its relations to the Western Emperors, 196.
extent of the kingdom, 323, 324.
whether a Bulgarian duchy existed in, 376 (_note_).
its frontier towards Germany, 433.
its relations with Croatia, 433, 434.
acquires Transsilvania, 435.
conquests of the Komnênoi from, 381.
its struggles with Venice for Dalmatia, 407.
Mongol invasion of, 436.
its wars with Bulgaria, 430.
its conquest of Bosnia, 424.
extension of under Lewis the Great, 437.
Turkish conquests in, 438.
its kings tributary to the Turk, 439.
recovered from the Turk, 439, 448.
acquisitions of by the Peace of Passarowitz, 440.
later losses and acquisitions of, 440, 441.
separated from and recovered by Austria, 323.
its dual relations to Austria, 441.
Huniades, John, his campaign against the Turks, 426, 438.
Huns, a Turanian people, 17.
their invasions, 88, 94.
Iapodes, 62.
Iapygians, 46.
Iberia, Asiatic, 99, 100.
Iberians, a non-Aryan people, 13, 55.
Iceland, Norwegian and Danish settlements in, 131, 471.
united to Norway, 488.
kept by Denmark, 518.
Ikonion, Turkish capital, 381.
Illyria, Illyricum, Greek colonies in, 20.
Roman conquests in, 40, 41, 62.
use of the name, 62.
prefecture of, 75, 77, 78.
western diocese of, 79.
kingdom of, 322.
Illyrian Provinces, incorporated with France, 222, 322, 358.
misleading use of the name, 322.
recovered by Austria, 322.
Illyrians, their kindred with the Greeks, 24.
displaced by Slavonic invasions, 115.
Immeretia, 521.
India, French settlements in, 353.
Portuguese settlements in, 541.
English dominion in, 567.
Empire of, _ib._
Indies, division of, between Spain and Portugal, 542.
Ingermanland, 508, 512.
Ionian colonies in Asia, 32.
Ionian Islands, 22.
ceded to France, 358, 451.
to the Turks, 451.
under English protection, 451, 558.
added to Greece, 452.
Ireland, the original Scotia, 549, 556.
provinces of, 183, 556.
Scandinavian settlements in, 471, 556.
its increasing connexion with England, 557.
English conquest of, _ib._
kingdom and lordship of, _ib._
its shifting relations with England, _ib._
its union with Great Britain, _ib._
Isle of France, 329.
Isle of France; _see_ MAURITIUS.
Istria, Roman conquest of, 55, 62.
incorporated with Italy, 62.
Slavonic settlements in, 115.
March of, 147, 195, 235.
fluctuates between Germany and Italy, 195.
possessions of Venice in, 242.
under Austria, 258, 318.
Italians, their origin, 13.
their kindred with the Greeks, 24.
two branches of, 45.
Italy, one of the three great European peninsulas, 6, 7.
its geographical position, 8, 44.
use of the name, 43, 246.
inhabitants of, 45, 46.
Greek colonies in, 47.
growth of Roman power in, 50.
divisions of, under Augustus, 74.
prefecture of, 75, 78.
diocese of, 79.
invaded by the Huns, 94.
rule of Odoacer in, _ib._
rule of Theodoric in, 95.
recovered to the Empire, 105.
Lombard conquest of, 107.
Imperial possessions in, 108, 123, 152, 371.
rule of Charles the Great in, 123.
Imperial kingdom of, 128, 134, 137, 146, 147, 234.
its ecclesiastical divisions, 170, 171.
changes on the Alpine frontier, 232.
system of commonwealths in, 235, 238.
four stages in its history, 236.
growth of tyrannies in, 239.
a ‘geographical expression,’ 246, 255.
dominion of Spain and Austria in, 247.
revolutionary changes in, 252-55.
French kingdom of, 253-55, 345, 357.
settlement of in 1814, 255.
restored kingdom of, 257.
its extension, 258.
part not yet recovered, _ib._
Ithakê, in the Homeric Catalogue, 26.
held in fief by Margarito, 397.
Ivan the Great, of Russia, his conquests, 501, 506.
styles himself Prince of Bulgaria, 501.
Ivan the Terrible, of Russia, his conquests, 506, 511.
Ivrea, Mark of, 235, 236.
Jadera; _see_ ZARA.
Jaen, 534, 535.
Jägerndorf, principality of, 210.
Jagiello, union of Lithuania and Poland under, 498.
Jamaica, 544, 565.
Jämteland, 470.
conquered by Sweden, 508.
Jatwages, the, 484, 498.
Java, Dutch settlement in, 300.
Jayce, 427.
Jedisan, annexed by Russia, 449, 516.
Jerseys, East and West, 561.
Jerusalem, patriarchate of, 168, 169.
taken by Chosroes, 109.
extent of the Latin kingdom, 399.
taken by Saladin, 400.
recovered and lost by the Crusaders, _ib._
crown of, claimed by the kings of Cyprus, 401.
Jezerci; _see_ EZERITES.
Jireček, C. J. on Slavonic settlements, 133 (_note_).
Jôannina, restored to the Empire, 388.
taken by the Turks, 421.
John Asan, extent of Bulgaria under, 430.
John Komnênos, Emperor, his conquests, 381.
John Komnênos, Emperor of Trebizond, acknowledges the supremacy of
Constantinople, 422.
John Tzimiskês, Emperor, recovers Bulgaria, 377.
his Asiatic conquests, 379.
Jomsburg Vikings, settlement of, 471.
Judæa, its relations with Rome, 65.
Jung, on the Roumans, 435 (_note_).
Justinian, extent of the Roman power under, 104, 105, 106.
Jutes, their settlement in Kent, 97.
Jutland, South, duchy of, united with Holstein, 490.
called Duchy of Sleswick, _ib._
Kaffa, colony of Genoa, 414.
Kainardji, Treaty of, 449.
Kalabryta, 418.
Kamienetz, ceded by Poland to the Turk, 448, 507.
Kappadokia, kingdom of, 38.
annexed by Rome, 67.
theme of, 151.
Karians, in the Homeric Catalogue, 28.
Karlili, why so called, 421.
Karlings, Frankish dynasty of, 121.
Kärnthen; _see_ CARINTHIA.
Karolingia, kingdom of, 137, 141, 143, 148, 326.
Kars, joined to the Eastern Empire, 379.
annexed by Russia, 522.
Karystos, 403.
Kazan, Khanat of, 501.
conquered by Russia, 511.
Kent, settlement of the Jutes in, 97.
kingdom of, 160, 555.
Kephallênia, in the Homeric Catalogue, 26.
theme of, 151.
Norman conquests in, 395, 397.
held in fief by Margarito, _ib._
commended to Venice, 410.
lost and won by Venice, 411.
Khiva, 522.
Kibyrraiotians, theme of, 150.
Kief, Russian centre at, 481.
supremacy of, 482.
taken by the Mongols, 483.
by the Lithuanians, 498.
recovered by Russia, 506.
Kilikia, 76.
restored to the Empire, 153, 379.
Kirghis, Russian superiority over, 516.
Klek, Ottoman frontier extends to, 412.
Kleônai, 27.
Köln (Colonia Agrippina), 92.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
its archbishops chancellors of Italy and electors, 175, 176.
chief of the Hansa, 213.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 224, 358.
Kolocza, ecclesiastical province of, 186.
Kolôneia, theme of, 150.
Korkyra, 22, 26.
alliance of with Rome, 40.
_See also_ CORFU.
Korkyra, Black (Curzola), Greek colony, 34, 406.
Kôrônê; _see_ CORON.
Kôs, Greek colony, 28.
held by the knights of St. John, 389, 415.
by the Maona, 414.
Kossovo, battle of, 426.
Krain; _see_ CARNIOLA.
Kresimir, king of Croatia and Dalmatia, 407.
Krotôn, early greatness of, 47.
Ktesiphôn, conquered by Trajan, 99.
Kymê; _see_ CUMÆ.
Kyrênê, Greek colony, 35, 36.
Roman conquest of, 63.
Lakedaimonia, 151.
Lakonikê, 29.
Λαμπαρδοί, use of the form, 369 (_note_).
Lancashire, formation of the shire, 556.
Langue d’oc, extent of, 135.
effects of French annexations on, 345.
Languedoc, province of, 335.
Laodikeia, 381.
Laon, capital of the Karlings, 143.
Laps, remnant of non-Aryan people in Europe, 12.
Latins, 46.
their alliance with Rome, 50.
Lauenburg, represents the elder Saxony, 208.
held by the kings of Denmark, 225, 518.
joins the German confederation, 225, 519.
final cession of, to Prussia, 228, 519.
Lausanne, annexed by Bern, 273.
Lausitz; _see_ LUSATIA.
Lazia, allotment of, 404.
Lechs; _see_ POLES.
Leinster, 183, 556.
Lemberg, ecclesiastical province of, 185, 186.
Lêmnos, becomes Greek, 32.
Leo IX. Pope, grants Apulia as a fief to the Normans, 394.
Leon, kingdom of, 154, 529.
shiftings of, 531.
its final union with Castile, _ib._
Leopol; _see_ LEMBERG.
Lepanto (Naupaktos) under Anjou, 397.
ceded to Venice, 410.
to the Turk, 411.
Lesbos, mention of in the Iliad, 28.
a fief of the Gattilusi, 414.
Lesina; _see_ PHAROS.
Leukas, Leukadia (Santa Maura), 22, 26.
date of its foundation, 31.
commended to Venice, 410.
lost and won by her, 411, 412.
Leuticii, the, 474, 475.
Letts, 466 (_note_).
settlements of, 484.
Lewis I. (the Pious), Emperor, 128, 135.
Lewis II. Emperor, 136.
Lewis VII. of France, effects of his marriage and divorce, 332, 337.
Lewis IX. (Saint) of France, growth of France under, 335.
Lewis XII. of France, effects of his marriage, 341.
Lewis XIV. of France, effects of his reign, 350.
his conquests from Spain, 539.
Lewis XV. of France, effects of his reign, 350.
Lewis the Great, of Hungary, his conquests, 409, 437.
annexes Red Russia, 498.
Liburnia, 62.
Libya, 76.
Lichfield, bishopric of, 182.
Liechtenstein, principality of, 229.
Liége; _see_ LÜTTICH.
Liguria, Roman conquest of, 55.
province of, 79.
part of the kingdom of Italy, 147.
Ligurian Republic, the, 252.
Ligurians, non-Aryan people in Europe, 13, 45.
Lille, annexed by France, 301, 349.
Limburg, passes to the Dukes of Brabant, 295.
duchy of, within the German confederation, 228.
Limoges, 332.
Lincoln, diocese of, 182.
Lindisfarn, bishopric of, 182.
Lisbon, patriarchate of, 170, 179.
conquered by Portugal, 533.
Lithuania, bishopric of, 185.
effect of the German conquest of Livland on, 487.
its conquests from Russia, 497.
joined with Poland, 185, 498, 499.
Lithuanians, settlements of, 15, 484.
long remain heathen, 466, 497.
Livland, Livonia, Finnish population of, 484.
German conquests in, 486.
dominion of the Sword-brothers in, 495.
momentary kingdom of, 504.
conquered by Poland, _ib._
by Sweden, 508.
by Russia, 512.
Livonian Knights; _see_ SWORD-BROTHERS.
Llandaff, bishopric of, 182.
Lodi, 237.
Lodomeria; _see_ VLADIMIR.
Λογγιβαρδία, use of the form, 369 (_note_).
Lokrians, their position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
settle on the Corinthian Gulf, 30.
Lokris, league of, 40.
Lombards, their settlement in Italy, 106, 107.
take Ravenna, 108, 123.
overthrown by Charles the Great, 123.
Lombardy, kingdom of, 107, 234.
under Charles the Great, 123.
growth of her cities, 237.
ceded to Sardinia, 257.
Lombardy, theme of, 152, 369.
Lombardy and Venice, kingdom of, 255, 322.
London, bishopric of, 182.
Lorraine, duchy of, 193.
seized by Lewis XIV., 194.
exchanged for Tuscany, 321.
finally annexed to France, 194, 351.
recovered by Germany, 359.
Lorraine, House of, Emperors of, 321.
Lothar I., Emperor, 135, 136.
Lotharingia, kingdom of, 137, 140, 193.
Lothian, granted to Scotland, 162, 550.
effects of the grant, 551.
Lothringen; _see_ LORRAINE.
Louisiana, colonized by France, 352.
ceded to Spain, 353, 360.
recovered and sold to the United States, 360, 563.
Louvain (Löwen), 294.
Low Countries; _see_ NETHERLANDS.
Lübeck, founded by Henry the Lion, 198, 494.
its independence of the bishop, 214.
one of the Hansa, 214, 220, 494.
conquered by Denmark, 489.
Lübeck, bishopric of, 491.
Lublin, Union of, 505.
Lucanians, 46.
Lucca, 238.
under Castruccio, 245.
remains a commonwealth, 249.
archbishopric of, 171.
Grand Duchy of, 253.
annexed to Tuscany, 256.
Lund, archbishopric of, 184.
ceded to Sweden, 508.
Lüneburg, duchy of, 208.
Luneville, peace of, 194.
Lusatia (Lausitz), Mark of, 199, 475.
won by Bohemia, 493.
Lüttich (Liége), bishopric of, 295, 298.
annexed by France, 302.
added to Belgium, 227, 302.
French acquisitions from, 348.
Luxemburg (Lüzelburg), duchy of, 295.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.
French acquisitions from, 348.
within the German confederation, 225.
division of, 229, 303.
neutrality of, 229.
Luxemburg, House of, kings of Bohemia, 493.
Luzern, joins the Confederates, 262, 270.
Lydians, 33.
Lykandos, theme of, 150.
Lykia, league of, 39.
preserves its independence, 64.
annexed by Rome, 67.
Lykians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Lyons, in the kingdom of Burgundy, 145, 263.
archbishopric of, 167, 173.
annexed by Philip the Fair, 264.
Macedonia, 20, 21.
its close connexion with Greece, 24.
not in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
growth of the kingdom, 36, 37.
Roman conquest of, 41.
diocese of, 78.
theme of, 151.
recovered by the Empire, 388.
Macedonian, use of the name, 115.
Macon, annexed by Saint Lewis, 336.
Madeira, colonized by Portugal, 541.
Madras, taken by the French, 354.
Madrid, Treaty of, 298, 340.
Magdeburg, archbishopric of, 176.
recovered by Prussia, 224.
Magyars, a Turanian people, 17.
their settlements, 17, 157, 365, 433.
effects of their invasion on the Slaves, 158, 432.
called Turks, 379.
origin of the name, 433 (_note_).
Mahomet, union of Arabia under, 110.
Mahomet I., Sultan, Ottoman power under, 446.
Mahomet the Conqueror, Sultan, his conquests, 411, 446.
extent of his dominions, 446.
Maina, name of Hellênes confined to, 376.
recovered by the Empire, 388, 418.
independence of, 419.
Maine, county of, 330.
conquered by William of Normandy, 332.
united with Anjou, _ib._
annexed to France, 333.
Maine, State of, 560.
Mainz, 92.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
its archbishops chancellors of Germany and electors, 176.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.
Maionians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Majorca, kingdom of, 536.
Malta, taken by the Saracens, 370.
by the Normans, 395.
granted to the knights of Saint John, 398, 415, 538.
revolutions of, 415.
held by England, 415, 558.
Man, Scandinavian settlement in, 471, 553.
its later history, 488, 553.
Manfred, King of Sicily, his dominion in Epeiros, 397.
styled Lord of Romania, _ib._
Mantua, 243, 248, 257.
Manuel Komnênos, his conquests, 381, 424.
Manzikert, battle of, 380.
Maona, the, its dominions, 414.
Marche, county of, 332.
Marcomanni, 85.
Margarito, king of the Epeirots, 397.
Maria Theresa, Empress-Queen, her hereditary dominions, 320.
effects of her marriage, 321.
Marienburg, 301, 348.
Marseilles, acquired by France, 265.
Mary of Burgundy, effects of her marriage, 340.
Maryland, 561.
Massa, 249.
Massachusetts, 560.
Massalia, Ionian colony, 35, 36, 56.
_see_ MARSEILLES.
Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, his conquests, 438, 493.
Maurienne, Counts of, 278.
Mauritania, 67.
Mauritius (Isle of France), a French colony, 354.
taken and held by England, 360.
Maximilian I., his legislation, 203.
effects of his marriage, 340.
Mazanderan, 516.
Mazovia, duchy of, 478.
recovered by Poland, 499.
Meath, 556.
Meaux, settlement of, 335.
Mechlin, archbishopric of, 177.
Mecklenburg, duchy of, 198.
Slavonic princes continue in, 198, 476.
Mediation, act of, 276.
Medici, the, rule of in Florence, 245, 246.
Mediterranean Sea, centre of the three old continents, 5, 6.
Megalopolis, its foundation, 31.
Megara, 29.
joins the Achaian League, 40.
Mehadia, 396.
Meissen, Mark of, 199, 475.
Meleda, 406.
Melfi, 394.
Melinci, Melings, 375.
Mendog, king of Lithuania, his conquests, 497.
Mentone, annexed by France, 346, 359.
Mercia, kingdom of, 129, 130, 160, 161.
Mesopotamia, conquest of, under Trajan, 99.
under Diocletian, 100.
Messana (Messina), receives Roman citizenship, 53.
recovered and lost by the Eastern Empire, 270.
taken by the Saracens, 370.
by the Normans, 395.
first Norman capital, _ib._
Messênê, Dorian, 29.
conquered by Sparta, 30.
foundation of the city, 31.
Metz, annexed by France, 193, 346.
restored to Germany, 229.
Mexico, Spanish conquest of, 543.
two Empires of, 544.
Mexico, New, ceded by Spain, 544.
Michael Palaiologos, Eastern Emperor, 422.
Michael, despot of Epeiros, his conquests, 385.
Mieczïslaf, first Christian prince of Poland, 479.
Milan, capital of kingdom of Italy, 147.
archbishopric of, 171.
Milan, duchy of, 240, 241, 248.
temporary French possession of, 346.
a Spanish dependency, 539.
Milêtos, its colonies, 32.
Military Orders, 487, 495-497.
Mingrelia, 521.
Minorca, 538.
Misithra, restored to the Empire, 388, 418.
Mississippi, colonization at the mouth of, 353.
made the boundary of Louisiana, _ib._
Mithridates, king of Pontos, his wars with Rome, 64.
Modena, duchy of, 243, 244, 249, 256.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.
Modon, held by Venice, 409.
lost by her, 411.
Mœsia, Roman conquest of, 68.
Mohacz, battle of, 438.
Moldavia, Rouman settlement, 437.
tributary to the Turk, 439.
fluctuations of its homage, 499.
joined to Wallachia, 453.
shiftings of the frontier, 450.
Molossis, 37.
Moluccas, Dutch settlements in, 300.
Monaco, principality of, 247, 256.
Montbeliard, county of, 261, 350.
annexed by France, 355.
Monembasia, restored to the Empire, 388, 418.
held by Venice, 410.
lost by her, 411.
Mongols, invade Europe, 436, 483.
Russia tributary to, 483, 500.
effects of their invasion on the Ottomans, 443, 444.
decline and break up of their power, 500, 501.
Monmouthshire, becomes an English county, 555.
Monopoli, lost by Venice, 248.
Montenegro, origin and independence of, 427, 428.
its Vladikas, 428.
joins England and Russia against France, _ib._
its conquest and loss of Cattaro, 322, 428.
later conquests and diplomatic concessions to, 429.
Montferrat, marquisate and duchy of, 236, 240, 248.
homage claimed from by Savoy, 284.
partially annexed by Savoy, 248, 289.
Montfort, Simon of, at Toulouse, 335.
Moors, use of the name, 530.
Môraia, origin and use of the name, 416.
Moravia, 199.
history of, 477.
Moravia, Great, kingdom of, 157, 432, 473.
overthrown by the Magyars, 433.
Morosini, Francesco, his conquests, 412.
Moscow, patriarchate of, 170.
centre of Russian power, 500, 501.
advance of, 501.
Moudon, granted to Savoy, 280.
Moulins, county of, 330.
Mülhausen, in alliance with the Confederates, 274.
annexed by France, 355.
Munster, 183, 556.
Münster, 224.
Murcia, conquered by Castile, 533, 535.
Muret, battle of, 531.
Muscovy, origin of the name, 500.
Mykênê, its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
destruction of, 31.
Mykonos, held by Venice, 409, 411.
Mysians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Namur, Mark of, 294.
annexed to Burgundy, 296.
Naples, cleaves to the Eastern Empire, 369.
conquered by King Roger, 396.
kingdom of, 250, 254.
temporary French possession of, 346.
title of king of, 251, 254.
Parthenopæan republic, 252.
restored to the Bourbons, 256.
Narbonne, Roman colony, 57.
Saracen conquest of, 112.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
annexed to France, 335.
Narses, wins back Italy to the Empire, 105.
Nassau, Grand Duchy of, 226.
annexed by Prussia, 228.
Natal, 566.
Naupaktos; _see_ LEPANTO.
Nauplia, won from Epeiros by the Latins, 417.
held by Venice, 410.
lost by her, 411.
Navarre, kingdom of, 154, 528.
extent of under Sancho the Great, 529.
break-up of, 530.
its decline, 531.
union with, and separation from France, 336, 531.
conquered by Ferdinand, 537.
northern part united to France, 342.
Navas de Tolosa, battle of, 533.
Naxos, duchy of, 413.
annexed by the Turk, 413, 447.
Negroponte, use of the name, 409 (_note_).
Neopatra, Epeirot dynasty of, 419.
Catalan conquest of, 416.
taken by the Turks, 417, 420.
Netherlands, their separation from Germany, 203, 291, 299.
Imperial and French fiefs in, 293.
an appendage to Castile under Charles V., 539.
French annexations in, 348.
barrier towns against France, 349.
_see_ UNITED PROVINCES.
Netherlands, kingdom of, 302.
divided, 303.
Netz District, 514.
Neufchâtel, allied with Bern, 274.
passes to Prussia, 224, 274.
granted to Berthier, 276.
joined to the Swiss Confederation, 276, 359.
separated from Prussia, 276.
Neustria, Lombard, 234.
Neustria, kingdom of, 121, 134.
united with Aquitaine, 135, 339.
New Amsterdam, 300, 561.
New Brunswick, 564.
New England, settlements of, 560.
form four colonies, _ib._
New France, settlement of, 352.
New Hampshire, 560.
New Netherlands, colony of, 300, 561.
united to New Sweden, 561.
conquered by England, 300, 561.
New Orleans, 353, 563.
New South Wales, 565.
New Sweden, 561.
united to New Netherlands, _ib._
New York, 300, 561.
New Zealand, 566.
Newfoundland, first settlements in, 559.
remains distinct from Canada, 565.
Nibla, taken by Castile, 534.
Nidaros; _see_ TRONDHJEM.
Nikaia, Turkish capital of Roum, 380.
recovered by Alexios Komnênos, 381.
Empire of, 386.
its extent and growth, 387.
taken by the Turks, 389, 445.
Nikêphoros Phôkas, Eastern Emperor, his Asiatic conquests, 379.
Nikomêdeia, taken by the Turks, 389, 445.
Nikopolis, theme of, 152.
battle of, 438.
Nîmes, Saracen conquest of, 112.
under Aragon, 335.
annexed to France, _ib._
Nimwegen, Peace of, 301, 349.
Nish, taken by the Turks, 426.
Nisibis, fortress of, 100.
Nizza, annexed by Savoy, 265, 282.
taken by Buonaparte, 355.
restored to Savoy, 359.
finally annexed by France, 258, 288, 359.
Nogai Khan, overlord of Bulgaria, 431.
Noricum, conquest of, 68.
in the diocese of Illyricum, 79.
Normandy, duchy of, 142.
character of its vassalage, 328.
union of with Aquitaine, Anjou, and Britanny, 333.
annexed by Philip Augustus, 333.
Normans, their conquests in Italy and Sicily, 370, 393-395.
in England, 163.
in Epeiros, 380, 395.
their conquests in Sicily compared with those of the Crusaders, 398.
Northmen, use of the name, 469.
their settlements, 471, 550, 552, 556.
Northumberland, kingdom of, 97, 129, 162.
earldom of granted to David, 551.
recovered by England, 552.
Norway, its extent and settlements, 131, 159, 471.
united to England under Cnut, 163.
its independence of the Empire, 467.
formation of the kingdom, 469.
Iceland and Greenland united to, 488.
united with Sweden and Denmark, 488.
its wars with Sweden, 508.
united with Sweden, 464, 518.
Noto, taken by Count Roger, 395.
Nova Scotia, ceded to England, 352, 562.
Novara, 249.
Novempopulana, 173.
Novgorod, beginning of, 481.
commonwealth at, 483.
Russia represented by, 484.
does homage to the Mongols, 500.
annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Novgorod, Severian, principality of, 483.
Novi-Bazar (Rassa), 424.
Numantia, Roman conquest of, 56.
Numidia, province of, 59.
Nürnberg, 209, 215, 220, 226.
Nystad, Peace of, 512.
Obotrites, 474.
Ochrida, taken by the Bulgarians, 377.
kingdom of, its extent, 377, 378.
Oczakow, annexed by Russia, 449.
Odessa, does not answer to Odêssos, 516 (_note_).
Odo, king of the West Franks, does homage to Arnulf, 139, 326.
Odoacer, his reign in Italy, 94.
overthrown by Theodoric, 95.
Oesel, won by Denmark, 491, 504.
under the Sword-brothers, 496.
under Sweden, 508.
Ogres; _see_ MAGYARS.
Oldenburg, united with Denmark, 509.
becomes a separate duchy, 513.
Grand Duchy of, 226.
annexed by France, 222.
Olgierd, king of Lithuania, 497.
Oliva, Peace of, 510.
Oliverca, ceded to Spain by Portugal, 538.
Olynthos, 33.
Opicans, Oscans, 46.
Opsikion, theme of, 151.
Optimatôn, theme of, 151.
Oran, conquered by Spain, 543.
Orange, 263.
annexed to France, 265, 350.
Orange River State, 566.
Orchomenos, its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
its secondary position in historic times, 30.
destroyed by the Thebans, 31.
Oreos, 403.
Orkney, Scandinavian colony, 471.
earldom of, 553.
pledged to Scotland, 488.
Osrhoênê, 100.
Ostmen, their settlements in Ireland, 159, 556.
Otho de la Roche, founds the lordship of Athens, 416.
Otranto, Turkish conquest of, 446.
Otto the Great, Emperor, subdues Berengar, 147.
crowned at Rome, 148.
Ottocar II., king of Bohemia, his German dominion, 492.
Ottoman Turks, their position in Europe, 17.
compared with the Magyars and Bulgarians, 365.
with the Saracens, 442.
their special character as Mahometans, _ib._
their dominion compared with the Eastern Empire, 443.
their origin, 444.
effect on, of the Mongol invasion, _ib._
their first settlements, _ib._
invade Europe, 445.
under Bajazet, 445.
their conquests of Servia, 426.
of Thessaly and Albania, 420, 421.
of Bulgaria, 431.
invade Hungary, 438.
overthrown by Timour, 390, 445.
reunited under Mahomet I., 446.
under Mahomet the Conqueror, _ib._
take Constantinople, 391, 446.
their conquests in Peloponnêsos, 419.
of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 427.
under Selim and Suleiman, 447.
their conquest of Hungary, _ib._
greatest extent of their dominion, 448.
decline of their power, 448-450.
their wars with Russia, 449.
Oudenarde, becomes French, 349.
restored, _ib._
Oviedo, 529.
Paderborn, 224.
Padua, 237.
Pagania, originally Servian, 405.
its extent, 406.
Paionia, 20.
Paionians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Palaiologos, House of, 366.
branch of at Montferrat, 240.
Palatinate of the Rhine, 215.
united with Bavaria, _ib._
Pale, fluctuations of the, 557.
Palermo (Panormos), a Phœnician colony, 48.
taken by the Saracens, 370.
taken by the Normans, 395.
becomes the capital of Sicily, 395.
Palestine, its relations to Rome, 65.
Pampeluna, diocese of, 179.
kingdom of; _see_ NAVARRE.
Pannonia, Roman conquest of, 68.
in the diocese of Illyricum, 79.
Lombard kingdom in, 106.
Bulgarian attempt on, 376.
Panormos; _see_ PALERMO.
Papal Dominions, beginning and growth of, 239, 242, 244, 249.
its overthrow and restoration, 252, 253, 359.
annexed by France, 253, 256.
annexed to the kingdom of Italy, 258.
Paphlagonia, kingdom of, 38.
theme of, 150.
Paphlagonians, 28.
Parga, commends itself to Venice, 410.
surrendered to the Turks, 451.
Paris (Lutetia Parisiorum), 58.
capital of the duchy of France, 142.
capital and centre of the kingdom of France, 144, 167.
becomes an archbishopric, 174.
Paris, treaty of, 353, 354, 360, 450.
Parma, 237, 241.
given to the Spanish Bourbons, 249.
the duchy restored, 256.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.
Parthenopæan Republic, the, 252.
Parthia, its rivalry with Rome, 65, 81.
Partition, crusading act of, 383.
Passarowitz, Peace of, 440.
Patras, under the Pope, 418.
held by Venice, 410, 418.
Patriarchates, the, 168, 169.
‘Patrician,’ title of, 123.
Patzinaks, 17, 113, 156, 158, 365.
Pavia, old Lombard capital, 147, 237.
county of, 241.
‘Pax Romana,’ 66.
Pelasgians, use of the name, 24.
in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Peloponnêsos, its geographical position, 21.
Homeric divisions of, 27.
changes in, 29.
united under the Achaian League, 40.
Slavonic settlements in, 116, 375, 461.
theme of, 151.
won back to the Eastern Empire, 153.
Latin conquests in, 417.
Venetian settlements in, 409, 410.
recovered by the Eastern Empire, 418.
becomes an Imperial dependency, 388.
conquered by the Turks, 391, 419.
Venetian losses in, 411.
conquered by Venice, 412.
recovered by the Turks, 412.
Pembrokeshire, Flemish settlement in, 554.
Pennsylvania, 561.
Pentedaktylos; _see_ TAŸGETOS.
Perateia, meaning of the name, 422.
Turkish conquest of, 423.
Perche, united to France, 336.
Perekop, conquered by Lithuania, 498.
added to Poland, _ib._
lost by Poland, 499.
Pergamos, kingdom of, 38, 61.
Persia, wars of with Greece, 33.
with Rome, 81, 99, 109.
Saracen conquest of, 82, 111.
revival of, 98, 100.
Russian conquests in, 516.
Peru, Spanish conquest of, 543.
Perugia, 239.
Peter the Great of Russia, his wars with Charles XII., 512.
Peter, count of Savoy, 278.
Pharos (Lesina), 34, 406.
Philadelphia, taken by the Turks, 390.
Philip, rise of Macedonia under, 37.
Philip Augustus, King of France, his annexations, 333.
Philip the Fair, King of France, effects of his marriage, 336.
his momentary occupation of Aquitaine, 337.
Philip of Valois, King of France, his attempt on Aquitaine, 337.
Philip the Hardy, Duke of Burgundy, duchy of Burgundy granted to, 339.
Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, his acquisitions, 296-298.
Philippeville, held by France, 301, 348.
Philippine Islands, conquered by Spain, 543.
Philippopolis, first Bulgarian occupation of, 377.
first Russian occupation of, _ib._
finally becomes Bulgarian, 389, 430.
taken by the Turks, 431.
Phœnicians, their colonies, 28, 35, 48.
Phôkaia, held by the Maona, 414.
Phôkis, 21.
league of, 40.
Phrygians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Piacenza, 237, 241.
given to the Spanish Bourbons, 249.
Picts, 98, 549.
united with the Scots, 550.
Piedmont, joined to France, 252, 356.
reunited with Sardinia, 256.
union of Italy comes from, _ib._
Pietas Julia; _see_ POLA.
Pinerolo, occupied by France, 347.
Pippin, king of the Franks, conquers Septimania, 121.
Pisa, archbishopric of, 171.
position of, 238.
conquers Sardinia, _ib._
subject to Florence, 245.
Plataia, destroyed by Thebes, 31.
Podlachia, conquered by Poland, 498.
Podolia, lost by Galicia, 498.
added to Poland, _ib._
ceded to the Turks, 448, 507.
recovered by Poland, _ib._
Poitou, annexed by Philip Augustus, 334.
Pola (Pietas Julia), Roman colony, 63.
Polabic branch of the Slaves, 474.
Poland, kingdom of, 159, 200, 479.
its ecclesiastical relations, 465.
its relations to the Empire, 467, 478.
wars of, with Russia, 478, 506.
various tribes in, 478.
its conversion, 479.
its extent under Boleslaf, 478.
internal divisions of, _ib._
consolidation of, 498.
Pomerania falls away from, 492.
conquests of, 498, 499.
joined with Lithuania, 498, 499.
Red Russia restored to, 437.
Zips pledged to, _ib._
its acquisitions from the Teutonic knights, 497.
acquires Livland, 504.
its relations with Wallachia and Moldavia, 439.
its wars with Sweden, 508.
cedes Podolia to the Turk, 448.
partitions of, 212, 440, 513, 515.
formation of the new kingdom, 520.
united to Russia, 520.
Poland, Little, 479.
Poles (Lechs), their settlements, 478.
Polizza, independence of, 407.
Polotsk, principality of, 483.
Pomerania, Pomore, Pommern, its extent, 199, 200.
its early relations to Poland, 478, 479.
Danish conquests in, 489.
falls away from Poland, 491, 492.
its divisions, 200, 492.
divided between Brandenburg and Sweden, 210, 213, 504.
its western part incorporated with Sweden, 518.
ceded to Denmark and then to Prussia, 225, 518.
Pomerelia, purchased by the Teutonic knights, 496.
restored to Poland, 497.
Pondicherry, a French settlement, 354.
conquests and restorations of, 360.
Ponthieu, county of, 330.
acquired by William of Normandy, 332.
made over to England in 1360, 338, 558.
Pontos, kingdom of, 38.
Roman conquest of, 64.
diocese of the Eastern Prefecture, 76.
Portugal, 155, 527.
formation of the kingdom, 532.
its growth, 533.
kingdom of Algarve added to, 534.
extent of, in the thirteenth century, 534, 535, 540.
its African conquests, 541.
its colonies, 541, 542.
divides the Indies with Spain, _ib._
annexed to and separated from Spain, 537.
Posen, Grand Duchy of, 224, 231, 520.
Potidaia, 33.
Prag, ecclesiastical province of, 176.
Prefectures, of the Roman Empire, 75-79.
Pressburg, Peace of, 220.
Prevesa, held by Venice, 412.
ceded to the Turk, 451.
Primorie; _see_ HERZEGOVINA.
Provençal language, its fall, 345.
Provence, origin of the name, 57.
part of Theodoric’s kingdom, 93, 95.
ceded to the Franks, 105, 118.
part of the kingdom of Burgundy, 145.
Angevin counts of, 263.
annexed to France, 264, 344.
Provinces, Roman, nature of, 51.
Eastern and Western, 52.
Prussia, use of the name, 192, 211, 230.
long remains heathen, 466.
dominion of the Teutonic Knights in, 496.
beginning of the duchy, 503.
its geographical position, 504.
united with Brandenburg, 204, 209, 504, 513.
independent of Poland, 504.
growth of, 202, 511.
kingdom of, 512.
its acquisition of Silesia, 211.
of East Friesland, _ib._
its share in the partition of Poland, 212, 513-515.
losses of, 222, 223, 519.
recovery and increase of its territory, 224.
head of North German confederation, 228.
annexes Sleswick, Holstein, and Lauenburg, 519.
war with France, 229.
Prussia Western, 212, 513.
Prussia South, 212, 514.
Prussia New East, 212.
Przemyslaf, king of the Wends, founds the house of Mecklenburg, 476.
Pskof, commonwealth of, 483.
annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Puerto Rico, 544.
Punic Wars, the, 52, 56.
Pyrenees, Peace of, 301, 348.
Pyrrhos, 37.
Quadi, 85.
Quebec, 352.
Queensland, 566.
Rætia, conquest of, 68.
Ragusa, origin of, 115.
ecclesiastical province of, 186.
keeps her independence, 407, 412.
prefers the Turk to Venice, 412.
annexed to Austria, 320, 322.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 559.
Rama, Hungarian kingdom of, 424, 441.
Rametta, taken by the Saracens, 370.
Ramsbury, see of, 182.
Rascia; _see_ DIOKLEA.
Rassa (Novi Bazar), capital of Dioklea, 424.
Rastadt, Peace of, 350.
Ravenna, residence of the Western Emperors, 81.
of the Gothic kings, 95.
of the exarchs, 105.
taken by the Lombards, 108, 123.
its ecclesiastical position, 171.
under Venice, 242.
lost by Venice, 248.
Red Russia; _see_ GALICIA.
Regensburg, 220.
Revel, bishopric of, 184.
_Rex Francorum_, title of, 144.
Rheims, position of the archbishop, 167.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
Rhine, the boundary of the Roman Empire, 71.
frontier of, 348, 350, 355.
Rhodes, in the Homeric Catalogue, 28.
keeps its independence, 37, 41.
annexed by Vespasian, 41, 63.
held by the knights of Saint John, 389, 415.
revolutions of, 414.
knights driven out from, 447.
Rhode Island, 560.
Riazan, annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Richard I., of England, takes Cyprus, 372.
grants it to Guy of Lusignan, 318.
Riga, ecclesiastical province of, 185.
under the Sword-brothers, 496.
under Sweden, 508.
Rimini (Ariminum), 54, 244.
Riparanensia, 154, 529.
Robert Wiscard, duke of Apulia, 394.
his conquests in Epeiros, 395.
Rochester, bishopric of, 181.
Roesler, R., on the origin of the name Magyar, 433 (_note_).
on the Roumans, 435 (_note_).
Roger I., count of Sicily, his conquests, 395.
Roger II., king of Sicily, his conquests, 395.
Romagna (Romania), represents the old Exarchate, 147, 238.
origin of the name, 234, 364.
cities in, 244.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.
Roman, name kept on in the Eastern Empire, 63, 363, 364, 366.
continued under the Turks, 380.
Roman Empire; _see_ EMPIRE, ROMAN.
Romania, geographical name of the Eastern Empire, 364, 376.
Latin Empire of, 383.
Romania in Italy; _see_ ROMAGNA.
Romano, lordship of, 237.
Rome, the centre of European history, 9.
origin of, 49.
becomes the head of Italy, 50.
nature of her provinces, 51.
her Macedonian wars and conquests, 41.
her rivalry with Parthia, _ib._
wars of, with Persia, 81.
Patriarchate of, 168, 171.
her later history, 239.
becomes the Tiberine Republic, 252.
restored to the Pope, 253.
incorporated with France, _ib._
restored to the Pope, 256, 359.
recovered by Italy, 258.
Roskild, Treaty of, 508.
bishopric of, 184.
Rostock, 494.
Rottweil, 274.
Rouen, capital of Normandy, 142.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
Roum, Sultan of, 380.
Roumans, origin of the name, 71, 364, 435.
their northern settlements, 435.
Roumania, 436.
principality of, 453.
effects of the Treaty of Berlin on, 453.
Roumelia, Eastern, 454.
Roussillon, released from homage to France, 335, 531.
recovered by Aragon, 537.
finally annexed by France, 342, 348, 537.
Rovigo, annexed by Venice, 244.
Rügen, held by Denmark, 476, 490.
by Sweden, 509.
Rupertsland, 564.
Russia, its origin, 158, 159, 480, 481.
its relations towards the Turks, 449.
geographical continuity of its conquests, 467.
origin of the name, 480 (_note_), 481.
ecclesiastical relations of, 465, 468, 480.
its relations to the Eastern Empire, 159, 468.
its imperial style, 468.
Scandinavian settlement in, 472.
advance of against Chazars and Fins, 481.
its rulers become Slavonic, _ib._
attempts on Constantinople, 482.
its isolation, _ib._
its first occupation of Bulgaria, 377.
divided into principalities, 482, 483.
becomes tributary to the Mongols, 483, 500.
effect of the German conquest of Livland on, 487.
revival of, 499 _et seq._
delivered by Ivan the Great, 501.
advance of, 505-507, 511-517, 521-523.
compared with Sweden, 507.
wars with Sweden, 508, 512, 518.
conquered by Poland, 506.
lands recovered by, _ib._
assumes the title of Empire, 512.
becomes a Baltic power, 512.
its share in the partitions of Poland, 513-515.
no original Polish territory gained at this time by, 515, 520.
new kingdom of Poland united to, 520.
extent and character of its dominion, 522.
its territory in America sold to the United States, 523.
Russia, Red; _see_ GALICIA.
Ruthenians, 434.
Rutland, formation of the shire, 556.
Ryswick, Peace of, 349.
Sabines, 46.
Sachsen-Lauenburg; _see_ LAUENBURG.
Saguntum, taken by Hannibal, 56.
Saint Andrews, ecclesiastical province of, 183.
Saint Asaph, bishopric of, 182.
Saint Davids, bishopric of, 182.
Saint Domingo, Spanish settlements in, 543.
French settlement in, 353.
distinct from Hayti, 544.
Saint Gallen, abbey of, 216.
Saint John, knights of, conquer Rhodes, 389, 415.
their conquests, 415.
Malta granted to, 398, 415.
driven out of Rhodes, 447.
Saint John of Maurienne, bishopric of, 173.
Saint Lucia, kept by England, 360.
Saint Omer, held by Spain, 349.
Saint Petersburg, foundation of, 512.
Saint Sava, duchy of; _see_ HERZEGOVINA.
Saladin, takes Jerusalem, 400.
Salamis, its position in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
Salerno, principality of, 147, 152.
Salisbury, diocese of, 182.
Salona, Roman colony, 62.
destroyed, 115.
Salôna, principality of, 417.
conquered by the Turks, 420.
Saluzzo, disputed homage of, 283, 284, 287.
annexed by France, 287.
ceded to Savoy, 287, 347.
Salzburg, archbishopric of, 176, 215.
becomes a secular electorate, 220.
annexed by Austria, 221, 322.
by Bavaria, 222.
recovered by Austria, 224, 322.
Samaites, 484.
Samigola, 484.
Samland, Danish occupation of, 471.
Samnites, 46.
their wars with Rome, 51.
conquered by Sulla, _ib._
Samo, kingdom of, 473.
Samogitia, purchased by the Teutonic knights, 496.
restored to Lithuania, _ib._
Samos, 32.
theme of, 150.
held by the Maona, 414.
Sancho the Great, king of Navarre, extent of his dominion, 529.
San Marino, independence of, 247, 255, 258.
San Stefano, treaty of, 454.
Santa Maura; _see_ LEUKAS.
Saracens, their settlements in Europe, 16.
rise of, 110.
their conquests of Persia, Africa, and Spain, 111, 365.
their province in Gaul, 112, 527.
greatest extent of their power, 112, 526.
conquest of Sicily, 370.
compared with the Ottoman Turks, 442.
end of their rule in Spain, 537.
Sarai, capital of the Mongols, 500.
Sardica; _see_ SOFIA.
Sardinia, 44.
its early inhabitants, 53.
Roman conquest of, _ib._
province of, 79.
lost to the Eastern Empire, 369.
occupied by Pisa, 238.
conquered by Aragon, 245, 538.
united to Savoy, 251.
kingdom of, 257.
Sathas, M., referred to, 460.
Savona, march of, 236.
Savoy, House of, 234.
position and growth of, 277 _et seq._
originally Burgundian, 278.
its relations to Geneva, 281.
annexes Nizza, 282.
its claims on Saluzzo, 283.
Bernese conquests from, 272.
Italian and French influence on, 284.
its decline, 285.
its later history, 288-289.
French annexations from, 344.
French occupation of, 286, 346.
Italian advance of, 248.
its union with Sicily and Sardinia, 251.
boundaries of, after the fall of Buonaparte, 359.
annexed by France, 258, 359.
Saxon Mark, the, 198.
Saxons, 85, 91.
their settlement in Britain, 97.
Saxony, conquered by Charles the Great, 122, 126.
duchy of, 140, 207.
use of the name, 191, 207.
break-up of the duchy, 207.
new duchy and electorate of, 208, 209.
circle of, _ib._
kingdom of, 222, 226.
dismemberment of, 224.
Scanderbeg, revolt of Albania under, 421.
Scandinavia, ecclesiastical provinces of, 184.
its momentary union with Britain, 462.
compared with Spain, 463.
Eastern and Western aspects of, 464.
its barbarian neighbours, 466.
kingdoms of, 130, 468.
its influence on the Baltic, compared with that of Germany, 486.
Scania, originally Danish, 131, 184, 469.
its momentary transfer to Sweden, 487.
Hanseatic occupation of, 494.
annexed to Sweden, 508.
Schaffhausen, joins the Confederates, 272.
Schlesien; _see_ SILESIA.
Sclavinia, kingdom of, 476.
Danish conquest of, 489.
Scotland, origin of the name, 98, 549.
dioceses of, 183.
its greatness due to its English element, 548.
historical position of, 549.
analogy of Switzerland to, _ib._
formation of the kingdom, 550, 551.
settlements of the Northmen in, 550, 552.
acknowledges the English supremacy, 550.
different tenures of the dominions of its kings, 551.
grant of Lothian and Cumberland to, 162, 550, 551.
its shifting relations towards England, 552.
its union with England, _ib._
Scots, their settlement in Britain, 98, 548.
their union with the Picts, 556.
Scutari; _see_ SKODRA.
Scythia, Roman province of, 77.
Sebasteia, theme of, 150.
Sebastopol, answers to old Cherson, 516 (_note_).
Sebenico, under Venice, 411.
Seleukeia, independence of, 39.
annexed to the Empire by Trajan, 99.
theme of, 150.
Seleukids, extent and decline of their kingdom, 38.
Selim I., Sultan, his conquests in Syria and Egypt, 447.
Seljuk Turks, their invasions, 365, 379.
driven back by the Komnênoi, 381.
weakened by the Mongols, 443.
Selsey, see of, 182.
Selymbria, won back to the Empire, 387, 391.
Semigallia, Semigola, part of the duchy of Curland, 514.
dominion of the Sword-brothers in, 496.
Semitic nations in Europe, 16.
Sena Gallica (Sinigallia), Roman colony, 54.
Sens, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
divided, 174.
Septimania (Gothia), 90, 154, 526.
Saracen conquest of, 112, 118.
recovered by the Franks, 113, 121.
march of, 142.
Servia, Slavonic character of, 114, 373, 423.
conquered by Simeon, 377, 424.
its relations to the Empire, 424.
restored to the Empire, 378, 424.
revolts from the Empire, 379, 424.
recovered by Manuel, 381, 424.
beginning of the house of Nemanja, 424.
its possessions on the Hadriatic, 405.
loses Bosnia, 424.
advance of under Stephen Dushan, 389, 419-420, 425.
Empire of, 420, 425.
break up of the Empire, 426.
later kingdom of, _ib._
conquests and deliverances of, _ib._
revolts and deliverance of, 452.
enlarged by the Berlin Treaty, 453.
Servians, never wholly enslaved, 429.
fourfold separation of the nation, 453.
Severia, conquered by Lithuania, 499.
Severin, Banat of, attacked by Bulgaria, 430.
Seven Weeks’ War, the, 228.
Seville, ecclesiastical province of, 179.
recovered by Castile, 534, 535.
Sforza, House of, 241.
Sherborne, see of, 182.
Shetland, Scandinavian colony, 471.
pledged to Scotland, 488.
Shires, mentioned in Domesday, 555.
two classes of, _ib._
Shirwan, 521.
Siberia, khanat of, 501.
Russian conquest of, 511.
Sicily, early inhabitants of, 45, 48.
Phœnician colonies in, 35.
Greek colonies in, 22, 34, 53.
the first Roman province, 52, 79.
state of under Rome, 53.
theme of, 152.
Saracen conquest of, 153, 370.
recovered by George Maniakês, 370.
Norman kingdom of, 250, 367, 371, 393-395.
its conquests from the Eastern Empire, 397.
never a fief of the Western Empire, 233.
under Charles of Anjou, 250, 397.
its revolt, _ib._
its union with Aragon, 250, 538.
united with Savoy, 251.
with Austria, _ib._
with Naples, 251, 540.
its practical effacement, 398.
compared with the Crusading states, _ib._
compared with Venice, 402.
Sicilies, The Two, kingdom of, 250, 251, 253, 398.
union of with Aragon, 538.
part of the Spanish monarchy, 240, 540.
divided, 254.
reunited, 256.
joined to Italy, 257.
Siculi; _see_ SZEKLERS.
Sidon, Phœnician colony, 35.
Siebenbürgen, origin of the name, 435 (_note_); _see_ TRANSSILVANIA.
Siena, archbishopric of, 171.
commonwealth of, 238, 245.
annexed by Florence, 246.
Sikanians, 48.
Sikels, 48.
Sikyôn, in the Homeric catalogue, 27.
a Dorian city, 29.
Silesia, its early relations to Poland, 200, 478, 479.
passes under Bohemian supremacy, 200, 492.
joined to the Bohemian kingdom, 493.
becomes a dominion of the House of Austria, 493.
the greater part conquered by Prussia, 211.
Polish territory added to, 515.
Silvas, conquered by Portugal, 533.
Simeon, Tzar of Bulgaria, his conquests, 376.
Sind, 113.
Sinôpê, 39, 64, 422.
Sirmium, 81.
Sitten, see of, 173.
Skipetars; _see_ ALBANIANS.
Skodra (Scutari), kingdom of, 62.
Servian, 406.
dominion of the Balsa at, 428.
sold to Venice, 410, 428.
taken by Mahomet the Conqueror, 411.
Skopia, 425.
Slaves, their settlement and migrations, 14, 113, 133, 365.
compared with those of the Teutons, 16, 114.
their two main divisions, 114, 158.
parted asunder by the Magyars, 158, 432.
their settlements within the Eastern Empire, 115.
in Greece and Macedonia, 116, 373, 374, 461.
recovered to the Eastern Empire, 375.
remain on Taÿgetos, _ib._
their relations to the Western Empire, 159, 197, 199, 201, 465, 466.
general history of the Northern Slaves, 472-485.
Slavia, duchy of, 492.
Slavinia, name of, 115.
Slavonia, 323, 434.
Slavonic Gulf, 476.
Sleswick, duchy of, 213, 490.
its relations with Denmark, 490.
under Christian I., 491.
effect of the Peace of Roskild on, 509.
guaranteed to Denmark, 513.
wars in, 228.
transferred to Prussia, 228, 519.
Slovaks, 434, 477.
Smolensk, principality of, 483.
conquered by Lithuania, 499.
its shiftings between Russia and Poland, 506.
Smyrna, 32.
acquired by Genoa, 389.
Sobrarbe, formation of the kingdom, 530.
united to Aragon, 531.
Social War, the, 51.
Sofia (Sardica), taken by the Bulgarians, 376.
by the Turks, 431.
Solothurn, joins the Confederates, 262, 270.
Sorabi, 474, 475.
Spain, use of the name, 3 (_note_).
its geographical character, 10.
non-Aryan people in, 12, 13.
Celtic settlements in, 14, 56.
Greek and Phœnician settlements in, 35, 56.
its connexion with Gaul, 55.
first Roman province in, _ib._
final conquest of, _ib._
diocese of, 79.
settlements of Suevi and Vandals in, 90.
West-Gothic kingdom in, 89.
southern part won back to the Empire, 105.
reconquered by West-Goths, 108, 526.
Saracen conquest of, 111, 154, 526.
separated from the Eastern Caliphate, 113.
conquests of Charles the Great in, 127, 527.
foundation of its kingdoms, 154, 155, 549 _et seq._
its ecclesiastical divisions, 178.
its geographical relations with France, 342.
its quasi-imperial character, 463.
compared with Scandinavia, 463, 525.
with South-eastern Europe, 525.
nation of, grew out of the war with the Mussulmans, 526.
king of, use of the title, 535.
African Mussulmans in, 530, 532, 533.
end of their rule in, 537.
divides the Indies with Portugal, 542.
extent of under Charles V., 247, 298, 539.
its conquests in Africa, 543.
its insular possessions, _ib._
revolutions of its colonies, 544.
its possessions in the West Indies, _ib._
Spalato, its origin, 115.
ecclesiastical province of, 186.
under Venice, 44.
Spanish March, the, conquered by Charles the Great, 122, 128, 529.
remains part of Karolingia, 141, 155.
division of, _ib._
Spanish Monarchy, the greatest extent of, 539.
partition of, _ib._
Sparta, her supremacy, 29.
joins the Achaian league, 40.
Speyer, bishopric of, 175.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.
becomes Bavarian, 226.
Spizza, originally Servian, 406.
annexed by Austria, 324, 429, 441.
Spoleto, Lombard duchy of, 108, 147.
Stalbova, Peace of, 508.
Stati degli Presidi, 246.
Steiermark; _see_ STYRIA.
Stephen Dushan, extent of the Servian Empire under, 389, 419, 420, 425.
Stephen Tvartko, king of Bosnia, 426.
Stephen Urosh, his conquest of Thessaly and title, 420, 426.
Stettin, 210.
Stormarn, 489, 490.
Strabo, his description of Hellas, 18 (_note_).
Stralsund, 494.
Strassburg, bishopric of, 175.
seized by Lewis XIV., 194, 350.
restored to Germany, 229.
Strathclyde, 130, 549, 550.
acknowledges the English supremacy, 162.
granted to Scotland, 162, 551.
Strigonium (Gran), ecclesiastical province of, 186.
Strymôn, theme of, 151.
Styria (Steiermark), duchy of, 217, 308.
Sudereys; _see_ HEBRIDES.
Suevi, their settlements, 87, 90.
Suleiman, the Lawgiver, his conquests, 438, 447.
his African overlordship, 447.
Sumatra, Dutch settlement in, 300.
Surat, French factory at, 354.
Susdal, 483.
Sussex, kingdom of, 160, 555.
Sutherland, 550.
Sutorina, Ottoman frontier extends to, 412.
Svealand, 131.
Sviatopluk, founds the Great Moravian kingdom, 473.
Sviatoslaf, overruns Bulgaria, 377.
his Asiatic conquests, 482.
Swabia, circle of, 216.
ecclesiastical towns in, _ib._
Sweden, 131, 159, 470.
its position in the Baltic, 463.
its relation to the Empire, 467.
its conquest of Curland, 472.
of Finland, 486, 488.
joined with Norway and Denmark, 487.
separated, 488.
growth of, compared with Russia, 507.
advance of under Gustavus Adolphus, _ib._
wars of with Russia and Poland, 508.
advance of against Denmark and Norway, _ib._
its German territories, 213.
greatest extent of, 509, 510.
its settlements in America, 561.
its decline, 512.
its later wars with Russia, 512, 518.
losses of, 512, 518.
its union with Norway, 464, 518.
Swiss League, beginning and growth of, 262, 268-274.
Swithiod, 470.
Switzerland, represents the Burgundian kingdom, 146, 259, 291.
German origin of the Confederation, 262, 268, 269.
popular errors about, 269.
eight ancient cantons of, 270.
effect of on the Austrian power, 217, 311.
beginning of its Italian dominions, 271, 286.
thirteen cantons of, 272, 274.
its allied and subject lands, 272, 273.
extent and position of the League, 275.
its Savoyard conquests, 272, 273.
its relations with France, 344.
abolition of the federal system in, _ib._
restored by the Act of Mediation, 276.
Buonaparte’s treatment of, 355.
nineteen cantons of, 276.
present confederation of twenty-two cantons, 276, 359.
Sword-Brothers, their connexion with the Empire, 495.
established in Livland, _ib._
extent of their dominion, 496.
joined to the Teutonic Order, _ib._
separated from them, 496, 503.
fall of the Order, 504.
Sybaris, Greek colony, 47.
Syracuse, Greek colony, 48.
Roman conquest of, 52.
taken by the Saracens, 370.
recovered and loss by the Eastern Empire, _ib._
by the Normans, 395.
Syria, kingdom of, 38, 61.
Roman province of, 65.
Saracen conquest of, 111.
partially restored to the Empire, 379.
conquered by Selim I., 447.
Szeklers, settle in Transsilvania, 435.
Tangier, 527, 541, 558.
Tannenberg, battle of, 496.
Taormina (Tauromenion), taken by the Saracens, 370.
Tarantaise, ecclesiastical province of, 173.
Tarentum, (Taras), early greatness of, 47.
archbishopric of, 172.
taken by the Normans, 394.
Tarifa, taken by Castile, 534.
Tarragona, ecclesiastical province of, 178.
joined to Barcelona, 532.
Tarsos, restored to the Empire, 153, 379.
Tartars; _see_ MONGOLS.
Tasmania, 566.
Tauros, Mount, 61.
Tauromenion; _see_ TAORMINA.
Taÿgetos, Slave settlement on, 375.
Tchernigof, principality of, 483.
lost and recovered by Poland, 506.
Temeswar, 440.
Tenda, county of, 287.
Tênos, held by Venice, 409, 411.
Terbounia (Trebinje), 405, 425.
Terra Firma, compared with ἤπειρος, 26 (_note_).
Teutonic Knights, their connexion with the Western Empire, 495.
effects of their rule, _ib._
extent of their dominion, 496.
joined to the Sword-brothers, _ib._
separated from them, 496.
their losses, 496, 497.
their cessions to Poland, 497.
their vassalage to Poland, _ib._
secularization of their dominion, 503.
Teutons, their settlements, 15, 16, 82, 87, 96.
their wars with Rome, 84.
confederacies among, _ib._
Thasos, 32.
Thebes, head of the Boiôtian League, 27, 30.
destroyed by Alexander, 31.
Theodore Laskaris, founds the Empire of Nikaia, 386.
Theodoric, King of the East Goths, his reign in Italy, 95.
Thermê, 33; _see_ THESSALONIKÊ.
Thesprotians, in the Homeric catalogue, 26.
invade Thessaly, 30.
Thessalonikê, theme of, 151.
kingdom of, 384.
its effects on the Latin Empire, _ib._
its extent under Boniface, 385.
taken by Michael of Epeiros, 385.
Empire of, _ib._
separated from Epeiros, _ib._
incorporated with the Empire of Nikaia, 387.
sold to Venice, 404, 410.
taken by the Turks, 391, 404, 446.
Thessaly, Thesprotian invasion of, 30.
subservient to Macedonia, 37, 40.
province of, 78.
part of the kingdom of Thessalonikê, 385.
added to Servia by Stephen Urosh, 420.
Turkish conquest of, _ib._
Thionville, 301.
Thirty Years’ War, the, 203, 347.
Thopia, House of, Albanian kings in Epeiros, 420.
Thorn, Peace of, 497.
recovered by Prussia, 520.
Thrace, Greek colonies in, 20, 33.
its geography, _ib._
conquered by Rome, 68.
diocese of, 76.
theme of, 151.
Thracians, in the Homeric catalogue, 28.
Thrakêsion, theme of, 151.
Thurgau, won from Austria by the Confederates, 271, 313.
Thuringians, 91.
conquered by the Franks, 117.
Tiberine Republic, 252.
Tigranes, king of Armenia, subdued by the Romans, 65.
Timour, overthrows Bajazet, 390, 445.
Tingitana, province of, 79.
Tirnovo, kingdom of, 430.
Tobago, 360.
Tocco, House of, effects of their rule in Western Greece, 421.
Toledo, archbishopric of, 178.
conquered by Alfonso VI., 532, 535.
Tortona, 237, 249.
Tortosa, Aragonese conquest of, 532.
Toul, annexed by France, 193, 346.
Toulouse, Roman colony, 57.
capital of the West Gothic kingdom, 90.
county of, 142, 330.
ecclesiastical province of, 174.
annexed to France, 335.
Touraine, united to Anjou, 330.
annexed by Philip Augustus, 333.
Τοῠρκοι, 433 (_note_).
Tournay, becomes French, 349.
Tours, battle of, 113.
bishopric of, 173.
Trajan, Emperor, his conquests, 70, 99.
forms the province of Dacia, _ib._
Transpadane Republic, 252.
Transsilvania, 323.
conquered by the Magyars, 435.
Teutonic colonies in, 435.
tributary to the Turk, 439.
incorporated with Hungary, 440.
Transvaal, annexation of, 566.
Traü, 406.
Trebinje; _see_ TERBOUNIA.
Trebizond (Trapezous), city of, 36, 150.
Empire of, 386, 422.
acknowledges the Eastern Emperor, _ib._
conquered by the Turks, 423.
Trent, county of, 235.
bishopric of, 147, 195, 237.
fluctuates between Germany and Italy, 195.
within the Austrian circle, 217.
annexed by Bavaria, 221.
recovered by Austria, 224, 255, 318.
Triaditza; _see_ SOFIA.
Trier, taken by the Franks, 92.
ecclesiastical province of, 175.
chancellorship of Gaul held by its archbishops, 176.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.
Trieste, commends itself to Austria, 232, 312.
Trinidad, 544.
Tripolis (Asia), county of, 399.
Tripolis (Africa), conquered by Suleiman, 447.
Trojans, 28.
Trondhjem (Nidaros), ecclesiastical province of, 184.
Trondhjemlän, ceded to Sweden, 508.
restored to Norway, 509.
Troyes, treaty of, 338.
Tuam, ecclesiastical province of, 183.
Tunis, conquests and losses of by the Turk, 447.
conquered by Charles V., 447, 543.
Turanian nations in Europe, 17, 365.
Turks, Magyars so called, 379, 433 (_note_).
_see also_ OTTOMANS and SELJUKS.
Tuscany, use of the name, 234.
commonwealths of, 238.
grand duchy of, 249, 256.
exchanged for Lorraine, 321.
annexed to Piedmont, 257.
Tver, annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Tyre, Phœnician colony, 35.
Tyrol, within the circle of Austria, 217.
taken by Bavaria, 221.
recovered by Austria, 224, 323.
Tzar, origin of the title, 512 (_note_).
Tzernagora; _see_ MONTENEGRO.
Tzernojevich, dynasty of, 428.
Tzetinje, foundation of, 428.
Ukraine Cossacks, 506.
Ulster, province of, 183.
United Provinces, the, 299.
recognition of their independence, 300.
colonies of, 300, 561.
United States of America, the greatest colony of England, 559.
formation of, 560-562.
acknowledgement of their independence, 562.
their extension to the West, 563.
their lack of a name, _ib._
cessions to by Spain, 544.
Upsala, archbishopric of, 184.
Urbino, duchy of, 244.
annexed by the Popes, 249.
Uri, obtains the Val Levantina, 271.
Utica, Phœnician colony, 35.
Utrecht, its bishops, 294.
annexed to Burgundy, 298.
archbishopric of, 177.
peace of, 301, 349, 352.
Val Levantina, won by Uri, 271.
Valence, annexed to the Dauphiny, 264.
Valencia, ecclesiastical province of, 178.
conquered by Aragon, 533, 536.
Valenciennes, annexed by France, 349.
Valentia, province of, 80.
Valladolid, bishopric of, 178.
Valois, county of, 330.
added to France, 331.
Valtellina, won by Graubünden, 273.
united to the French kingdom of Italy, 253.
to the kingdom of Lombardy and Venice, 256.
Vandals, 87.
their settlements in Spain and in Africa, 89, 90.
end of their kingdom, 105.
Varna, battle of, 426, 438.
Varus, defeated by Arminius, 67.
Vasco de Gama, discovers Cape of Good Hope, 541.
Vasto, 236.
Vaud, conquered from Savoy, 273.
freed, 275.
Veii, conquered by Rome, 50.
Venaissin, annexed to France, 265, 355.
Veneti, 46.
Venetia, 47, 235.
Roman conquests of, 55.
province of, 79.
Venice, her origin, 94.
patriarchal see of, 170.
her greatness, 241, 367.
relations to the Eastern Empire, 233, 369, 378.
compared with Genoa and Sicily, 402.
her first conquests in Dalmatia and Croatia, 406, 407.
her share in the Latin conquest of Constantinople, 383.
compared with Sicily, 402.
effect of the fourth Crusade on, 402, 403.
inherits the position of the Eastern Empire, 403, 410.
her dominion primarily Hadriatic, 404, 405.
her possession of Crete, Cyprus, and Thessalonikê, _ib._
her Greek and Albanian possessions, 408-410.
loses and recovers Dalmatia, 409, 410.
acquires Skodra, 410, 428.
her losses, 411.
her Italian dominions, 241, 242, 248.
losses of by the treaty of Bologna, 248.
conquest and loss of the Peloponnêsos, 412.
annexed to Austria, 252.
part of the French kingdom of Italy, 253.
restored to Austria, 255.
momentary republic of, 267.
united to Italy, 232, 258.
Verden, bishopric of, 208, 213.
held and lost by Sweden, 509, 513.
Verdun, division of, 136.
bishopric of annexed by France, 193, 346.
Vermandois, annexed to France, 331.
Verona, fluctuates between Germany and Italy, 139, 195.
history of, 237.
subject to Venice, 241.
to Austria, 252.
restored to Italy, 232.
Vespasian, his annexations, 41.
Viatka, commonwealth of, 483.
annexed by Muscovy, 501.
Victoria (Australia), 566.
Vienna, Congress of, 520
battle of, 439.
Vienne, 93, 263.
ecclesiastical province of, 173.
annexed to France, 264.
Viennois, Dauphiny of, 263.
annexed to France, 264, 344.
Vindelicia, conquest of, 68.
Visconti, House of, 240.
Vlachia; _see_ WALLACHIA AND ROUMANIA.
Vlachia, Great; _see_ THESSALY.
Vlachs, use of the name, 366.
_see_ ROUMANS.
Vladimir, first Christian prince of Russia, takes Cherson, 378, 482.
Vladimir, on the Kiasma, supremacy of, 482.
Vladimir (Lodomeria) annexed by Lewis the Great, 437.
under Austria, 323, 440, 514.
Volhynia, conquered by Lithuania, 498.
recovered by Russia, 514.
Volscians, 46.
their wars with Rome, 50.
Vratislaf, king of Bohemia, 492 (_note_).
Wagri, Wagria, 474, 489.
Waldemar, king of Denmark, conquests and losses, 489.
Wales, North, use of the name, 130.
Wales, Harold’s conquests from, 553.
conquest of, 554.
full incorporation of, 555.
Wales, principality of, 554.
Wallachia, formation of, 436.
shiftings of, 438-440.
its union with Moldavia, 453.
Wallis, League of, 272.
its conquests from Savoy, 273.
united with France, 274.
becomes a Swiss Canton, 276, 359.
‘Wandering of the Nations,’ 83.
Warsaw, duchy of, 223, 519.
extent of, 520.
Weleti, Weletabi, Wiltsi, 474.
Wells, bishopric of, 182.
Welsh, use of the name, 98.
Wessex, kingdom of, 97, 129.
its growth and supremacy, 130, 160, 161, 162.
Westfalia, duchy of and circle, 207.
kingdom of, 222.
Westfalia, Peace of, 215, 346, 509.
West Indies, French colonies in, 353.
British possessions in, 360, 565.
Westmoreland, formation of the shire, 556.
Widdin, twice annexed by Hungary, 430, 431, 437.
William the Conqueror, his continental conquests, 332.
England united by, 163.
William of Hauteville, founds the county of Apulia, 394.
William the Good, king of Sicily, his Epeirot conquests, 396.
Winchester, bishopric of, 182.
Wismar, 494.
Witold, of Lithuania, his conquests, 499.
Worcester, bishopric of, 182.
Worms, bishopric of, 175.
annexed to France, 220.
restored to Germany, 358.
Württemberg, county of, 216.
electorate and kingdom of, 220.
its extent, 226.
Würzburg, bishopric of, 226.
its Bishops Dukes of East Francia, 206, 214.
Grand Duchy of, 221, 222.
York, archbishopric of, 182.
Zabljak, ancient capital of Montenegro, 428.
Zaccaria, princes of, hold Chios, 414.
Zachloumia, 405, 425.
Zagrab; _see_ AGRAM.
Zähringen, dukes of, 261, 262.
Zakynthos (Zante), conquered by William the Good, 396.
held in fief by Margarito, 397.
commended to Venice, 410.
tributary to the Sultan, 411.
Zalacca, battle of, 532.
Zante; _see_ ZAKYNTHOS.
Zara (Jadera), Roman colony, 62.
ecclesiastical province of, 186.
held by Venice, 405, 411.
Peace of, 409.
Zaragoza, ecclesiastical province of, 178.
conquered by Aragon, 532.
Zealand, province of, 218.
Zealand, Danish island, 469.
Zeno, reunion of the Empire under, 94.
Zeugmin, recovered by Manuel Komnênos, 381.
Zips, pledged to Poland, 437, 499.
Zug, joins the Confederates, 270.
Zürich, minster of, 216.
joins the Confederates, 270.
Zutphen, county of, annexed to Burgundy, 298.
Zuyder-Zee, inroads of, 293.
_Spottiswoode & Co., Printers, New-street Square, London._
* * * * *
[Transcriber’s note: The following changes have been made to this text:
Page ix: ‘Kyrêne’ to ‘Kyrênê’—‘Crete, Cyprus, Kyrênê’.
Page xxviii: ‘Brobant’ to ‘Brabant’—‘Brabant; Hainault’.
Page xlii: ‘Lauenberg’ to ‘Lauenburg’—‘Saxony; Lauenburg;’.
Page 31: ‘Peloponnêsian’ to ‘Peloponnesian’—‘Peloponnesian cities’.
Page 94, sidenote: ‘B.C. 476-493’ to ‘A.D. 476-493’.
Page 114, sidenote: ‘South-eastern’ to ‘South-western’.
Page 208, sidenote: ‘121.’ to ‘1212.’—‘1180-1212.’
Page 217: ‘Görtz’ to ‘Görz’—‘borderlands of _Görz_’.
Page 240, sidenote: ‘Palaiologioi’ to ‘Palaiologoi’—‘Palaiologoi at
Montferrat, 1306.’
Page 320: ‘at’ to ‘as’—‘as it stood.’
Page 352: ‘Napoleone’ to ‘Napoleon’—‘Napoleon Buonaparte was born’.
Page 354: ‘theatened’ to ‘threatened’—‘seriously threatened’.
Page 368: ‘setttlement’ to ‘settlement’—‘conquest and settlement’.
Page 372: ‘begining’ to ‘beginning’—‘beginning of the eleventh’.
Page 373: missing word ‘time’ added—‘to time enforced.’
Page 379: ‘posssession’ to ‘possession’—‘Imperial possession’.
Page 389: ‘Nikomédeia’ to ‘Nikomêdeia’—‘_Nikaia_, _Nikomêdeia_’.
Page 396, sidenote: ‘Epirot’ to ‘Epeirot’—‘Epeirot conquests of William’.
Page 407: ‘Kommênos’ to ‘Komnênos’—‘Under Manuel Komnênos’.
Page 418, sidenote: ‘1343.’ to ‘1383.’—‘1348-1383.’
Page 428: ‘Balza’ to ‘Balsa’—‘the house of Balsa’.
Page 432, sidenote: ‘84’ to ‘884’—‘884-894.’
Page 493: ‘burggraves’ to ‘burgraves’—‘burgraves of Nürnberg.’
Page 512: ‘Ăbo’ to ‘Åbo’—‘Peace of Åbo’.
Page 539, sidenote: ‘possesions’ to ‘possessions’—‘outlying possessions’.
Page 550: ‘Northhumberland’ to ‘Northumberland’—‘part of
Northumberland’.
Page 561, sidenote: ‘1346’ to ‘1646’—’Maryland. 1646.’
Page 564, sidenote: ‘Dependen’ to ‘Dependent’—‘Dependent confederacy.’
Page 580: ‘ecclesiastial’ to ‘ecclesiastical’—‘Embrun, ecclesiastical
province’.
Page 583: ‘Geatas’ to ‘Geátas’—‘Gauts, Geátas’.
Page 586: ‘Jagerndorf’ to ‘Jägerndorf’—‘Jägerndorf, principality of’.
Page 587: ‘Kamenietz’ to ‘Kamienetz’—‘Kamienetz, ceded by Poland’.
Page 587: ‘Korônê’ to ‘Kôrônê’—‘Kôrônê; _see_ CORON.’
Page 587: ‘Koloneia’ to ‘Kolôneia’—‘Kolôneia, theme of’.
Page 589: ‘Luzelburg’ to ‘Lüzelburg’—‘Luxemburg (Lüzelburg)’.
Page 590: ‘Monbeliard’ to ‘Montbeliard’—‘Montbeliard, county of’.
Page 592: ‘Komnenos’ to ‘Komnênos’—‘Alexios Komnênos, 381.’
Page 594: ‘Phokaia’ to ‘Phôkaia’—‘Phôkaia, held by’.
Page 594: ‘Julii’ to ‘Julia’—‘Pietas Julia; _see_ POLA.’
Page 595: ‘remain’ to ‘remains’—‘long remains heathen’.
Page 595: ‘Bradenburg’ to ‘Brandenburg’—‘united with Brandenburg’.
Page 599: ‘Maniakes’ to ‘Maniakês’—‘recovered by George Maniakês’.
Page 599: ‘Sinopê’ to ‘Sinôpê’—‘Sinôpê, 39’.
Page 600: ‘Soluthurn’ to ‘Solothurn’—‘Solothurn, joins the
Confederates’.
Page 600: ‘610’ to ‘10’—‘its geographical character, 10’.
Page 600: ‘Califate’ to ‘Caliphate’—‘Eastern Caliphate, 113.’
Page 600: ‘Presidenti’ to ‘Presidi’—‘Stati degli Presidi’.
Page 603: ‘Tzernoievich’ to ‘Tzernojevich’—‘Tzernojevich, dynasty of’.]