actual fact. _James may walk._ Here the walking is asserted not as an
actual, but as a possible, fact. _If James walk out, he will improve._ Here
the walking is asserted only as thought of, without regard to its being or
becoming either an actual or a possible fact. _James, walk out._ Here the
walking is not asserted as a fact, but as a command--James is ordered to
make it a fact. These different uses and forms of the verb constitute the
modification which we call +Mode.+ The first verb is in the +Indicative
Mode;+ the second in the +Potential Mode;+ the third in the +Subjunctive
Mode;+ the fourth in the +Imperative Mode.+
For the two forms of the verb called the +Participle+ and the +Infinitive,+
see Lessons 37 and 40.
_I walk. I walked. I shall walk._ In these three sentences the manner of
asserting the action is the same, but the time in which the action takes
place is different. _Walk_ asserts the action as going on in present time,
and, as +Tense+ means time, is in the +Present Tense.+ _Walked_ asserts the
action as past, and is in the +Past Tense.+ _Shall walk_ asserts the action
as future, and is in the +Future Tense.+
_I have walked out to-day. I had walked out when he called. I shall have
walked out by to-morrow._ Have walked asserts the action as completed at
the present, and is in the +Present Perfect Tense.+ _Had walked_ asserts
the action as completed in the past, and is in the +Past Perfect Tense.+
_Shall have walked_ asserts action to be completed in the future, and is in
the +Future Perfect Tense.+
_I walk. Thou walkest. He walks. They walk._ In the second sentence _walk_
is changed by adding +est+; in the third sentence, by adding +s.+ Verbs are
said to agree in +Person+ and +Number+ with their subjects. But this
agreement is not generally marked by a change in the form of the verb.
+DEFINITIONS+.
+_Mode_ is that modification of the verb which denotes the manner of
asserting the action or being+.
+The _Indicative Mode_ asserts the action or being as a fact+. [Footnote:
In "Are you going?" or "You are going?" a fact is referred to the hearer
for his admission or denial. In "Who did it?" the fact that some person did
it is asserted, and the hearer is requested to name the person. It will be
seen that the Indicative Mode may be used in asking a question.]
+The _Potential Mode_ asserts the power, liberty, possibility, or necessity
of acting or being+.
+The _Subjunctive Mode_ asserts the action or being as a mere condition,
supposition, or wish+.
+The _Imperative Mode_ asserts the action or being as a command or an
entreaty+.
+The _Infinitive_ is a form of the verb which names the action or being in
a general way, without asserting it of anything+.
+The _Participle_ is a form of the verb partaking of the nature of an
adjective or of a noun, and expressing the action or being as assumed+.
+The _Present Participle_ denotes action or being as continuing at the time
indicated by the predicate+.
+The _Past Participle_ denotes action or being as past or completed at the
time indicated by the predicate+.
+The _Past Perfect Participle_ denotes action or being as completed at a
time previous to that indicated by the predicate+.
+_Tense_ is that modification of the verb which expresses the time of the
action or being+.
+The _Present Tense_ expresses action or being as present+.
+The _Past Tense_ expresses action or being as past+.
+The _Future Tense_ expresses action or being as yet to come+.
+The _Present Perfect Tense_ expresses action or being as completed at the
present time+.
+The _Past Perfect Tense_ expresses action or being as completed at some
past time+.
+The _Future Perfect Tense _expresses action or being to be completed at
some future time+.
+_Number _and _Person _of a verb are those modifications that show its
agreement with the number and person of its subject+.
* * * * *
LESSON 132.
FORMS OF THE VERB.
CONJUGATION.
+DEFINITIONS+.
+_Conjugation_ is the regular arrangement of all the forms of the verb+.
+_Synopsis _is the regular arrangement of the forms of one number and
person in all the modes and tenses+.
+_Auxiliary Verbs _are those that help in the conjugation of other verbs.+
The auxiliaries are _do, did, have, had, shall, should, will, would, may,
might, can, could, must,_ and _be_ (with all its variations, see Lesson
135).
+The _Principal Parts_ of a verb, or those from which the other parts are
derived, are the present indicative or the present infinitive, the past
indicative, and the past participle.+
List of Irregular Verbs. [Footnote: Grammarians have classed verbs on the
basis of their form or history as Strong (or Old) and Weak (or New).
Strong verbs form their past tense by changing the vowel of the present
without adding anything; weak verbs form their past tense by adding _ed,
d,_ or _t._ Some weak verbs change the vowel of the present; as, _tell,
told; teach, taught._ These are weak because they add _d_ or _t._
Some weak verbs shorten the vowel of the present without adding anything;
as, _feed, fed; lead, led;_ and some have the present and the past alike;
as, _set, set; rid, rid._ They have dropped the past tense ending.
The past participle of all strong verbs once ended in _en_ or _n,_ but in
many verbs this ending is now lost.
Since most verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding _ed,_
we call such Regular, and all others Irregular. Our irregular verbs include
all strong verbs and those that may be called "irregular weak" verbs.
Of the _ed_ added to form the past tense of regular verbs, _d_ is what
remains of _did;_ _we did love,_ for instance, being written _love-did-we._
This derivation of _d_ in _ed_ is questioned. The _d_ of the participle is
not from _did_ but is from an old participle suffix. The _e_ in the _ea_ of
both these forms is the old connecting vowel.]
TO THE TEACHER.--It would be well to require the pupils, in studying and in
reciting these lists of irregular verbs, to frame short sentences
illustrating the proper use of the past tense and the past participle,
_e.g._ I _began_ yesterday; He has _begun_ to do better. In this way the
pupils will be saved the mechanical labor of memorizing forms which they
already know how to use, and they will be led to correct what has been
faulty in their use of other forms.
+Remarks.+--Verbs that have both a regular and an irregular form are called
+Redundant.+
Verbs that are wanting in any of their parts, as _can_ and _may,_ are
called +Defective.+
The present participle is not here given as a principal part. It may always
be formed from the present tense by adding _ing._
In adding _ing_ and other terminations, the Rules for Spelling (see
Lesson 127) should be observed.
The forms below in Italics are regular; and those in smaller type are
obsolete, and need not be committed to memory.
_Present. Past. Past Par._
Abide, abode, abode.
Awake, awoke, _awaked.
awaked._
Be _or_ am, was, been.
Bear, bore, born,
(_bring forth_) bare, borne.
Bear, bore, borne.
(_carry_) bare,
Beat, beat, beaten,
beat.
Begin, began, begun.
Bend, bent, bent,
_bended, bended._
Bereave, bereft, bereft,
_bereaved, bereaved._
Beseech, besought, besought.
Bet, bet, bet,
_betted, betted._
Bid, bade, bid, bidden, bid.
Bind, bound, bound.
Bite, bit, bitten, bit.
Bleed, bled, bled.
Blend, blent, blent,
_blended, blended._
Bless, blest, blest,
blessed, blessed.
Blow, blew, blown.
Break, broke, broken.
brake,
Breed, bred, bred.
Bring, brought, brought.
Build, built, built.
Burn burnt, burnt,
burned, burned.
Burst, burst, burst.
Buy, bought, bought.
Can,[1] could, -----.
Cast, cast, cast.
Catch, caught, caught.
Chide, chid, chidden,
chid.
Choose, chose, chosen.
Cleave, _cleaved, cleaved._
(_adhere_) clave,
Cleave cleft, cleft,
(_split_) clove, cloven,
clave, _cleaved._
Cling, clung, clung.
Clothe, clad, clad,
_clothed clothed._
(Be)Come, came, come.
Cost, cost, cost.
Creep, crept, crept.
Crow crew, _crowed._
_crowed_,
Cut, cut, cut.
Dare, durst, _dared_.
(_venture_) _dared_,
Deal, dealt, dealt.
Dig, dug, dug,
_digged_, _digged._
Do, did, done.
Draw, drew, drawn.
Dream, dreamt, dreamt,
_dreamed, dreamed._
Dress drest, drest,
_dressed, dressed._
Drink, drank, drunk.
Drive, drove, driven.
Dwell dwelt, dwelt,
_dwelled, dwelled._
Eat, ate, eaten.
(Be) Fall, fell, fallen.
Feed, fed, fed.
Feel, felt, felt.
Fight, fought, fought.
Find, found, found.
Flee, fled, fled.
Fling, flung, flung.
Fly, flew, flown.
Forsake, forsook, forsaken.
Forbear, forbore, forborne.
Freeze, froze, frozen.
(For)Get, got, got, gotten.[2]
Gild, gilt, gilt,
_gilded, gilded._
Gird, girt, girt,
_girded, girded._
(For)Give, gave, given.
Go, went,[3] gone.
(En)Grave _graved, graved,_
graven.
Grind, ground, ground.
Grow, grew, grown.
Hang, hung, hung,
_hanged, hanged_.[4]
Have, had, had.
Hear, heard heard.
Heave hove, hove,[5]
_heaved, heaved._
Hew, _hewed, hewed,_
hewn.
Hide, hid, hidden, hid.
Hit, hit, hit.
(Be)Hold, held, held,
holden.
Hurt, hurt, hurt.
Keep, kept, kept.
Kneel knelt, knelt,
_kneeled, kneeled._
Knit knit, knit,
_knitted, knitted._
Know, knew, known.
Lade, _laded, laded,_
(load) laden.
Lay, laid, laid.
Lead, led, led.
[Footnote 1: Can, may, shall, will, must, and ought were originally past
forms. This accounts for their having no change in the third person.]
[Footnote 2: Gotten is obsolescent except in forgotten.]
[Footnote 3: _Went_ is the past of _wend,_ to _go_.]
[Footnote 4: _Hang,_ to execute by hanging, is regular.]
[Footnote 5: _Hove_ is used in sea language.]
* * * * *
LESSON 133.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS--CONTINUED.
_Present. Past. Past Par._
Lean, leant, leant,
_leaned, leaned_.
Leap, leapt, leapt,
_leaped, leaped_.
Learn, learnt, learnt,
_learned, learned_.
Leave, left, left.
Lend, lent, lent.
Let, let, let.
Lie, lay, lain.
(_recline_)
Light, _lighted, lighted_,
lit, lit.[1]
Lose, lost, lost.
Make, made, made.
May, might, ----.
Mean, meant, meant.
Meet, met, met.
Mow, _mowed, mowed_,
mown.
Must, ----, ----.
Ought, ----, ----.
Pay, paid, paid.
Pen, pent, pent,
(_inclose_) _penned, penned_.
Put, put, put.
Quit, quit, quit,
_quitted, quitted_.
----, quoth,[2] ----.
Rap, rapt, rapt,
_rapped, rapped_.
Read, read, read.
Rend, rent, rent.
Rid, rid, rid.
Ride, rode, ridden.
Ring, rang, rung,
_rung_,
(A)Rise, rose, risen.
Rive, _rived_, riven,
_rived_.
Run, ran, run.
Saw, _sawed, sawed_,
sawn.
Say, said, said.
See, saw, seen.
Seek, sought, sought.
Seethe, _seethed, seethed_,
sod, sodden.
Sell, sold, sold.
Send, sent, sent.
(Be)Set, set, set.
Shake, shook, shaken.
Shall, should, ------.
Shape, _shaped, shaped_,
shapen
Shave, _shaved, shaved_,
shaven.
Shear, _sheared, sheared_,
shore, shorn.
Shed, shed, shed.
Shine, shone, shone.
Shoe, shod, shod.
Shoot, shot, shot.
Show, _showed_, shown,
_showed_.
Shred, shred, shred.
Shrink, shrank, shrunk,
shrunk, shrunken.
Shut, shut, shut.
Sing, sang, sung.
sung,
Sink, sank, sunk,
sunk, sunken.
Sit, sat, sat.
Slay, slew, slain.
Sleep, slept, slept.
Slide, slid, slidden,
slid.
Sling, slung, slung.
slang
Slink, slunk, slunk.
Slit, slit, slit,
_slitted, slitted_.
Smell, smelt, smelt,
_smelled, smelled_.
Smite, smote, smitten,
smit.
Sow, _sowed_, sown,
_sowed_.
Speak, spoke, spoken.
spake,
Speed, sped, sped.
Spell, spelt, spelt,
_spelled, spelled_.
Spend, spent, spent.
Spill, spilt, spilt,
_spilled, spilled_.
Spin, spun, spun.
span,
Spit, spit, spit,
spat, spitten.
Split, split, split.
Spoil, spoilt, spoilt,
_spoiled, spoiled_.
Spread, spread, spread.
Spring, sprang, sprung.
sprung,
Stand, stood, stood.
Stave, stove, stove,
_staved, staved_.
Stay, staid, staid,
_stayed, stayed_.
Steal, stole, stolen.
Stick, stuck, stuck.
Sting, stung, stung.
Stink, stunk, stunk.
stank,
Strew, _strewed_, strewn,
_strewed_.
Stride, strode, stridden.
Strike, struck, struck,
stricken.
String, strung, strung,
Strive, strove, striven.
Strow, _strowed_, strown,
_strowed_.
Swear, swore, sworn
sware,
Sweat, sweat, sweat,
_sweated, sweated_.
Sweep, swept, swept.
Swell, _swelled_, _swelled_,
swollen.
Swim, swam, swum.
swum,
Swing, swung, swung.
Take, took, taken,
Teach, taught, taught.
Tear, tore, torn.
tare,
Tell, told, told.
Think, thought, thought.
Thrive, throve, thriven,
_thrived_, _thrived_.
Throw, threw, thrown.
Thrust, thrust, thrust.
Tread, trod, trodden,
trod.
Wake, _waked_, _waked_,
woke, woke.
Wax, _waxed_, _waxed_,
waxen.
Wear, wore, worn.
Weave, wove, woven.
Weep, wept, wept.
Wet, wet, wet.
Will, would, ----.
Win, won, won.
Wind, wound, wound.
Work, wrought, wrought,
_worked_, _worked_.
(to)wit,
wot, wist, ----.
Wring, wrung, wrung.
Write, wrote, written.
[Footnote 1: _Lighted_ Is preferred to _lit_.]
[Footnote 2: _Quoth_, now nearly obsolete, is used only in the first and
the third person of the past tense. _Quoth_ I = _said_ I. Other forms
nearly obsolete are sometimes met in literature; as, "_Methinks_ I scent
the morning air"; "Woe _worth_ the day." _Methinks_ (A. S. _thincan_, to
seem, not _thencan_, to think) = _seems to me_. In the sentence above, _I
scent the morning air_ is the subject, _thinks_ is the predicate, and _me_
is a "dative," or a pronoun used adverbially. Woe _worth_ (A. S.
_weorthan_, to _be_ or _become_) the day = Woe _be_ to the day, or _Let_
woe _be_ to the day, or _May_ woe _be_ to the day.]
NOTE.--Professor Lounsbury says, "Modern English has lost not a single one
[irregular, or strong, verb] since the reign of Queen Elizabeth"; and adds,
"The present disposition of the language is not only to hold firmly to the
strong verbs it already possesses but ... even to extend their number
whenever possible." And he instances a few which since 1600 have deserted
from the regular conjugation to the irregular.
But it should be said that new English verbs, from whatever source derived,
form their past tense and participle in _ed_. So that while the regular
verbs are not increasing by desertions from the irregular, the regular
verbs are slowly gaining in number.
* * * * *
LESSON 134.
FORMS OF THE VERB--CONTINUED.
CONJUGATION [Footnote: We give the conjugation of the verb in the simplest
form consistent with what is now demanded of a text-book. Much of this
scheme might well be omitted.
Those who wish to reject the Potential Mode, and who prefer a more
elaborate and technical classification of the mode and tense forms, are
referred to pages 373, 374. ]--SIMPLEST FORM.
REMARK.--English verbs have few inflections compared with those of other
languages. Some irregular verbs have seven forms--+see+, +saw+, +seeing+,
+seen+, +sees+, +seest+, +sawest+; regular verbs have six--+walk+,
+walked+, +walking+, +walks+, +walkest+, +walkedst+. As a substitute for
other inflections we prefix auxiliary verbs, and make what are called
_compound_, or _periphrastic_, forms.
+Direction+.--_Fill out the following forms, using the principal parts of
the verb walk--present +walk+; past +walked+; past participle +walked+:_--
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. (I) /Pres./, 1. (We) /Pres./,
2. (You) /Pres./, 2. (You) /Pres./,
(Thou) /Pres./+est,[1],
3. (He) /Pres./+s;[1] 3. (They) /Pres./.
PAST TENSE.
1. (I) /Past/, 1. (We) /Past/,
2. (You) /Past/, 2. (You) /Past/,
(Thou) /Past/+st+,
3. (He) /Past/; 3. (They) /Past/.
FUTURE TENSE.
1. (I) shall /Pres./, 1. (We) shall /Pres./,
2. (You) will /Pres./, 2. (You) will /Pres./,
(Thou) wil-+t+ /Pres./,
3. (He) will /Pres./; 3. (They) will /Pres./.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. (I) have /Past Par./, 1. (We) have /Past Par./,
2. (You) have /Past Par./, 2. (You) have /Past Par./,
(Thou) ha-+st+ /Past Par./,
3. (He) ha-+s+ /Past Par./; 3. (They) have /Past Par./.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. (I) had /Past Par./, 1. (We) had /Past Par./
2. (You) had /Past Par./, 2. (You) had /Past Par./
(Thou) had-+st+ /Past Par./,
3. (He) had /Past Par./; 3. (They) had /Past Par./
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
1. (I) shall have /Past Par./, 1. (We) shall have /Past Par./,
2. (You) will have /Past Par./, 2. (You) will have /Past Par./,
(Thou) wil-+t+ have /Past Par./,
3. (He)...will have..../Past Par./; 3. (They) will have /Past Par./.
[Footnote 1: In the indicative present, second, singular, old style, _st_
is sometimes added in stead of _est_; and in the third person, common
style, _es_ is added when _s_ will not unite. In the third person, old
style, _eth_ is added.]
POTENTIAL MODE.[2]
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
1. (I) may /Pres./, 1. (We) may /Pres./,
2. (You) may /Pres./, 2. (You) may /Pres./,
(Thou) may-+st+ /Pres./,
3. (He) may /Pres./; 3. (They) may /Pres./.
PAST TENSE.
1. (I) might /Pres./, 1. (We) might /Pres./,
2. (You) might /Pres./, 2. (You) might /Pres./,
(Thou) might-+st+ /Pres./,
3. (He) might /Pres./; 3. (They) might /Pres./.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. (I) may have /Past Par./, 1. (We) may have /Past Par./,
2. (You) may have /Past Par./, 2. (You) may have /Past Par./,
(Thou) may-+st+ have /Past Par./,
3. (He) may have /Past Par./. 3. (They) may have /Past Par./.
PAST PERFECT TENSE.
1. (I) might have /Past Par./, 1. (We) might have /Past Par./,
2. (You) might have /Past Par./, 2. (You) might have /Past Par./,
(Thou) might-+st+ have /Past Par./,
3. (He) might have /Past Par./. 3. (They) might have /Past Par./.
Singular.
[Footnote 2: Those who do not wish to recognize a Potential Mode, but
prefer the unsatisfactory task of determining when _may, can, must, might,
could, would, and should_ are independent verbs in the indicative, and when
auxiliaries in the subjunctive, are referred to pages 370-374.]
SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.[3]
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular.
2. (If thou) /Pres./ 3. (If he) /Pres./
[Footnote 3: The subjunctive as a form of the verb is fading out of the
language. The only distinctive forms remaining (except for the verb _be_)
are the second and the third person singular of the present, and even these
ate giving way to the indicative. Such forms as If he _have loved_, etc.
are exceptional. It is true that other forms, as, If he _had known, Had_ he
_been_, _Should_ he _fall_, may be used in a true subjunctive sense, to
assert what is a mere conception of the mind, i. e., what is merely thought
of, without regard to its being or becoming a fact; but in these cases it
is not the form of the verb but the connective or something in the
construction of the sentence that determines the manner of assertion. In
parsing, the verbs in such constructions may be treated as indicative or
potential, with a subjunctive meaning.
The offices of the different mode and tense forms are constantly
interchanging; a classification based strictly on meaning would be very
difficult, and would confuse the learner.]
IMPERATIVE MODE.[4]
PRESENT TENSE.
Singular. Plural.
2. /Pres./ (you or thou); 2. /Pres./ (you or ye).
[Footnote 4: From such forms as _Let us sing, Let them talk_, some
grammarians make a first and a third person imperative. But _us_ is not the
subject of the verb-phrase _let-sing_, and _let_ is not of the first
person. _Us_ is the object complement of _let_, and the infinitive _sing_
is the objective complement, having us for its assumed subject.
Some would find a first and a third person imperative in such sentences as
"Now tread _we_ a measure"; "_Perish_ the _thought_." But these verbs
express strong wish or desire and by some grammarians are called "optative
subjunctives." "Perish the thought" = "May the thought perish," or "I
desire that the thought may perish," or "Let the thought perish."]
INFINITIVES.
PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
(To)[5] /Pres./ (To) have /Past Par./
[Footnote 5: _To_, as indicated by the (), is not treated as a part of the
verb. Writers on language are generally agreed that when _to_ introduces an
infinitive phrase used as an adjective or an adverb, it performs its proper
function as a preposition, meaning _toward_, _for_, etc.; as, I am inclined
_to_ believe; I came _to_ hear. When the infinitive phrase is used as a
noun, the _to_ expresses no relation; it seems merely to introduce the
phrase. When a word loses its proper function without taking on the
function of some other part of speech, we do not see why it should change
its name. In the expressions, _For_ me to do this would be wrong; _Over_
the fence is out of danger, few grammarians would hesitate to call _for_
and _over_ prepositions, though they have no antecedent term of relation.
We cannot see that _to_ is a part of the verb, for it in no way affects the
meaning, as does an auxiliary, or as does the to in He was spoken to. Those
who call it a part of the verb confuse the learner by speaking of it as the
"preposition _to_" (which, as they have said, is not a preposition) "placed
before the infinitive," _i.e._, placed before that of which it forms a part
--placed before itself.
In the Anglo-Saxon, _to_ was used with the infinitive only in the dative
case, where it had its proper function as a preposition; as, nominative
_etan_ (to eat); dative _to etanne_; accusative _e:tan_. When the dative
ending _ne_ was dropped, making the three forms alike, the _to_ came to be
used before the nominative and the accusative, but without expressing
relation.
This dative of the infinitive, with _to_, was used mainly to indicate
purpose. When, after the dropping of the _ne_ ending, the idea of purpose
had to be conveyed by the infinitive, it became usual in Elizabethan
literature to place _for_ before the _to_, "And _for to_ deck heaven's
battlements."-_Greene_. "What went ye out _for to_ see?"-_Bible_. "Shut the
gates _for to_ preserve the town."--_K. Hen. VI., Part III_.]
PARTICIPLES
PRESENT PAST PAST PERFECT.
/Pres./+ing+. /Past Par./ Having /Past Par./
+May+, +can+, and +must+ are potential auxiliaries in the present and the
present perfect tense; +might+, +could+, +would+, and +should+, in the past
and the past perfect.
The +emphatic+ form of the present and the past tense indicative is made by
prefixing +do+ and +did+ to the present. _Do_ is prefixed to the imperative
also.
TO THE TEACHES.--Require the pupils to fill out these forma with other
verbs, regular and irregular, using the auxiliaries named above.
* * * * *
LESSON 135.
FORMS OF THE VERB-CONTINUED.
CONJUGATION OF THE VERB +BE+.
[Footnote: The conjugation of _be_ contains three distinct roots--_as, be,
was_. _Am, art, is, are_ are from _as_. _Am_ = _as-m_ (_m_ is the _m_ in
_me_). _Art_ = _as-t_ (_t_ is the _th_ in _thou_).
Be was formerly conjugated, I _be_, Thou _beest_, He _beth_ or _bes_; _We
be_, _Ye be_, _They be_.]
+Direction+.--Learn the following forms, paying no attention to the line at
the right of each verb:--
INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular. Plural._
1. (I) am ----, 1. (We) are ----,
2. (You) are ---- _or_ 2. (You) are ----,
(Thou) art ----,
3. (He) is ----; 3. (They) are ----.
PAST TENSE.
1. (I) was ----, 1. (We) were ----,
2. (You) were ---- _or_ 2. (You) were ----,
(Thou) wast ----,
3. (He) was ----; 3. (They) were ----.
FUTURE TENSE.
1. (I) shall be ----, 1. (We) shall be ----,
2. (You) will be ---- _or_ 2. (You) will be ----,
(Thou) wilt be ----,
3. (He) will be ----; 3. (They) will be ----.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
1. (I) have been ----, 1. (We) have been ----,
2. (You) have been ---- _or_ 2. (You) have been ----,
(Thou) hast been ----,
3. (He) has been ----; 3. (They) have been ----.
PAST PERFECT
1. (I) had been ----, 1. (We) had been ----,
2. (You) had been ---- _or_ 2. (You) had been ----,
(Thou) hadst been ----,
3. (He) had been ----; 3. (They) had been ----.
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
1. (I) shall have been ----, 1. (We) shall have been ----,
2. (You) will have been ---- _or_ 2. (You) will have been ----,
(Thou) wilt have been ----,
3. (He) will have been ----; 3. (They) will have been ----.
POTENTIAL MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular. Plural._
1. (I) may be ----, 1. (We) may be ----,
2. (You) may be ---- _or_ 2. (You) may be ----,
(Thou) mayst be ----,
3. (He) may be ----; 3. (They) may be ----.
PAST TENSE.
1. (I) might be ----, 1. (We) might be ----,
2. (You) might be ---- _or_ 2. (You) might be ----,
(Thou) mightst be ----,
3. (He) might be ----; 3. (They) might be ----.
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.