Know well each Ancient's proper character:
His fable, subject, scope in ev'ry page;
Religion, country, genius of his age:
Without all these at once before your eyes,
Cavil you may, but never criticise.
Be Homer's works your study and delight,
Read them by day, and meditate by night;
Thence form your Judgment, thence your maxims bring,
And trace the muses upward to their spring.
Still with itself compared, his text peruse;
And let your comment be the Mantuan muse.
"When first young Maro in his boundless mind
A work t' outlast immortal Rome design'd,
Perhaps he seem'd above the critic's law,
And but from Nature's fountains scorn'd to draw:
But when t' examine ev'ry part he came,
Nature and Homer were, he found, the same.
Convinced, amazed, he checks the bold design;
And rules as strict his labour'd work confine,
As if the Stagyrite o'erlook'd each line.
Learn hence for ancient rules a just esteem;
To copy nature is to copy them.
Some beauties yet no precepts can declare,
For there's a happiness as well as care.
Music resembles poetry; in each
Are nameless graces which no methods teach,
And which a master-hand alone can reach.
If, where the rules not far enough extend,
(Since rules were made but to promote their end,)
Some lucky license answer to the full
Th' intent proposed, that license is a rule.
Thus Pegasus, a nearer way to take,
May boldly deviate from the common track;
Great wits sometimes may gloriously offend,
And rise to faults true critics dare not mend.
From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part,
And snatch a grace beyond the reach of art,
Which, without passing through the judgment, gains
The heart, and all its end at once attains.
In prospects thus, some objects please our eyes,
Which out of nature's common order rise,
The shapeless rock, or hanging precipice.
But though the ancients thus their rules invade,
(As kings dispense with laws themselves have made,)
Moderns, beware! or if you must offend
Against the precept, ne'er transgress its end;
Let it be seldom, and compell'd by need,
And have, at least, their precedent to plead,
The critic else proceeds without remorse,
Seizes your fame, and puts his laws in force.
I know there are, to whose presumptuous thought
Those freer beauties, ev'n in them, seem faults.
Some figures monstrous and mis-shaped appear,
Consider'd singly, or beheld too near;
Which, but proportion'd to their light or place,
Due distance reconciles to form and grace.
A prudent chief not always must display
His powers in equal ranks, and fair array,
But with the occasion and the place comply,
Conceal his force, nay seem sometimes to fly.
Those oft are stratagems which errors seem;
Nor is it Homer nods, but we that dream.
Still green with bays each ancient altar stands,
Above the reach of sacrilegious hands;
Secure from flames, from Envy's fiercer rage,
Destructive war, and all-involving age.
See from each clime the learn'd their incense bring!
Hear, in all tongues consenting paeans ring!
In praise so just let ev'ry voice be join'd,
And fill the gen'ral chorus of mankind.
Hail, bards triumphant! born in happier days;
Immortal heirs of universal praise!
Whose honours with increase of ages grow,
As streams roll down, enlarging as they flow;
Nations unborn your mighty names shall sound,
And worlds applaud that must not yet be found
O may some spark of your celestial fire,
The last, the meanest of your sons inspire,
(That on weak wings, from far, pursues your flights;
Glows while he reads, but trembles as he writes,)
To teach vain wits a science little known,
T' admire superior sense, and doubt their own!
A magnificent burst of thoughtful enthusiasm! an urgent and monitory
exhortation, in which Pope calls upon rising critics and poets to pursue,
in the great writings of classical antiquity, the study of that art which
proceeds from the true study of Nature. It depictures his own studies; and
expresses the admiration of a glowing disciple, who, having found his own
strength and light in the conversation of his high instructors, will utter
his own gratitude, will advance their honour, and will satisfy his zeal
for the good of his brethren, by engaging others to use the means that
have prospered with himself.
The art delivered by Greece was self-regulated nature. Criticism was the
well-expounded Reason of inspiration, calling and instructing emulation.
The critic that will be, must transport himself into the mind of
antiquity; and, in particular, into the mind of his author for the time
being. Homer is your one great, all-sufficient lesson. Read him, after
Virgil's manner of reading him, who sought Nature by submitting himself to
rules drawn from her, and emblazoned in the Iliad and Odyssey.
Nevertheless, the rules do not yet comprehend every thing; and emergencies
occur when they whom the rules have trained to mastery, inspired by their
spirit, and following out their design, transcend them: so creating a new
excellence, which, in its turn, becomes a rule--but, O ye moderns! beware,
and dare tremblingly!
There are critics of a confined and self-confident wit, who impeach these
liberties, even of the masters, most unthinkingly and rashly; for
sometimes the skillful tactician is on his way to winning the victory,
when you think him flying.
The fame of those ancients is now safe and universal. Withhold not your
solitary voice. Hail, ye victorious inheritors of ever-gathering renown!
And, oh! enable the last and least of poets to teach the pretenders of
criticism modesty and reverence!
_Edinburgh: Printed by Ballantyne and Hughes, Paul's Work._
Footnotes:
[1] Daguerreotype, &c.
[2] Valerius Flaccus.
[3] Cicero, in a well-known passage of his _Ethics_, speaks of trade as
irredeemably base, if petty; but as not so absolutely felonious if
wholesale. He gives a _real_ merchant (one who is such in the English
sense) leave to think himself a shade above small-beer.
[4] "_The astonishment of science._"--Her medical attendants were Dr
Percival, a well-known literary physician, who had been a correspondent of
Condorcet, D'Alembert, &c., and Mr Charles White, a very distinguished
surgeon. It was he who pronounced her head to be the finest in its
structure and development of any that he had ever seen--an assertion
which, to my own knowledge, he repeated in after years, and with
enthusiasm. That he had some acquaintance with the subject may be presumed
from this, that he wrote and published a work on the human skull,
supported by many measurements which he had made of heads selected from
all varieties of the human species. Meantime, as I would be loth that any
trait of what might seem vanity should creep into this record, I will
candidly admit that she died of hydrocephalus; and it has been often
supposed that the premature expansion of the intellect in cases of that
class, is altogether morbid--forced on, in fact, by the mere stimulation
of the disease. I would, however, suggest, as a possibility, the very
inverse order of relation between the disease and the intellectual
manifestations. Not the disease may always have caused the preternatural
growth of the intellect, but, on the contrary, this growth coming on
spontaneously, and outrunning the capacities of the physical structure,
may have caused the disease.
[5] Amongst the oversights in the _Paradise Lost_, some of which have not
yet been perceived, it is certainly _one_--that, by placing in such
overpowering light of pathos the sublime sacrifice of Adam to his love for
his frail companion, he has too much lowered the guilt of his disobedience
to God. All that Milton can say afterwards, does not, and cannot, obscure
the beauty of that action: reviewing it calmly, we condemn--but taking the
impassioned station of Adam at the moment of temptation, we approve in our
hearts. This was certainly an oversight; but it was one very difficult to
redress. I remember, amongst the many exquisite thoughts of John Paul,
(Richter,) one which strikes me as peculiarly touching upon this subject.
He suggests--not as any grave theological comment, but as the wandering
fancy of a poetic heart--that, had Adam conquered the anguish of
separation as a pure sacrifice of obedience to God, his reward would have
been the pardon and reconciliation of Eve, together with her restoration
to innocence.
[6]
"I stood in unimaginable trance
And agony, which cannot be remember'd."
--_Speech of Alhadra in Coleridge's Remorse._
[7] Some readers will question the _fact_, and seek no reason. But did
they ever suffer grief at _any_ season of the year?
[8] [Greek: Phyge monou pros monon].--PLOTINUS.
[9] The thoughts referred to will be given in final notes; as at this
point they seemed too much to interrupt the course of the narrative.
[10] "Everlasting Jew!"--_der ewige Jude_--which is the common German
expression for _The Wandering Jew_, and sublimer even than our own.
[11] "_I felt._"--The reader must not forget, in reading this and other
passages, that, though a child's feelings are spoken of, it is not the
child who speaks. _I_ decipher what the child only felt in cipher. And so
far is this distinction or this explanation from pointing to any thing
metaphysical or doubtful, that a man must be grossly unobservant who is
not aware of what I am here noticing, not as a peculiarity of this child
or that, but as a necessity of all children. Whatsoever in a man's mind
blossoms and expands to his own consciousness in mature life, must have
pre-existed in germ during his infancy. I, for instance, did not, as a
child, _consciously_ read in my own deep feeling these ideas. No, not at
all; nor was it possible for a child to do so. I the child had the
feelings, I the man decipher them. In the child lay the handwriting
mysterious to _him_; in me the interpretation and the comment.
[12] I except, however, one case--the case of a child dying of an organic
disorder, so therefore as to die slowly, and aware of its own condition.
Because such a child is solemnized, and sometimes, in a partial sense,
inspired--inspired by the depth of its sufferings, and by the awfulness of
its prospect. Such a child having put off the earthly mind in many things,
may naturally have put off the childish mind in all things. I therefore,
speaking for myself only, acknowledge to have read with emotion a record
of a little girl, who, knowing herself for months to be amongst the elect
of death, became anxious even to sickness of heart for what she called the
_conversion_ of her father. Her filial duty and reverence had been
swallowed up in filial love.
[13] _The Englishwoman in Egypt._--Letters from Cairo, written during a
residence in 1842, 1843, and 1844, with E. W. Lane, Esq., author of the
_Modern Egyptians_. By his SISTER.
[14] Blue eyes are regarded in the East as so unlucky, that the epithet
"blue-eyed" is commonly applied as a term of abuse--(see Lane's _Thousand
and One Nights_, chap. XV. note 9.) We find from Miss Pardoe, that a
similar prejudice prevails among the Osmanlis.
[15] A representation of ladies thus mounted, is found in the _Modern
Egyptians_, Vol. i. p. 240, first edit.
[16] _Observations on the Mussulmans of India_, by Mrs Meer Hassan Ali,
(Parbury and Allen, 1832.) The authoress of these volumes became, under
what circumstances she does not inform us, the wife of a Moslem native of
wealth and rank in India, of whose hareem she had been twelve years an
inmate, without once having had reason, by her own account, to regret her
apparently strange choice of a partner.
[17] Knight's _Quarterly Magazine_, ii. 414, a talented but shortlived
periodical, chiefly by members of the University of Cambridge, to which
Praed was a principal contributor under the assumed signature of Peregrine
Courtenay.
[18] Lane's _Thousand and One Nights_, i. 176, ii. 345.
[19] A representation of the Mahmal is given in the _Modern Egyptians_,
ii. 182.
[20] Mrs Damer describes this lady, to whose amiability and
accomplishments she does ample justice, as "a sort of Turkish
_chanoinesse_," who had renounced marriage in order to devote herself to
her mother--a circumstance which, if correctly stated, would be almost
unparalleled in the East. But Mrs Poole's silence would rather lead us to
suppose that Mrs Damer was mistaken.
[21] A belief precisely similar prevailed throughout Christendom, previous
to the year 1260 of our own era: the reference being to the two mystic
periods in the eleventh chapter of the Apocalypse.
[22] An anecdote of this personage is given in Mr Lane's works, i. 153.
[23] It is hareem etiquette to address mothers by the names of their
children.
[24] Marriages of slaves from the khalif's hareem occur more than once in
the Thousand and One Nights.
[25] The higher classes are not free from this reproach if we are to
believe the story told by Mrs Damer, that Nezleh Hanum punished a female
slave who had offended her by the daily amputation of a joint of one of
her fingers!
[26] A Spanish proverb of former days, defines "Castilian faith and
Moorish works" as the ingredients of a good Christian.
[27] _Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology._ 1 vol. 8vo.
_Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology._ 4th Edition.
_Catechism of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology._ 7th Edition.
[28] _Elements of Agricultural Chemistry and Geology_, 4th Edition, p.
239.
[29] Yet we are sometimes led to doubt if our author be really so
kind-hearted as he would have us to believe. The following passage, for
example, would lead us to believe that he is really savage at heart, and
that his humanity is little better than affectation. The contrast between
the two passages which we have put in italics is very amusing. He is
speaking of the _weeding_ of pigeons.
"Every bird that is caught should be examined and recognized and every one
exhibiting signs of old age should be destroyed, by pushing the joint of
the thumb with force into the back of the head, and severing the cervical
vertebrae, or _applying the teeth for that purpose_; but should these modes
be disliked or impracticable, _rather than torture the poor devoted
animals_ by abortive attempts, let their heads be cut off at once by a
sharp table-knife."--(Vol. ii. p. 253.)
[30] _Diaries and Correspondence of James Harris, First Earl of
Malmesbury._ Edited by his GRANDSON, the Third Earl, Vols. 3 and 4,
London: 1844.
[31] Barrancas are those immense clefts or ravines, some of them several
thousand feet deep, which abound upon the plateau, or table-land, on which
the city of Mexico stands.
[32] Orizava--in Mexican, Citlatepetl, or the Star Mountain.
[33] The Mexican wolf.
[34] A proverbial expression amongst the Indians, signifying something
inimical or prejudicial; the day of ill luck.
[35] Bixa Orellana--a species of dye-wood. String is made out of the bark.
The wood takes fire easily upon friction.
[36] Infamous by birth. The children of whites and negroes, or whites and
Indians, or Indians and negroes, were _infames de derecho_.
[37] Guachinango is another name for Lepero. Pulque is the favourite drink
of the Mexicans, made from the sap of the agave or aloe.
[38] Beef, salted and dried.
[39] _Walpole's Memoirs of the Reign of George III._ London: 1845. 2 vols.
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _underscore_.
The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
letters have been replaced with transliterations.
The first numbered page in the original text is 269.
The following misprints have been corrected:
"subjct" corrected to "subject" (page 392)
"tougue" corrected to "tongue" (page 396)
Other than the corrections listed above, printer's inconsistencies in
spelling and hyphenation have been retained.
Some quotes are opened with marks but are not closed. Obvious errors
have been silently closed, while those requiring interpretation have
been left open.
Other punctuation has been corrected without note.