A war breaks out. Its causes. Awful Massacre. The Author is tattooed.
Manner of its accomplishment. An attack is made upon the Cohapha.
Disposition of the prisoners. Continuance of the war. A ship comes
to anchor. Our fond hopes blasted. Purchase a gun. Departure of the
ship. The author builds a hut and takes a wife. Effect of the gun
upon the Cohaphas. They attempt another night attack. Its results.
The grand appearance of our army. Result of a single shot. The Author
is wounded. Kill the native and take possession of the body and gun.
The king rewards us. The body is roasted. Singular adventure with a
wild hog. The Cohaphas wish for peace. The place of skulls. Peace is
declared.
We lived as happily as might be expected until the first of May, when
a war broke out between our tribe and the Cohapha. These broils and
dissensions existing between the different tribes, are often caused
by some trivial affair, perhaps a trifling theft, an injury or insult
offered an individual, the resentment of which calls the power of the
whole tribe into action.
Oftentimes the friendly visit of one party to another results in a
fierce contest through some trifling circumstance by which they become
embroiled, although the person injured or killed may have been greatly
the aggressor.
A king at death becomes a god, and is supposed to watch over the
destiny of the tribe, and if there should any trouble exist, or a
scarcity of bread fruit, or of other crops occur, he is supposed to be
angry, and, to appease his anger, a sacrifice is made of one or more
human beings, who, if they are at peace with the neighboring tribes,
so as to render the capture of them in battle uncertain, are stolen.
This last was the cause of the war in which our tribe at this time was
engaged.
A king dying in the Cohapha, rendered the seizure of victims from some
other tribe necessary.
Stealing into our bay at the dead of night, while all were fast in
sleep, they cautiously entered the first huts they came to, and before
the alarm could be given had killed and were carrying away twelve men,
three women and two children.
So expert were they that even their bodies could not be recovered.
We being then at peace with all other tribes and fearing nothing, were
consequently off our guard.
This was within a very few feet of the hut in which I was sleeping, and
when I reflect upon my own narrow escape, my blood almost chills in its
current of life.
A council of war was next morning called, when it was determined to put
to death all not belonging to the tribe.
Every thing now presented an aspect differing entirely from other days.
Our great valley was now the scene of confusion. On every side were
blood-thirsty warriors impatient for the contest to begin. War canoes
were lashed together, clubs and spears put in order, and every man
under arms.
Such was now the issue, that Noyce and myself were called upon to
decide whether we would bear the king's mark and join the tribe and
assist in protecting the bay. This we would gladly have passed by, but
there was no alternative, save in death and leaving the island. The
latter would have been preferred had an opportunity presented itself.
Consequently we were brought forward to be tattooed, which was done on
the back of the hand, as seen in the Frontispiece.
First an ink is made from the smoke of the _Amer nut_, which when ripe
is about the size of the common filbert. These are strung on the stem
of the cocoa-nut leaf, which when dry is hard and stiff. The larger end
of this stem is placed in the ground, or in some manner so that it will
stand erect, when the top end is lighted and burns freely. The stem
of the leaf serves as wick. Over the blaze a piece of bark is held to
collect the smoke. When a sufficient quantity is collected, it is put
in water, thus forming an ink.
The figure to be made is then traced on the desired spot, with a stick
dipped in the ink. An instrument made by fastening six or eight small
sharp fish bones to a stick, which in shape much resembles the gauge
used in splitting straw, is dipped in the solution and driven into the
flesh by means of a blow given with a short stick, thus forming a mark
which cannot be obliterated.
This was an operation indeed painful, especially so on the more sinewy
parts of the hand. A long time elapsed before I could use my hands very
much.
A person thus marked is considered as the king's own private property,
subject entirely to his control and disposition, and when bearing this
mark can never desert the tribe, for he would be as cruelly treated
by the tribe he wishes to join, as by the deserted one, should he be
taken, the penalty for which is death.
All things being in readiness for the attack upon the Cohapha, for the
purpose of recovering the loss of our men, we started. There were three
parties of us. Noyce was with the king, I with the first chief, after
whom we were respectively named, Capayoho, a warrior, Whooro, a good
man.
It was late in the evening when we started. The sky was clear, the
stars shone unusually bright, as if approving our mission. So stilly
they rowed, that not a noise was heard, save the surf dashing against
the iron bound shore from the long and heavy regular swell of the sea.
Not a word was heard, for every man knew his duty without an order.
Thus we continued on in silence until we reached the bay. We neared the
shore and landed about thirty men, a sufficient number being left with
the boats.
They had scarce left us when the whole welkin rang with loud shrieks;
the war-whoop was sounded.
Our men returned bringing with them ten men, four women and two
children. Some were borne upon the backs of the captors, others were
drawn upon the ground by the feet. They were brought alive, though
their limbs were broken and their skulls badly fractured.
Our canoes shoved off amid the groans of the dying and the shouts
and songs of triumph of the captors. The next morning those that
were brought alive, having in one or two instances returned to
consciousness, were brought forward to the tabu ground, and fastened
with the face towards a stake, driven in the ground for the purpose.
The king then with a long pole, on the end of which is a wad, or tuft
of hair, white as snow, which is the beard of some man, generally of
their own tribe, who had lived to a great age, walks slowly around the
stake followed by the chief, who carries a heavy war club, which he
brandishes furiously about, at the same time chanting a kind of tune,
in which he is joined by many of the tribe, who are all gathered around.
After walking a few times around, the chief, quick as thought, gives
the prisoner a blow upon the head, which at once puts an end to his
existence; he was then unloosed from the stake, and prepared for the
oven.
A war dance was then performed around the body, accompanied with loud
shouting, singing, and clapping of hands.
The preparations were then made for roasting the bodies; the ovens were
heated, bread fruit, and other things collected in great abundance; the
bodies were brought forward, having the entrails removed, the legs bent
upon the back, and fastened to the neck. Small hot stones were placed
in the body, and the whole then placed in the ovens, as described. The
time required for baking a body in that manner, does not exceed forty
minutes.
When the bodies are baked, they are removed from the oven to a table,
where they are disjointed. A procession is then formed, headed by the
king and chiefs, followed by the members of the royal family. A person
selected for the purpose then follows with a calabash, filled with
a portion of the body, also of the other articles prepared for the
occasion.
The procession is made up of all belonging to the tribe, and are
marched amid loud shouting and singing to the place where the remains
of the former kings lie, where the contents of the calabash is cast,
saying, "there is some for you;" this is repeated at every feast, and
often times at every meal, a bit is thrown into a calabash, (set on
purpose), with the same feeling of dependence.
In and around the houses of the gods, are bones of all shapes and
kinds, of men, beasts, fowls, and fishes, beside great quantities of
fruits of all kinds, which are carried there from time to time, and
deposited with incantations.
After the ceremony is over they are marched back and dispersed about
the ground, each helping themselves as they wish. The grand feast is
carried on with great glee, amid shouting, clapping of hands, blowing
of shells, and a spirit of rivalry seemingly prevails among them in
making the greatest noise, and in rejoicing the most over a fallen
enemy. They eat as long as they can, when they join in the dance, or
sink away into a senseless stupor, the cause of which, is, that on such
occasions, they drink very freely indeed. This lasts from one half to
an hour, when they again eat and drink, until the second and third
stupor seizes upon them, which continues until the last morsel is eaten.
In those feasts we were compelled to partake, which was greatly against
our wishes; yet had we been unconscious of what the feast consisted, I
think we would have called it a most delicious morsel; and should any
of my readers sit down to a dish nicely prepared, without knowing what
it was, or supposing it something different, I think they would join
with me in declaring it of the richest flavor.
The war by land now commenced, and was carried forward with vigor, each
day visiting the battle field, and trying in every way to entrap their
enemies. Sometimes a week would pass, and they not get sight of them.
As they fought with clubs principally, they could do nothing except in
close combat; this the enemy avoided; if by chance one of them wandered
off alone, he was almost sure to be taken, so much were our men on the
alert.
Noyce and myself, unaccustomed to the use of the spear or club, were
allowed to stand neutral, this we continued to do for the space of five
months.
The ship Royal Sovereign, of London, came to anchor in our harbor for
the purpose of getting provisions, water, &c. Soon as the ship was
seen entering the harbor, we received strict orders not to step on
board; also in our presence, the people were told to keep the strictest
watch of us, lest we should escape. This suddenly put a damper on our
hopes, for we had strongly hoped at its approach to find it a means
of deliverance for us; foiled in this, we concluded to take no notice
of it, but rather appear as if perfectly willing it should be so, and
watch an opportunity when we could without suspicion on their part,
secrete ourselves on board some other ship.
Our apparently caring but little about the restrictions, tended much
to enliven them; of this we made good use. Soon as the anchor was let
go, the females plunged as usual into the water, and swam for the ship;
that is their usual way, as the use of the boats are prohibited them.
The captain lowered away his boat, and came for the shore; on his near
approach he hailed for liberty to land. I stepped forward and gave him
the desired permission; he seemed greatly surprised at hearing his own
language spoken here, while there were no ships lying in the bay.
At his calling loudly, on his landing, for the Englishman, who spoke to
him, I came forward to them; he could hardly believe me to be one, for
the scanty allowance of clothes with which I left the wreck, had long
before fallen off, leaving me entirely naked, and exposed to the sun's
scorching rays; besides, my long beard, and uncombed hair, rendered me
in appearance scarce less than a savage.
At the many inquiries he made respecting our situation, the natives
standing by would say, _yahah_, or, what does he say? As this was done
at every inquiry, I had to use much deception, telling them he wanted
hogs, fruit, and water, and for him to solicit the natives to assist in
procuring them.
Having acquainted him respecting the war, I proposed to buy a gun and
ammunition, if he had one to spare; he brought forward one, and I think
the only one he had on board, and very poor at that, which he offered
to sell me for hogs. I left him to consult the king, who stoutly
refused to buy it; I labored much with him, telling him how many of the
Cohaphas I could kill, and at a great distance too, which I measured
off to him; at this he was greatly astonished, and immediately
consented to have me purchase it. He sent men off to procure the
hogs and fruit, which were taken to the beach the next morning; the
captain was again brought on shore; I offered him three hogs for the
gun itself, and four for a quantity of ammunition. This he readily
accepted. Taking the gun we thought ourselves well equipped for action.
During the time the ship remained in the harbor, we were catching hogs,
and gathering fruit which we bartered away with the ship's company for
such articles as we might desire.
At the expiration of ten days, the captain signified to me his
intention to leave the harbor, expressing a strong desire to assist
us in getting away; this was altogether impossible, for we were most
strictly watched. When the hour of their departure came, we with heart
ready for bursting, bade them a cheerful farewell; apparently well
pleased with the idea of remaining behind; this tended much towards
insuring the confidence of the natives, which was now our principal
object, so that at the arrival of the next ship, less vigilance would
be observed, and we at length would be enabled to effect our escape.
To this end we now used our whole endeavors, and strove as far as
possible, to adopt their customs and notions as our own, and set about
building huts for ourselves; in this we were assisted very much by
the natives, who joyously received the idea of our building them,
considering the act an indication of contentedness.
The hut being finished, I went out in search of a wife, knowing thereby
that we would also enjoy greater security as well as gain their
confidence. Finding a group of six or eight chewing carver I chatted
with them awhile; when taking one of them, a girl of about sixteen, by
the ear slightly, I signified to her my wish of her becoming my wife.
She instantly left her business, and accompanied me to my hut. That was
all the required ceremony.
A man at any time getting dissatisfied with his wife, has only to lead
her from the house, bid her go elsewhere, and take to himself another
more suited to his fancy. Finding the one I had first chosen differing
entirely from what I supposed, I made use of this prerogative, drove
her from the house, and chose for myself a daughter of one of the
chiefs, a girl of only thirteen years of age, with whom I lived during
my residence on the island.
Great was the astonishment of the natives when they saw us kill a hog,
or any other animal at a distance, with our gun; and such was their
fear of the _pobohe_, as they termed it, that they would scarcely come
near it, much less touch it; this was a very happy circumstance for us,
and we indulged them in their fear, hoping that by so doing, to retain
the exclusive control of it ourselves, and thereby gain notoriety among
them as warriors.
Each day we went to the battle field, but seldom would the enemy meet
us there. One morning taking a quantity of junk lead, which we brought
instead of balls, we cut it into small pieces, or slugs, intending to
use two or three at a time; we proceeded to the battle field with only
a few of the warriors. On our arrival we gave one yell or whoop, to
apprise the enemy of our presence in the field. From the eminence we
occupied, we could overlook the valley of the Cohaphas. They wishing
to appear as not at all fearful of us, commenced dancing, and singing
loudly, still they dare not meet us in the field.
Noyce being the best marksman, took charge of the gun, while I carried
the ammunition; as before remarked, the gun was a very poor one, and
would have been under other circumstances condemned as unfit for use.
Oftentimes it could not be made to go off except I applied a torch to
it while Noyce took aim. I usually carried fire with me in the husks
of the cocoa-nut. We stole cautiously down the hill, until we were
within reach of them. Secreting ourselves behind a bunch of reeds, we
opened our fire upon them, gave them two or three charges, which made
them dance still more lively. On the first discharge we wounded one
man in the leg, who fell upon the ground, rolling and kicking around
most violently, at the same time yelling loud enough to be heard half
a mile; the others, altogether ignorant of the cause, gathered around
to learn it if possible; this we demonstrated to them by the two
succeeding shots, in a most lively manner, which caused them to yell
still louder than before. Throwing the wounded upon their shoulders
they fled with the greatest precipitancy; we followed closely with a
few of our slugs, but were unable to reach them.
On gaining the eminence occupied by our warriors, they were overjoyed
at our success, falling at our feet in token of reverence, and on our
return to the bay, most loudly were our efforts extolled by them.
Many days now passed without our seeing an enemy, though we visited
the field nearly every day. At length they ventured to make another
attack upon our bay on a bright moonlight night, at a late hour,
probably supposing us all asleep, but Noyce being on watch, saw them
cautiously approaching our shores, gave the alarm, and the whole tribe
secreted themselves in the groves, and waited their approach; when
near enough, and in the right position, we gave them what is termed a
raking shot; finding themselves foiled in their attempt, they instantly
turned and fled the harbor. So near were they, we could plainly see the
destruction we had made; three were wounded, one of them desperately.
So heavily was the gun loaded, that it came near killing Noyce, who
was thrown with a great force upon the ground, by its violent kicking.
This attempt though unsuccessful, altogether called out the power of
the tribe, and they immediately set about preparing for a grand attack
upon the Cohaphas. The preparation for the attack occupied several
days; spears and clubs were brought forward, and examined; those
unfit for use were broken and thrown aside, and others made to supply
their place. The warriors decorated themselves with feathers, and
other things in a most gaudy manner. All who were able to bear arms
were called to prepare for the attack. When collected, they presented
a sight truly imposing. "Their lofty head-dresses made of feathers,
gleaming like helmets in the brightness of the sun, and tossing proudly
in the wind, with the motion of their bold gait,--their naked and
brawny limbs,--their savage trappings, converted them for the moment
into seeming giants."
The most hideously painted, and powerfully equipped North American
Indian, would fail in a comparison with one of these, as a fearful and
majestic warrior. They rushed forward with shouts of exultation and
joy, exclaiming, in tones of heart-felt triumph, as they went rapidly
through the action of an onset,--throwing themselves in every wild and
threatening attitude,--scowling with looks of deathly fierceness and
revenge,--brandishing their spears and clubs in the air. _"Cohapha,
Cohapha, te hannah Muckey, Cohapha," or Death to the Cohaphas._
We proceeded on the valley through which a small rivulet courses
itself, which is thickly clustered "with trees, whose lofty tops so
thickly interlace each other, as to completely embower the whole glen;
and the rays of the torrid sun beneath which we had been marching,
instead of striking us with a scorching glare, fell in such rich and
grateful mellowness on the group below, as to seem but the moonlight of
a fairy land; the illusion of which, the sound of water had but little
tendency to break."
Our army consisted of about three hundred able warriors, armed with
clubs and spears, all with eager strides rushing on to meet the enemy.
We at length reached the top of the mountain which separates the two
tribes, and which also constituted the battle ground. Until we arrived
there, no regular order was observed. The warriors were then divided
into three companies, or divisions, leaving Noyce and myself to act
for ourselves. Again we crawled unobserved down the hill, till we came
within a few rods of the enemy. We loaded our gun as heavily as we
dared do, putting seven slugs in it, meaning to do the principal work
with the first shot, as they would probably retreat immediately, and
not give us an opportunity of firing again. All things in readiness,
we softly crept a few rods nearer, and, as they were standing close
together, (in consultation no doubt respecting an engagement, as
our men were seen upon the field,) we discharged our battery upon
them. Great was the havoc we made with a single shot, killing two
and wounding three more. Among the wounded was the celebrated chief,
Cappayoho, noted among all tribes for his great daring and cunningness
in battle.
We returned to the point occupied by our men, who had watched our
movements and saw the execution of our only shot. Meanwhile our
warriors had succeeded in taking the persons of three of the enemy.
This to them was true revenge: to simply kill was no revenge at all;
that alone consisted in disjointing the enemy, and tearing the flesh
from his bones by the morsel.
We were held in great estimation among them as warriors. We returned to
the valley with shouts and songs of triumph; those who were infirm, and
unable to join in the battle, with the women and children, met us as we
came near home, and joined in the exclamation of joy.
As was often the case, Noyce and myself one day strolled far away
from home into the mountain, taking our gun with us as a constant
companion, when, wearied with walking in the noonday sun, we had
retired beneath the shade of a large tree. I had seated myself upon a
little rise of ground, while Noyce was standing by me in the attitude
so common to huntsmen, viz., that of standing with his hands upon the
gun, and resting his chin upon his hands, musing upon our situation
and probable destiny, when our reverie was broken by the sharp report
of a gun near by. I sprang to my feet with my legs completely covered
with blood. Noyce brought the gun into requisition for defence. Soon
we saw the head of a native within a very few feet, peering up above
the grass, in which he had secreted himself to catch a glimpse of us.
Noyce discharged his gun immediately, and two slugs entered his head
above the right eye, and came out at the back of the left ear; he died
without a gasp. On arriving at him, we found he had a beautiful gun of
French manufacture, of which I took possession. This occasioned great
surprise with us, as we supposed we were in possession of the only gun
on the island. We afterwards ascertained, however, that a French ship
visiting the island, coming in upon the other side, for sandal wood,
had sold ten or twelve to the different tribes; only one, however, had
been sold to the Cohaphas, and that to rather an obscure individual who
lived by himself in the mountain principally, yet considered himself
as belonging to the Cohaphas. We made a knife of bamboo, with which we
extracted the shot from my legs, or a portion of it; some, however,
remains to the present time, and can still be felt.
Raising the body upon our shoulders, we hastened to our tribe. When we
made known our adventure, throwing down the body as proof before them,
their joy knew no bounds. As a reward, the king gave us twenty-five
trees each, banana and bread-fruit, which were by them considered quite
a wealth.
The body, taken as it was, was considered worthy special manifestations
of joy and triumph. Accordingly it was prepared for the feast; other
necessaries were also furnished, consisting of fruits and carver in
great abundance.
The stillness of the night was broken by the loud shouting, singing,
&c. The body was taken from the oven and placed upon the table. The
whole tribe set up a whoro whoro, or loud singing, which was echoed
back from the hills like a thousand thunders. The war dance was
performed, I think, with greater eagerness than ever before. Torches,
made by stringing the amer nut on the stem of the cocoa-nut leaf, were
placed around on all sides, rendering the whole scene as lightsome
as noonday. This continued till morning, when they dispersed. Of the
grandeur of such a scene the reader can form no definite idea at all,
however much the pen may labor in its description.
About twelve months after our landing on the island, the ship Pacific,
of Nantucket, came to anchor in our bay. Of those on board we obtained
a supply of ammunition, giving in exchange our usual barter--hogs and
fruit. At the expiration of thirteen days, the ship left the harbor,
and we were again doomed to see our friends depart, leaving us behind
on those desolate shores.
When we first saw her sails before the breeze nearing our shore, Hope
pointed us to it as a means of escape; but in that we were doomed to
disappointment, being most strictly watched by the natives. No pen
can describe with any degree of accuracy our feelings at that time,
deserted as it were by our fellowmen, and shut out from the world,
perhaps forever! With a determination to acquit ourselves as became
our situation, we assumed an air of cheerfulness, and went about our
business.
The battle field was still visited; but none had been taken or killed
since the time of my being shot. One day a company of us were out
getting carver; we had secured a quantity, which we had fastened to
our backs, and were returning, when, my load getting misplaced, I
stopped to fix it; the others meanwhile continued slowly on. When I had
adjusted my load and was starting, a huge hog, with open mouth, stood
in my path. He gave one spring, or bound, and made for me. Throwing
off my carver, I ran a few rods, turned my eye back, found the hog
following closely, and was evidently gaining upon me. I gave a loud
whoop, which was answered by my companions. I could see no chance of
escape from him except by jumping a precipice of about ninety feet, to
which I found myself hastening. This I looked upon as almost certain
destruction; but to be overtaken by the hog was sure death: thus having
no alternative, I taxed my every nerve and rushed forward, gave a
spring to carry me beyond the trees and points of rock which might be
in the way. I landed in a cluster of tall reeds and grass which bent
with my weight and eased me down without injury, save a few slight
scratches. My first thought on landing was of the hog, whether he had
also jumped; but he wisely searched for other prey.
To find my way back, over rocks, through briars and obstacles of all
kinds, was no easy task, besides I was in much danger of being captured
by some prowling Cohaphas.
[Illustration: ESCAPE FROM A HOG.]
After much difficulty I succeeded in reaching the Bay of Ooro, a small
bay belonging to the Teheda, where I related my adventure with the hog,
which caused a hearty laugh. Getting some refreshments, I started for
home by a path which led over the bluff. As I entered the village, I
was met by Noyce and the natives who had accompanied me in the morning.
Great was their astonishment when they saw me, for they supposed by the
whoop I gave that I had fallen into the hands of the Cohaphas, and had
on that account given them an opportunity of manifesting their cannibal
joy over a fallen enemy.
Great joy was manifested by other members of the tribe for my return.
The sorcerer, or doctor, applied carver to my wounds, saying I should
not be killed by a hog or a Cohapha, but should live to a good old
age among the Teheda. If I had been killed by jumping the precipice,
or had been devoured by the hog, they would have cared but little, in
comparison with the idea of my falling a victim to the blood-thirsty
Cohaphas.
The war with the Cohaphas lasted nearly a year, when, one morning at
a very early hour, a message came from them, saying the "King of the
Cohaphas wished for peace, for those _veneies_, or devils, (as they
called us,) were killing all the Cohaphas with their Pobohe." Our king
drew himself up at full length, and with a significant expression of
countenance said: "The King of the Cohaphas commenced; the King of the
Teheda will end. If he has done enough we will give him peace; but if
not--if he still thirsts for blood, we will kill all of them, as we did
the Whi's;" a tribe of that name who lived about two miles from us, who
committed some misdemeanor upon our tribe, at which the king became
enraged, and in a single night killed them all, amounting to about 500.
Their bodies were thrown in a pile, where their bones still whiten
the sand. I have often visited the spot, which can truly be called
"the place of skulls." Bones of all sizes, from the tender infant who
nestled in its mother's arms, to the stout, athletic warrior, are
strewn upon the ground. The messenger returned to his king, and peace
was established.
[Illustration]