PART VII

Characteristics

"There is a point of view so lofty or so peculiar that from it we

are able to discern in men and women something more than and apart

from creed and profession and formulated principle; which indeed

directs and colours this creed and principle as decisively as it

is in its turn acted on by them, and this is their character or

humanity."--LORD MORLEY.

"As sets the sun in fine autumnal calm

So dost thou leave us. Thou not least but last

Link with that rare and gallant little band

Of seekers after truth, whose days, though past,

Shed lustre on the hist'ry of their land.

And thine, O Wallace, thine the added charm

Of modesty, thy mem'ry to embalm."--_Anonymous._

(_Received with a bunch of lilies-of-the-valley, a few days after Dr.

Wallace's death_.)

Addison somewhere says that modesty sets off every talent which a man

can be possessed of. This was manifestly true of Alfred Russel Wallace.

When, for instance, honours were bestowed upon him, he accepted or

rejected them with the same good-humour and unspoilable modesty. To

Prof. E.B. Poulton, whose invitation for the forthcoming Encæmia had

been conveyed in Prof. Bartholomew Price's letter, he wrote:

_Godalming. May 28, 1889._

My dear Mr. Poulton,--I have just received from Prof. B. Price the

totally unexpected offer of the honorary degree of D.C.L. at the coming

Commemoration, and you will probably be surprised and _disgusted_ to

hear that I have declined it. I have to thank you for your kind offer of

hospitality during the ceremony, but the fact is, I have at all times a

profound distaste of all public ceremonials, and at this particular

time that distaste is stronger than ever. I have never recovered from

the severe illness I had a year and a half ago, and it is in hopes of

restoring my health that I have let my cottage here and have taken

another at Parkstone, Dorset, into which I have arranged to move on

Midsummer Day. To add to my difficulties, I have work at examination

papers for the next two or three weeks, and also a meeting (annual) of

our Land Nationalisation Society, so that the work of packing my books

and other things and looking after the plants which I have to move from

my garden will have to be done in a very short time. Under these

circumstances it would be almost impossible for me to rush away to

Oxford except under absolute compulsion, and to do so would be to render

a ceremony which at any time would be a trial, a positive punishment.

Really the greatest kindness my friends can do me is to leave me in

peaceful obscurity, for I have lived so secluded a life that I am more

and more disinclined to crowds of any kind. I had to submit to it in

America, but then I felt exceptionally well, whereas now I am altogether

weak and seedy and not at all up to fatigue or excitement.--Yours very

faithfully,

ALFRED R. WALLACE. Prof. Poulton pressed him to reconsider his decision,

and he reluctantly gave way.

* * * * *

_Godalming. June 2, 1889._

My dear Mr. Poulton,--I am exceedingly obliged by your kind letters, and

I will say at once that if the Council of the University should again

ask me to accept the degree, to be conferred in the autumn, as you

propose, I could not possibly refuse it. At the same time I hope you

will not in any way urge it upon them, as I really feel myself too much

of an amateur in Natural History and altogether too ignorant (I left

school--a bad one--finally, at fourteen) to receive honours from a great

University. But I will say no more about that.--Yours very faithfully,

A.R. WALLACE.

* * * * *

In due course he received the degree. "On that occasion," says Professor

Poulton, "Wallace stayed with us, and I was anxious to show him

something of Oxford; but, with all that there is to be seen, one subject

alone absorbed the whole of his interest--he was intensely anxious to

find the rooms where Grant Allen had lived. He had received from Grant

Allen's father a manuscript poem giving a picture of the ancient city

dimly seen by midnight from an undergraduate's rooms. With the help of

Grant Allen's college friends we were able to visit every house in which

he had lived, but were forced to conclude that the poem was written in

the rooms of a friend or from an imaginary point of view."

His friend Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyer, with others, was promoting his

election to the Royal Society, and wrote to him:

SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE

_Kew. October 23, 1892._

Dear Mr. Wallace,-- ... When you were at Kew this summer I took the

liberty of saying that it would give great pleasure to the Fellows of

the Royal Society if you would be willing to join their body. I

understood you to say that it would be agreeable to you. I now propose

to comply with the necessary formalities. But before doing so it will be

proper to ask for your formal consent. You will then, as a matter of

course, be included in the next annual election.

Will you forgive me if I am committing any indiscretion in saying that I

have good authority for adding (though I suppose it can hardly be stated

officially at this stage) that no demand will ever be made upon you for

a subscription?--Believe me yours sincerely,

W.T. THISELTON-DYER.

* * * * *

SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE

_Kew. January 12, 1893._

Dear Mr. Wallace,-- ... I was very vexed to hear that I had

misunderstood your wishes about the Royal Society. Of course, the matter

must often have presented itself to your mind, and I confess that it

argued a little presumption on the part of a person like myself, so far

inferior to you in age and standing, to think that you would yield to my

solicitation.

I was obliged for my health to go to Eastbourne, and there I had the

pleasure of seeing Mr. Huxley, who, you will be glad to hear, is

wonderfully well, and an ardent gardener! His present ambition is to

grow every possible saxifrage.

I told him that I had had the audacity to approach you on the subject of

the Royal Society. He heartily approved, and expressed the strongest

opinion that unless you had some insuperable objection you ought to

yield. All of us who belong to the R.S. have but one wish, which is that

it should stand before the public as containing all that is best and

worthiest in British Science. As long as men like you stand aloof, that

cannot be said. Lately we have been exposed to some very ill-natured

attacks: we have been told that we are professional, and not

discoverers. Well, this is all the more reason for your not holding

aloof from us. I wish you would think it over again. Huxley went the

length of saying that to him it seemed a plain duty. But this is

language I do not like to use.

As to attending the meetings or taking part in the work of the Society,

that is immaterial. Darwin never did either, though he did once come to

one of the evening receptions, and enjoyed it immensely.

In writing as I do I am not merely expressing my own opinions, but those

of many others of my own standing who are keenly interested in the

matter.

It is not a great matter to ask. I have the certificate ready. You have

but to say the word. You will be put to no trouble or pecuniary

responsibility. That my father-in-law arranged, long ago.

To dissociate yourself from the R.S. really amounts nowadays to doing it

an injury. And I am sure you do not wish that.

With all good wishes, believe me yours sincerely,

W.T. THISELTON-DYER.

* * * * *

TO SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER

_Parkstone, Dorset. January 17, 1893._

Dear Mr. Thiselton-Dyer,--I have been rather unwell myself the last few

days or should have answered your very kind letter sooner. I feel really

overpowered. I cannot understand why you or anyone should care about my

being an F.R.S., because I have really done so little of what is usually

considered scientific work to deserve it. I have for many years felt

almost ashamed of the amount of reputation and honour that has been

awarded me. I can understand the general public thinking too highly of

me, because I know that I have the power of clear exposition, and, I

think, also, of logical reasoning. But all the work I have done is more

or less amateurish and founded almost wholly on other men's

observations; and I always feel myself dreadfully inferior to men like

Sir J. Hooker, Huxley, Flower, and scores of younger men who have

extensive knowledge of whole departments of biology of which I am

totally ignorant. I do not wish, however, to be thought ungrateful for

the many honours that have been given me by the Royal and other

Societies, and will therefore place myself entirely in your hands as

regards my election to the F.R.S.

I am much pleased to hear that Huxley has taken to gardening. I have no

doubt he will do some good work with his saxifrages. For myself the

personal attention to my plants occupies all my spare time, and I derive

constant enjoyment from the mere contemplation of the infinite variety

of forms of leaf and flower, and modes of growth, and strange

peculiarities of structure which are the source of fresh puzzles and

fresh delights year by year. With best wishes and many thanks for the

trouble you are taking on my behalf, believe me yours very faithfully,

ALFRED B. WALLACE.

* * * * *

In 1902 the _Standard_ announced that the degree of D.C.L. was to be

conferred upon him by the University of Wales. He wrote to Miss Dora

Best, who had sent him the information:

I have not seen the _Standard_. But I suppose it is about the offer of a

degree by the University of Wales. You will not be surprised to hear

that I have declined it "with thanks." The bother, the ceremony, the

having perhaps to get a blue or yellow or scarlet gown! and at all

events new black clothes and a new topper! such as I have not worn this

twenty years. Luckily I had a good excuse in having committed the same

offence before. Some ten years back I declined the offer of a degree

from Cambridge, so that settled it.

P.S.--Having already degrees two--LL.D. (Dublin) and D.C.L. (Oxford)--I

might have quoted Shakespeare: "To gild refined gold, to paint the

lily," etc. But I didn't!--A.R.W.

* * * * *

In 1908 he received the Order of Merit, the highest honour conferred

upon him. To his friend Mrs. Fisher he wrote:

Dear Mrs. Fisher,--Is it not awful--two more now! I should think very

few men have had three such honours within six months! I have never felt

myself worthy of the Copley Medal--and as to the Order of Merit--to be

given to a red-hot Radical, Land Nationaliser, Socialist,

Anti-Militarist, etc. etc. etc., is quite astounding and

unintelligible!...

There is another thing you have not heard yet, but it will be announced

soon. Sir W. Crookes, as Secretary of the Royal Institution, wrote to me

two weeks back asking me very strongly to give them a lecture at their

opening meeting (third week in January) appropriate to the Jubilee of

the "Origin of Species." I was very unwell at the time--could eat

nothing, etc.--and was going to decline positively, having nothing more

to say! But while lying down, vaguely thinking about it, an idea flashed

upon me of a new treatment of the whole subject of Darwinism, just

suitable for a lecture to a R.I. audience. I felt at once there was

something that ought to be said, and that I should like to say--so I

actually wrote and accepted, provisionally. My voice has so broken that

unless I can improve it I fear not being heard, but Crookes promised to

read it either wholly, or leaving to me the opening and concluding

paragraphs. I was very weak--almost a skeleton--but I am now getting

much better. But finishing up the "Spruce" book, and now all these

honours and congratulations and letters, etc., are giving me much work,

yet I am getting strong again, and really hope to do this "lecture" as

my last stroke for Darwinism against the Mutationists and Mendelians,

but much more effective, I hope, than my article in the August

_Contemporary Review_, though that was pretty strong.--Yours very

sincerely,

ALFRED R. WALLACE.

How more than true "Sunlight's"[64] words have come, "You will come out

of the hole! You will be more in the world. You will have satisfaction,

retrospection, and work"! Literally fulfilled!--A.R.W.

* * * * *

And to Mr. F. Birch:

_December 30, 1908._

Dear Fred,-- ... I received a letter from Lord Knollys--the King's

Private Secretary--informing me that His Majesty proposed to offer me

the Order of Merit, among the Birthday honours! This is an "Order"

established by the present King about eight years ago, solely for

"merit"--whether civil or military--it is a pity it was not civil only,

as the military have so many distinctions already. So I had to compose a

very polite letter of acceptance and thanks, and then later I had to beg

to be excused (on the ground of age and delicate health) from attending

the investiture at Buckingham Palace (on December 14th), when Court

dress--a kind of very costly livery--is obligatory! and I was kept for

weeks waiting. But at last one of the King's Equerries, Col. Legge (an

Earl's son), came down here about two weeks ago bringing the Order,

which is a very handsome cross in red and blue enamel and gold--rich

colours--with a crown above, and a rich ribbed-silk blue and crimson

riband to hang it round the neck! Col. Legge was very pleasant, stayed

half an hour, had some tea, and showed us how to wear it. So I shall be

in duty bound to wear it on the only public occasion I shall be seen

again (in all probability), when I give (or attempt to give) my

lecture.[65] Then, I had a letter from Windsor telling me that chalk

portraits of all the members of the Order were to be taken for the

collections in the Library, and a Mr. Strang came and stayed the night,

and in four hours completed a very good life-size head, in coloured

chalk, and so far, so good!--Yours very sincerely, ALFRED R. WALLACE.

* * * * *

Wallace regarded "Sunlight's" prophecy about "retrospection" as being

fulfilled in 1904, when he received the invitation of Messrs. Chapman

and Hall to begin collecting material for his autobiography which was

subsequently published in two large volumes, under the title of "My

Life."

Referring to this work he wrote to Mrs. Fisher:

_Broadstone, Dorset. April_ 17, 1904.

Dear Mrs. Fisher,--Thanks for your remarks on what an autobiography

ought to be. But I am afraid I shall fall dreadfully short. I seem to

remember nothing but ordinary facts and incidents of no interest to

anyone but my own family. I do not feel myself that anything has much

influenced my character or abilities, such as they are. Lots of things

have given me opportunities, and those I can state. Also other things

have directed me into certain lines, but I can't dilate on these; and

really, with the exception of Darwin and Sir Charles Lyell, I have come

into close relations with hardly any eminent men. All my doings and

surroundings have been commonplace!

I am now just reading a charming and ideal bit of autobiography--Robert

Dale Owen's "Threading my Way." If you have not read it, do get it

(published by Trübner and Co. in 1874). It is delightful. So simple and

natural throughout. But his father was one of the most wonderful men of

the nineteenth century--Robert Owen of New Lanark--and this book gives

the true history of his great success. Then R.D. Owen met Clarkson and

heard from his own lips how he worked to abolish the slave trade.

Then he had part of his education at Hofwyl under Fellenberg, an

experiment in education and self-government wonderfully original and

successful. He afterwards worked at "New Harmony" with his father, and

met during his life almost all the most remarkable people in England and

America.

This book only contains the first twenty-seven years of his life and I

am afraid he never completed it. Such a book makes me despair!--Yours

very sincerely,

ALFRED R. WALLACE.

* * * * *

When "My Life" was published, he wrote to the same old and valued

friend:

_Broadstone, Wimborne. November 7, 1905._

My dear Mrs. Fisher,--The reviewers are generally very fair about the

fads except a few. The _Review_ invents a new word for me--I am an

"anti-body"; but the _Outlook_ is the richest: I am the one man who

believes in Spiritualism, phrenology, anti-vaccination, and the

centrality of the earth in the universe, whose life is worth writing.

Then it points out a few things I am capable of believing, but which

everybody else knows to be fallacies, and compares me to Sir I. Newton

writing on the prophets! Yet of course he praises my biology up to the

skies--there I am wise--everywhere else I am a kind of weak, babyish

idiot! It is really delightful!

Only one is absolutely savage about it all--the _Liverpool_ _Daily Post

and Mercury_. The reviewer devotes over three columns almost wholly to

the fads--as to all of which he evidently knows absolutely nothing, but

he is cocksure that I am always wrong!...--Yours very sincerely,

ALFRED R. WALLACE.

* * * * *

He always thought that he was deficient in the gift of humour: "I am,"

he wrote to Mr. J.W. Marshall (May 6, 1905), "still grinding away at my

autobiography. Have got to my American lecture tour, and hope to finish

by about Sept. but have such lots of interruptions. I am just reading

Huxley's Life. Some of his letters are inimitable, but the whole is

rather monotonous. I find there is a good deal of variety in my life if

I had but the gift of humour! Alas! I could not make a joke to save my

life. But I find it very interesting." "Unless somebody," he wrote to

Miss Evans, "can make me laugh just before the critical moment I always

have a horrid expression in photographs." Yet another observant friend

remarked that "he had a keen sense of humour. It was always his boyish

joyous exuberance which touched me. He never grew old. When I had sat

with him an hour he was a young man, he became transfigured to me." ...

"The last time I saw Dr. Wallace," writes Prof. T.D.A. Cockerell of

Colorado, "was immediately after the Darwin Celebration at Cambridge in

1909. I was the first to give him the details concerning it, and vividly

remember how interested he was, and how heartily he laughed over some of

the funny incidents, which may not as yet be told in print. One of his

most prominent characteristics was his keen sense of humour, and his

enjoyment of a good story." In the summer of 1885 he spent a holiday

with Prof. Meldola at Lyme Regis. "After our ramble," said the

Professor, "we used to spend the evenings indoors, I reading aloud the

'Ingoldsby Legends,' which Wallace richly enjoyed. His humour was a

delightful characteristic. 'The inimitable puns of T. Hood were,' he

said, 'the delight of my youth, as is the more recondite and fantastic

humour of Mark Twain and Lewis Carroll in my old age.'"

* * * * *

Wallace loved to give time and trouble in aiding young men to start in

life, especially if they were endeavouring to become naturalists. He

sent them letters of advice, helped them in the choice of the right

country to visit, and gave them minute practical instructions how to

live healthily and to maintain themselves. He put their needs before

other and more fortunate scientific workers and besought assistance for

them.

"The central secret of his personal magnetism lay in his wide and

unselfish sympathy," writes Prof. Poulton.[66] "It might be thought by

those who did not know Wallace that the noble generosity which will

always stand as an example before the world was something

special--called forth by the illustrious man with whom he was brought in

contact. This would be a great mistake. Wallace's attitude was

characteristic, and characteristic to the end of his life.

"A keen young naturalist in the North of England, taking part in an

excursion to the New Forest, called on Wallace and confided to him the

dream of his life--a first-hand knowledge of tropical nature. When I

visited 'Old Orchard' in the summer of 1903, I found that Wallace was

intently interested in two things: his garden, and the means by which

his young friend's dream might best be realised. The subject was

referred to in seventeen letters to me; it formed the sole topic of some

of them. It was a grand and inspiring thing to see this great man

identifying himself heart and soul with the interests of one--till then

a stranger--in whom he recognised the passionate longings of his own

youth. By the force of sympathy he re-lived in the life of another the

splendid years of early manhood."

The late Prof. Knight recalled meeting him at the British Association in

Dundee, during the year 1867, when Wallace was his guest for the usual

time of the gathering. He wrote:

I, and everyone else who then met him at my house, were struck, as

no one could fail to be, by his rare urbanity, his social charm,

his modesty, his unobtrusive strength, his courtesy in explaining

matters with which he was himself familiar but those he conversed

with were not; and his abounding interest, not only in almost

every branch of Science, but in human knowledge in all its phases,

especially new ones. He was a many-sided scientific man, and had a

vivid sense of humour. He greatly enjoyed anecdote, as

illustrative of character. During those days he talked much on the

fundamental relations between Science and Philosophy, as well as

on the connection of Poetry with both of them. When he left Dundee

he went to Kenmore, that he might ascend Ben Lawers in search of

some rare ferns.

In 1872 I saw him, after meeting Thomas Carlyle and Dean Stanley

at Linlathen, when Darwin's theory was much discussed, and when

our genial host--Mr. Erskine--talked so dispassionately but

decidedly against evolution as explanatory of the rise of what was

new. A little later in the same year Matthew Arnold discussed the

same subject with some friends at the Athenæum Club, defending the

chief aim of Darwin's theory, and enlarging from a different point

of view what Wallace had done in the same direction. I remember

well that he characterised the two men as fellow-workers, not as

followers, or in any sense as copyists. Wallace's versatility not

only continued, but grew in many ways with the advance of years.

It was seen in his appreciation of the value of historical study.

Quite late in life he wrote: "The nineteenth century is quite as

wonderful in the domain of History as in that of Science."

Comparatively few know, or remember, that he and his young brother

Herbert--on whom he left an interesting chapter _in

memoriam_--both wrote verses, some of which were of real value.

It may be safely said that few scientific men have sympathetically

entered into bordering territories and therein excelled. The whole

field of psychical research was familiar to him, and he might have

been a leader in it.

My last meeting with him was at his final home, the "Old Orchard,"

Broadstone, in 1909. I was staying at Boscombe in Hants, and he

asked me to "come and see his garden, while we talked of past

days." He had then the freshness of boyhood, blent with the mellow

wisdom of age.--W.A.K.

The eminent naturalist and traveller, Dr. Henry O. Forbes, who later

explored the greater part of the lands visited by Wallace, contributes

the following appreciation of the latter's scientific work:

As a traveller, explorer and working naturalist, Wallace will

always stand in the first rank, compared even with the most modern

explorers. It ought not to be forgotten, however, how great were

the difficulties, the dangers and the cost of travel fifty years

ago, compared with the facilities now enjoyed by his successors,

who can command steam and motor transport to wellnigh any spot on

the coasts of the globe, and who have to their hand concentrated

and preserved foods, a surer knowledge of the causes of tropical

diseases, and outfits of non-perishable medicines sufficient for

many years within the space of a few cubic inches. Commissariat

and health are the keys to all exploration in uncivilised regions.

Wallace accomplished his work on the shortest of commons and lay

weeks at a time sick through inability to replenish his medical

stores.

He was no mere "trudger" over new lands. Where those before him,

and even many after him, have been able to see only sterile

objects, his discerning eyes perceived everywhere a meaning in

the varying modes of organic life, and in response to his

sympathetic mind Nature revealed to him more of her multitudinous

secrets than to most others. Wallace's Amazonian travels were far

from unfruitful, in spite of the irreparable loss he sustained in

the burning of his notes and the bulk of his collections in the

vessel by which he was returning home; but it was in the Malay

Archipelago that his most celebrated years of investigation were

passed, which marked him as one of the greatest naturalists of our

time. As a methodical natural history collector--which is "the

best sport in the world" according to Darwin--he has never been

surpassed; and few naturalists, if any, have ever brought together

more enormous collections than he. The mere statement, taken from

his "Malay Archipelago," of the number of his captures in the

Archipelago in six years of actual collecting, exceeding 125,000

specimens--a number greater than the entire contents of many large

museums--still causes amazement. The value of a collection,

however, depends on the full and accurate information attached to

each specimen, and from this point of view only a few collections,

including Darwin's and Bates's, have possessed the great

scientific value of his.

Wallace's Eastern explorations included nearly all the large and

the majority of the smaller islands of the Archipelago. Many of

them he was the first naturalist to visit, or to reside on. Ceram,

Batjian, Buru, Lombok, Timor, Aru, Ke and New Guinea had never

been previously scientifically investigated. When in 1858 "the

first and greatest of the naturalists," as Dr. Wollaston styles

Wallace, visited New Guinea, it was "the first time that any

European had ventured to reside alone and practically unprotected

on the mainland of this country," which, dangerous as it is now in

the same regions, was infinitely more so then. Of the journals of

his voyagings, "The Malay Archipelago" will always be ranked among

the greatest narratives of travel. The fact that this volume has

gone through a dozen editions is witness to its extraordinary

popularity among intelligent minds, and hardly supports the belief

that his scientific work has been forgotten. Nor can this

popularity be a matter of much surprise, for few travellers have

possessed Wallace's powers of exposition, his lucidity and charm

of style. Professor Strasburger of Bonn has declared that through

"The Malay Archipelago" "a new world of scientific knowledge" was

unfolded before him. "I feel it ... my duty," he adds, "to

proclaim it with gratitude." Wallace's narrative has attracted

during the past half-century numerous naturalists to follow in his

tracks, many of whom have reaped rich aftermaths of his harvest;

but certain it is that no explorer in the same, if in any other,

region has approached his eminence, or attained the success he

achieved.

As a systematic zoologist, Wallace took no inconsiderable place;

his _métier_, however, was different. He described, nevertheless,

large sections of his Lepidoptera and of his birds, on which many

valuable papers are printed in the _Transactions_ of the learned

societies and in various scientific periodicals. Of the former,

special mention may be made of that on variation in the

"Papilionidæ of the Malayan Region," of which Darwin has recorded:

"I have never in my life been more struck by any paper." Of the

latter, reference may be drawn to his account of the "Pigeons of

the Malay Archipelago" and his paper on the "Passerine Birds," in

which he proposed an important new arrangement of the families of

that group (used later in his "Geographical Distribution") based

on the feathering of their wings. Without a lengthy search through

the zoological records, it would be impossible to say how many

species Wallace added to science; but the constant recurrence in

the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum of "wallacei" as the

name bestowed on various new species by other systematists, and of

"Wallace" succeeding those scientifically named by himself, is an

excellent gauge of their very large number.

In the field of anthropology Wallace could never be an

uninterested spectator. He took a deep interest, he tells us, in

the study of the various races of mankind. His accounts of the

Amazonian tribes suffered greatly by the loss of his journals; but

of the peoples of the Malay Archipelago he has given us a most

interesting narrative, detailing their bodily and mental

characteristics, and showing how their distribution accorded with

that of the fauna on the opposite sides--Malays to the West,

Papuans to the East--of Wallace's Line. If fuller investigation of

the New Guinea tribes requires some modification in regard to

their origin, his observations, as broadly outlined then, remain

true still. His opinions on the origin of the Australian

aborigines--that they were a low and primitive type of Caucasian

race--which, when first promulgated, were somewhat sceptically

received, are now those accepted by many very competent

anthropologists.

Wallace's contributions to Geographical Science were only second

in importance to those he so pre-eminently made to biology. Though

skilled in the use of surveying instruments, he did little or no

map-making--at all times a laborious and lengthy task--for, with

more important purposes in his mind, he could not spare the time,

nor did the limitations to his movements permit any useful

attempt. Yet he did pure geographical work quite as important. The

value of the comparative study of the flora and fauna of

neighbouring regions, the great differences in the midst of much

likeness between the organic life of neighbouring land masses, was

a subject that was always in Wallace's mind during his exploration

of the Amazon Valley, for he perceived that the physical geography

and the distribution of these animals and plants were of the

greatest service in elucidating their history where the geological

record was defective. As is well known, the visual inspection of

the geological structure of tropical countries is always difficult

and often impossible to make out because of the dense vegetation

upon the surface and even the faces of the river gorges. But for

the loss of his collections and notes we should have had from

Wallace's pen a Physical History of the Amazon. This loss was,

however, amply made up by his very original contributions to the

geography of the Malay Archipelago. "The Zoological Geography of

the Malay Archipelago" and "The Physical Geography of the Malay

Archipelago" (written on Eastern soil, with the texts of his

discourses around him) were the forerunners of his monumental

"Geographical Distribution of Animals," elaborated in England

after his return. "To the publication of the 'Geographical

Distribution of Animals' we owe the first scientific study of the

distribution of organic life on the globe, which has broadened

ever since, and continues to interest students daily; his

brilliant work in Natural History and Geography ... is universally

honoured," are the opinions of Dr. Scott speaking as President of

the Linnean Society of London.

One of Wallace's most important contributions to the physical

geography of the Malay region was his discovery of the physical

differences between the western and the eastern portions of the

Archipelago; i.e. that the islands lying to the east of a line

running north from the middle of the Straits of Bali and outside

Celebes were fragments of an ancient and larger Australian

continent, while those to the western side were fragments of an

Asiatic continent. This he elucidated by recognising that the

flora and fauna on the two sides of the line, close though these

islands approached each other, were absolutely different and had

remained for ages uncommingled. This line was denominated

"Wallace's Line" by Huxley, and this discovery alone would have

been sufficient to associate his name inseparably with this region

of the globe.--H.O.F.

Like Darwin, Wallace gave excessive attention to the suggestions and

criticisms of people who were obviously ignorant of the subjects about

which they wrote. He was never impatient with honest ignorance or

considered the lowly position of his correspondents. He replied to all

letters of inquiry (and he received many from working men), and always

gave his best knowledge and advice to anyone who desired it. There was

not the faintest suggestion of the despicable sense of superiority about

him.

"I had, of course, revelled in 'The Malay Archipelago' when a boy," says

Prof. Cockerell, "but my first personal relations with Dr. Wallace arose

from a letter I wrote him after reading his 'Darwinism,' then (early in

1890) recently published. The book delighted me, but I found a number of

little matters to criticise and discuss, and with the impetuosity of

youth proceeded to write to the author, and also to send a letter on

some of the points to _Nature_. I have possibly not yet reached years of

discretion, but in the perspective of time I can see with confusion that

what I regarded as worthy zeal might well have been characterised by

others as confounded impudence. In the face of this, the tolerance and

kindness of Dr. Wallace's reply is wholly characteristic: 'I am very

much obliged to you for your letter containing so many valuable

emendations and suggestions on my "Darwinism." They will be very useful

to me in preparing another edition. Living in the country with but few

books, I have often been unable to obtain the _latest_ information, but

for the purpose of the argument the facts of a few years back are often

as good as those of to-day--which in their turn will be modified a few

years hence.... You appear to have so much knowledge of details in so

many branches of natural history, and also to have thought so much on

many of the more recondite problems, that I shall be much pleased to

receive any further remarks or corrections on any other portions of my

book.' This letter, written to a very young and quite unknown man in the

wilds of Colorado, who had merely communicated a list of more or less

trifling criticisms, can only be explained as an instance of Dr.

Wallace's eagerness to help and encourage beginners. It did not occur to

him to question the propriety of the criticisms, he did not write as a

superior to an inferior; he only saw what seemed to him a spark of

biological enthusiasm, which should by all means be kindled into flame.

Many years later, when I was at his house, he produced with the greatest

delight some letters from a young man who had gone to South America and

was getting his first glimpse of the tropical forest. What discoveries

he might make! What joy he must have on seeing the things described in

the letter, such things as Dr. Wallace himself had seen in Brazil so

long ago!"

Wallace's critical faculty was always keen and vigilant. Unlike some

critics, however, he relished genuine and well-informed criticism of his

own writings. Flattery he despised; whilst the charge of dishonesty

aroused strongest resentment. Deceived he might be, but he required

clear proof that his own eyes and ears had led him astray. Romanes, who

had propounded the forgotten theory of physiological selection, charged

Wallace with adopting it as his own. This was not only untrue, it was

ridiculous; and Wallace, after telling him so and receiving no apology,

dropped him out of his recognition. During Romanes' illness Mr.

Thiselton-Dyer wrote to Wallace and sought to bring about a

reconciliation, and Wallace replied:

* * * * *

_Parkstone, Dorset. September 26, 1893._

My dear Thiselton-Dyer,--I am sorry to hear of Romanes' illness, because

I think he would have done much good work in carrying out experiments

which require the leisure, means and knowledge which he possesses. I

cannot, however, at all understand his wishing to have any communication

from myself. I do not think I ever met Romanes in private more than

once, when he called on me more than twenty years ago about some curious

psychical phenomena occurring in his own family; and perhaps half a

dozen letters--if so many--may have passed between us since. There is

therefore no question of personal friendship disturbed. I consider,

however, that he made a very gross misstatement and personal attack on

me when he stated, both in English and American periodicals, that in my

"Darwinism" I adopted his theory of "physiological selection" and

claimed it as my own, and that my adoption of it was "unequivocal and

complete." This accusation he supported by such a flood of words and

quotations and explanations as to obscure all the chief issues and

render it almost impossible for the ordinary reader to disentangle the

facts. I told him then that unless he withdrew this accusation as

publicly as he had made it I should decline all future correspondence

with him, and should avoid referring to him in any of my writings.

This is, of course, very different from any criticism of my theories;

that, or even ridicule, would never disturb me; but when a man has made

an accusation of literary and scientific dishonesty, and has done all he

can to spread this accusation over the whole civilised world, my only

answer can be--after showing, as I have done (_see Nature_, vol. xliii.,

pp. 79 and 150), that his accusations are wholly untrue--to ignore his

existence.

I cannot believe that he can want any sympathy from a man he says has

wilfully and grossly plagiarised him, unless he feels that his

accusations were unfounded. If he does so, and will write to me to that

effect (for publication, if I wish, after his death), I will accept it

as full reparation and write him such a letter as you suggest.--Believe

me yours very faithfully,

ALFRED R. WALLACE.

* * * * *

SIR W.T. THISELTON-DYER TO A.R. WALLACE

_Kew. September 27, 1897._

Dear Mr. Wallace,--I am afraid I have been rather guilty of an

impertinence which I hope you will forgive.

Romanes is an old acquaintance of mine of many years' standing.

Personally, I like him very much; but for his writings I confess I have

no great admiration.

Pray believe me I had no mission of any sort on his part to write to

you. But I feel so sorry for him that when he told me how much he

regretted that he did not stand well with you, I could not resist

writing to tell you of the calamities that have befallen him.

I must confess I was in total ignorance of what you tell me. I don't

see how, under the circumstances, you can do anything. I was never more

surprised in my life, in fact, than when I read your letter. The whole

thing is too childishly preposterous.

Romanes laments over _me_ because he says I wilfully misunderstand his

theory. The fact is, poor fellow, that I do not think he understands it

himself. If his life had been destined to be prolonged I should have

done all in my power to have induced him to occupy himself more with

observation and less with mere logomachy.

I cannot get him to face the fact that natural hybrids are being found

to be more and more common amongst plants. At the beginning of the

century it was supposed that there were some sixty recognisable species

of willows in the British Isles: now they are cut down to about sixteen,

and all the rest are resolved into hybrids.--Ever sincerely,

W.T. THISELTON-DYER.

* * * * *

Wallace was a seeker after Truth who was never shy of his august

mistress, whatever robes she wore. "I feel within me," wrote Darwin to

Henslow, "an instinct for truth, or knowledge, or discovery, of

something of the same nature as the instinct of virtue." This was

equally true of Wallace. He had a fine reverence for truth, beauty and

love, and he feared not to expose error. He paid no respect to

time-honoured practices and opinions if he believed them to be false.

Vaccination came under his searching criticism, and in the face of

nearly the whole medical faculty he denounced it as quackery condemned

by the very evidence used to defend it. He very carefully examined the

claims of phrenology, which had been laughed out of court by scientific

men, and he came to the conclusion that "in the present (twentieth)

century phrenology will assuredly attain general acceptance. It will

prove itself to be the true science of the mind. Its practical uses in

education, in self-discipline, in the reformatory treatment of

criminals, and in the remedial treatment of the insane, will gain it

one of the highest places in the hierarchy of the sciences; and its

persistent neglect and obloquy during the last sixty years of the

nineteenth century will be referred to as an example of the almost

incredible narrowness and prejudice which prevailed among men of science

at the very time they were making such splendid advances in other fields

of thought and discovery."[67]

Wallace was not even scared out of his wits by ghosts, for, unlike

Coleridge, he believed in them although he thought he had seen many.

Whether truth came from the scaffold or the throne, the séance or the

sky, it did not alter the truth, and did not prejudice or overbear his

judgment. He shed his early materialism (which temporarily took

possession of him as it did of many others as a result of the shock

following the overwhelming discoveries of that period) when he was

brought face to face with the phenomena of the spiritual kingdom which

withstood the searching test of his keen observation and reasoning

powers. Prejudices, preconceived notions, respect for his scientific

position or the opinions of his eminent friends or the reputation of the

learned societies to which he belonged--all were quietly and firmly put

aside when he saw what he recognised to be the truth. If his

fellow-workers did not accept it, so much the worse for them. He stood

four-square against the onslaught of quasi-scientific rationalism, which

once threatened to obliterate all the ancient landmarks of morality and

religion alike. He made mistakes, and he admitted and corrected them,

because he verily loved Truth for her own sake. And to the very end of

his long life he kept the windows of his soul wide open to what he

believed to be the light of this and other worlds.

He was, then, a man of lofty ideals, and his idealism was at the base

of his opposition to the materialism which boasted that Natural

Selection explained all adaptation, and that Physics could give the

solution of Huxley's poser to Spencer: "Given the molecular forces in a

mutton chop, deduce Hamlet and Faust therefrom," and which regarded mind

as a quality of matter as brightness is a quality of steel, and life as

the result of the organisation of matter and not its cause.

"We have ourselves," wrote Prof. H.F. Osborn in an account of Wallace's

scientific work which Wallace praised, "experienced a loss of confidence

with advancing years, an increasing humility in the face of

transformations which become more and more mysterious the more we study

them, although we may not join with this master in his appeal to an

organising and directing principle." But profound contemplation of

nature and of the mind of man led Wallace to belief in God, to accept

the Divine origin of life and consciousness, and to proclaim a hierarchy

of spiritual beings presiding over nature and the affairs of nations.

"Whatever," writes Dr. H.O. Forbes, "may be the last words on the deep

and mysterious problems to which Wallace addressed himself in his later

works, the unquestioned consensus of the highest scientific opinion

throughout the world is that his work has been for more than half a

century, and will continue to be, a living stimulus to interpretation

and investigation, a fertilising and vivifying force in every sphere of

thought."

It is perhaps unprofitable to go further than in previous chapters into

his so-called heresies--political, scientific or religious. Yet we may

imitate his boldness and ask whether he was not, perhaps, in advance of

his age and whether his heresies were not shrewd anticipations of some

truth at present but partially revealed. Take the example of

Spiritualism, which, I suppose, has more opponents than

anti-vaccination. No one can overlook the fact that Spiritualism has

many scientific exponents--Myers, Crookes, Lodge, Barrett and others.

Prejudices against Spiritualism are as unscientific as the credulity

which swallows the mutterings of every medium. Podmore's two ponderous

volumes on the History of Spritualism are marred by an obvious anxiety

to make the very least, if not the very worst, of every phenomenon

alleged to be spiritualistic. That kind of deliberate and obstinate

blindness which prided itself on being the clear cold light of science

Wallace scorned and denounced. He did not insist upon spiritualistic

manifestations shaping themselves according to his own predesigned

moulds in order to be investigated. He watched for facts whatever form

they assumed. He fully recognised that the phenomena he saw and heard

could be easily ridiculed, but behind them he as fully believed that he

came into contact with spiritual realities which remain, and which led

him to other explanations of the higher faculties of man and the origin

of life and consciousness than were acceptable to the materialistic

followers of Haeckel, Büchner and Huxley. And who dares dogmatically to

assert in the name of science and in the second decade of the twentieth

century, when the deeper meanings of evolution are being revealed, and

the philosophy of Bergson is spoken about on the housetops, that he was

wrong? In these views may he not become the peer of Darwin?

At first blush it may seem to be a bad example of special pleading to

attempt to discover the reason for his opposition to vaccination in his

idealism. But it is not far from the truth. He believed in a Ministry of

Public Health, that doctors should be servants of the State, and that

they should be paid according as they kept people well and not ill.

Health is the natural condition of the human body when it is properly

sustained and used. And chemicals, even in sickness, are of less

importance than fresh air, light and proper food. He ridiculed, too, the

notion of unhealthy places. "It is like," he wrote to Mr. Birch, "the

old idea that every child must have measles, and the sooner the better."

To the same correspondent, who was contemplating going into virgin

forests and who expressed his fear of malaria, he replied: "There is no

special danger of malaria or other diseases in a dense forest region. I

am sure this is a delusion, and the dense virgin forests, even when

swampy, are, in a state of nature, perfectly healthy to live in. It is

man's tampering with them, and man's own bad habits of living, that

render them unhealthy. Having now gone over all Spruce's journals and

letters during his twelve years' life in and about the Amazonian

forests, I am sure this is so. And even where a place is said to be

notoriously 'malarious,' it is mostly due not to infection only but to

predisposition due to malnutrition or some bad mode of living. A person

living healthily may, for the most part, laugh at such terrors. Neither

I nor Spruce ever got fevers when we lived in the forests and were able

to get wholesome food." "Health," he said to the present writer, "is the

best resistant to disease, and not the artificial giving of a mild form

of a disease in order to render the body immune to it for a season.

Vaccination is not only condemned upon the statistics which are used to

uphold it, but it is a false principle--unscientific, and therefore

doomed to fail in the end." Besides which, he believed in mental

healing, and had recorded definite and certain benefit from spiritual

"healers." And he reminded himself that amongst doctors (witness the

blind opposition encountered by Lister's discoveries) were found from

time to time not a few enemies of the true healing art, and obstinate

defenders of many forms of quackery. Wallace made no claim to be an

original investigator. He knew his limitations, and said again and again

that he could not have conducted the slow and minute researches or have

accumulated the vast amount of detailed evidence to which Darwin, with

infinite patience, devoted his life. He was genuinely glad that it had

not fallen to his lot to write "The Origin of Species." He felt that his

chief faculty was to reason from facts which others discovered. Yet he

had that original insight and creative faculty which enabled him to see,

often as by flashlight, the explanation which had remained hidden from

the eyes of the man who was most familiar with the particular facts, and

he elaborated it with quickening pulse, anxious to put down the whole

conception which filled his mind lest some portion of it should escape

him. Therein lay one secret of his great genius. He often said that he

was an idler, but we know that he was a patient and industrious worker.

His idleness was his way of describing his long musings, waiting the

bidding of her whom God inspires--Truth, who often hides her face from

the clouded eyes of man. For hours, days, weeks, he was disinclined to

work. He felt no constraining impulse, his attention was relaxed or

engaged upon a novel, or his seeds, or the plan of a new house, which

always excited his interest. Then, apparently suddenly, whilst in one of

his day-dreams, or in a fever (as at Ternate, to recall the historical

episode when the theory of Natural Selection struck him), an

explanation, a theory, a discovery,[68] the plan of a new book, came to

him like a flash of light, and with the plan the material, the

arguments, the illustrations; the words came tumbling one over the

other in his brain, and as suddenly his idleness vanished, and work,

eager, prolonged, unwearying, filled his days and months and years until

the message was written down and the task fully accomplished. Whilst

writing he referred to few books, but wrote straight on, adding

paragraph to paragraph, chapter to chapter, without recasting or

revision.[69] And the result was fresh, striking, original. It was a

creation. The work being done, he relapsed into his busy idleness. The

truth, as he saw it, seemed to come to him. Some people called him a

prophet, but he was not conscious of that high calling. I do not

remember him saying that he was only a messenger. Perhaps later, when he

was reviewing his life, he connected his sudden inspirations with a

higher source, but for their realisation he relied upon a foundation of

veritable facts, facts patiently accumulated, a foundation laid broad

and deep. He had the vision of the prophet allied with the wisdom of the

philosopher and the calm mental detachment of the man of science.

Perhaps another explanation of his genius may be found in his

open-mindedness. Truth found ready access to his conscience, and always

a warm welcome, and he saw with open eyes where others were stone-blind.

He belonged to our common humanity. No caste or acquired pride or

unapproachable intellectualism cut him off from the people. His simple

humanness made him one with us all. And his humanity was singularly

comprehensive. It led him, for instance, to investigate the subject of

suffering in animals. He noticed that all good men and women rightly

shrank from giving pain to them, and he set himself to prove that the

capacity for pain decreased as we descended the scale of life, and that

poets and others were mistaken when they imputed acute suffering to the

lower creation, because of the very restricted response of their nervous

system. Even in the case of the human infant, he concluded that only

very slight sensations are at first required, and that such only are

therefore developed. The sensation of pain does not, probably, reach its

maximum till the whole organism is fully developed in the adult

individual. "This," he added, with that characteristic touch which made

him kin to all oppressed people, "is rather comforting in view of the

sufferings of so many infants needlessly sacrificed through the terrible

defects of our vicious social system."

To Wallace pain was the birth-cry of a soul's advance--the stamp of rank

in nature is capacity for pain. Pain, he held, was always strictly

subordinated to the law of utility, and was never developed beyond what

was actually needed for the protection and advance of life. This brings

the sensitive soul immense relief. Our susceptibility to the higher

agonies is a condition of our advance in life's pageant.

Take another instance. Amongst his numerous correspondents there were

not a few who decided not to take life, for food, or science, or in war.

One young man who went out with the assistance of Wallace to Trinidad

and Brazil to become a naturalist, and to whom he wrote many letters[70]

of direction and encouragement, gave up the work of collecting--to

Wallace's sincere disappointment--and came home because he felt that it

was wrong to take the lives of such wondrous and beautiful birds and

insects. Another correspondent, who had joined the Navy, wrote a number

of long letters to Wallace setting forth his conscientious objections to

killing, arrived at after reading Wallace's books; and although Wallace

endeavoured from prudential considerations to restrain him from giving

up his position, he nevertheless wholly sympathised with him and in the

end warmly defended him when it was necessary to do so. The sacrifice,

too, of human life in dangerous employments for the purpose of financial

gain, no less than the frightful slaughter of the battlefield, was

abhorrent to Wallace and aroused his intensest indignation. Life to him

was sacred. It had its origin in the spiritual kingdom. "We are lovers

of nature, from 'bugs' up to 'humans,'" he wrote to Mr. Fred Birch.

By every means he laboured earnestly to secure an equal opportunity of

leading a useful and happy life for all men and women. He championed the

cause of women--of their freer life and their more active and public

part in national service. He found the selective agency, which was to

work for the amelioration he desired, in a higher form of sexual

selection, which will be the prerogative of women; and therefore woman's

position in the not distant future "will be far higher and more

important than any which has been claimed for or by her in the past."

When political and social rights are conceded to her on equality with

men, her free choice in marriage, no longer influenced by economic and

social considerations, will guide the future moral progress of the race,

restore the lost equality of opportunity to every child born in our

country, and secure the balance between the sexes. "It will be their

(women's) special duty so to mould public opinion, through home training

and social influence, as to render the women of the future the

regenerators of the entire human race."

He was acutely anxious that his ideals should be realised on earth by

the masses of the people. He had a large and noble vision of their

future. And he had his plan for their immediate redemption--national

ownership of the soil, better housing, higher wages, certainty of

employment, abolition of preventable diseases, more leisure and wider

education, not merely for the practical work of obtaining a livelihood

but to enable them to enjoy art and literature and song. His opposition

to Eugenics (to adopt the word introduced by Galton, which Wallace

called jargon) sprang from his idealism and his love of the people, as

well as from his scientific knowledge. On the social side he thought

that Eugenics offered less chance of a much-needed improvement of

environment than the social reforms which he advocated, whilst on the

scientific side he believed that the attempt, with our extremely limited

knowledge, to breed men and women by artificial selection was worse than

folly. He feared that, as he understood it, Eugenics would perpetuate

class distinctions, and postpone social reform, and afford

quasi-scientific excuses for keeping people "in the positions Nature

intended them to occupy," a scientific reading of the more offensive

saying of those who, having plenty themselves, believe that it is for

the good of the lower classes to be dependent upon others. "Clear up,"

he said to the present writer one day, when we drifted into a warm

discussion of the teachings of Eugenists; "change the environment so

that all may have an adequate opportunity of living a useful and happy

life, and give woman a free choke in marriage; and when that has been

going on for some generations you may be in a better position to apply

whatever has been discovered about heredity and human breeding, and you

may then know which are the better stocks."

"Segregation of the unfit," he remarked to an interviewer after the

Eugenic Conference, at which much was unhappily said that wholly

justified his caustic denunciation, "is a mere excuse for establishing

a medical tyranny. And we have enough of this kind of tyranny already

... the world does not want the eugenist to set it straight.... Eugenics

is simply the meddlesome interference of an arrogant scientific

priestcraft."

Thus his radicalism and his so-called fads were born of his high

aspirations. He was not the recluse calmly spinning theories from a

bewildering chaos of observations, and building up isolated facts into

the unity of a great and illuminating conception in the silence and

solitude of his library, unmindful of the great world of sin and sorrow

without. He could say with Darwin, "I was born a naturalist"; but we can

add that his heart was on fire with love for the toiling masses. He had

felt the intense joy of discovering a vast and splendid generalisation,

which not only worked a complete revolution in biological science, but

has also illuminated the whole field of human knowledge. Yet his

greatest ambition was to improve the cruel conditions under which

thousands of his fellow-creatures suffered and died, and to make their

lives sweeter and happier. His mind was great enough and his heart large

enough to encompass all that lies between the visible horizons of human

thought and activity, and even in his old age he lived upon the topmost

peaks, eagerly looking for the horizon beyond. In the words of the late

Mr. Gladstone, he "was inspired with the belief that life was a great

and noble calling; not a mean and grovelling thing that we are to

shuffle through as we can, but an elevated and lofty destiny."

* * * * *

But we must not be tempted into further disquisition. As he grew older

the public Press as well as his friends celebrated his birthdays.

Congratulations by telegram and letter poured in upon him and gave him

great pleasure. Minor poets sang special solos, or joined in the

chorus. One example may be quoted:

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE

8TH JANUARY, 1911

A little cot back'd by a wood-fring'd height,

Where sylvan Usk runs swiftly babbling by:

Here thy young eyes first look'd on earth and sky,

And all the wonders of the day and night;

O born interpreter of Nature's might,

Lord of the quiet heart and seeing eye,

Vast is our debt to thee we'll ne'er deny,

Though some may own it in their own despite.

Now after fourscore teeming years and seven,

Our hearts are jocund that we have thee still

A refuge in this world of good and ill,

When evil triumphs and our souls are riv'n;

A friend to all the friendless under heav'n;

A foe to fraud and all the lusts that kill.

O champion of the Truth, whate'er it be!

World-wand'rer over this terrestrial frame;

Twin-named with Darwin on the roll of fame;

This day we render homage unto thee;

For in thy steps o'er alien land and sea,

Where life burns fast and tropic splendours flame.

Oft have we follow'd with sincere acclaim

To mark thee unfold Nature's mystery.

For this we thank thee, yet one thing remains

Shall shrine thee deeper in the heart of man,

In ages yet to be when we are dust;

Thou hast put forth thy hand to rend our chains,

Our birthright to restore from feudal ban;

O righteous soul, magnanimous and just!

W. BRAUNSTON JONES.

Sir William Barrett, one of Wallace's oldest friends, visited him during

the last year of his life, and thus describes the visit:

In the early summer of 1913, some six months before his death, I

had the pleasure of paying another visit and spending a delightful

afternoon with my old friend. His health was failing, and he sat

wrapped up before a fire in his study, though it was a warm day.

He could not walk round his garden with me as before, but pointed

to the little plot of ground in front of the French windows of his

study--where he had moved some of his rarer primulas and other

plants he was engaged in hybridising--and which he could just

manage to visit. His eyesight and hearing seemed as good as ever,

and his intellectual power was undimmed....

Dr. Wallace then, pointing to the beautiful expanse of garden,

woodland and sea which was visible from the large study windows,

burst forth with vigorous gesticulation and flashing eyes: "Just

think! All this wonderful beauty and diversity of nature results

from the operation of a few simple laws. In my early unregenerate

days I used to think that only material forces and natural laws

were operative throughout the world. But these I now see are

hopelessly inadequate to explain this mystery and wonder and

variety of life. I am, as you know, absolutely convinced that

behind and beyond all elementary processes there is a guiding and

directive force; a Divine power or hierarchy of powers, ever

controlling these processes so that they are tending to more

abundant and to higher types of life."

This led Dr. Wallace to refer to my published lecture on "Creative

Thought" and express his hearty concurrence with the line of

argument therein; in fact he had already sent me his views, which,

with his consent, I published as a postscript to that lecture.

Then our conversation turned upon recent political events, and it

was remarkable how closely he had followed, and how heartily he

approved, the legislation of the Liberal Government of the day.

His admiration for Mr. Lloyd George was unfeigned. "To think that

I should have lived to see so earnest and democratic a Chancellor

of the Exchequer!" he exclaimed, and he confidently awaited still

larger measures which would raise the condition of the workers to

a higher level; and nothing was more striking than his intense

sympathy with every movement for the relief of poverty and the

betterment of the wage-earning classes. The land question, we

agreed, lay at the root of the matter, and land nationalisation

the true solution. In fact, ever since I read the proof-sheets of

his book on this subject, which he corrected when staying at my

house in Kingstown, I have been a member of the Land

Nationalisation Society, of which he was President.

Needless to say, Dr. Wallace was an ardent Home Ruler and Free

Trader,[71] but on the latter question he said there should be an

export duty on coal, especially the South Wales steam coal, as our

supply was limited and it was essential for the prosperity of the

country--and "the purchaser pays the duty," he remarked. I

heartily agreed with him, and said that a small export duty _had_

been placed on coal by the Conservative Government, but

subsequently was removed. This he had forgotten, and when later on

I sent him particulars of the duty and its yield, he replied

saying that at that time he was so busy with the preparation of a

book that he had overlooked the fact. He wrote most energetically

on the importance of the Government being wise in time, and urged

at least a 2s. export duty on coal.

We talked about the question of a portrait of Dr. Wallace being

painted and presented to the Royal Society, which had been

suggested by the Rev. James Marchant, to whom Dr. Wallace

referred, when talking to me, in grateful and glowing

terms.--W.F.B.

Perhaps it should be added to Sir William Barrett's reminiscences that

the movement which was set on foot to carry out this project was stayed

by Wallace's death.

During the last years of his life his pen was seldom dry. His interest

in science and in politics was fresh and keen to the closing week. He

wrote "Social Environment and Moral Progress" in 1912, at the age of 90.

The book had a remarkable reception. Leading articles and illustrated

reviews appeared in most of the daily newspapers. The book, into which

he had put his deepest thoughts and feelings upon the condition of

society, was hailed as a virile and notable production from a truly

great man. After this was issued, he saw another, "The Revolt of

Democracy," through the press. But this did not exhaust his activities.

He entered almost immediately into a contract to write a big volume upon

the social order, and as a side issue to help, as is mentioned in the

Introduction, in the production of an even larger book upon the writings

and position of Darwin and Wallace and the theory of Natural Selection

as an adequate explanation of organic evolution. Age did not seem to

weaken his amazing fertility of creative thought, nor to render him less

susceptible to the claims of humanity, which he faced with a noble

courage. In nobility of character and in magnitude, variety and richness

of mind he was amongst the foremost scientific men of the Victorian Age,

and with his death that great period, which was marked by wide and

illuminating generalisations and the grand style in science, came to an

end.

Apart altogether, however, from his scientific position and attainments,

which set him on high, he was a noble example of brave, resolute, and

hopeful endeavour, maintained without faltering to the end of a long

life. And this is not the least valuable part of his legacy to the race.

When Henslow died, Huxley wrote to Hooker: "He had intellect to

comprehend his highest duty distinctly, and force of character to do it;

which of us dare ask for a higher summary of his life than that? For

such a man there can be no fear in facing the great unknown; his life

has been one long experience of the substantial justice of the laws by

which this world is governed, and he will calmly trust to them still as

he lays his head down for his long sleep." Let that also stand as the

estimate of Wallace by his contemporaries, an estimate which we believe

posterity will confirm. And to it we may add that death, which came to

him in his sleep as a gentle deliverer, opened the door into the larger

and fuller life into which he tried to penetrate and in which he firmly

believed. If that faith be founded in truth, Darwin and Wallace, yonder

as here, are united evermore.

* * * * *

I am writing these concluding words on the second anniversary of his

death. Before me there lies the telegram which brought me the sad news

that he had "passed away very peacefully at 9.25 a.m., without regaining

consciousness." He was in his ninety-first year. It was suggested that

he should be buried in Westminster Abbey, beside Charles Darwin, but

Mrs. Wallace and the family, expressing his own wishes as well as

theirs, did not desire it. On Monday, November 10th, he was laid to rest

with touching simplicity in the little cemetery of Broadstone, on a

pine-clad hill swept by ocean breezes. He was followed on his last

earthly journey by his son and daughter, by Miss Mitten, his

sister-in-law, and by the present writer. Mrs. Wallace, being an

invalid, was unable to attend. The funeral service was conducted by the

Bishop of Salisbury (Dr. Ridgeway), and among the official

representatives were Prof. Raphael Meldola and Prof. E.B. Poulton

representing the Royal Society; the latter and Dr. Scott representing

the Linnean Society, and Mr. Joseph Hyder the Land Nationalisation

Society. A singularly appropriate monument, consisting of a fossil

tree-trunk from the Portland beds, has been erected over his grave upon

a base of Purbeck stone, which bears the following inscription:

ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE, O.M.

Born Jan. 8th, 1823, Died Nov. 7th, 1913

A year later, on the 10th of December, 1914, his widow died after a long

illness, and was buried in the same grave. She was the eldest daughter

of Mr. William Mitten, of Hurstpierpoint, an enthusiastic botanist, and

in no mean degree she inherited her father's love of wild flowers and of

the beautiful in nature. It was this similarity of tastes which led to

her close intimacy and subsequent marriage, in 1866, with Wallace. Their

married life was an exceedingly happy one. She was able to help him in

his scientific labours, and she provided that atmosphere in the home

life which enabled him to devote himself to his many-sided enterprises.

And nothing would give him more joy than to know that this book is

dedicated to her memory.

[Illustration: THE GRAVE OF ALFRED RUSSEL AND ANNIE WALLACE]

Soon after Wallace's death a Committee was formed (with Prof. Poulton as

Chairman and Prof. Meldola as Treasurer) to erect a memorial, and the

following petition was sent to the Dean and Chapter of Westminster

Abbey:

We, the undersigned, earnestly desiring a suitable national

memorial to the late Alfred Russel Wallace, and believing that no

position would be so appropriate as Westminster Abbey, the

burial-place of his illustrious fellow-worker Charles Darwin,

petition the Right Reverend the Dean and Chapter for permission to

place a medallion in Westminster Abbey. We further guarantee, if

the medallion be accepted, to pay the Abbey fees of £200.

ARCH. GEIKIE

WILLIAM CROOKES

A.B. KEMPE

E. RAY LANKESTER

D.H. SCOTT

D. PRAIN

A.E. SHIPLEY

RAPHAEL MELDOLA

P.A. MACMAHON

JOHN W. JUDD

OLIVER J. LODGE

E.B. POULTON

A. STRAHAN

H.H. TURNER

J. LARMOR

W. RAMSAY

SILVANUS P. THOMPSON

JOHN PERRY

JAMES MARCHANT (Hon. Sec.)

To which the Dean replied:

_The Deanery, Westminster, S.W. December 2, 1913._

Dear Mr. Marchant,--I have pleasure in informing you that I

presented your petition at our Chapter meeting this morning, and a

glad and unanimous assent was accorded to it.

I should be glad later on to be informed as to the artist you are

employing; and probably it would be as well for him and you and

some members of the Royal Society to meet me and the Chapter and

confer together upon the most suitable and artistic arrangement or

rearrangement of the medallions of the great men of science of the

nineteenth century.

Nothing could have been more satisfactory or impressive than the

document with which you furnished me this morning. I hope to get

it specially framed.--Yours sincerely,

HERBERT E. RYLE.

Mr. Bruce-Joy, who had made an excellent medallion of Dr. Wallace during

his lifetime, accepted the commission to fashion the medallion for

Westminster Abbey, and it was unveiled, by a happy but undesigned

coincidence, on All Souls' Day, November 1 1915, together with

medallions to the memory of Sir Joseph Hooker and Lord Lister. In the

course of his sermon, the Dean said--and with these words we may well

conclude this book:

"To-day there are uncovered to the public view, in the North Aisle of

the Choir, three memorials to men who, I believe, will always be ranked

among the most eminent scientists of the last century. They passed away,

one in 1911, one in 1912, and one in 1913. They were all men of

singularly modest character. As is so often observable in true

greatness, there was in them an entire absence of that vanity and

self-advertisement which are not infrequent with smaller minds. It is

the little men who push themselves into prominence through dread of

being overlooked. It is the great men who work for the work's sake

without regard to recognition, and who, as we might say, achieve

greatness in spite of themselves.

[Illustration: THE WALLACE AND DARWIN MEDALLIONS IN THE NORTH AISLE OF

THE CHOIR OF WESTMINSTER ABBEY]

"Alfred Russel Wallace was a most famous naturalist and zoologist. He

arrived by a flash of genius at the same conclusions which Darwin had

reached after sixteen years of most minute toil and careful

observation.... It was a unique example of the almost exact concurrence

of two great minds working upon the same subject, though in different

parts of the world, without collusion and without rivalry.... Between

Darwin and Wallace goodwill and friendship were never interrupted.

Wallace's life was spent in the pursuit of various objects of

intellectual and philosophical interest, over which I need not here

linger. All will agree that it is fitting his medallion should be placed

next to that of Darwin, with whose great name his own will ever be

linked in the worlds of thought and science.

"All will acknowledge the propriety of these three great names being

honoured in this Abbey Church, even though it be, to use Wordsworth's

phrase, already

'Filled with mementoes, satiate with its part

Of grateful England's overflowing dead.'

"These are three men whose lifework it was to utilise and promote

scientific discovery for the preservation and betterment of the human

race."

APPENDIX

LISTS OF WALLACE'S WRITINGS

I.--BOOKS

Date Title

1853 "Palm Trees on the Amazon"

1853 "A Narrative of Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro." New

Edition in "The Minerva Library," 1889

1866 "The Scientific Aspect of the Supernatural"

1869 "The Malay Archipelago," 2 vols. Tenth Edition, 1 vol., 1890

1870 "Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection." Republished,

with "Tropical Nature," 1891

1874 "Miracles and Modern Spiritualism." Revised Edition, 1896

1876 "The Geographical Distribution of Animals," 2 vols.

1878 "Tropical Nature and other Essays." Printed in 1 vol. with

"Natural Selection," 1891

1879 "Australasia." "Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel."

(New issue, 1893)

1880 "Island Life." Revised Edition, 1895

1882 "Land Nationalisation"

1885 "Bad Times"

1889 "Darwinism." 3rd Edition, 1901

1898 "The Wonderful Century." New Edition, 1903

1900 "Studies, Scientific and Social"

1901 "The Wonderful Century Reader"

1901 "Vaccination a Delusion"

1903 "Man's Place in the Universe." New Edition, 1904. Cheap 1s.

Edition, 1912

1905 "My Life," 2 vols. New Edition, 1 vol., 1908

1907 "Is Mars Habitable?"

1908 "Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes," by Richard

Spruce. Edited by A.R. Wallace

1910 "The World of Life"

1913 "Social Environment and Moral Progress"

1913 "The Revolt of Democracy"

II.--ARTICLES, PAPERS, REVIEWS, ETC.

_The articles marked with an asterisk were republished in Wallace's

"Studies, Scientific and Social."_

-----------------+---------------------+----------------------------------

DATE | PERIODICAL OR | SUBJECT

| SOCIETY |

--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------------------

| 1850 | Proc. Zool. Soc., | On the Umbrella Bird

| | Lond. |

| 1852 | " " | Monkeys of the Amazon

| 1852-3 | Trans. Entomol. | On the Habits of the Butterflies

| | Soc. | of the Amazon Valley

| 1853 | Zoologist | On the Habits of the Hesperidæ

| 1853 | Proc. Zool. Soc., | On some Fishes allied to Gymnotus

| | Lond. |

June 6 | 1853 | Entomolog. Soc. | On the Insects used for Food by

| | | the Indians of the Amazon

June 13 | 1853 | Royal Geograph. Soc.| The Rio Negro

| 1854-5 | Zoologist | Letters from Singapore and Borneo

| 1854-6 | Trans. Entomol. | Description of a New Species of

| | Soc. | Ornithoptera

| 1855 | Annals and Mag. | On the Ornithology of Malacca

| | of Nat. Hist. |

| 1855 | Journ. Bot. | Botany of Malacca

| 1855 | Zoologist | The Entomology of Malacca

Sept. | 1855 | Annals and Mag. | On the Law which has regulated

| | of Nat. Hist. | the Introduction of New Species

| 1856 | " " | Some Account of an Infant

| | | Orang-Outang

| 1856 | " " | On the Orang-Outang or Mias of

| | | Borneo

Dec. | 1856 | " " | On the Habits of the Orang-Outang

| | | of Borneo

| 1856 | " " | Attempts at a Natural Arrangement

| | | of Birds

Nov. 22 | 1856 | Chambers's Journ. | A New Kind of Baby

| 1856 | Journ. Bot. | On the Bamboo and Durian of Borneo

| 1856 | Zoologist | Observations on the Zoology of

| | | Borneo

| 1856-8 | Trans. Entomol. | On the Habits, etc., of a Species

| | Soc. | of Ornithoptera inhabiting the

| | | Aru Islands

| 1856-9 | " " | Letters from Aru Islands and from

| | | Batchian

Dec. | 1857 | Annals and Mag. | Natural History of the Aru Islands

| | of Nat. Hist. |

| 1857 | " " | On the Great Bird of Paradise

| 1857 | Proc. Geograph. | Notes of a Journey up the Sadong

| | Soc. | River

| 1858 | " " | On the Aru Islands

| 1858 | Zoologist | Note on the Theory of Permanent

| | " " | and Geographical Varieties

| 1858 | " " | On the Entomology of the Aru

| | | Islands

| 1858-61| Trans. Entomol. | Note on the Sexual Differences in

| | Soc. | the Genus Lomaptera

| 1859 | Annals and Mag. | Correction of an Important Error

| | of Nat. Hist. | affecting the Classification of

| | | the _Psittacidæ_

| 1859 | Proc, Linn. Soc. |On the Tendency of Varieties to

| | (iii. 45) | Depart Indefinitely from the

| | | Original Type[72]

Oct. | 1859 | Ibis |Geographical Distribution of Birds

Dec. | 1859 | Entomolog. Soc. |Note on the Habits of Scolytidæ and

| | | Bostrichidæ

| 1860 | Journ. Geograph. |Notes of a Voyage to New Guinea

| | Soc. |

| 1860 | Ibis |The Ornithology of North Celebes

| 1860 | Proc. Zool, Soc., |Notes on Semioptera wallacii

| | Lond. |

| 1860 | Proc. Linn. Soc. |Zoological Geography of Malay

| | (iv. 172) | Archipelago

| 1861 | Ibis |On the Ornithology of Ceram and

| | | Waigiou

| 1861 | " |Notes on the Ornithology of Timor

| 1862 | Proc. and Journ. |On the Trade between the Eastern

| | Geogr. Soc. | Archipelago and New Guinea

| | | and its Islands

| 1862 | Proc. Zool. Soc., |List of Birds from the Sula Islands

| | Lond. |

| 1862 | Ibis |On some New Birds from the Northern

| | | Moluccas

| 1862 | Proc. Zool. Soc., |Narrative of Search after Birds of

| | Lond. | Paradise

| 1862 | " |On some New and Rare Birds from New

| | | Guinea

| 1862 | " |Description of Three New Species

| | | of _Pitta_ from the Moluccas

| 1863 | Annals and Mag. |On the Proposed Change in Name of

| | of Nat. Hist. | _Gracula pectoralis_

| 1863 | Entomol. Journ. |Notes on the Genus _Iphias_

| 1863 | Ibis |Note on _Corvus senex _and _Corvus

| | | fuscicapillus_

| 1863 | " |Notes on the Fruit-Pigeons of Genus

| | | _Treron_

| 1863 | Intellectual |The Bucerotidæ, or Hornbills

| | Observer |

| 1863 | Proc. Zool, Soc. |List of Birds collected on Island

| | Lond. | of Bouru

April | 1863 | Zoologist |Who are the Humming-Bird's

| | | Relations?

June | 1863 | Royal Geograph. |Physical Geography of the Malay

| | Soc. | Archipelago

| 1863 | Proc, Zool. Soc., |On the Identification of _Hirundo

| | Lond. | esculenta_, Linn.

| 1863 | " |List of Birds inhabiting the

| | | Islands of Timor, Flores and

| | | Lombok

| 1863 | Annals and Mag. |On the Rev. S. Haughton's Paper on

| | of Nat. Hist. | the Bee's Cell and the Origin of

| | | Species

Jan. 1 | | Nat. Hist. Rev. |Some Anomalies in Zoological and

| | | Botanical Geography

Jan. 7 | 1864 |Edinburgh New |Ditto

| | Journ. (Philos.) |

| 1864 | Proc. Zool. Soc., | Parrots of the Malayan Region

| | Lond. |

| 1864 | Anthropol. Soc. | The Origin of Human Races and the

| | Journ. | Antiquity of Man deduced from

| | | Natural Selection

| 1864 | Proc. Entom. Soc. | Effect of Locality in producing

| | and Zoologist | Change of Form in Insects

| 1864 | Proc. Entom. Soc. | Views on Polymorphism

| 1864 | Ibis | Remarks on the Value of

| | | Osteological Characters in the

| | | Classification of Birds

| 1864 | " | Remarks on the Habits,

| | | Distribution, etc., of the Genus

| | | _Pitta_

| 1864 | " | Note on _Astur griseiceps_

| 1864 | Nat. Hist. Rev. | Bone Caves in Borneo

| 1865 | Proc. Zool. Soc., | List of the Land Shells collected

| | Lond. | by Mr. Wallace in the Malay

| | | Archipelago

Jan. | 1865 | Trans. Ethnolog. | On the Progress of Civilisation in

| | Soc. | North Celebes

Jan. | 1865 | " | On the Varieties of Man in the

| | | Malay Archipelago

| 1865 | Proc. Zool. Soc., | Descriptions of New Birds from the

| | Lond. | Malay Archipelago

June 17 | 1865 | Reader | How to Civilise Savages*

Oct. | 1865 | Ibis | Pigeons of the Malay Archipelago

| 1866 | Trans. Linn. Soc. | On the Phenomena of Variation and

| | (xxv.) (Abstract | Geographical Distribution as

| | in Reader, April, | illustrated by Papilionidæ of

| | 1864) | the Malayan Region

| 1866 | Proc. Zoo. Soc., | List of Lepidoptera collected by

| | Lond. | Swinton at Takow, Formosa

| 1866 | Proc. Entomol. }| Exposition of the Theory of

| | Soc. }| Mimicry as explaining Anomalies

| 1867 | Zoologist }| of Sexual Variation

| 1867 | Intellectual | The Philosophy of Birds' Nests

| | Observer |

Jan. | 1867 | Quarterly Journ. | Ice-Marks in North Wales

| | of Sci. |

April | 1867 | " | The Polynesians and their

| | | Migrations*

July | 1867 | Westminster Rev. | Mimicry and other Protective

| | | Resemblances among Animals

Sept. | 1867 | Science Gossip | Disguises of Insects

Oct. | 1867 | Quarterly Journ. | Creation by Law

| | of Sci. |

| 1867 | Proc. Entomol. }|

| | Soc. }| A Catalogue of the Cetoniidæ of

| 1868 | Trans. Entomol. }| the Malayan Archipelago, etc.

| | Soc. }|

Jan. 7 | 1868 | Ibis | Raptorial Birds of the Malay

| | | Archipelago

| 1868 | Trans. Entomol. | On the Pieridæ of the Indian and

| | Soc. | Australian Regions

| 1868 | --- | The Limits of Natural Selection

| | | applied to Man*

| 1869 | Trans. Entomol. | Note on the Localities given in

| | Soc. | the "Longicornia Malayana"

| 1869 | Journ. of Travel | A Theory of Birds' Nests

| | and Nat. Hist. |

April | 1869 | Quarterly Rev. | Reviews of Lyell's "Principles

| | | of Geology" (entitled

| | | "Geological Climates and

| | | Origin of Species")

| 1869 | Macmillan's Mag. | Museums for the People*

| 1869 | Trans. Entomol. | Notes on Eastern Butterflies (3

| | Soc. | Parts)

| 1870 | Brit. Association | On a Diagram of the Earth's

| | Report | Eccentricity, etc.

March | 1871 | Academy | Review of Darwin's "Descent of

| | | Man"

May 23 | 1871 | Entomolog. Soc. | Address on Insular Faunas, etc.

| 1871 | " | The Beetles of Madeira and

| | | their Teachings*

Nov. | 1871 | ---- | Reply to Mr. Hampden's Charges

| 1873 | Journ. Linnean Soc. | Introduction to F. Smith's

| | | Catalogue of Aculeate

| | | Hymenoptera, etc.

Jan. 4 | 1873 | Times | Spiritualism and Science

April | 1873 | Macmillan's Mag. | Disestablishment and

| | | Disendowment, with a Proposal

| | | for a really National Church

| | | of England*

Sept. 16| 1873 | Daily News | Coal a National Trust*

Dec. | 1873 | Contemp. Rev. | Limitation of State Functions

| | | in the Administration of

| | | Justice*

Jan. 17 | 1874 | Academy | Reviews of Mivart's "Man and

| | | Apes" and A.J. Mott's "Origin

| | | of Savage Life"

April | 1874 | ---- | Review of W. Marshall's

| | | "Phrenologist amongst the

| | | Todas"

April | 1874 | ---- | Review of G. St. Clair's

| | | "Darwinism and Design"

| 1874 | Ibis | On the Arrangement of the

| | | Families constituting the

| | | Order Passeres

May | 1876 | Academy | Review of Mivart's "Lessons

| | | from Nature"

| 1877 | Proc. Geograph. | The Comparative Antiquity of

| | Soc. | Continents

July | 1877 | Quarterly Journ. of | Review of Carpenter's

| | Sci. | "Mesmerism and Spiritualism,"

| | | etc.

Sept. | 1877 | Macmillan's Mag. | The Colours of Animals and

and Oct.| | | Plants

Nov. | 1877 | Fraser's Mag. | The Curiosities of Credulity

Dec. | 1877 | Fortnightly Rev. | Humming-Birds

Dec. | 1877} | Athenæum | {Correspondence with W.B.

Jan. | 1878} | " | { Carpenter on Spiritualism

Nov. | 1878 | Fortnightly Rev. | Epping Forest, and How to Deal

| | | with it

Feb. | 1879 | Contemp. Rev. | New Guinea and its Inhabitants

April | 1879 | Academy | Review of Haeckel's "Evolution

| | | of Man"

July | 1879 | Nineteenth Cent. | Reciprocity: A Few Words in

| | | Reply to Mr. Lowe*

July | 1879 | Quarterly Rev. | Glacial Epochs and Warm Polar

| | | Climates

Jan. | 1880 | Nineteenth Cent. | The Origin of Species and

| | | Genera*

Oct. | 1880 | Academy | Review of A.H. Swinton's

| | | "Insect Variety"

Nov. | 1880 | Contemp. Rev. | How to Nationalise the Land*

| | |

Dec. 4 | 1880 | Academy | Review of Seebohm's "Siberia In

| | | Europe"

| 1881 | Rugby Nat. Hist. | Abstract of Four Lectures on

| | Soc. Rept. | the Natural History of

| | | Islands

Dec. | 1881 | Contemp. Rev. | Monkeys: Their Affinities and

| | | Distribution*

Aug. and| 1883 | Macmillan's Mag. | The Why and How of Land

Sept. | | | Nationalisation*

March | 1884 | Christn. Socialist | The Morality of Interest--The

| | | Tyranny of Capital

| 1886 | Claims of Labour | The Depression of Trade*

| | Lectures |

Mar. 5 | 1887 | Banner of Light | Letter "_In re_ Mrs. Ross

| | | (Washington, D.C.)"

Mar. 17 | 1887 | Independ. Rev. | Review of E.D. Cope's "Origin

| | | of the Fittest"

| 1887 | Nation |"

Oct. | 1887 | Fortnightly Rev. | American Museums*

| 1888 | ---- | The Action of Natural Selection

| | | in producing Old Age, Decay

| | | and Death

June | 1889 | Land Nationalisation| Address

| | Soc. |

Sept. | 1890 | Fortnightly Rev. | Progress without Poverty (Human

| | | Selection)*

Oct. | 1891 | " | English and American Flowers*

Dec. | 1891 | " | Flowers and Forests of the Far

| | | West*

Jan. | 1892 | Arena | Human Progress, Past and

| | | Future*

| 1892 | Address to L.N.S. | Herbert Spencer on the Land

| | | Question*

Aug. | 1892 | Nineteenth Cent. | Why I Voted for Mr. Gladstone

Aug. and| 1892 | Natural Sci. | The Permanence of Great Ocean

Dec. | | | Basins*

Nov. | 1892 | Fortnightly Rev. | Our Molten Globe*

Dec. | 1892 | Natural Sci. | Note on Sexual Selection

Feb. | 1893 | Nineteenth Cent. | Inaccessible Valleys*

Mar. and| 1893 | Arena | The Social Quagmire and the Way

Apr. | | | Out of it*

Apr. and| 1893 | Fortnightly Rev. | Are Individually Acquired

May | | | Characters Inherited?*

Nov. | 1893 | " | The Ice Age and its Work*

Dec. | 1893 | " | Erratic Blocks, etc. Lake

| | | Basins*

| 1893 | Arena | The Bacon-Shakespeare Case

April 9 | 1894 | Land Nationalisation| Address on Parish Councils

| | Soc. |

June | 1894 | Natural Sci. | The Palearctic and Nearctic

| | | Regions compared as regards

| | | Families and Genera of

| | | Mammalia and Birds

June | 1894 | Contemp. Rev. | How to Preserve the House of

| | | Lords*

July | 1894 | Land and Labour | Review of F.W. Hayes' "Great

| | | Revolution of 1905"

Sept. | 1894 | Natural Sci. | The Rev. G. Henslow on Natural

| | | Selection*

| 1894 | Smithsonian Rep. | Method of Organic Evolution

Oct. | 1894 | Nineteenth Cent. | A Counsel of Perfection for

| | | Sabbatarians*

| | |

| 1894 | Vox Clamantium | Economic and Social Justice*

Feb. and| 1895 | Fortnightly Rev. | Method of Organic Evolution*

March | | |

Oct. | 1895 | " | Expressiveness of Speech or

| | | Mouth-Gesture as a Factor in

| | | the Origin of Language*

| 1895 | Agnostic Annual | Why Live a Moral Life?*

May | 1896 | Contemp. Rev. | How Best to Model the Earth*

July 25 | 1896 | Labour Leader | Letter on International Labour

| | | Congress

Aug. | 1896 | Fortnightly Rev. | The Gorge of the Aar and its

| | | Teaching*

Dec. | 1896 | Journ. Linn. Soc. | The Problem of Utility: Are

| | (v. 25) | Specific Characters always or

| | | generally Useful?

March | 1897 | Natural Sci. | Problem of Instinct*

| 1897 | "Forecasts of | Re-occupation of Land, Solution

| | Coming Century" | of the Unemployed Problem*

March 20| 1898 | Lancet | Letter on Vaccination

May 9 | 1898 | Shrewsbury Chron. | Letter to Dr. Bond and A.K.W.

| | | on Vaccination

June 16,| | |

21, 25,| 1898 | Echo |"

Aug. 15 | | |

Sept. 1 | 1898 | The Eagle and the | Darwinism and Nietzscheism in

| | Serpent | Sociology

| 1898 | Printed for private | Justice not Charity (Address to

| | circulation | International Congress of

| | | Spiritualists, London, June,

| | | 1898)*

Dec. 31 | 1898 | Academy | Paper Money as a Standard of

| | | Value*

Feb., | 1899 | Journ. Soc. | Letters on Mr. Podmore _re_

March,| | Psychical Res. | Clairvoyance, etc.

April | | |

May | 1899 | L'Humanité | The Causes of War and the

| | Nouvelle | Remedies*

Nov. 18 | 1899 | Clarion | Letter on the Transvaal War

| 1899 | N.Y. Independent | White Men in the Tropics*

| | |

| 1900 | N.Y. Sun | Evolution

Nov. | 1900 | N.Y. Journ. | Social Evolution in the

| | | Twentieth Century: An

| | | Anticipation

| 1900 | ---- | Ralahine and its Teachings*

| | ---- | True Individualism the

| | | Essential Preliminary of a

| | | Real Social Advance*

| 1901 | Morning Leader | An Appreciation of the Past

| | | Century

Jan. 17 | 1903 | Black and White | Relations with Darwin

March | 1903 | Fortnightly Rev. | Man's Place in the Universe

Sept. | 1903 | " | Man's Place in the Universe.

| | | Reply to Critics

Oct. | 1903 | Academy | The Wonderful Century. Reply to

| | | Dr. Saleeby

Nov. 12 | 1903 | Daily Mail | Does Man Exist in Other Worlds?

| | | Reply to Critics

Jan. 1 | 1904 | Clarion | Anticipations for the Immediate

| | | Future, Written for the

| | | _Berliner Lokalanzeiger_, and

| | | refused

Feb., | 1904 | Fortnightly Rev. | An Unpublished Poem by E.A.

April | | | Poe, "Leonainie"

Apr., | 1904 | Independent Rev. | Birds of Paradise in the

May | | | Arabian Nights

| 1904 | Anti-Vaccination | Summary of the Proofs that

| | League | Vaccination does not Prevent

| | | Small-pox, but really

| | | Increases it

| 1904 | Labour Annual | Inefficiency of Strikes

| 1904 | Clarion | Letter on Opposition to

| | | Military Expenditure

| | Vaccination | Letter on Inconsistency of the

| | Inquirer | Government on Vaccination

Oct. 27 | 1906 | Daily News | Why Not British Guiana? Five

| | | Acres for 2s. 6d.

Nov. | 1906 | Independent Rev. | The Native Problem in South

| | | Africa and Elsewhere

Jan. | 1907 | Fortnightly Rev. | Personal Suffrage, a Rational

| | | System of Representation and

| | | Election

Feb. | 1907 | " | A New House of Lords

| 1907 |Harmsworth's "History| How Life became Possible on the

| | of the World" | Earth

Sept. 13| 1907 | Public Opinion | Letter on Sir W. Ramsay's

| | | Theory: Did Man reach his

| | | Highest Development in the

| | | Past?

Jan. 1 | 1908 | N.Y. World | Cable on Advance in Science in

| | | 1907

Jan. 18 | 1908 | Outlook | Letter on Woman

Jan. | 1908 | Fortnightly Rev. | Evolution and Character

June and| 1908 | Socialist Rev. | The Remedy for Unemployment

July | | |

July | 1908 | Times | Letter on the First Paper on

| | | Natural Selection

July | 1908 | Delineator | Are the Dead Alive?

Aug. 14 | 1908 | Public Opinion | Is it Peace or War? A Reply

Aug. | 1908 | Contemp. Rev. | Present Position of Darwinism

Sept. | 1908 | New Age | Letter on Nationalisation, not

| | | Purchase, of Railways

Dec. | 1908 | Contemp. Rev. | Darwinism _v._ Wallaceism

Christ | 1908 | Christian | On the Abolition of Want

-mas | | Commonwealth |

Jan. 22 | 1909 | Royal Institution | The World of Life, as

| | | Visualised, etc., by

| | | Darwinism

Feb. | 1909 | Clarion pamphlet | The Remedy for Unemployment

| | (? Socialist Rev.)|

Feb. 6 | 1909 | Daily News | Flying Machines in War

Feb. 12 | 1909 | Daily Mail | Charles Darwin (Centenary)

Feb. 12 | 1909 | Clarion | The Centenary of Darwin

March | 1909 | Fortnightly Rev. | The World of Life (revised

| | | Lecture)

April 8 | 1909 | Daily News | Letter on Aerial Fleets

April 8 | 1910 | " | Man in the Universe

Oct. 14 | 1910 | Public Opinion | A New Era in Public Opinion

Jan. 25 | 1912 | Daily Chronicle | Letter on the Insurance Act

Aug. 9 | 1912 | Daily News | A Policy of Defence

Sept. | 1912 | ---- | The Nature and Origin of Life

III.--LETTERS, REVIEWS, ETC., IN "NATURE"

--------+----------+------+--------------------------------------------

VOL. | PAGE | DATE | SUBJECT

--------+----------+------+--------------------------------------------

I. | 105 | 1869 | Origin of Species Controversy

" | 132 | " | " " "

" | 288, 315 | 1870 | Government Aid to Science

" | 399, 452 | " | Measurement of Geological Time

" | 501 | " | Hereditary Genius

II. | 82 | " | Pettigrew's "Handy Book of Bees"

" | 234 | " | A Twelve-wired Bird of Paradise

" | 350 | " | Early History of Mankind

" | 465 | " | Speech on the Arrangement of Specimens

| | " | in a Natural History Museum (British

| | " | Association)

" | 510 | " | Glaciation of Brazil

III. | 8, 49 | " | Man and Natural Selection

" | 85, 107 | " | " " "

" | 165 | " | Mimicry versus Hybridity

" | 182 | 1871 | Leroy's "Intelligence and Perfectibility of

| | | Animals"

" | 309 | " | Theory of Glacial Motion

" | 329 | " | Duncan's "Metamorphoses of Insects"

" | 385 | " | Dr. Bevan's "Honey Bee"

" | 435 | " | Anniversary Address at the Entomological

| | " | Society

" | 466 | " | Sharpe's Monograph of the Alcedinidæ

IV. | 22 | " | Staveley's "British Insects"

" | 178 | " | Dr. Bastian's Work on the Origin of Life

" | 181 | " | H. Howorth's Views on Darwinism

" | 221 | " | " " "

" | 222 | " | Recent Neologisms

" | 282 | " | Canon Kingsley's "At Last"

V. | 350 | 1872 | The Origin of Insects

" | 363 | " | Ethnology and Spiritualism

VI. | 237 | " | The Last Attack on Darwinism (Reviews)

" | 284, 299 | " | Bastian's "Beginnings of Life"

" | 328 | " | Ocean Circulation

" | 407 | " | Speech on Diversity of Evolution (British

| | | Association)

" | 469 | " | Houzeau's "Faculties of Man and

| | | Animals"

VII. | 68 | " | Misleading Cyclopædias

" | 277 | 1873 | Modern Applications of the Doctrine of

" | | | Natural Selection (Reviews)

" | 303 | " | Inherited Feeling

" | 337 | " | J.T. Moggridge's "Harvesting Ants and

| | | Trapdoor Spiders"

" | 461 | " | Cave Deposits of Borneo

VIII. | 5 | 1873 | Natural History Collections in the East

| | | India Museum

" | 65, 302 | " | Perception and Instinct In the Lower

" | | | Animals

" | 358 | " | Dr. Page's Textbook on Physical Geography

" | 429 | " | Works on African Travel (Reviews)

" | 462 | " | Lyell's "Antiquity of Man"

IX. | 102 | " | Dr. Meyer's Exploration of New Guinea

" | 218 | 1874 | Belt's "Naturalist in Nicaragua"

" | 258 | " | David Sharp's "Zoological Nomenclature"

" | 301, 403 | " | Animal Locomotion

X. | 459 | " | Migration of Birds

" | 502 | " | Automatism of Animals

XII. | 83 | 1875 | Lawson's "New Guinea"

XIV. | 403 | 1876 | Opening Address in Biology Section, British

" | | | Association

" | 473 | " | Erratum in Address to Biology Section,

" | | | British Association

" | 24 | " | Reply to Reviewers of "Geographical

" | | | Distribution of Animals"

" | 174 | " | "Races of Men"

" | 274 | 1877 | Glacial Drift in California

" | 431 | " | The "Hog-wallows" of California

XVI. | 548 | " | Zoological Relations of Madagascar and

" | | | Africa

XVII. | 8 | " | Mr. Wallace and Reichenbach's Odyle

" | 44 | " | The Radiometer and its Lessons

" | 45 | " | Bees Killed by Tritoma

" | 100 | " | The Comparative Richness of Faunas and

" | | | Floras tested Numerically

" | 101 | " | Mr. Crookes and Eva Fay

" | 182 | 1878 | Northern Affinities of Chilian Insects

XVIII. | 193 | " | A Twenty Years' Error in the Geography of

" | | | Australia

XIX. | 4 | " | Remarkable Local Colour-Variation in

" | | | Lizards

" | 121, 244 | " | The Formation of Mountains

" | 289 | 1879 | " " "

" | 477 | " | Organisation and Intelligence

" | 501, 581 | " | Grant Allen's "Colour Sense"

" | 582 | " | Did Flowers Exist during the

| | | Carboniferous Epoch

XX. | 141 | " | Butler's "Evolution, Old and New"

" | 501 | " | McCook's "Agricultural Ants of Texas"

" | 625 | " | Reply to Reviewers of Wallace's

" | | | "Australasia"

XXI. | 562 | 1880 | Reply to Everett on Wallace's "Australasia"

XXII. | 141 | " | Two Darwinian Essays

XXIII. | 124, 217,| " | Geological Climates

| 266 | |

" | 152, 175 | " | New Guinea

" | 169 | " | Climates of Vancouver Island and

" | | " | Bournemouth

" | 195 | " | Correction of an Error in "Island Life"

XXIV. | 242 | 1881 | Tyler's "Anthropology"

XXIV. | 437 | 1881 | Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of

| | | Descent"

XXV. | 3 | " | Carl Bock's "Head-Hunters of Borneo"

" | 381 | 1882 | Grant Allen's "Vignettes from Nature"

" | 407 | " | Houseman's "Story of Our Museum"

XXVI. | 52 | " | Weismann's "Studies in the Theory of

| | | Descent"

" | 86 | " | Müller's "Difficult Cases of Mimicry"

XXVII. | 481 | 1883 | " " "

" | 482 | " | On the Value of the Neo-arctic as One of the

| | | Primary Zoological Regions

XXVIII. | 293 | " | W.F. White's "Ants and their Ways"

XXXI. | 552 | 1885 | Colours of Arctic Animals

XXXII. | 218 | " | H.O. Forbes's "A Naturalist's Wanderings

| | | in the Eastern Archipelago"

XXXIII. | 170 | 1886 | Victor Hehn's "Wanderings of Plants and

| | | Animals"

XXXIV. | 333 | " | H.S. Gorham's "Central American Entomology"

" | 467 | " | Physiological Selection and the Origin of

| | | Species

XXXV. | 366 | 1887 | Mr. Romanes on Physiological Selection

XXXVI. | 530 | " | The British Museum and the American

| | | Museums

XXXIX. | 611 | 1889 | Which are the Highest Butterflies? (Quotations

| | | from Letter of W.H. Edwards)

XL. | 619 | " | Lamarck _versus_ Weismann

XLI. | 53 | " | Protective Coloration of Eggs

XLII. | 289 | 1890 | E.B. Poulton's "Colours of Animals"

" | 295 | " | Birds and Flowers

XLIII. | 79, 150 | " | Romanes on Physiological Selection

" | 337 | 1891 | C. Lloyd Morgan's "Animal Life and

| | | Intelligence"

" | 396 | " | Remarkable Ancient Sculptures from North-West

| | | America

XLIV. | 529 | " | David Syme's "Modification of Organisms"

XLVI. | 518 | " | Variation and Natural Selection

XLV. | 31 | " | Topical Selection and Mimicry

" | 553 | 1892 | W.H. Hudson's "The Naturalist in La

| | | Plata"

XLVI. | 56 | " | Correction in "Island Life"

XLVII. | 55 | " | An Ancient Glacial Epoch in Australia

" | 175, 227 | " | The Earth's Age

" | 437 | 1893 | The Glacial Theory of Alpine Lakes

" | 483 | " | W.H. Hudson's "Idle Days in Patagonia

XLVIII. | 27 | " | H.O. Forbes's Discoveries in the Chatham

| | | Islands

" | 73 | " | Intelligence of Animals

" | 198 | " | The Glacier Theory of Alpine Lakes

" | 267 | " | The Non-inheritance of Acquired Characters

" | 389 | " | Pre-natal Influences on Character

" | 390 | " | Habits of South African Animals

" | 589 | " | The Supposed Glaciation of Brazil

XLIX. | 3 | 1893 | The Recent Glaciation of Tasmania

" | 52, 101 | " | Sir W. Howorth on "Geology in Nubibus"

" | 53 | " | Recognition Marks

" | 197, 220 | 1894 | The Origin of Lake Basins

" | 333 | " | J.H. Stirling's "Darwinianism, Workmen and

| | | Work"

" | 549 | " | B. Kidd's "Social Evolution"

" | 610 | " | What are Zoological Regions? (Read at Cambridge

| | | Natural Science Club)

L. | 196 | " | Panmixia and Natural Selection

" | 541 | " | Nature's Method in the Evolution of Life

LI. | 533 | 1895 | Tan Spots over Dogs' Eyes

" | 607 | " | The Age of the Earth

LII. | 4 | " | Uniformitarianism in Geology

" | 386 | " | H. Dyer's "Evolution of Industry"

" | 415 | " | The Discovery of Natural Selection

LIII. | 220 | 1896 | The Cause of an Ice Age

" | 317 | " | The Astronomical Theory of a Glacial Period

" | 553 | " | E.D. Cope's "Primary Factors of Organic

| | | Evolution"

" | 553 | " | G. Archdall Reid's "Present Evolution of Man"

LV. | 289 | 1897 | E.B. Poulton's "Charles Darwin and the Theory

| | | of Natural Selection"

LIX. | 246 | 1899 | The Utility of Specific Characters

LXI. | 273 | 1900 | Is New Zealand a Zoological Region?

LXVII. | 296 | 1903 | Genius and the Struggle for Existence

LXXV. | 320 | 1907 | Fertilisation of Flowers by Insects

LXXVI. | 293 | " | The "Double Drift" Theory of Star Motions

=======+==========+======+=================================================

INDEX

A

"Acclimatisation," Wallace's article on, ii. 11

Acquired characters, non-inheritance of (_see_ Non-inheritance)

Africa, flora of, i. 309

Agassiz, Louis, attacks Darwin's "Origin of Species," i. 142;

glacial theories of, 176;

on diversity of human races, ii. 28

Alexandria, Wallace at, i. 45-7

Allbutt, Sir Clifford, theory of generation, i. 214

Allen, Charles (Wallace's assistant), i. 39, 40, 46, 48, 49, 51, 53, 54,

60, 79

---- Grant, on origin of wheat, ii. 46;

Wallace and, 219

Alpine plants, i. 210, 311

Amazon and Rio Negro, Wallace's exploration of, i. 26-30

Amboyna, Wallace at, i. 106

America, Wallace's lecture tour in, ii. 14

"Anatomy of Expression," Bell's, i. 182

"Ancient Britain and the Invasions of Julius Cæsar," Holmes's, ii. 86

Angræcum sesquipedale, i. 189 (note)

Animals and plants, distribution of, Darwin's views, i. 131

"---- ---- under Domestication," i. 112

---- geographical distribution of, i. 94, 136;

migration of, Lyell's theory, ii. 19

"Antarctic Voyage," Scott's, ii. 82

"Anthropology," Tyler's, Wallace's review of, ii. 65;

his interest in, 231 _et seq._

Antiseptic treatment, medical opposition to, ii. 241

Ants, instincts of, i. 279

Apis testacea, i. 146

Archebiosis, i. 274-6

Argus pheasant, i. 230, 289, 292

Argyll, Duke of, i. 189, 313, 315, ii. 23;

his theory of flight, 25-7

Arnold, Matthew, on Darwin's theory, ii. 228

Aru Islands, distribution of animals in, i. 132;

productions of, 161

---- pig, i. 160, 161, 162

Astronomy, Wallace's works on, ii. 167 _et seq._;

lectures at Davos on, 168

"Australasia," Wallace's, i. 42

Australia, fauna and flora of, ii. 10, 20, 32-3

---- Wallace invited to lecture in, ii. 155

Avebury, Lord, i. 122, 137, 164;

signs memorial to City Corporation in Wallace's favour, 303;

and the Civil List pension to Wallace, 305

---- letter from, on Wallace's biography, and Spiritualism, ii. 212

Azores, birds of, i. 138;

orchids of, 311

B

"Bad Times," Wallace's, ii. 109, 143

Baer, von, ii. 96

Bahamas, flora of, ii. 33

Baker, J.G., on alpine plants of Madagascar, i. 311-12

Balfour, Francis, i. 315

Bali, fauna of, ii. 19-20

Ball, Sir Robert, on solar nebula, ii. 174

"Barnacles," Darwin's, ii. 2

Barrett, Sir W.F., paper on "Phenomena associated with Abnormal Conditions

of the Mind," ii. 195;

on Wallace as lecturer, 201;

inquiry into dowsing, etc., 205;

invites Wallace's criticism of "Creative Thought," 212;

last visit to Wallace, 248-9

---- letters from: on Presidency of Psychical Research Society,

ii. 210-11;

on a Supreme Directive Power, 213-14

Bartlett, on colouring of male birds, i. 302

Bates, F., i. 69

---- H.W., i. 24, 25;

explores the Amazon, 26-30

---- ---- letter from, on "Law regulating Introduction of New

Species," i. 64

Bates's caterpillar, i. 178, 253

Bateson, Prof., Sir W.T. Thiselton-Dyerson, ii. 91

---- "Material for Study of Variation," ii. 60-1

Bats, fruit-eating, i. 57

_Beagle_, Darwin's voyage in the, i. 19, 31, 32, 33, 43

"------, Voyage of the," i. 31, 32, 34, ii. 2

Bee's cell, Prof. Haughton's paper on the, i. 148

Bees' combs, i. 135;

a honeycomb from Timor, 143, 146

Beetles, Darwin's zeal for collecting, i. 18;

Wallace's study of, 24;

South American, 30;

Wallace's collection of, 38,114

"Beginnings of Life," Bastian's, i. 274

Bell, Sir C., i. 182

Belt, Mr., glacial theory of, i. 298

Bendyshe, Mr., i. 165

Bennett, A.W., i. 253

Bentham, G., i. 219

Bergson, Wallace on, ii. 98

Bermuda, birds of, i. 138

Best, Miss Dora, letter to, on Welsh offer of a degree to Wallace, ii. 222

Biology and geographical distribution, Wallace's works on, ii. 1-17;

correspondence on, 18-102

---- "Grand Old Men" of, ii. 12 (note)

Birch, Mr. F., ii. 177, 223-4

Bird of paradise, i. 41, 44, 238, 261

Birds, flight of, i. 145-6, ii. 25 _et seq._;

colour problem of, i. 184, 185, 212, 226-9, 230, 252, 289 (note), 302;

polygamous, 194, 199;

migration of, ii. 19, 20;

instincts of, 54

Birds' nests, i. 134, 191, 212, 213, 252

"---- ---- and Plumage," Wallace's, i. 191

"---- ---- Philosophy of," Wallace's, i. 212, ii. 6, 8

Blackbird, crested, i. 163

Blainville, D., i. 162

Blandford, H.F., i. 290

Blood relationship, Galton on, i. 277

Blyth, E., i. 132

Blytt, Axel, essay on plants of Scandinavia, i. 293

Borneo, Wallace's collections from, i. 61;

cave exploration, 152

---- Company, i. 38, 39, 40

Boston (U.S.A.), Wallace's lectures at, ii. 15

Botany, Darwin's study of, at Cambridge, i. 17;

Wallace's study of, 20, 21, ii. 106

"----, Elements of," Lindley's, i. 21

Brazil, Wallace's explorations in, i. 29

Bree, Dr., i. 271 (note), 272-3

British Museum, original of Wallace letter in, i. 73

Broadstone, funeral of Wallace at, ii. 252

Bronn, H.G., translates "Origin of Species" into German, i. 141

Brooke, Capt., i 52

---- H. Jamyn, ii. 175

---- Sir James, i. 39, 52, 59-60, 152, 238

Bruce-Joy, Mr., portrait-medallion of Wallace, ii. 122, 254

Buckle, Rev. G., article by, on Lyell's "Principles," i. 232

Buckley, Miss (Mrs. Fisher), i. 260, 264, 313, 316, 319, ii. 40, 89, 90;

reviews "Descent of Man," i. 264

Budd, Dr. Richard, ii. 58

Buffon and Evolution, i. 1

Buru, Wallace's collection of birds from, ii. 3

Bustards, i. 146

Butler, Samuel, "Life and Habit," ii. 102

Butterflies, Wallace's study of, i. 24;

of South America, 30;

of Malay Archipelago, 41-2;

protective adaptation of, 140;

variation and distribution of, 149;

mimetic, 167, 168, 176, 178, 189 (note), 200, 213, 217, 224, 254, 300;

sexual selection of, 179, 260 (note);

flight of, ii, 26

C

Cambridge, Darwin at, i. 16, 17

---- Philosophical Society, attacks on "Origin of Species" at, i. 142

Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, ii. 146

Carbon, deposits of, i. 298

Carlyle, Thomas, ii. 228

Carpenter, Dr., his controversies with Wallace, ii. 195, 198

Carroll, Lewis, Wallace's quotations from, ii. 105

Casuarius, query from Darwin on, i. 239

Caterpillars, colouring of, i. 178, 179, 183, 236, 260, 270, 299

Celebes, i. 138, 237, 289;

geological distribution in, 168

"Cessation of selection," ii. 52

Chambers, Robert, i. 114, 116, 244

Child's "Root Principles," ii. 83

Clairvoyance, ii. 200, 208, 211. (_See also_ Spiritualism)

Claparède, critique of, on Wallace's "Natural Selection," i. 253, 254

Clarke, Prof., attacks Darwin at Cambridge Philosophical Society, i. 142

Clarkson, Thomas, ii. 225

Cleistogamic flowers, i. 298

Climates, geological, Wallace's theory of, i. 306

Climatic conditions, plants and, i. 130

"Climbing Plants, Movements and Habits of," Darwin's, i, 285, ii. 2

Coal, export duties on, Wallace's view of, ii. 250

Cockerell, Sydney C., ii. 161

---- Theo. D.A., ii. 49;

and the Darwin Celebration at Cambridge, 226;

first personal relations with Wallace, 233-5

"Coleoptera Atlantidum," Wollaston's, ii. 22-3

"Colin Clout's Calendar," ii. 46

Coloration, protective, i. 156, 177, 178-9, 181, 183, 184, 185-6,

201, 220, 221, 224 _et seq._, 260, 270, 298, ii. 4, 11,

85. (_See also_ Protection, Mimicry)

Colour-adaptability, ii. 56

Confucius, Wallace's appreciation of, ii. 152