of Constantinople.
1. The Educational Council
Article 45.--The Educational Council consists of seven well-educated
laymen. Its object is the general inspection of the education of the
nation. Its duties are to promote good order in the national schools,
to help the Societies that have for their object the promotion of
the education of both sexes, to improve the condition of teachers
and to care for their future, to raise well-qualified teachers and
to encourage the preparation of good text-books.
The Educational Council gives certificates to those students who have
finished their course in a national school.
It selects the text-books and holds annual examinations.
But the supervision of the religious instruction belongs to
the Religious Assembly, which Assembly selects the text-books for
religious learning and the teachers, holds examinations and distributes
certificates.
2. The Economical Council
Article 46.--This Council is to consist of seven well-qualified laymen
whom the Political Assembly elects by a plurality of votes.
It is to this Council that belongs the general inspection of the
financial administration of all national institutions in Constantinople
and their properties. It is its duty to watch over the interests of
these institutions.
It is its duty to see that each national estate is provided with
the proper title-deed. Copies of the title-deeds of all national
real estates in the provinces should be kept in the Bureau of the
Patriarchate.
No selling or buying of national property is allowed without the
knowledge of this Council and without the consent of the Political
Assembly and the confirmation of such consent by the seal of the
Patriarch.
In Constantinople and in its vicinity no national building can be
constructed or repaired without the knowledge of this Council and
without the consent of the Political Assembly.
It is also the duty of this Council to inspect the financial
administration of the Committees on finances, on wills, and on the
Hospital, and to examine at certain times the books of the Councils
of different quarters, and present a report to the Political Assembly.
Two months before the beginning of a new year it should ascertain from
the Committee on finances the incomes and expenses for the coming year,
prepare a budget, and present it to the Political Assembly.
3. The Judicial Council
Article 47.--The Judicial Council is composed of eight persons versed
in law, married, and at least forty years of age, four of whom should
be ecclesiastics, and the other four laymen.
The vicar of the Patriarch is the President of the Judicial Council,
and all the members are elected by the Mixed Assembly by the plurality
of votes. The function of this Council is to settle family disputes,
and to examine and decide any questions referred to it for solution
by the Sublime Porte.
In case the Judicial Council should consider any question beyond
its capacity, then, according to the nature of the question,
it recommends that it should be referred to the Political or to
the Mixed Assembly. Should any person protest against the decision
taken by this Council, the question is examined again by one of the
above-mentioned Assemblies as the case may require.
4. Council for Monasteries
Article 48.--The monasteries are the property of the nation. Hence
the supervision and control of their administration and the management
of their finance belong to the nation.
Inasmuch as it is necessary for each monastery to have its own
particular regulations, the Mixed Assembly, consisting of the Political
and Religious Assemblies of the Central Administration, with due
consideration of the opinions of the brotherhood of each monastery,
and of the opinions of the Council for Monasteries, prepares a set of
rules and presents it to the General Assembly for confirmation. The
fundamental principles for such rules are:--
I. The special management of each monastery belongs to its brotherhood,
but the right of the general superintendence of them all belongs to
the Central Administration, of which the Council for Monasteries is
the executive body.
II. The Abbot of each monastery is elected by its brotherhood, and is
confirmed by the Patriarch with the consent of the Mixed Assembly of
the Central Administration. The person to be elected Abbot should be
over thirty years of age, a vardapet (doctor), and a subject of the
Ottoman Empire.
III. All monasteries are obliged to promote the moral improvement of
the nation. Hence each one, according to its capacity, should have a
seminary, a library, a printing office, a hospital, and other similar
useful establishments.
The Council for Monasteries is composed of seven persons elected by
the Political Assembly by plurality of votes.
Its functions and duties are to superintend the execution of the rules
of each monastery, to ascertain the revenues and the expenditure,
and to arrange and regulate it all.
This Council elects from the brotherhood of each monastery the managers
of the affairs of the monastery. These should perform their duties
under the presidency of the Abbot and in accordance with the rules
of the monastery, and at stated times should give an account of their
doings to the Council for Monasteries.
5. The Committee on Finance
Article 49.--The Committee on finance consists of seven persons versed
in financial affairs, who are elected by the Political Assembly by
plurality of votes. Its function is the administration of the National
Central Treasury.
The revenues of this Treasury are the general national taxes,
the incomes of the Bureau of the Patriarchate of Constantinople,
and the donations or wills to the nation without the specification
of a place. Its expenditure consists of the usual expenses of
the Patriarchate and its Bureau, the pecuniary aids granted to
the national institutions under the immediate care of the Central
Administration, and to needy quarters, and other casual expenses. The
Committee collects the revenues and dispenses the expenditure with
the knowledge of the Council for the general administration of finance
and with the consent of the Political Assembly.
It is its duty to keep the accounts of the Treasury according to
the strictest rules of book-keeping, and periodically to present
the budget to the Council of the general administration of finance,
which Council, after the necessary examination of it, communicates
such budget to the Political Assembly.
6. The Committee on Wills
Article 50.--The Committee on wills consists of seven persons--three
ecclesiastics and four laymen--elected by the Mixed Assembly by
plurality of votes.
Its function is the management of wills in favour of the nation. Its
duties are to superintend the execution of the wills in strict
accordance with the object and intention of the makers of the wills.
Special rules for the guidance of this Committee should be prepared
by the Mixed Assembly with the aid of this same Committee and the
General Committee for finance, and they are to be confirmed by the
General Assembly.
This Committee on wills should periodically present its accounts to
the General Council of Finance, which Council, after the necessary
examination, should communicate its report to the Political Assembly.
7. The Trustees of the Hospital
Article 51.--The Trustees of the Hospital shall be nine persons
elected by the Political Assembly by plurality of votes. Two of these
persons should be physicians furnished with diplomas. The duties of
these trustees are to manage the National Hospital, its estates and
revenues, and to administer it with these incomes and with the aids
received from the Central Treasury.
This establishment should contain four departments, one for the care
of the sick who are poor, the second for helpless old men, the third
for the insane, the fourth for the education of orphans.
The arrangements and administration of this establishment should
always be managed according to medical and hygienic laws.
These trustees are responsible to the General Council of Finances for
the financial management of this establishment, and to the Educational
Council for the educational department of it, and they should furnish
periodically an account to these Councils.
VII. Councils of Quarters
Article 52.--These Councils consist of five to twelve members according
to the locality. Their duties are the management of the affairs of
their quarter, the care of the church and schools, the care of the
poor and the investigation and settlement of disputes that may rise
among their people.
Article 53.--Each quarter should have a treasury under the management
of its Council. The income of this treasury is derived from the tax
paid by the people of the quarter, the revenues of the church and the
school, gifts or wills. Its expenses are the expenses of the school
and aid given to the poor.
These Councils should keep a regular register of all births, marriages,
and deaths in their respective quarters.
Article 54.--These Councils are directly responsible to the different
Central Councils for their different departments. For the management
of schools they are responsible to the Educational Council, for
financial affairs to the Council of Finances, for judiciary affairs
to the Judiciary Council. They should furnish periodically an account
to each one of these Councils.
Article 55.--These Councils are elected by the people of the quarters,
and whosoever shall not be deprived (according to the 67th Article
of the Constitution) of the right of voting can take part in their
election.
Article 56.--The rules to guide these Councils are to be prepared by
the Political and Religious Assemblies.
The office of these Councils lasts four years. They are changed in
the beginning of the fifth year, and their members may be immediately
candidates for re-election.
VIII. The National General Assembly--Its Organisation and its Duties
Article 57.--The National General Assembly is composed of 140 deputies,
of whom
I. One-seventh, that is twenty, are ecclesiastical deputies elected
by the ecclesiastics in Constantinople.
II. Two-sevenths, that is forty, are deputies from the provinces.
III. Four-sevenths, that is eighty, are deputies elected by the
different quarters in Constantinople.
Article 58.--The members of the Religious and Political Assemblies
attend the sittings of the General Assembly, but if they are not
elected deputies they have no vote in the General Assembly.
Article 59.--The General Assembly can have no sitting if the majority
of its members, that is at least seventy-one persons, be not present.
Article 60.--The functions of the General Assembly are to elect the
Patriarchs, to participate in the election of the Katholikos, to
elect the chief functionaries of the nation and the members of the
Religious and Political Assemblies; to oversee the administration
of the National Councils, to settle questions which belong to these
Councils but are considered beyond their capacity, and to preserve
the National Constitution intact.
Article 61.--The General Assembly will have a sitting
I. Once in two years, according to the old custom, in the latter
part of the month of April, to hear the biennial report of the
National Administration, to examine the general account of revenues
and expenditures managed by financial functionaries, to elect new
members for the Religious and Political Assemblies, to settle the
national taxation for the next two years.
These biennial sittings should close within two months.
The members of the National Administrative Assemblies who are at
the same time deputies in the General Assembly can take part in the
discussions in these sittings, but cannot vote in any question except
those of taxation and election,
II. To participate in the election of the Katholikos,
III. To elect the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the Patriarch
of Jerusalem,
IV. To settle any discord between the Patriarch and the Political or
Religious Assemblies. In such cases the parties in discord may take
part in the discussions in the General Assembly, but can give no votes,
V. To revise the national Constitution,
Finally, for any question the decision of which belongs to the
General Assembly.
But in case of such extraordinary sittings notice is given to the
Sublime Porte and its consent is previously obtained.
Article 62.--The Patriarch convokes the General Assembly with the
consent of the Political or of the Religious Assembly, or even at the
request of the majority of the members of the General Assembly. But
before convoking such an extraordinary sitting the reasons for it
should be explained to the Sublime Porte and its consent obtained.
The Election of Ecclesiastical Deputies
Article 63.--All the ecclesiastics in Constantinople, at the
invitation of the Patriarch, come together in a certain place, and by
secret voting and by the majority of votes elect the ecclesiastical
members of the National General Assembly from bishops, vardapets,
and priests; but the candidates should not be holding any office in
the provinces. They should be at least thirty years of age, ordained
at least five years ago and under no accusation.
Article 64.--The office of the ecclesiastical deputies lasts ten
years, and once in two years the fifth part of them is changed. This
fifth part is changed by lot during the first eight years. All those
who have ceased to be members either by lot or at the end of the ten
years may be re-elected immediately.
The Election of Lay Deputies--Qualifications for Candidates and
Election
Article 65.--The national tax and personal merits are considered the
basis of the right of being electors.
In order to have the right of an elector a person should pay annually
at least seventy-five piasters as national tax.
Those whose personal merits entitle them to be electors are persons
employed in Government bureaux and in other Government offices,
physicians with diplomas, authors of useful books, school teachers,
persons who have rendered some valuable service to the nation.
Article 66.--Persons who are twenty-five years of age are entitled
to be electors, provided they be Ottoman subjects.
Article 67.--The following are deprived of their right:--
I. Those convicted of a crime, who, according to the penal laws of
the country, are considered as morally dead.
II. Persons who have been condemned by some National Council for
fraud in the administration of national affairs and who have been
deprived by a decision of one of these Councils of their right to
hold any national office.
III. Those who are undergoing a corrective punishment by the Courts
of the Government and whose term is not yet finished.
IV. The insane whose complete recovery is not legally confirmed.
Article 68.--Candidates are all those members of the nation who have
attained their thirtieth year, are Ottoman subjects acquainted with the
laws of the country and with national affairs, and who are not deprived
of their right according to the 67th Article of the Constitution.
But at least seven of the eighty deputies to be elected by the
different quarters in Constantinople should be persons holding a
certain rank.
The Manner of Election
Article 69.--The National Political and Religious Assemblies, with the
Chairmen of different Councils, hold a sitting once every two years,
in the first part of the month of February, to prepare the list of
the deputies to be elected by the quarters of Constantinople and
by the provinces, and with the aid of the general census kept in
the Bureau of the Patriarchate they decide the number of deputies
to be elected by each quarter or by each province, taking as their
basis for the quarters in Constantinople the number of the electors,
and for the provinces the number of the inhabitants. The number of
deputies thus decided upon should be communicated by the Patriarch
to each quarter or province.
The office of the deputies lasts ten years, and once in two years the
fifth part of the deputies elected by the quarters of Constantinople
and by the provinces is changed; the election of this fifth part
should take place once in two years by the quarters or by the provinces
alternately.
The turn of this alternation should be decided by lot during the
first eight years, on condition that in case the number of electors
in a quarter or the number of the population in a province is
diminished or increased, the number of the deputies to be elected
by the quarter or the province in question should be diminished or
increased proportionately.
Those who are to take the places of the deputies deceased or resigned
should be elected every year two months before the beginning of a
new year.
The deputies of the quarters should be elected by the inhabitants of
Constantinople. But the deputies of the provinces should be elected
by the General Assembly of each province.
Article 70.--The deputies of the quarters or of the provinces need
not necessarily be the inhabitants of the same quarter or of the same
province, provided they live in Constantinople, are well acquainted
with the national affairs of the quarter or of the province they
represent, and have, by their love for their nation, by their honesty
and justice, deserved the esteem and confidence of their electors.
The national deputies are not regarded in the General Assembly as
the deputies of any particular locality, but as the deputies of the
nation, all enjoying the same equal rights.
Article 71.--The Patriarch sends a communication to every quarter in
Constantinople, in the month of February, in regard to the one-fifth
of the deputies to be elected by them every two years, giving notice
of the number of the deputies to be elected by each one, and reminding
them of the qualifications of electors and candidates.
On receiving this communication, the Councils in the quarters undertake
the election of the deputies, but during the process of the election
the preacher of the quarter, or in his absence the head of the priests,
will preside, and from three to six honourable inhabitants of the
place are added to the number of the Council.
The Electoral Council thus formed ascertains the number of those who
have the right of election in their quarter, prepares in alphabetical
order a list of electors, and causes it to be hung for eight days in
the Council hall, which is to be kept open during all this time.
The Electoral Council, in order to facilitate the decision of electors,
prepares a list of candidates in three times the number required, and
causes this list also to be hung in the Council hall; the electors,
however, are in no way bound to follow this list.
In the provinces the members of the Provincial General Assemblies
are elected in the same way.
The Voting
Article 72.--A week after the list of electors has been exposed,
on a Sunday morning after service the voting is begun in the Council
hall in the following manner.
The President of the Council of the quarter, the list of electors
in hand, calls upon the electors in turn, who, after having signed
their names in the list of electors, write on a piece of paper as
many names as there are deputies required, one under the other,
indicating before every name the surname, residence, and profession,
fold the paper, and drop it in the box that is prepared especially
for this purpose. But if the electors for some reason or other cannot
personally come to the Council hall, they send their votes enclosed
in a letter, which they should sign.
Article 73.--Voting is secret, so the voters should write their papers
alone, so that no one else can see the names they write.
Article 74.--The voting should close the same day that it begins. No
elector who does not present his vote that day has any right to
protest afterwards.
Article 75.--No one can vote in two quarters at the same time.
Article 76.--If the quarters and dioceses that are united for election
are near each other, then the electors come together for voting. But
if they are far from each other each quarter or diocese holds its
own voting, and then the results of the votes of the two parties
are united.
Article 77.--After the voting is over, the same day and in the same
sitting, in the presence of the Council of the quarter the box is
opened, and the votes are counted by officers specially appointed
for this purpose and sufficient in number for the number of voters.
Should any discrepancy be discovered, and should the Council of the
quarter have any suspicion of fraud, a second ballot is appointed to
be held on some other day before the next Sunday.
In the same way, if the required number of deputies be not obtained
the first time, a second ballot is held for the rest some other day.
Article 78.--If it so happen that one of the voters has written on
his paper more names than are required, the superfluous names are to
be rejected. In the same way are to be rejected all papers where the
names are not written one under the other.
Article 79.--Those are elected as deputies who have received the
largest number of votes exceeding half the number of the voters,
and if two persons have received the same number of votes the older
one is to be elected.
Article 80.--If no majority be obtained on the first ballot, the
Council of the quarter announces the names of the two persons who
have obtained the largest number of votes, and the second ballot
should be on those two names.
Article 81.--The Council of each quarter presents to the Patriarch
the names of those who have been elected deputies in its quarter in
an especial report, in which should be exactly indicated the names
of those elected, their surnames, residence, profession, and all the
circumstances of the election.
The Patriarch presents this report to the Political Assembly, which
examines it and verifies the qualifications of those elected.
After that the Patriarch announces officially to every one of the
deputies his legal election, and invites them to hold a sitting of
the General Assembly on a certain day.
Article 82.--The General Assembly in its first sitting hears the
reports examined by the Political Assembly, and confirms the elections
and declares the General Assembly legally organised.
The General Assembly can begin its meetings when the majority of
the deputies of Constantinople are elected without awaiting the end
of the provincial elections, the results of which will be meanwhile
communicated to Constantinople.
Article 83.--If a deputy be elected by several quarters or provinces
he himself decides which of the elections he shall accept, and,
in case he decline to decide, the General Assembly decides by lot.
Article 84.--The list of the deputies should be hung in the hall of
the General Assembly made out in alphabetical order, and before each
name should be indicated resignation, death, and anything else that
may happen. This list should be revised once in two years.
CHAPTER II
GENERAL LAWS FOR ASSEMBLIES AND COUNCILS
Article 85.--Every Assembly and Council will have its officers, that
is a Chairman, a Secretary, and sometimes also a second Chairman and
a second Secretary. All these, of course, should be elected from the
members of the Assembly. These officers are elected only for one year,
but they may be re-elected.
Article 86.--No meeting can be held without the presence of the
majority.
Article 87.--A question should be put to vote only after it has
been thoroughly examined and discussed, and all decisions should be
taken by plurality of voices. In case of a tie, should the President
be present the decision will depend upon his vote, and, if absent,
it will depend upon the vote of the Chairman.
Article 88.--In order to arrive at a decision in regard to a question
discussed in the Mixed Assembly, each of the two Assemblies should vote
separately. If the majority of both have arrived at the same decision,
then the question is settled. But if the decisions be different, it
is considered as difference of opinion, and consequently the final
settlement of the question is referred to the General Assembly.
In order that the Mixed Assembly may have a legal meeting the majority
of both Assemblies should be present.
Article 89.--Invitations should be sent to the members from the
Patriarchate at least six days before the day of the meeting.
CHAPTER III
NATIONAL TAXATION
Article 90.--Every member of the nation who is of age and capable of
earning money is bound to participate in the national expenditure by
paying a tax. This tax is annual, and the basis of its distribution
is the capacity of the individual.
Article 91.--There are two kinds of national taxes--one general, for
general expenses and collected by the Patriarchate for the National
Central Treasury, the other special, for the special expenses of
each quarter, and collected by the Councils of the quarters for their
private treasuries.
Article 92.--The distribution and manner of collection of the general
taxes for Constantinople are settled by the Political Assembly and
confirmed by the General Assembly. But the special taxes are arranged
by the Council of each quarter. In the same way are managed the
provincial general taxes and the special taxes for each locality.
Article 93.--The General Assembly will decide and the Sublime Porte
will confirm the manner of distribution and collection of the tax
which the provinces have thus far been paying to the Treasury of
the Patriarchate.
CHAPTER IV
NATIONAL PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRATION
Article 94.--The Metropolitan is the president of Provincial Assemblies
and has their executive power under his control.
His duty is to see that the Constitution is preserved in the provinces.
Article 95.--The Metropolitan cannot reside in monasteries and thus
be far from the place of his office, but he will live in the official
residence of the Metropolitan, where the Provincial Assemblies also
hold their meetings.
When a Metropolitan is at the same time an abbot he can carry on the
two offices simultaneously if the monastery be only one day's journey
from the metropolis, paying occasional visits to the monastery, but
if the distance be more than one day's journey, he should appoint a
representative in the monastery, and he himself should reside in the
city. In case of need, however, he can visit any part of his diocese.
Article 96.--Every quarter in the provinces should have in the same way
as those in Constantinople its Council, its treasury, and its officers.
In the metropolis there should be Political and Religious Assemblies,
and under the direction of the Political Assembly there should be a
provincial Treasury; there should be also a provincial Bureau, where
should be kept all the census books of all the people of the diocese.
Article 97.--The election of the Metropolitan is carried on in the
Provincial General Assembly in the same way as the Patriarchs, and
the report of the election is sent to the Patriarch by the Mixed
Assembly. The Patriarch, with the consent of the Mixed Assembly of
the National Central Administration, confirms the election and gives
due notice of it to the Sublime Porte in order to obtain official
authorisation.
Article 98.--The Provincial Assemblies are to be organised on the
same plan as those of the Central Administration and have the same
functions and duties. But the number of the members of the Provincial
Assemblies will be fixed once for all according to the proportion of
the inhabitants of each province.
Until the national taxation be fixed in the provinces, the electors
of the Provincial General Assembly should be only those who belong
to the first, second, and third classes of tax-payers to the
Government. And the manner of the organisation of these Assemblies
will be decided according to the population of each diocese by the
Central Administration after due consultation with Metropolitans.
CHAPTER V
REVISION OF THE CONSTITUTION
Article 99.--The fundamental principles of the National Constitution
are unchangeable. But if experience should make it desirable to modify
certain points the General Assembly will, five years after the forming
of the Constitution, organise a Committee of Revision. This Committee
shall consist of twenty members--three from the Political Assembly,
three from the Religious Assembly, two from each of the four Councils,
and besides these six from the General Assembly or outsiders. This
Committee shall report the necessary changes, which, after being
ratified by the General Assembly, shall be presented to the Sublime
Porte and put in force according to the Imperial edict. [322]
APPENDIX II
CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION OF SOME ARMENIAN LAKES
Samples of water from Lakes Van, Nazik, Bulama (Gop), and from two
lakes in the Nimrud crater were collected by us, carefully sealed,
and submitted as soon as possible to the late Mr. William Thorp,
B.Sc., for analysis. Unfortunately the samples were not large enough
to permit of more than a single analysis in each case, estimating
the various constituents in succession. Hence it was not possible to
examine for ammonia or organic matter, or for certain compounds of
which slight traces may have been present.
With regard to Lake Van, three previous analyses of its water have
been made at various times, and the following tables have been prepared
in order to facilitate comparison.
LAKE VAN.
Quantities of solids in solution estimated in parts per 100,000 parts
of water.
==================+==================+============+============+==========
|Chancourtois.[323]| Abich.[324]| Serda.[325]| Thorp.
+==================+============+============+==========
Chlorine | 566.679 | 488.182 | 579.114 | 568.9
Carbonates | 329.057 | 249.448 | 328.637 | 320.565
Sulphates | 212.773 | 188.476 | 198.467 | 203.4
Phosphates | ... | ... | 0.146 | 0.05
Nitrates | ... | ... | ... | ...
Soda | 1206.370 | 862.848 | 1040.864 | 1115.916
Potash | 29.742 | 29.238 | 52.809 | 39.919
Magnesia | 26.211 | 21.250 | 27.311 | not de-
| | | | termined
Lime | ... | ... | 5.240 | ...
Strontia | ... | ... | 0.063 | ...
Iron oxide | ... | ... | 0.303 | ...
Manganese oxide | ... | ... | 0.223 | ...
Ammonia | ... | ... | 0.573 | ...
Silica |} 18.000 | trace | 7.284 | 7.53
Alumina |} | 3.58 | 0.347 | 1.01
Total solids in
solution | 2260.000 | 1734.21 | 2110.979 | 2248.9
Suspended matter | ... | ... | A little | 0.39
| | | organic |
| | | matter |
==================+==================+============+============+==========
Calculated composition in parts per 100,000.
===================+==================+========+=========+==========
| Chancourtois. | Abich. | Serda. | Thorp.
===================+==================+========+=========+==========
| | | |
Sodium chloride | 938.000 | 810.67 | 953.835 | 938.837
Sodium carbonate | 861.000 | 543.84 | 714.426 | 773.110
Sodium sulphate | 333.000 | 258.68 | 266.527 | 369.095
Potassium sulphate | 55.000 | 54.06 | 97.655 | 73.819
Magnesium carbonate| 55.000 | 40.71 | 57.308 | not
| | | | determined
Magnesium sulphate | ... | 22.67 | ... | not
| | | | determined
Calcium carbonate | ... | ... | 4.692 | ...
Calcium sulphate | ... | ... | 5.928 | ...
Calcium phosphate | ... | ... | 0.319 | ...
Strontium sulphate | ... | ... | 0.111 | ...
Iron carbonate | ... | ... | 0.488 | ...
Manganese carbonate| ... | ... | 0.360 | ...
Ammonium chloride | ... | ... | 1.699 | ...
Silica |} 18.000 | 3.58 | 7.284 | 7.53
Alumina |} | | 0.347 | 1.01
Nitrates | ... | ... | ... | 0.05
Percentage of | | | |
solids in | | | |
solution | 22.6% | 17.34% | 21.10% | 22.48%
===================+==================+========+=========+==========
The specific gravity of the water was determined by Chancourtois as
1.0188, and by Abich as 1.0189, both at 19° C. As Abich points out,
the water of Lake Van is nearly identical in composition with that
of some of the soda-lakes at the south-eastern foot of Ararat, in the
Araxes plain. In some of these the chloride, in others the carbonate,
and in others again the sulphate of sodium is the predominating
constituent. Probably the composition of the waters of Lake Van vary
somewhat in different parts of the lake; Abich's sample was certainly
less saline than those of the other analysts.
The following analyses of the extraordinarily saline waters of Lake
Urmi are appended for contrast rather than for comparison with those
of Lake Van.
LAKE URMI.
Quantities of solids in solution estimated in parts per 100,000 parts
of water.
===========+===================+==========================
| Abich.[326] | Günther and Manley.[327]
+===================+==========================
Chlorine | 12,686.8 | 8,536
Sulphates | 929.03 | 631.2
Soda | 10,106.4 | 6,814
Potash | ... | 140.2
Magnesia | 1,099.3 | 626.6
Lime | 37.7 | 70.6
|Traces of bromides | Traces of barium.
| ... | No traces either of
| | bromine or iodine.
===========+===================+==========================
In this case Abich's sample was a stronger solution than Günther's,
the percentage of solid salts being 22.28 and 14.89 respectively. Yet
the relative proportion of the various salts is very similar, as
shown by the following comparison of percentages:--
====================+========+=====================
| Abich. | Günther and Manley.
+========+=====================
Sodium chloride | 86.37 | 86.203
Magnesium chloride | 6.94 | 6.816
,, sulphate | 6.08 | 4.150
Calcium chloride | 0.27 | ...
,, sulphate | 0.34 | 1.151
Potassium sulphate | ... | 1.741
+========+=====================
| 100.00 | 100.061
====================+========+=====================
The specific gravity in the two cases were determined as 1.175 and
1.113 respectively.
The remaining four analyses by Mr. Thorp were made from our small
samples of water taken from fresh-water lakes.
Quantities estimated in parts per 100,000.
======================+==============+=============+================+================
| | | Nimrud Crater, | Nimrud Crater,
| Lake Bulama. | Lake Nazik. | Large Lake. | Warm Lake.
======================+==============+=============+================+================
Chlorine | 0.35 | 1.50 | 2.15 | 4.25
Sulphates | ... | ... | ... | ...
Nitrates | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05
Sodium and potassium | | | |
carbonates | 8.80 | ... | ... | 91.13
Magnesia | 1.29 | ... | ... | ...
Lime | 2.71 | 3.32 | ... | 5.82
Iron oxide | 0.60 | 0.01 | ... | 0.08
Silica | 3.5 | ... | ... | 13.8
Alumina | 1.71 | 0.24 | ... | 0.68
Total solids | | | |
in solution | 25.86 | 18.74 | 39.41 | 114.43
Suspended matter | 21.33 | 0.36 | 1.88 | 2.18
======================+==============+=============+================+================
The water of Lake Bulama is slightly ferruginous and yet slightly
alkaline. The unpleasant odour from the lake doubtless arose from
the fermentation of much vegetable matter in suspension and solution;
it could not be due to sulphur compounds, since there is an absence
of sulphates, and the low proportion of chlorine indicates freedom
from animal contamination.
Lake Nazik.--A soft water, with very little contamination.
Nimrud crater.--An accident to the sample of water from the large
lake caused the loss of the iron, alumina, lime, and magnesia
estimations. Some vegetable matter occurred in suspension.
The water of the warm lake is slightly alkaline, but the ratio of
the potassium to the sodium could not be determined. It was rather
turbid owing to fine fragments of vegetable matter. It is scarcely
conceivable that it can possess healing properties.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
In the following Bibliography [328] an attempt has been made to
make the sections relating to Travel and Topography as complete
as possible. The other sections are not exhaustive; but they
perhaps include the more important and most recent sources of
information. Works written in Armenian and Russian have, with certain
exceptions, been excluded, as well as those dealing with the Armenian
mediæval kingdom of Cilicia.
I. TRAVEL and TOPOGRAPHY
General Authorities.
Ritter (K.) Die Erdkunde von Asien, Berlin, 1832-59, 2nd edit.,
18 vols. 8o and index.
Saint Martin (J.) Mémoires sur l'Arménie, Paris, 1818, 2 vols. 8o.
(In Armenian) Alishan (L.) (Mekhitarist), Province of Shirak, Venice,
1881; Province of Ararat, Venice, 1890; Province of Sisacan, Venice,
1893.
Early Travel.
Rubruck (William of) (Guillaume de Ruysbroeck or Rubruquis; Flemish
monk (Franciscan); envoy to Khan of Tartary from Pope Innocent VI. and
Louis IX.; travelled across Armenia in 1254.) New translation from
Latin by W. Rockhill. Hakluyt Soc. ser. 2, iv. Lond. 1900, 8o.
Marco Polo (Venetian merchant; travelled in Tartary, India, Persia,
and across Armenia to Trebizond, 1271-95.) First ed. in Italian,
Venice, 1496. Eng. trans. with notes by Col. H. Yule, Lond. 1871,
2 vols. 8o. Many other editions.
Odericus of Pordenone (Italian Franciscan; travelled across Armenia
c. 1318; a few lines only.) Italian in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice,
1583, fol. Latin and English in Hakluyt's Voyages, Lond. 1809-12.
Jordanus (Dominican missionary c. 1330; travelled in Armenia, short
account.) Mirabilia Descripta: The Wonders of the East. Trans. from
Latin by H. Yule, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xxxi. Lond. 1863, 8o.
Clavijo (Ruy Gonzalez de) (Castilian ambassador to Khan of
Tartary, 1403-6.) Historia del gran Tamerlan, e itinerario, ec.,
Seville, 1582, fol. Eng. trans. by Clements Markham, Hakluyt
Soc. vol. xxvi. Lond. 1859, 8o.
Zeno (Caterino) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1471-73.) Ramusio,
vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by C. Grey, Hakluyt
Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.
Barbaro (Josafa) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1471-87.) Venice, 1543;
and in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by W. Thomas,
Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.
Contarini (Ambrosio) (Venetian envoy to Persia, 1473-77.) Venice, 1524;
and in Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583, fol. Eng. trans. by W. Thomas,
Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.
Anonymous Venetian Merchant (Travelled from Aleppo to Persia viâ Bitlis
and Lake Van, 1507-20.) Ramusio, vol. ii. Venice, 1583. Eng. trans. by
C. Grey, Hakluyt Soc. vol. xlix. Lond. 1873, 8o.
Newberie (John) (English merchant; travelled from Tabriz to
Erzinjan by Erivan and Erzerum, 1580-82.) Purchas's Pilgrims,
pt. ii. bk. ix. ch. iii. Lond. 1625, fol.
Cartwright (John) ("The Preacher," English; travelled from Aleppo to
Ispahan viâ Bitlis and Lake Van about 1600?) Lond. 1611; Purchas's
Pilgrims, pt. i. vol. ii. bk. ix. Lond. 1625, fol.; and Churchill's
Collection of Voyages, vol. vii. Lond. 1707-47.
Rhodes (Alessandro de) (Jesuit missionary, 1618-53.) Relazione de'
felici successi della Sante Fede Predicata da Padri della Comp. di
Giesu nel Regno di Tunchino, Milan, 1651, 8o; Voy. et Miss. du Père
A. de Rhodes, S.J., en la Chine et autres Royaumes de l'Europe avec
son retour par la Perse et l'Arménie, Lille, 1884.
Poser (H. von) Reyse von Constantinopel aus, durch die Bulgarey,
Armenien, Persien und Indien (1621), Jena, 1675, 4o.
Tavernier (J. B.) Voyages en Turquie, en Perse et aux Indes (1631-64),
Paris, 1676, 3 vols. 4o. English translations, Lond. 1678 and
1684. (Many other editions.)
Philippi (F.) (Carmelite monk.) Itinerarium orientale ... (1640),
Lyons, 1649, 8o.
Evliya. Travels in Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 17th
century. (Trans. from the Turkish by Ritter, Joseph von Hammer),
Lond. 1840, 4o.
Boullaye le Gouz. Les Voyages et Observations du Sieur de la Boullaye
le Gouz gentilhomme Angevin (1647), Paris, 1653, 4o.
Poullet. Nouvelles relations du Levant (deuxième partie) (1658),
Paris, 1668, 12mo.
Melton (E.) Eduward Meltons, Engelsch Edelmans, Zeldzaame en
gedenkwaardige Zee-en-Land-Reizen door Egypten, West-Indien, Perzien,
Turkyen, Oost-Indien, etc. (1660-77), Amsterdam, 1681, 4o.
Chardin (Jean) Voyages en Perse et autres lieux de l'Orient (1666-77),
Lond. 1686 (1st vol.); Amsterdam, 1711, 10 vols. 12mo; Nouv. éd. par
Langlès, Paris, 1811, 10 vols. 8o. Eng. trans. Lond. 1720, 2 vols. 8o.
Jesuit Missions (Erivan, Erzerum, Bitlis, 1682 seq.)
Villotte (Père) Voy. d'un Miss. de la Comp. de Jésus en Turquie,
en Perse, en Arménie, en Arabie, et en Barbarie, Paris, 1730, 12mo.
Fleurian (T. C.) Estat présent de l'Arménie, Paris, 1694, 8o.
Lettre du Père Monier } Lettres Édifiantes, vols.
Mémoire de la Mission d'Erzeron } iii. and iv. Paris, 1780,
Mémoire de la Mission d'Erivan } 12mo.
Journ. du voy. d'Erzeron à Trébizonde }
Monier (Père) Relation de l'Arménie in Bernard's Recueil de Voyages
au Nord, vol. vi. pp. 1-116, Amsterdam, 1729, 12mo.
Chinon (G.) (Capuchin missionary.) Relation nouvelle du Levant
... religion, gouvernement et coutumes des Perses, des Arméniens et
des Gaures, Lyons, 1671, 8o.
Careri (G. F. Gemelli) Giro del Mondo (1693) (Trebizond, Erzerum,
Kars, Erivan, Nakhichevan), Naples, 1699, 7 vols. 8o. Eng. trans. in
Churchill's Voyages, vol. iv. Lond. 1774, etc.
De Bèze (Père) (Jesuit.) Astronomical observations at Trebizond and
Erzerum (1698), published by P. Gouye in Hist. de l'Acad. de Sciences,
pp. 85-6, Paris, 1699.
Schillinger (F. C.) Persianische und östindianische Reise, vom Jahr
1699 bis 1702, Nuremberg, 1707, 8o.
Tournefort (J. Pitton de) Relation d'un voyage du Levant (1701-2),
Paris, 1717, 2 vols. 4o. Eng. trans. Ozell (J.), Lond. 1741, 3
vols. 8o.
Lucas (Paul) Voyage au Levant (Palu-Erzerum, 1700), The Hague, 1705,
2 vols. 8o.
Ferrières-Sauveboeuf (Comte de) Voyages ... en Turquie, en Perse et
en Arabie (1782-89), Paris, 1790, 2 vols. 8o.
Travel in the Nineteenth Century.
Abbott (K. E.) Notes of a tour in Armenia in 1837,
Jour. R. Geog. Soc. xii. pp. 207-20, Lond. 1842.
Abich (H.) Geologische Forschungen in den kaukasischen Ländern,
3 Parts and Atlas, Vienna, 1878-87, 4o and fol.
Aus kaukasischen Ländern: Reisebriefe herausgegeben von Frau Abich,
Vienna, 1896, 2 vols. 8o.
Geolog. Natur des armen. Hochlandes (Festrede) (1843), Dorpat, 4o pam.
Geolog. Beobacht. auf Reisen in den Gebirgsländern zwischen Kur
u. Araxes (1867), Tiflis, 4o pam.
Krystallinischer Hagel in thrialethischen Gebirge, (1871), Tiflis, pam.
Ein Bergkalk-fauna aus der Araxesenge bei Djoulfa in Armenien (1878),
Vienna, 4o.
In publications of Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg--
Ruines d'Ani (lettre et rapport par Brosset, 1845),
Bull. hist. phil. ii. 369-76.
Natronseen auf der Araxes-Ebene (1846), Bull. phys.-math. v. 116-25.
Geol. Skizzen aus Transkauk. (Arm. plateau) (1846),
Bull. phys.-math. v. 321-43.
Meteorol. Stationen in Transkauk. (1848),
Bull. phys.-math. vii. 260-88.
Meteorol. u. klimatol. Beobacht. in Transkauk. (1850),
Bull. phys.-math. ix. 1-45.
Soda der Araxes Ebene(1850), Bull. phys.-math. viii. 333-36.
Derniers tremblements de terre dans la Perse septent. et dans le
Caucase (Lake Urmi and Ararat) (1855), Bull. phys.-math. xiv. 49-72.
Schwefelreiches Tufgestein in der Thalebene von Dyadin (1855),
Bull. phys.-math. xiv. 142-44.
Vergleich. chem. Untersuch. der Wässer des caspischen Meeres, Urmia
u. Van-Sees (1856), Mémoires, sér. 6, vii. 1-57.
Das Steinsalz u. seine geol. Stellung im russ. Arm. (1856), Mémoires,
sér. 6, vii. 59-150.
Tremblement de terre à Tébriz en 1856 (1857),
Bull. phys.-math. xvi. 337-52.
Vergleich. geol. Grundzüge des kauk. arm. u. nordpers. Gebirge
(Prodromus) (1858), Mémoires, sér. 6, vii. 301-534.
Occupations au Cauc. (1859), Bull. de l'Acad. i. 209-12.
Recherches géol. en Transcauc. (lettre 1860), ibid. i. 449-52.
Communication sur divers phénomènes, volcan de Tandourek; géologie
du lac d'Ourmiah, ibid. 1863, vii. 119-24.
In Journal of R. Geog. Soc. London--
Climatology of the Caucasus (1851), xxi. 1-12.
In Zeits. deuts. geolog. Gesell. Berlin--
Salzsee von Urmiah (1854), vi. 256.
Letter to Herr Ritter, Sept. 1859, xi. 480-84.
Letter to Herr Rose, Jan. 1860, xi. 484-86.
Das thrialethische Thermalquellen-System (1877), xxix. 820-29.
In Bull. de la Soc. de Géologie de France, Paris--
Voy. en Géorg., en Turq. et en Perse en 1862 (Tendurek Dagh) (1864)
sér. 2, xxi. 213-20.
In Mitt. K. K. geog. Gesell. Vienna--
Erdbeben, vulkanische Erschein, u.s.w. in den kauk. Ländern (1869),
iii. 166-75.
In publications of K. K. geolog. Reichsanstalt, Vienna--
Die armenisch-georgischen Trachyte (1869), Verh. p. 232.
Die Reihen-Vulkangruppe des Abul u.s.w. (1870), Jahrb. xx. 275-78.
Mitt. aus dem Kauk. (1877), Verh. 29-35.
Hügel bei Digala am Ourmia-See (1877), Verh. 67-69.
In Bull. Soc. Imp. des Naturalistes, Moscow--
Ein vermeintlicher thätiger Vulkan an den Quellen des
Euphrat. (Tendurek Dagh) (1870), xliii. 1-17.
See also for this Petermann's Mitth., Gotha, 1871, xvii. 71-73.
See also under Ararat.
Ainsworth (W. F.) Travels and researches in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia,
Chaldea, and Armenia, Lond. 1842, 2 vols. 8o.
Travels in the track of the Ten Thousand, Lond. 1844, 8o.
The Sources of the Euphrates, Geog. Jour. vi. pp. 173-77, Lond. 1895.
Alcock (T.) Travels in Russia, Persia, Turkey, and Greece (1828-29)
[n. p.], 1831, 8o.
Alishan (L.) Physiographie de l'Arménie, Venice, 1861, 8o.
Anon. Pachalik d'Akhal-tsikhe, Nouv. Annales de Voyage, xliii. p. 110,
Paris, 1829.
De la ville d'Erivan, capitale de l'Arménie russe,
Jour. Asiat. xii. sér. 2, pp. 254-62, Paris, 1833.
Aus dem Tagebuch einer Reise nach West und Nord Persien, Das Ausland
(series of articles), Augsburg, 1850.
Transcaucasia, Georgia, and Armenia, Edinburgh Rev. cii. pp. 520-41,
Edinburgh, 1855.
Excursions in Armenia, Fraser's Mag. lv. pp. 602-11, Lond. 1857.
L'Arménie Pittoresque, Venice, 1871, obl. fol.
Ein Besuch bei den Kurden auf dem Alagös, Das Ausland, lii. p. 475,
Augsburg, 1879.
Zur Statistik des Gebietes von Kars, Russische Rev. xxii. pp. 281-84,
St. Pet. 1883.
Quer durch Armenien, Globus, lviii. pp. 68 and 83, Brunswick, 1890.
Excursions du 7e Congrès Géologique International (geology of
neighbourhood of Kutais and Tiflis), St. Pet. 1897.
Aucher-Eloy (P. M. R.) Relations de Voyages en Orient de 1830 à 1838
(Revues et annotées par Jaubert), Paris, 1843, 2 vols. 8o.
Baer (K. E. von) Der alte Lauf des armenischen Araxes, 1857, 8o pam.
Barkley (H. C.) A ride through Asia Minor and Armenia, Lond. 1891, 8o.
Bélanger (C.) Voyage aux Indes orientales (1825-29), Paris, 1831,
8 vols. 8o.
Belck (W.) Archäologische Forschungen in Armenien, Verh. Gesell. für
Anthrop. etc. pp. 61-82, Berlin, 1893.
Untersuchungen und Reisen in Transkaukasien, Hoch-Armenien und
Kurdistan, Globus, lxiii. pp. 349-52, 369-74; lxiv. pp. 153-58,
196-202, Brunswick, 1893.
Die Niveau-Schwankungen des Goektschai-Sees, Globus, lxv. pp. 301-3,
Brunswick, 1894.
Armenien und seine Bewohner, Mitth. Geog. Gesell. xi. pp. 176-79,
Hamburg, 1896.
Belck (W.) and Lehmann (C. F.) Reisebriefe ... Armenischen Expedition
(1898-99), Mitth. Geog. Gesell. xv. pp. 1-23, 189-221; xvi. 16-70,
Hamburg, 1898-99; see also under Vannic Inscriptions.
Bell (M. S.) Reconnaissances in Mesopotamia, Armenia, Kurdistan,
and Azarbaijan (1885-86), Simla, 1889, large 8o.
Around and about Armenia, Scottish
Geog. Mag. vi. pp. 113-35. Edinburgh, 1890.
Bent (J. T.) The two capitals of Armenia (Sis and Etchmiadzin),
Eastern and Western Rev. Lond. 1892.
Travels among the Armenians, Contemporary Rev. pp. 695-709, Lond. 1896.
Berlin (--) Extrait du Journal d'un voyage de Paris à Erzeroum,
Jour. Asiat. sér. 4, xix. pp. 365-78, Paris, 1852.
Besse (J. C. de) Voyage en Crimée au Caucase, en Géorgie, en Arménie,
en Asie Mineure et à Constantinople, en 1829 et 1838, pour servir à
l'Histoire de Hongrie, Paris, 1838, 8o.
Bianchi (A. de) Viaggi in Armenia, Kurdistan e Lazistan, Milan,
1863, 8o.
Bigham (C.) A ride through Western Asia, Lond. 1897, 8o.
Binder (H.) Au Kurdistan, en Mésopotamie et en Perse. Paris, 1887, 8o.
Bishop (J. B.) Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan (1890), Lond. 1891,
2 vols. 8o.
Blau (O.) Brief von Erzeroum, 1857,
Zeits. Deuts. Morg. Gesell. xi. p. 733, Leipz. 1857.
Vom Urmia-See nach dem Van-See, Petermann's Mitth. ix. pp. 201-10,
Gotha, 1863.
Bluhm (J.) Routen im türkischen Armenien,
Zeits. Allgem. Erdk. xvi. sér. 2, pp. 346-57, Berlin, 1864.
Bodenstedt (F.) Tausend und Ein Tag im Orient, Berlin, 1850, 8o.
Boré (E.) Arménie (vol. viii. of L'Univers), Paris, 1838, 8o.
Correspondance et Mémoires d'un voyageur en Orient (1837-40), Paris,
1840, 2 vols. 8o.
Borne (G. von dem) Der Jura am Ostufer des Urmiasees, Halle, 1891,
4o pam.
Brant (J.) Journey through a part of Armenia and Asia Minor (1835),
Jour. R. Geog. Soc. vi. pp. 187-223, Lond. 1836.
Notes of a Journey through a part of Kurdistan (1838),
Jour. R. Geog. Soc. x. pp. 341-432. Lond. 1840.
Brosset (M. F.) Voyage archéologique en Transcaucasie or Rapports
sur un voy. arch. dans la Géorgie et dans l'Arménie (includes
"Ani" by Khanikoff and "Etchmiadzin" by Brosset, reprinted from
Rev. Archéologique, Paris, 1858), St. Pet. 1849-51, 3 vols. 8o
and Atlas.
Les Ruines d'Ani, St. Pet. 1860, 4o and Atlas.
In Journal Asiatique, Paris--
Description des principaux fleuves de la grande Arménie, d'après le
Djihan-Numa de Kiatib Tchélébi, par A. Jaubert avec la trad. d'un
fragment arménien du docteur Indjidjian, sér. 2, xii. 458-70, 1833.
In publications of Acad. Imp. des Sciences de St. Pétersbourg--
Notice sur Edchmiadzin (1840), Bull. Scient. vii. 44-64.
La plus ancienne inscrip. armén. connue (1857),
Bull. hist.-phil. xiv. 118-25 and 168.
Voy. du P. Sargis Dchalaliants dans la grande Arménie (1859),
Bull. hist.-phil. xvi. 201-5.
Exam. crit. de la "Descrip. de la grande Arménie" du P. L. Alichan,
rel. à la topog. d'Ani (1862), Bull. de l'Acad. iv. 255-69.
Inscript. recueillies par Kästner et Berger (1864), Bull. de
l'Acad. vii. 275-77.
Inscript. géorg. et autres recueillies par le P. Nersès Sargisian
(1865), Mémoires, viii.
Monuments géorg. photographiés par M. Jermakof (1871), Bull. de
l'Acad. pp. 433-64 and 526-48.
Browne (W. G.) In Walpole's Travels in Various Countries, pp. 176-80,
Lond. 1820.
Browne (E. G.) A Year among the Persians, Lond. 1893, 8o.
Browski (L. E.) Der obere Tigris, Globus, liii. p. 43, Brunswick, 1888.
Bryce (J.) Transcaucasia and Ararat, Lond. 1877, 8o; 4th edit. revised
with supp. chapter on Armenian question, Lond. 1896, 8o.
Buhse (--) Vorläufiger botanischer Bericht über meine Reise durch einen
Theil Armeniens (1847), Bull. Phys.-math. Acad. Sc. vii. pp. 101-8,
St. Pet. 1848.
Burgin (G. B.) My visit to Armenia, Quiver, p. 528, Lond. 1897.
Butyka (D.) Das ehemalige vilayet Derssim,
Mitth. K. K. Geog. Gesell. xxxv. sér. 2. pp. 99-126 and 194-210,
Vienna, 1892.
Meine Reise von Kharput nach Diarbekir (1881), Deuts. Rundschau für
Geog. xv. pp. 151-60, 214-22, Vienna, 1893.
Cameron (G. P.) Personal adventures and excursions in Georgia,
Circassia, and Russia, Lond. 1845, 2 vols. 8o.
Cappelletti (G.) L'Armenia, Florence, 1841, 8o.
Ceyp (A. J.) Ein Besuch der Euphratquellen, Globus, lix. pp. 349-50,
Brunswick, 1891.
Chahan de Cirbied (J.) Tableau général de l'Arménie, Paris, 1813, 8o.
Chantre (Mme. B.) A travers l'Arménie Russe, Paris, 1893, large 8o.
Chantre (E.) Exploration dans le Kurdistan et l'Arménie, Comptes
Rend. Congrès Nat. Soc. franç. de Géog. Lyons, 1881.
De Beyrout à Tiflis à travers la Syrie, la Haute Mésopotamie et le
Kurdistan, Tour du Monde, lviii. pp. 209-304, Paris, 1889.
Excursions en Transcaucasie, Bull. Soc. Géog. pp. 546-66, Lyons, 1893.
Rapport sur une mission scientifique en Arménie russe, Paris, 1893, 8o.
See also under Armenian People.
Chesney (F. R.) Expedition to the Euphrates and Tigris, Lond. 1850,
2 vols. 4o and maps.
Narrative of Euphrates expedition, Lond. 1868, 8o.
Cholet (A. P. de) Voyage en Turquie en Asie, Arménie, Kurdistan et
Mésopotamie, Paris, 1892, 8o.
Clayton (E.) The Mountains of Kurdistan. Alpine
Jour. xiii. pp. 293-300, Lond. 1887.
Consular experiences in Turkey, Proc. R. Artillery Institution,
xxiv. pp. 427-43, Woolwich, 1897.
Cole (G. R. Fitz-Roy) Transcaucasia, Lond. 1877, 8o.
Corpi (F. M.) The Catastrophe of Kantzorik (mud avalanche, Aug. 1889),
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. xlvi. pp. 32-35, Lond. 1890.
Curzon (R.) Armenia; a year at Erzeroom, and on the frontiers of
Russia, Turkey, and Persia, Lond. 1854, 8o.
Dalyell (R. A. O.) Earthquake of Erzerûm, June 1859,
Jour. R. Geog. Soc. xxxiii. pp. 234-37, Lond. 1863.
Depaubourg (W.) Blick auf Armenien, Erman's Russische Archive,
iv. pp. 373-77, Berlin, 1844.
Develay (A.) Autour des lacs de Van et d'Ourmiah,
Rev. Scient. xlix. pp. 553-57, Paris, 1892.
Deyrolle (T.) Voyage dans le Lazistan et l'Arménie (1869), Tour du
Monde, xxix. pp. 1-32, and xxx. pp. 257-88, and xxxi. pp. 369-416,
Paris, 1875.
Dieulafoy (Jane) La Perse, la Chaldée et la Susiane ... (Tiflis,
Erivan, Nakhichevan, Edgmiatsin, 1881), Paris, 1887, 4o.
Dilke (A. W.) The Caucasus (Tiflis, Lake Gökcheh, Erivan, Edgmiatsin,
Elizabetpol, Baku), Fortnightly Rev. pp. 451-70, Lond. 1874.
Donaldson (E. B.) The Caucasus: A journey to the Garden of Eden,
Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly, xxxvi. p. 433, New York, 1893.
Dove (H. W.) Neuere Arbeiten über das Kaspische Meer, den Urmia und
Van Seen, Zeits. Allgem. Erdk. i. sér. 2, pp. 194-200, Berlin, 1856.
Mittheilung aus Erzerum über das Erdbeben von 2 Juni 1859,
Zeits. Allgem. Erdk. vii. sér. 2, p. 67, Berlin, 1859.
Du Bois (F.) Excursion aux rapides de l'Araxe, 1834, Nouv. Annales
de Voyage, lxx. pp. 314-38 and lxxii. pp. 5-30, Paris, 1836.
Dubois de Montpéreux (F.) Voyage autour du Caucase (1833-34), Paris,
1839-43, 6 vols. 8o, and Atlas fol.
Dulaurier (E.) Tableau topographique de la province de Siounik
ou Sisagan dans l'Arménie orientale, Nouv. Annales de Voyage,
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