at Berlin, he
accepted the appointment of ordinary professor of philology in the
academy of Bern. In 1819 he was transferred to Erlangen, where he became
second professor of philology in the university and rector of the
gymnasium. In 1827 he became first professor of philology and rhetoric
and director of the philological seminary. He died on the 9th of
November 1863. Doderlein's most elaborate work as a philologist was
marred by over-subtlety, and lacked method and clearness. He is best
known by his _Lateinische Synonymen und Etymologien_ (1826-1838), and
his _Homerisches Glossarium_ (1850-1858). To the same class belong his
_Lateinische Wortbildung_ (1838), _Handbuch der lateinischen Synonymik_
(1839), and the _Handbuch der lateinischen Etymologie_ (1841), besides
various works of a more elementary kind intended for the use of schools
and gymnasia. Most of the works named have been translated into English.
To critical philology Doderlein contributed valuable editions of Tacitus
(_Opera_, 1847; _Germania_, with a German translation) and Horace
(_Epistolae_, with a German translation, 1856-1858; _Satirae_, 1860).
His _Reden und Aufsatze_ (Erlangen, 1843-1847) and _Offentliche Reden_
(1860) consist chiefly of academic addresses dealing with various
subjects in paedagogy and philology.
DODGE, THEODORE AYRAULT (1842-1909), American soldier and military
writer, was born at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, on the 28th of May 1842.
He received a military education in Germany and subsequently studied at
Heidelberg and London University, returning to the United States in
1861. At the outbreak of the Civil War he at once enlisted in the
federal army, and he soon rose to commissioned rank. He served in the
Army of the Potomac until Gettysburg, where he lost a leg. Incapacitated
for further active service, he continued to be employed in
administrative posts to the end of the war, and for several years
thereafter he served at army headquarters, becoming captain in 1866 and
brevet lieutenant-colonel in 1867. He retired in 1870. His works include
_The Campaign of Chancellorsville_ (1881), _A Bird's Eye View of our
Civil War_ (1882, later edition 1897), a complete, accurate and
remarkably concise account of the whole war, _Patroclus and Penelope, a
Chat in the Saddle_ (1883), _Great Captains_ (1886), a series of
lectures, _Riders of Many Lands_ (1893), and a series of large
illustrated volumes entitled _A History of the Art of War_, being lives
of "Great Captains," including _Alexander_ (2 vols., 1888), _Hannibal_
(2 vols., 1889), _Caesar_ (2 vols., 1892), _Gustavus Adolphus_ (2 vols.,
1896) and _Napoleon_ (4 vols., 1904-1907). He died in France, at
Versailles, on the 26th of October 1909.
DODGSON, CHARLES LUTWIDGE ["LEWIS CARROLL"] (1832-1898), English
mathematician and author, son of the Rev. Charles Dodgson, vicar of
Daresbury, Cheshire, was born in that village on the 27th of January
1832. The literary life of "Lewis Carroll" became familiar to a wide
circle of readers, but the private life of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson was
retired and practically uneventful. After four years' schooling at
Rugby, Dodgson matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, in May 1850; and
from 1852 till 1870 held a studentship there. He took a first class in
the final mathematical school in 1854, and the following year was
appointed mathematical lecturer at Christ Church, a post he continued to
fill till 1881. In 1861 he was ordained deacon, but he never took
priest's orders, possibly because of a stammer which prevented reading
aloud. His earliest publications, beginning with _A Syllabus of Plane
Algebraical Geometry_ (1860) and _The Formulae of Plane Trigonometry_
(1861), were exclusively mathematical; but late in the year 1865 he
published, under the pseudonym of "Lewis Carroll," _Alice's Adventures
in Wonderland_, a work that was the outcome of his keen sympathy with
the imagination of children and their sense of fun. Its success was
immediate, and the name of "Lewis Carroll" has ever since been a
household word. A dramatic version of the "Alice" books by Mr Savile
Clarke was produced at Christmas, 1886, and has since enjoyed many
revivals. Mr Dodgson was always very fond of children, and it was an
open secret that the original of "Alice" was a daughter of Dean Liddell.
_Alice_ was followed (in the "Lewis Carroll" series) by
_Phantasmagoria_, in 1869; _Through the Looking-Glass_, in 1871; _The
Hunting of the Snark_ (1876); _Rhyme and Reason_ (1883); _A Tangled
Tale_ (1885); and _Sylvie and Bruno_ (in two parts, 1889 and 1893). He
wrote skits on Oxford subjects from time to time. _The Dynamics of a
Particle_ was written on the occasion of the contest between Gladstone
and Mr Gathorne Hardy (afterwards earl of Cranbrook); and _The New
Belfry_ in ridicule of the erection put up at Christ Church for the
bells that were removed from the Cathedral tower. While "Lewis Carroll"
was delighting children of all ages, C. L. Dodgson periodically
published mathematical works--_An Elementary Treatise on Determinants_
(1867); _Euclid, Book V., proved Algebraically_ (1874); _Euclid and his
Modern Rivals_ (1879), the work on which his reputation as a
mathematician largely rests; and _Curiosa Mathematica_ (1888).
Throughout this dual existence Mr Dodgson pertinaciously refused to
acquiesce in being publicly identified with "Lewis Carroll." Though the
fact of his authorship of the "Alice" books was well known, he
invariably stated, when occasion called for such a pronouncement, that
"Mr Dodgson neither claimed nor acknowledged any connexion with the
books not published under his name." He died at Guildford, on the 14th
of January 1898. His memory is appropriately kept green by a cot in the
Children's Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London, which was endowed
perpetually by a public subscription.
See S. D. Collingwood, _Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll_ (1898).
DODO (from the Portuguese _Doudo_, a simpleton), a large bird formerly
inhabiting the island of Mauritius, but now extinct--the _Didus ineptus_
of Linnaeus. When, in 1507, the Portuguese discovered the island which
we now know as Mauritius they named it _Ilha do Cerne_, from a notion
that it must be the island of that name mentioned by Pliny; but most
authors have insisted that it was known to the seamen of that nation as
_Ilha do Cisne_--perhaps but a corruption of Cerne, and brought about by
their finding it stocked with large fowls, which, though not aquatic,
they likened to swans, the most familiar to them of bulky birds. In 1598
the Dutch, under Van Neck, took possession of the island and renamed it
Mauritius. A narrative of this voyage was published, in 1601, if not
earlier, and has been often reprinted. Here we have birds spoken of as
big as swans or bigger, with large heads, no wings, and a tail
consisting of a few curly feathers. The Dutch called them _Walgvogels_
(the word is variously spelled), i.e. nauseous birds, either because no
cooking made them palatable, or because this island-paradise afforded an
abundance of fare so much superior. De Bry gives two admirably quaint
prints of the doings of the Hollanders, and in one of them the
_Walgvogel_ appears, being the earliest published representation of its
unwieldy form, with a footnote stating that the voyagers brought an
example alive to Holland. Among the company there was a draughtsman, and
from a sketch of his, Clusius, a few years after, gave a figure of the
bird, which he vaguely called "_Gallinaceus Gallus peregrinus_," but
described rather fully. Meanwhile two other Dutch fleets had visited
Mauritius. One of them had rather an accomplished artist on board, and
his drawings fortunately still exist (see article BIRD). Of the other a
journal kept by one of the skippers was subsequently published. This in
the main corroborates what has been before said of the birds, but adds
the curious fact that they were now called by some _Dodaarsen_ and by
others _Dronten_.[1]
Henceforth Dutch narrators, though several times mentioning the bird,
fail to supply any important fact in its history. Their navigators,
however, were not idle, and found work for their naturalists and
painters. Clusius says that in 1605 he saw at Pauw's House in Leyden a
dodo's foot,[2] which he minutely describes. In a copy of Clusius's work
in the high school of Utrecht is pasted an original drawing by Van de
Venne superscribed "Vera effigies huius avis _Walghvogel_ (quae & a
nautis _Dodaers_ propter foedam posterioris partis crassitiem
nuncupatur), qualis viua Amsterodamum perlata est ex insula Mauritii.
Anno M.DC.XXVI." Now a good many paintings of the dodo drawn from life
by Roelandt Savery (1576-1639) exist; and the paintings by him at Berlin
and Vienna--dated 1626 and 1628--as well as the picture by Goiemare,
belonging to the duke of Northumberland, dated 1627, may be with greater
plausibility than ever considered portraits of a captive bird. It is
even probable that this was not the first example painted in Europe. In
the private library of the emperor Francis I. of Austria was a series of
pictures of various animals, supposed to be by the Dutch artist
Hoefnagel, who was born about 1545. One of these represents a dodo, and,
if there be no mistake in Von Frauenfeld's ascription, it must almost
certainly have been painted before 1626, while there is reason to think
that the original may have been kept in the _vivarium_ of the emperor
Rudolf II., and that the portion of a dodo's head, which was found in
the museum at Prague about 1850, belonged to this example. The other
pictures by Roelandt Savery, like those in the possession of the
Zoological Society of London and others, are undated, but were probably
all painted about the same time--1626-1628. The large picture in the
British Museum, once belonging to Sir Hans Sloane, by an unknown artist,
but supposed to be by Roelandt Savery, is also undated; while the still
larger one at Oxford (considered to be by the younger Savery) bears a
much later date, 1651. Undated also is a picture in Holland said to be
by Pieter Holsteyn.
In 1628 we have the evidence of the first English observer of the
bird--one Emanuel Altham, who mentions it in two letters written on the
same day from Mauritius to his brother at home (_Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1874,
pp. 447-449). In one he says: "You shall receue ... a strange fowle:
which I had at the Iland Mauritius called by ye portingalls a Do Do:
which for the rareness thereof I hope wilbe welcome to you." The passage
in the other letter is to the same effect, with the addition of the
words "if it liue." In the same fleet with Altham sailed Sir Thomas
Herbert, whose _Travels_ ran through several editions. It is plain that
he could not have reached Mauritius till 1629, though 1627 has been
usually assigned as the date of his visit. The fullest account he gives
of the bird is in his edition of 1638: "The Dodo comes first to a
description: here, and in _Dygarrois_[3] (and no where else, that ever I
could see or heare of) is generated the Dodo (a Portuguize name it is,
and has reference to her simpleness,) a Bird which for shape and
rareness might be call'd a Phoenix (wer't in Arabia:)" &c. Herbert was
weak as an etymologist, but his positive statement, corroborated as it
is by Altham, cannot be set aside, and hence we do not hesitate to
assign a Portuguese derivation for the word.[4] Herbert also gave a
figure of the bird.
Proceeding chronologically we next come upon a curious bit of evidence.
This is contained in a MS. diary kept between 1626 and 1640, by Thomas
Crossfield of Queen's College, Oxford, where, under the year 1634,
mention is casually made of one Mr Gosling "who bestowed the Dodar (a
blacke Indian bird) vpon ye Anatomy school." Nothing more is known of
it. About 1638, Sir Hamon Lestrange tells us, as he walked London
streets he saw the picture of a strange fowl hung out on a cloth canvas,
and going in to see it found a great bird kept in a chamber "somewhat
bigger than the largest Turky cock, and so legged and footed, but
shorter and thicker." The keeper called it a dodo and showed the
visitors how his captive would swallow "large peble stones ... as bigge
as nutmegs."
In 1651 Morisot published an account of a voyage made by Francois
Cauche, who professed to have passed fifteen days in Mauritius, or
"l'isle de Saincte Apollonie," as he called it, in 1638. According to De
Flacourt the narrative is not very trustworthy, and indeed certain
statements are obviously inaccurate. Cauche says he saw there birds
bigger than swans, which he describes so as to leave no doubt of his
meaning dodos; but perhaps the most important facts (if they be facts)
that he relates are that they had a cry like a gosling ("il a un cry
comme l'oison"), and that they laid a single white egg ("gros comme un
pain d'un sol") on a mass of grass in the forests. He calls them
"oiseaux de Nazaret," perhaps, as a marginal note informs us, from an
island of that name which was then supposed to lie more to the
northward, but is now known to have no existence.
[Illustration: FIG. 1.--Skeleton of a Dodo, _Didus ineptus_, Museum of
Zoology, Cambridge, and cast of a Head in Oxford.]
In the catalogue of Tradescant's _Collection of Rarities, preserved at
South Lambeth_, published in 1656, we have entered among the "Whole
Birds," a "Dodar from the island _Mauritius_; it is not able to flie
being so big." This specimen may well have been the skin of the bird
seen by Lestrange some eighteen years before, but anyhow we are able to
trace the specimen through Willughby, Edward Llwyd and Thomas Hyde, till
it passed in or before 1684 to the Ashmolean collection at Oxford. In
1755 it was ordered to be destroyed, but, in accordance with the
original orders of Ashmole, its head and right foot were preserved, and
still ornament the museum of that university. In the second edition of a
_Catalogue of many Natural Rarities_, &c., "to be seen at the place
formerly called the Music House, near the West End of St Paul's Church,"
collected by one Hubert _alias_ Forbes, and published in 1665, mention
is made of a "legge of a Dodo, a great heavy bird that cannot fly; it is
a Bird of the Mauricius Island." This is supposed to have subsequently
passed into the possession of the Royal Society. At all events such a
specimen is included in Grew's list of their treasures which was
published in 1681. This was afterwards transferred to the British
Museum. It is a left foot, without the integuments, but it differs
sufficiently in size from the Oxford specimen to forbid its having been
part of the same individual. In 1666 Olearius brought out the
_Gottorffische Kunst Kammer_, wherein he describes the head of a
_Walghvogel_ which some sixty years later was removed to the museum at
Copenhagen, and is now preserved there, having been the means of first
leading zoologists, under the guidance of Prof. J. Th. Reinhardt, to
recognize the true affinities of the bird.
We have passed over all but the principal narratives of voyagers or
other notices of the bird. A compendious bibliography, up to the year
1848, will be found in Strickland's classical work,[5] and the list was
continued by Von Frauenfeld[6] for twenty years later. The last
evidence we have of the dodo's existence is furnished by a journal kept
by Benj. Harry, and now in the British Museum (_MSS. Addit. 3668._ II.
D). This shows its survival till 1681, but the writer's sole remark upon
it is that its "fflesh is very hard." The successive occupation of the
island by different masters seems to have destroyed every tradition
relating to the bird, and doubts began to arise whether such a creature
had ever existed. Dr Henry Duncan, Scottish minister and journalist, in
1828, showed how ill-founded these doubts were, and some ten years later
William John Broderip with much diligence collected all the available
evidence into an admirable essay, which in its turn was succeeded by
Strickland's monograph just mentioned. But in the meanwhile little was
done towards obtaining any material advance in our knowledge, Prof.
Reinhardt's determination of its affinity to the pigeons (_Columbae_)
excepted; and it was hardly until George Clark's discovery in 1865 of a
large number of dodos' remains in the mud of a pool (the Mare aux
Songes) that zoologists generally were prepared to accept that affinity
without question. The examination of bone after bone by Sir R. Owen
(_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 49) confirmed the judgment of the Danish
naturalist.
In 1889 Th. Sauzier, acting for the government of Mauritius, sent a
great number of bones from the same swamp to Sir Edward Newton.[7] From
these the first correctly restored and properly mounted skeleton was
prepared and sent to Paris, to be forwarded to the museum of Mauritius.
Good specimens are in the British Museum, at Paris and at Cambridge,
England.
[Illustration: FIG. 2.--The Solitaire of Rodriguez (_Pezophaps
solitarius_). From Leguat's figure.]
The huge blackish bill of the dodo terminated in a large, horny hook;
the cheeks were partly bare, the stout, short legs yellow. The plumage
was dark ash-coloured, with whitish breast and tail, yellowish white
wings (incapable of flight). The short tail formed a curly tuft.
The dodo is said to have inhabited forests and to have laid one large
white egg on a mass of grass. Besides man, hogs and other imported
animals seem to have exterminated it. But the dodo is not the only
member of its family that has vanished. The little island which has
successively borne the name of Mascaregnas, England's Forest, Bourbon
and Reunion, and lies to the southward of Mauritius, had also an allied
bird, now dead and gone. Of this not a relic has been handled by any
naturalist. The latest description of it, by Du Bois in 1674, is very
meagre, while Bontekoe (1646) gave a figure, apparently intended to
represent it. It was originally called the "solitaire," but this name
was also applied to _Pezophaps solitarius_ of Rodriguez by the Huguenot
exile Leguat, who described and figured it about 1691.
[Illustration: FIG. 3.--Skeleton of a male Solitaire, _Pezophaps
solitarius_, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge.]
The solitaire, Didus solitarius of Gmelin, referred by Strickland to a
district genus Pezophaps, is supposed to have lingered in the island of
Rodriguez until about 1761. Leguat[8] has given a delightful description
of its quaint habits. The male stood about 2 ft. 9 in. high; its colour
was brownish grey, that of its mate more inclined to brown, with a
whitish breast. The wings were rudimentary, the tail very small, almost
hidden, and the thigh feathers were thick and curled "like shells." A
round mass of bone, "as big as a musket ball," was developed on the
wings of the males, and they used it as a weapon of offence while they
whirled themselves about twenty or thirty times in four or five minutes,
making a noise with their pinions like a rattle. The mien was fierce and
the walk stately, the birds living singly or in pairs. The nest was a
heap of palm leaves a foot high, and contained a single large egg which
was incubated by both parents. The food consisted of seeds and leaves,
and the birds aided digestion by swallowing large stones; these were
used by the Dutch sailors to sharpen their knives with. One of these
stones, nearly an inch and a half in length, of extremely hard volcanic
rock, is in the Cambridge museum. The fighting knobs mentioned above,
are very interesting, large exostoses on one of the wrist-bones of
either wing; they were undoubtedly covered with a thick, callous skin.
Thousands of bones of this curious flightless pigeon were collected
through Sir E. Newton's[9] exertions, and by H. H. Sclater on behalf of
the Royal Society of London. The results are several almost complete
skeletons of both sexes, composed however out of the enormous mass of
the dissociated bones. (A. N.; H. F. G.)