there are still lacking a good hotel, a livery stable, and a
theatre. The latter is not essential, but it is a luxury which is
usually found in Central and South American towns which cannot
even boast of a single drainpipe. The same thing was noticeable in
Johannesburg, South Africa, some twenty years after the town had the
electric light and the telephone. The town of Ahuachapán is a quiet,
sleepy, and eminently peaceful place of residence, where one might
dream away one's life contentedly enough if one were prepared to do
without driving, without amusements, and without either dentists,
doctors, or daily papers.
There was once some talk of bringing the railway line through
Ahuachapán from Montufar (Guatemala) to Sonsonate; but the
construction, although perfectly practicable, would be so heavy
and so costly that I am doubtful whether the peaceful solitude of
this district--for some time at least--will be broken by the shrill
scream of the locomotive whistle.
DEPARTMENT OF SANTA ANA.
_Cities._--Santa Ana, Chalchuapa, Metapán (3).
_Towns._--Texistepeque, Coatepeque (2).
The boundaries of this Department bring it into immediate contact
with Honduras and Guatemala on the north, while on the east are the
Departments of La Libertad and Chalatenango. Sonsonate is on the
south, and Guatemala and the Department of Ahuachapán are on the
west.
Two extensive ranges of mountains cover this territory, one on the
north, and the other from east to west, two imposing mountains,
Santa Ana and Mala Cara, both of which are active, rearing their
shapely heads in this Department. In addition there are three
extinct volcanoes--Masatepeque, San Diego, and La Isla. Where
there are no mountains, magnificent valleys--fertile from end to
end--stretch away for many leagues, watered by two rivers, one of
which is the Malino, and the other the Lempa, which latter, with
its many affluents, curves through this favoured country. As a
Department, Santa Ana came into existence in February, 1855, having
previously formed first a part of the ancient province of Sonsonate,
and after that comprising the two districts of Ahuachapán and
Atiquizaya.
The chief city, which bears the same name, is the largest--outside
San Salvador--in the Republic, and, indeed, is ranked as one of the
most important in Central America. The location is a pleasant one,
being on the west side of the valley of the Malino. The elevation is
about 2,100 feet above sea-level, and softly undulating green hills
almost entirely surround it. The city is well laid out and solidly
built, with many notable structures, while the streets are lighted
by electricity and are well paved. Owing, however, to the steepness
of some of the thoroughfares, this city being also constructed upon
the sloping side of the valley, torrents of water come tumbling
down in rainy weather, converting the crossings for the time being
into miniature cataracts. On the other hand, the natural drainage
is excellent, and as a consequence Santa Ana ranks as one of the
cleanest and most healthful towns in the country. This is all the
more notable because the Municipality at the time that I visited the
place had not completed the drainage system, which I understood was
then about to be introduced, while the public water-supply was not
yet perfect. I noticed several public bathing-places which were
completely open to the air; these were not, however, provided with
hot water.
The number of prosperous-looking business houses and handsome
private residences in Santa Ana at once arrest the attention of
a visitor, as does the general air of prosperity which reigns
throughout the place. The commercial and financial houses do about
as much business in this town in a day as they carry through in all
the other parts of the Republic--the capital excepted--in a week.
The market-house, a building of considerable magnitude, is usually
very well attended, and almost any kind of fruit and vegetable can
be purchased there.
Santa Ana contains, perhaps, a greater proportion of resident
foreigners than any other town or city in Salvador. It is partly due
to this that so much commerce is carried on. The town is but fifty
miles distant from the Capital, and it is easily reached by the
Salvador Railway, which naturally carries considerable traffic both
to and from the town. From Santa Ana there is a first-rate cart-road
conducting north to Metapán, and another leading south to Sonsonate
and to the port of Acajutla.
The temperature, as a rule, in this city renders life very pleasant.
During the rainy months of August, September, and October it varies
between 67° and 69° F., the maximum being between 72° and 78° F.
CHAPTER XXII
Department of La Paz--Characteristics--Zacatecoluca--Population--
Former proportions--Districts--Towns--Principal estates--
Santiago Nonualco--San Juan Nonualco--Climate--Water-supply--
Santa Maria Astuma--Mercedes la Ceiba--San Pedro Mazahuat--Some
minor estates--Small property holdings.
DEPARTMENT OF LA PAZ.
_City._--Zacatecoluca.
_Towns._--Santiago Nonualco, San Pedro Mazahuat, San Pedro Nonualco,
Olocuilta (4).
The Department of La Paz belongs to the group of central and coast
(or maritime) Departments. It has a decidedly quadrangular form,
and is bounded on the east by the Department of San Vicente; on the
north by the same with that of Cuscatlán and of San Salvador; on the
west by the Department of San Salvador and by that of La Libertad;
and on the south by the Pacific.
It lies between the parallels 13° 40" and 13° 18" N. latitude, and
between the meridians 91° 4" and 91° 31" W. longitude, relatively to
the meridian of Paris. The most northerly point is a small peninsula
of the Lake of Ilopango, on the coast of the Tepezontes, and the
most southerly is on the Pacific coast, at the watering-place called
Los Blancos y los Negros. The most easterly point is at the River
of San Jerónimo, to the north of the highroad which runs from
Zacatecoluca to Usulután, and the most westerly is at the mouth
of the River Lindero. The area of this Department is 2,354 square
kilometres, or, say, about 69/1000 of the area of Salvador.
The surface is fairly level towards the coast, and hilly towards
the interior, but it is always accessible for transit. The
low-lying land is found to be excellent for the cultivation of the
sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton, indigo, and forage; while the high land
is eminently suited for the cultivation of coffee, wheat, rice,
etc. The forests of the Department enjoy a high reputation for the
excellence of the timber which they produce.
The population of the Department of La Paz has increased with
astonishing rapidity. In 1858 it possessed scarcely 24,000
inhabitants, while to-day it is almost three times as large, which
is equal to an increase of 3 per cent, annually. The density of the
population is thirty-one inhabitants per square kilometre, and the
number of individuals of native race is nearly equal to that of the
Spanish-speaking inhabitants.
Previous to the Independence, the greater part of the present
Department of La Paz belonged to the Department of San Vicente.
Towards 1835 the Governor of this State ceded the district of
Zacatecoluca to the Central Government, so that it might form part
of the special territory of that authority, a cession which not
unnaturally displeased the inhabitants of the district. On the
disunion, the Federation was established, and joined-up with that of
Olocuilta the new Department of La Paz. In the year 1843, in direct
consequence of the revolt of the Indians of Santiago Nonualco, and
under pretext of a defect in the government, the new Department
was suppressed and reincorporated in that of San Vicente. In 1845
it again separated; but in the following year, 1846, it was joined
once more to that of San Vicente, remaining thus until, by the
Legislative Decree of February 21, 1852, it was definitely separated.
At present the Department of La Paz is divided into three districts,
which comprehend one city, four large towns, and about fifteen
smaller ones, as shown by the following table:
District of Zacatecoluca: Santiago Nonualco, San Pedro Nonualco,
San Juan Nonualco, Santa María Ostuma, San Rafael, La Ceiba,
Jerusalén.
District of San Pedro Mazahuat: San Pedro Mazahuat, El Rosario,
San Miguel Tepezontes, San Juan Tepezontes, Paraíso de Osorio,
San Emigdio.
District of Olocuilta: Talpa, Cuyultitán, San Luis, Tapalhuaca,
San Francisco Chinameca.
In the lowlands or near the coast there are a number of old estates
of unquestionable merit, and which in former times were famous for
the indigo which they produced. To-day the principal agricultural
industry of Zacatecoluca is coffee-growing, and the inhabitants
possess upon the Volcán some magnificent plantations, the principal
being the following, with the number of hundredweights of produce
that they yield annually:
Those of Señor J. Rengifo Núñez, 3,500 cwts.; Señor José Molina,
2,000; Señora Doña Amalia Molina, 2,000; Señora Doña Teresa O.
de Alfaro, 1,000; Dr. Don Fernando Gómez, 1,500; Don Mariano A.
Molina, 1,000; Don Fernando Gómez, 1,500; Dr. Peña Fernández,
1,500; Don Pedro Rodríguez, 800; Doña Josefa Buiza, 600; Don
Atanasio Pineda, 500; the Señorita Dolores Rodríguez, 500; Doña
Teresa de Rodríguez, 500; Don Atanasio Pineda, 500; Don Atanasio
Pineda (_h_), 500; the Lopez family, 500; Dr. Don Pío Romero
Bosque, 500; Doña Josefa Molina, 600; Doña Mercedes Rubio,
400; Don Francisco Orantes, 300; Don Lisandro Torres, 300; the
issue of Don Samuel Jiménez, 300; Doña Mercedes Rodríguez, 300;
Don Octavio Miranda, 200; Don Catarino Ortiz, 200; Doña Elodia
Jandres, 200; Don Justo Quintanilla, 200; General Don José María
Estupinián, 300.
The town of Santiago Nonualco, which has the title of "Villa,"
a name usually given to a large and important town, is also an
ancient one. It is situated on high land, on the brow of a hill, 10
kilometres to the west of Zacatecoluca--the said highland measuring
from north to south some 36 kilometres, and from east to west about
7. It is situated on a large tract of level ground, upon which,
towards the north, are two hills--La Chorrera and El Tacuazín; in
the former is situated the cave in which the celebrated Indian,
Aquino, took refuge.
Numbers of excellent stock and grain farms exist here, upon which
are cultivated large quantities of cereals, and which formerly
produced a remarkable quantity of very good indigo. Such are El
Pedregal, La Vandería, Tegüistocoyo, Novillos, Ojo, Troncones,
and Santa Teresa. A very ancient town also is San Juan Nonualco,
situated to the west, 4 kilometres from Zacatecoluca, and about
100 metres above the level of the sea. The highroad leading from
Zacatecoluca to the Capital of the Republic passes by here, and at
San Juan it throws off a branch which runs directly to the port of
La Libertad.
Among its best-known coffee plantations are--Las Nubes, San Pedro,
El Consuelo, and Las Granadillas. There is also carried on a great
deal of timber-felling, and there are some sawmills erected among
the hills of Pilon and Caballito. In this district there are no
natural springs of water, which element has been supplied by sinking
wells near the pool of La Laguneta, formed at the time of the rains.
San Rafael is a town which was founded in the year 1882 on lands
which were the property of the Obrajuelos, the portion belonging to
the town being marked off by boundaries and landmarks. The only
hill worthy of mention in the district of San Rafael is that of the
Carao.
The little town of San Pedro Nonualco is situated in the hollow of
a hill and upon the slopes of a small volcano, 20 kilometres to the
north of Zacatecoluca. It enjoys a mild and salubrious climate,
especially in the dry season; whilst during the rainy season there
is sufficient humidity for agricultural purposes. The principal
sources are--El Pringadero, El Pataiste, El Hiscanal, El Chinte, La
Gotera (which last is that from which is drawn the water used by
the town), La Montañita, Los Naranjos, and a number of other small
streams which supply the country with an abundance of water.
Santa María Ostuma is a town situated on the slope of a hill
which springs from the loins of the volcano of San Vicente on the
north-west, and is 24 kilometres from Zacatecoluca. Its situation
is very picturesque, the town being surrounded by beautiful
perspectives, while its climate is fresh and healthy. It is divided
into four districts--Delicias, Candelaria, Mercedes and Calvario.
The principal annual festival is that of the patron saint, on
February 2, the day of the Presentation, or Candlemas. The place has
to-day about 3,400 inhabitants, and its prominent source of revenue
is derived from agriculture, principally coffee and the pineapple,
the pineapples produced in Ostuma being considered the best in the
Republic. These are of the most choice types--the Castilian, water
and sugar pineapples.
The town, or rather village, of Mercedes La Ceiba is bounded on the
west by that of Jerusalén, the middle course of the River Chilate,
and on the remaining sides by the district of Santa Maria Ostuma.
It has not more than 650 inhabitants.
Jerusalén is another small place of recent foundation, situated
about 25 kilometres from the chief town. Its lands are fertile,
and largely intersected by streams of some importance. San Pedro
Mazahuat is one of the large towns of the Department, and is the
capital of the district. In the course of a few years it has
attained a state of progress quite remarkable, due alike to the
industrious character of its inhabitants and the fertility of its
lands. It is situated upon rather broken ground, having on the east
the River Tilapa, on the west the Sepaquiapa, and on the south the
Jiboa, all of which contribute an abundant supply of fish. There are
also several springs of fresh water, such as Apacinto, La Pina, and
Amatitán. Two kilometres to the north of the town is the spring of
Plata, where a dam has been constructed and whence water is conveyed
to the town.
There are several notable estates, such as those of San Antonio,
El Pimental, San José and Mira-Flores, upon which are cultivated
various cereals, and a serious attempt at cattle-breeding is carried
on. This last-named estate, which was widely known under the name
of Rancho de Teja, was formerly, with that of Chanrayo, one of the
most flourishing, and engaged largely in the cultivation of indigo.
It is the place which was at one time known as Hacienda Nueva
(the New Estate), and for the last fifty years it has been in the
possession of the family of Aycinena, of Guatemala, as is also that
of San Josécito. The lands of both these properties have to-day been
converted into a number of small plantations.
CHAPTER XXIII
Department of San Miguel--Portless coast--Indigo plantations--
City of San Miguel--Cathedral--Water-supply--Archæological
interests--Projected railway connections. Department
of Morazán--City of Gotera--Mountains and fertile
plains--Agricultural produce. Department of Usulután--Physical
characteristics--Volcanic curiosities--Surrounding
villages--Populations--El Triunfo--Santiago de Maria.
Department of La Unión--Boundaries--Scenery--Guascorán
River--Industries--Commerce.
DEPARTMENT OF SAN MIGUEL.
_Cities._--San Miguel and Chinameca (2).
_Towns._--Uluazapa, Moncagua, Chapeltique, Cacaguatique, Sesorí (5).
One of the most diversified of the Departments of the Republic is
San Miguel, since it offers almost every kind of scenery to be
found in Central America: wild and rugged coastline, steep and
craggy mountains, beautiful verdant valleys and at least one active
volcano--active, that is to say, in emitting much smoke and more
noise, but otherwise, for the time being, unobjectionable. The
Department is bounded on the north by the Republic of Honduras
and the Department of Morazán, on the east by the latter and the
Department of La Unión, on the south by the Pacific Ocean, and on
the west by the Departments of Usulután and Cabañas.
[Illustration: THE "STATELY" OFFICES OF HIS BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S
VICE-CONSUL AT LA UNIÓN, ONE OF THE PRINCIPAL PORTS IN SALVADOR.]
[Illustration: BARRACKS AT SANTA TECLA (NEW SAN SALVADOR).]
There is no port in this section of the Republic, and the whole
coastline is considered dangerous, and certainly looks inhospitable,
being formed of numerous spurs running down into the sea from the
mountains which guard it for practically all of its length. There
are two volcanoes located here, one of which, Chinameca, is, and for
years past has been, quiescent; the other is the ever-grumbling San
Miguel.
In the peaceful valleys below are grown indigo, coffee, and sugar;
timber is cut for building purposes; grains and any amount of fruits
and vegetables are cultivated. There are likewise several important
manufactures, such as saddlery and harness, boots and shoes,
articles of tortoiseshells, pickles, lime-juice, cheese, and rum.
The annual fair is held on November 21, in the city of San Miguel,
and on this occasion the amount of business transacted runs into
many thousands of dollars. The visitors include those from some of
the neighbouring Republics, besides the people from all parts of
Salvador.
An old and a remarkably interesting city is that of San Miguel,
which was founded in 1530. Perhaps its early days were more
prosperous than those which are at present enjoyed; for history
shows that here, in times long passed away, great trade and industry
were carried on, and much activity of commercial life prevailed.
To-day a kind of peaceful stagnation would appear to reign for the
greater part of the year, but still the people seem to be quite
contented and fairly well-to-do.
The great wealth of the place formerly reposed in the indigo trade
which was carried on, and which the invention of aniline dyes
greatly helped to kill. One can easily trace where and how the
superabundant wealth of the community was spent. It is to be seen in
the magnificently wide thoroughfares, the well-paved streets, and
the many yet handsome _plazas_ and public buildings. It is possible
still to pause and admire the proportions and the decorations of the
Municipal Palace, of the Court House, the Hospital and the Market;
while many are the imposing churches to be seen, those of San
Francisco, Calvario and Santo Domingo among them.
For some years a massive brick-built Cathedral has been in course
of erection; but it is still incomplete. The water-supply, which
is abundant, is taken from the San Miguel River. I have been told
that this water was not safe to drink; but I venture to assert that
the statement is incorrect, provided the liquid be taken from that
portion of the river which is not immediately adjoining the town and
certain residences.
That the town otherwise is up-to-date may be gauged from the
fact that it possesses both an ice-plant and an electric light
installation. I am afraid, however, that neither are particularly
well patronized by the majority of the people, who are very simple
and unpretentious in their method of living, as in their dress.
Around the city of San Miguel are located well-maintained _fincas_,
nearly all of which belong to native proprietors. Indigo and cacao
are the most common products raised, and both thrive here amazingly
well.
Antiquaries and archæologists will find an extremely interesting
field for their investigations around San Miguel, where exist
numerous remains of a primitive and an industrious people. Already
many examples of their domestic utensils have been found and methods
of living have been traced; and at a private house belonging to an
enthusiastic but discriminating collector of such articles may be
seen flint knives, grinding-mills of hard stone more durable even
than granite, and _ollas_ of clay, presenting many interesting
features of workmanship, far superior, indeed, to anything of the
kind which is met with to-day. It is supposed that the ancient city
of Chaparrastique was located in this neighbourhood, not more than a
mile or so from the present site of San Miguel.
The city of San Miguel lies some three-quarters of a mile from
the volcano and the river of the same name, the latter also being
called sometimes the Rio Grande. It stands but some 360 feet above
the level of the sea, and the climate is undoubtedly hot--sometimes
unpleasantly so. San Miguel is about 107 miles east of the Capital,
and is approached by a good cart-road. It claims some 23,000
inhabitants, most of whom are engaged in agriculture of some kind,
while they form an orderly community very little given to troubling
the authorities, yet somewhat opposed to innovations or reforms of
any kind. The native women of San Miguel are considered to be about
the best-looking in the Republic.
The Government have, as related elsewhere, long had the desire to
unite San Miguel, which claims with Santa Ana to be the "second"
most important city in the Republic (it certainly is justified from
a population point of view) with La Unión, its finest seaport, and
to extend the line to the cities of San Vicente and San Salvador,
thus securing an all-rail route from Acajutla, the most important
western port, to La Unión in the extreme east, on the Gulf of
Fonseca.[6]
[6] These figures will, no doubt, be recognized by some of my more
critical readers as a "repetition," having already been presented by
me in previous chapters. But since I have, for the purpose of more
ready reference, divided this volume into Departments, it has been
deemed desirable to repeat the statistics of railway construction
and road-building under each separate Department to which the
figures bear any relation.--AUTHOR.
It was sufficiently proved by Mr. Charles T. Spencer (now the
Manager of the Salvador Railway Company) that such a line of railway
was quite feasible from an engineering point of view, and that it
could be constructed at a reasonable outlay. The kilometric distance
from San Miguel to San Vicente would be (main-line) 102·2 (= 63·5
miles).
DEPARTMENT OF MORAZÁN.
_City._--Gotera.
_Towns._--Sociedad, San Carlos, Jocoro, Osicala, El Rosario (5).
This is one of the most recently created of the various Departments,
having come into official existence in 1875. Formerly much of its
territory was comprised in San Miguel. Even its name has been
altered, since until 1887 it was known as "Gotera," which is now the
title of its one city. In this year the name was altered to Morazán
by decree of Congress, in memory of the last President of the
Central American Federation, and who lost his life in his well-meant
but fruitless efforts to bring about its resuscitation.
The Department is bounded on the north by the Republic of Honduras,
on the east by the Department of La Unión, on the south by La Unión
and San Miguel, and on the west by the latter also. Lofty mountains
cover a great deal of the surface, more especially towards the
north, the various chains crossing the Department from east to west.
Towards the Honduranean border--that is to say, in the direction
of the south--a number of fertile plains are to be met with, and
these are mostly well watered by the Rivers Tocola and Rio Grande.
All kinds of agricultural products are cultivated here, such as
indigo, rice, coffee, sugar, corn, and a variety of fruits. It is
also an industrial centre, there being established cordage, mat,
hat, lime, and earthenware factories, the greater part of which,
at least, seem to carry on a thriving trade. Labour is abundant,
if not particularly well skilled; and the greater portion of the
inhabitants are industriously occupied all the year round in
following either agriculture or some kind of manufacturing.
Although a decidedly small place, containing something less than
2,000 people, Gotera is picturesque, and as clean as it is romantic
in appearance. It is connected by a good cart-road with the city of
San Miguel. There is likewise a volcano of moderate proportions,
raising its crest 3,089 feet in height, and being located 13°
42' 54" latitude, and 88° 0' 30" longitude. Its history is not
especially remarkable.
DEPARTMENT OF LA UNIÓN.
_Cities._--La Unión, San Alejo, Santa Rosa (3).
It was to form this Department that San Miguel had once again to
give up a goodly portion of its original territory. It is now one of
the most important of the Republic's various political Divisions, by
reason of containing the port of La Unión, of which I give a fuller
description elsewhere under the title of "Ports and Harbours" (see
Chapter XIV.). Its boundaries are as follows: North, by the Republic
of Honduras; east, by that Republic also and the Bay of Fonseca;
south, by the Pacific Ocean; and west, by the Departments of San
Miguel and Morazán. A great diversity of scenery may be met with,
the mountains alternating with valleys, volcanoes with large open
plains, and the ocean lending a blue setting to the whole picture.
For true tropical scenery the Bay of Fonseca would be hard to beat,
and its most beautiful portion skirts the shore of this Department.
Unfortunately, however, there is usually a great deal of unhealthy
miasma arising from the low, marshy shore, and from the mouth of the
Guascorán River to the Honduranean boundary the whole district may
be said to be unhealthy. Here and again one comes across dry and
rugged spots, but for the most part the country lies very low, and
it is extremely hot at almost all times of the year.
Located upon the picturesque peninsula which separates the Bay of
Fonseca from the Pacific Ocean is the enormous volcano of Conchagua,
towering up to a height of over 4,000 feet above sea-level, and
measuring some twenty miles in circumference around its base. There
are two magnificent peaks, one measuring 3,800 feet, and the other
4,101 feet. The situation is 13° 16' 28" latitude, and 87° 51' 46"
longitude. This mountain was last in eruption in the year 1868, but
to all appearances it is now perfectly quiescent.
Both industrially and commercially La Unión is of importance, much
of the fine timber employed in various parts of the Republic for
both building operations and cabinet-making coming from its forests,
which nevertheless as yet have hardly been touched. Great potential
wealth is contained here, and, in view of the proximity of the port,
its forests should one day be intelligently and profitably exploited.
As to manufactures, the Department possesses lime, hat (palm-leaf
variety), mat, soap, candle, steel, and other establishments; while
considerable trade goes on in fish, and especially in oyster-curing.
La Unión oysters are very delicious, and are much relished as
a rule by foreigners, who declare them to be equal to the best
Whitstable in flavour. The variety of fish caught off these coasts
is not particularly large, but the quality is very fine. The cost of
living in this Department, even at the port of La Unión, is cheap,
and on the whole one may dwell there very comfortably, if climatic
conditions be accepted philosophically.
DEPARTMENT OF USULUTÁN.
_Cities._--Usulután, Jucuapa, Alegría (3).
_Towns._--Santa Elena, Jiquilisco (2).
This Department belongs to the eastern section of the Republic,
and formerly its territory was embraced in the Department--or,
as it was then called, the Province--of San Miguel (ó Provincia)
de Chaparrastique, now known simply as "San Miguel." It became a
separate Department in 1865. It is bounded on the north and east by
the Department of San Miguel, on the south by the Pacific Ocean,
and on the west by the Department of San Vicente. Its area is 3,344
square kilometres which represents a 98/1000 part of the superficial
area of the Republic.
The central portion of the Department is very mountainous, the
country here being crossed by a lofty range, north of which it is
relatively level, but decidedly broken-up. In the south are found
lowlands and a swampy coast, which during the rainy season becomes
somewhat unhealthy. Within the borders of this Department are
found three separate volcanoes--Usulután, Jucuapa and Taburete.
From a geological point of view the two last named are the most
interesting, having small lakes of sulphurous water in their ancient
craters. Roundabout, and especially in a deep and dry ravine which
extends from the south-east of the village of Tecapa towards the
River Lempa, are a number of active geysers which emit dense volumes
of sulphurous vapours and columns of smoke, reminding one forcibly
of some of the beautiful geysers in New Zealand, in the Roturua
district.
The largest of the geysers at Tecapa is called "El Tronador" (The
Thunderer), and this has formed a small crater of its own, from
out of which is thrown a high and thick column of steam saturated
with sulphuretted hydrogen and other gases, while the noise which
accompanies the emission of this steam is deafening, and can be
heard for many miles away.
The Department is divided up into three districts--namely, Usulután,
which contains seven villages or small towns; Jucuapa, containing
four; and Santiago de Maria, containing seven. The first-named
district has a population of some 12,000 inhabitants, more than half
of whom reside in the city of Usulután, a pleasant place enough,
situated upon the right bank of a stream called Juano, but only at
the moderate elevation of 420 feet above sea-level. It is also some
ninety-five miles distant from the Capital. The number of buildings
of an ornate character is considerable, for Usulután was formerly
a place of some pretensions, being the residential quarters of the
authorities of the ancient Division of San Miguel ó Provincia de
Chaparrastique. It was classed as a "town" in 1827, and was given
the rank of a "city" in 1860. Among the more notable buildings are
a handsome town-hall, a school-house, and a minor University, where
the higher education is imparted to a large number of pupils and
students. A prison of some dimensions, and a handsome but small
church, should also be mentioned.
[Illustration: GROUP OF SALVADOREANS OF THE SUPERIOR WORKING
CLASS.]
According to some old Spanish MSS., which I was shown, this town was
known to the Indians of 1574 as "Uceluclán," and a large number of
people at one time apparently resided there. Another very old place
is Santa Eléna, which dates from 1661; to-day it has about 3,275
inhabitants, the surrounding district and many smaller villages
bringing up the total of inhabitants for the district to nearly
6,000.
There are over a dozen notable _fincas_ round about, where maize,
tobacco, rice and black beans are cultivated. Jiquilisco boasts
of between 4,500 and 4,600 inhabitants, and even more important
_fincas_, so far as size and amount of produce are concerned.
Santa Maria de Los Remedios is also an old town, possessing some
1,750 inhabitants. Two important _fincas_ are located in the
neighbourhood, and engage the services of many of the labourers
available. Ereguaiquín, which is some 7 kilometres distant, has
2,100 inhabitants; Ozatlán, another small town of very recent
origin, being founded as late as 1890, having 2,000 inhabitants.
The district of Jucuapa, with its four towns and villages, is
somewhat deficient in water, having only the San Francisco River to
depend upon. Nevertheless the country is very fertile, especially
in the immediate district around the volcano of Jucuapa, which
towers up into the air some 5,000 feet above the level of the sea.
The chief town has two schools of importance, a private college
for the children of wealthier parents, a casino, a club, and a
well-maintained hospital.
Estanzuelas, which was established as a village in 1815, has over
10,000 inhabitants, most of whom are engaged in the pursuit of
agriculture. San Buenaventura, another village, stands much higher,
and is possessed of a more pleasant climate and outlook over
mountains and valleys. It has but 1,600 inhabitants, and among
several distinguished Salvadoreans who have been born in this
district is Dr. Máximo Araujo, who has rendered great political
services to his country.
The small town known as El Triunfo (also described as "San Juan del
Triunfo") is an old-established place, and was formerly known as
"La Labor." This is in a well-watered district, and many prosperous
_fincas_ are to be found scattered around. A fuller account of the
port will be found under Chapter XVI., "Ports and Harbours."
The Santiago de Maria district is moderately well inhabited, but the
town of the same name is small, and is little over forty years old.
The neighbourhood, which has always been known as fertile, and which
is abundantly watered by several rivers and streams, produces large
quantities of maize, beans, sugar, tobacco and vegetables.
Other small towns in this Department are San Agustin, Tecapán,
Alegría, Berlín and California. The total population of the
Department was put in 1909 at 89,175, the district of Usulután
having the largest number, estimated at 32,275; Jucuapa came next,
with 25,700; and Santiago de Maria third, with 24,600. The remaining
8 per cent. of the population were dispersed throughout the
Department.
CONCLUSION
"_In every work regard the writer's End,
Since none can compass more than they intend;
And if the means be just, the conduct true,
Applause, in spite of trivial faults, is due._"
I make no claim in this volume to having written anything
startlingly new, nor yet to have made any particularly valuable
contribution to the history of the world; but what I have
endeavoured to effect, and what I trust I have accomplished at
least in part, is to put before my readers what I know to be facts
concerning a very interesting country which has hitherto received
but scant attention at the hands of financial writers. Bulwer
Lytton has said that no author ever drew a character, consistent
to human nature, but what he was forced to ascribe to it many
inconsistencies. So it is with a book which purports to be a true
description of a country; for in portraying its attractions one must
of a necessity expose its drawbacks and deficiencies.
It must be remembered that the Republic of Salvador has yet
to celebrate its centenary, being one of the youngest of the
Latin-American States; but considering the different troubles
and tribulations which this country--in common with all of the
Latin-American Republics without exception--has gone through, the
present condition of her civilization, of her arts and her commerce,
is eminently encouraging. The great advance made by this State
has been achieved in spite of the many obstacles which it has
encountered. If the permanency of a Republic mainly depends upon
the general intelligence and morality of the people constituting
it, I look for a continued and even an increased prosperity for the
Salvadoreans, since they are indubitably among the Central American
nations the most developed and the most intellectual.
No longer subject to and borne down by an immoral and corrupt
Government, and freed from the exactions of hungry office-seekers,
this naturally richly-endowed little State should pursue an even and
enviable road to prosperity, upon which foreigners will be heartily
welcome to journey.
* * * * *
In 1895, when Mr. Joseph Chamberlain was Colonial Secretary, a
circular letter was addressed to all British Consuls of the British
Empire, asking for information regarding the effect of foreign
competition upon British trade abroad. In the answers received,
and subsequently published in the form of a bulky Blue Book, some
critics professed to see much comfort; but to the minds of others,
who looked more deeply into matters and judged more from what was
likely to occur than what had actually happened, the future appeared
gloomy in the extreme. To enact the role of Cassandra is never an
agreeable nor a profitable occupation; but upon occasions it becomes
necessary to sound the alarum, if only to awaken the slumberer from
his too-long repose, and remind him that the world is marching
onwards and ever onwards. At no time has this been more imperative
than the present, when British trade and commerce, British influence
and British prestige, in Central America, at one time predominant,
are threatened, not alone with supersession, but with practical
extinction. This is no phantom of the imagination, nor yet any
unfair exaggeration of existing conditions. It is a plain and
incontrovertible fact, which anyone travelling through the smaller
Latin-American Republics may ascertain for himself.
The decline of British trade in these countries was clearly
foreshadowed in the Blue Book above referred to; but the public,
with some few exceptions, complacently closed their eyes, the
Government as usual did nothing to avert the threatened evil, and
the results are such as were inevitable under the circumstances.
The Consular reports upon these States as they are issued (_when_
they are issued at all) tell the tale of our diminishing trade, and
of the slow but sure rise of our competitors to the position of
dominance which once was ours. There is little occasion to criticize
the figures or to call them into question; it may, perhaps, have
served some useful purpose to have examined, as I have done in these
pages, into the principal causes which have helped to bring about a
condition of things which is gradually going from bad to worse.
I shall be abundantly satisfied, and consider myself sufficiently
recompensed for the trouble to which I have put myself and the not
inconsiderable expenses which I have incurred in preparing this
volume, if I can awaken some interest among my countrymen--upon
the British Government I do not for an instant expect to make any
impression whatever--to the critical position in which our national
trade stands to-day in Latin-America generally, but in the Republic
of Salvador in particular. The time has apparently gone by when
British trade abroad could depend at least upon the countenance, if
not always the active support, of the Ministry of the day.
In the days of William Pitt the Elder it was the proud boast of
our rulers that "not a gun should be fired throughout the world
without Britain knowing why"; but to-day commercial treaties of the
utmost import to British merchants are entered into, new imposts
which seriously threaten their existing trade are levied, and
favoured-nation terms to their most dangerous commercial rivals are
granted, without the Home Government knowing or caring one pin's
head about it. Where are "the eyes and the ears" of the State that
such things can occur, and where is the patriotism which permits of
them occurring? No British Government within the past half-century
has as much as inquired about the status of British trade in
Latin-America, nor has it troubled its head to find out whether it
flourished or failed. For the despicable purpose of currying favour
with our keenest rivals in that great field--the United States--such
position as we still occupy in that portion of the world is being
recklessly and ignorantly sacrificed. How this crime--for crime it
assuredly is--is likely to be perpetrated I have shown conclusively
in the preceding pages. Let those who are accused answer to the
charges--if they can or if they dare!
_July 31, 1911._
INDEX
Academy, Salvador, 41
Acajutla, 9, 51, 52, 61, 62, 64, 65, 68, 73, 93, 115, 146, 167, 197,
198, 204, 222, 223, 226, 290, 291, 293, 295, 299, 309
Administration of Justice, 18
Administrator, Post-Office, 34
Agricultural Bank, 172
machinery and implements, 107, 147, 148
Agriculture, 164, 228-243, 276, 285, 288, 291, 303
Minister of, 18, 41, 229
School of, 29
Sub-Secretary of, 18, 42, 43, 44, 47, 164
Agronomy, 230
Aguila, Eugenio, 172
Aguila, José Astua, 81, 82
Agustin, 316
Ahuachapán, 8, 9, 25, 66, 94, 141, 179, 213, 234, 247, 266, 294-296
Department of, 28, 234, 290, 294-297
Alegría, 11, 266, 313, 316
Alfaro, Prudencio, 61, 65, 67, 71
Allison Manufacturing Company, 200
Alvarado, Dr. H., 265
Alvarado, Jorge de, 249, 256
Alvarado, Pedro de, 256
Alvarez, Dr. E., 274
Amapala, Battle of, 39
Treaty of, 72, 73, 75, 77, 81, 82
Amaya, General Juan, 38, 281
Angulo, 4
Apaneca, 9, 295
volcano, 4
Aragón, Manuel, 11
Araujo, President Manuel Enrique, 15, 17, 36, 40, 43, 47, 84, 85,
114, 246, 273
Araujo, Dr. Máximo, 316
Arca, 2
Arce, General Manuel José, 14
Argentina, 129, 154, 230
Arias Celio, 39, 74
Armenia, 290
Army, 38, 64, 86-95, 224, 269
strength of, 87
Assembly, National, 15, 19, 38
Ataco, 9
Ateos, 51
Atiquizaya, 25, 294
Atuscatla, 5
Austria, 147
Avila, Dr. Artúro Ramón, 36, 45, 46, 116
Baldwin Locomotive Works, 199
Balsalobre, Rev. Dr. E. M., 178
Balsam, 108, 147, 216, 229, 241-243, 288, 290
Banco Agrícola, 172-174
Occidental, 172
Salvadoréño, 46, 176
Bank, London, of Mexico, 50
London and South-Western, 51, 53
Mortgage, 177
Nicaragua, 177
Banks, 46, 50, 51, 53, 167, 170-177
Bará, General Enrique, 23
Barahona, 65
Barberena, Dr. S. I., 265
Baron, Dr. Gustavo, 18, 42, 271
Barracks, 87, 88, 92-95, 257, 274
Barrancas de Jucuapa, 12
Barrios, General Gerardo, 38, 274, 275
Barrios, General Justo Rufino, 15, 39
Beans, 229, 240, 248, 276, 316
Bedoya, ix
Beers and liquors, 158
Berlin, 11, 316
Bertand, President Dr., 84
Bills of exchange, 167, 168, 170, 171
Bloom, David, and Co., 172, 177
Board of Trade, British, 44, 125, 164
Bocanegra, Angel M., 81, 82
Bogen, Herr, 153
Bolivia, 131, 132, 161
Boots and shoes, 107
Bracamonte, Don Eusebio, 18, 36, 42
Bracamonte, General, 38
Brazil, 154, 235, 236, 240
Breweries, 158
Bridges, 12, 198
British Consul, 99-101, 105, 110-112, 129, 319
diplomacy, 120-126, 128, 129
Foreign Office, 96, 100, 101, 105, 122-124
Government, 98
investments, 160
Legation, 128
manufacturers, 138, 139, 141
Minister, 98, 139
retail houses, 137
trade, 98, 99, 105, 123, 125, 127, 129, 162, 164, 318, 319
tradesmen, 168, 169
Brown, Jansen, and Co., 51
Bryce, Right Hon. James, 123-126
Buerón, J. L., 10
Buerón, Juan, 11
Bureau, Information, 44
Bustamente, Dr. Cecilio, 18, 36, 41
Butters Mines, 187-195
Cabañas, Department of, 12, 28, 247, 276, 278, 282-284, 306
Cabinet, 18, 36, 42, 45
Cables, 32, 226, 227
Cacaguatique, 306
Cacao, 239, 240, 291, 308
Cafés, 158
California, 316
Campbell, C. S., 105
Canned goods, 150
Cárcamo, General Téofilo, 79
Carden, Lionel E. G., 97, 139
Carden, Mrs., 98
Carden, Rev. Lionel, 97
Casino Salvadoreño, 273, 274
Castro, R., Dr. Don Manuel, 18, 36, 41
Castro, V., Dr. Don José Antonio, 18, 36, 42
Cathedral, 257, 259
Cattle and hides, 108, 230, 231, 286, 295, 303
Central America, 13, 14, 32
United, 14
American Federation, 14, 50, 67
Peace Conference, 33
Penitenciaria, 21
Cereals, 229, 285, 291, 295
Chalatenango, 9, 11, 28, 266, 277, 278
Department of, 12, 28, 247, 248, 276-278, 287, 297
Chalchuapa, 25, 39, 179, 294, 295, 297
Chamber of Commerce (Salvador), 43, 47, 164
Chapeltique, 306
Charities, 17, 265-267, 284
Chatham, Earl of, 38
Cheese, 277, 286
Chemists, 157
Chief Magistrates, 16
Chile, 161, 202
Chilian Mission, 88
Chinameca, 9, 306, 307
volcano, 4
Choussy, Félix, 230
Churches, vii, viii, 150, 283, 308
Cierra, General, 69
Cigars and cigarettes, 158, 236, 279, 291
Citalá, 11, 276
Civil Code, 229
Clubs, 88
Clum, Harold D., 44
Coatepeque, 297
Cocoa machinery, 156
Cocoanuts, 291
Coffee, 108, 152, 216, 217, 219, 225, 229, 234, 235, 248, 285, 288,
290, 295, 302, 307, 311, 315
estates, 302-304, 308, 316
machinery, 150, 156
Cojutepeque, 9, 19, 25, 94, 179, 213, 236, 278
Lake, 280
Colleges, 28, 29
Colón, 226
Colombia, 210
Columbus, Christopher, 1
Commander-in-Chief, 16
Commerce, Chamber of (Salvador), 43, 47
Commercial travellers, 136, 141, 156, 157
treaties, 109, 112, 124, 126, 127, 320
Commission, Mexican, 97
Commissioners, rural, 229
Commons, House of, 38
Conchagua volcano, 4
Conference, Central American Peace, 33, 118, 119
Hague, 46
Conflagrations, 150, 151
Congress, National, 16, 18, 33, 34, 47, 53
Spanish-American, 46
Constitution, 15, 38, 259, 281
Constitutional Convention, 14
Consular invoices, 167
regulations, 101-105
reports, 98-100
Consul, British, 99-101, 105, 110-112, 129, 319
-General, Salvador, 45
United States, 44
Liverpool, 48
Consuls, Salvadorean, 102-105
United States, 112
Conventions, 14, 30
Cordilleras, 2
Corinto, 65, 68, 73
Corn, 240, 248, 276, 282, 288, 311
Coronation of H.M. George V., mission to, 46, 47
Corpeño, J. Dols, 177
Corranza, Dr. don Teodosio, 18, 36, 41
Cosieguina volcano, 4
Costa Rica, 14, 49, 50, 80, 98, 136, 140, 143, 152, 161, 179, 189,
212, 214, 223, 226, 249
Cost of living, 261, 262, 313
Costume, native, 244
Cotton, 107, 146, 216, 229, 232, 244, 291, 295
goods, 134
manufactures, 162
mills, 163
Council of Foreign Bondholders, 54, 55
of Health, 18, 270
Courtade, John B., 219
Court of Justice, Central America, 74, 70, 79-83
Courts, Circuit, 19
District, 19
Minor, 19
Supreme, 19, 257
Credit system, 166, 169-171
Criminal Law, 19
Cristales, General, 69
Cuba, 97, 121, 154, 237
Cuscatlán, Department of, 28, 234, 247, 248, 256, 276, 278, 279,
281, 282, 287, 300
Customs, 50, 51, 54, 58, 59, 166-169, 210, 224
duties, 159
Union, 123
Cyanide process, 187-195
Dardano, Donna Térésa, 47
Dávila, President, 74, 78, 79
Dawson, Samuel C., 178
Debt, Foreign, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55
Public, 57
Decree, Government, 70
Deficit, 59, 60
Deininger, Fédor, 153, 225
Delgado, Dr. Manuel, 73
Departments, 15, 16, 28, 235, 247, 271
Police, 25
Deputies, 15
National Chamber of, 15
Designates, Presidential, 38
Diaz, Porfirio, 75
Diaz, Señora J. B. de. 236, 280
Diplomacy, British, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129
Director-General of Police, 23
Discovery of Salvador, 1
Diseases, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272
Distilleries, 276, 289
District Courts, 19
Divisadero Mines, 193
Dolores, 282
Domestic life, 244, 245
servants, 261, 262, 263
Dreadnoughts, 128
Drews, F., 172
Drugs and medicines, 107, 157
Dueñas, Dr. Don Francisco, 18, 36, 40, 47
Dueñas, Don Miguel, 18, 36, 42, 47, 164
Dueñas, President Dr., 38
Duke, Mauricio, 172
Duke, J. Mauricio, 172
Dunlop, R. C., 182, 183
Earthquakes, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255
Ecuador, 115, 161
Education, 27, 28, 29, 30, 230, 272, 314, 315
Board of, 26
Free, 26
Minister of, 26, 42, 266
Educational establishments, 264, 265
Elections, 17
Electric light, 32
_El Diario de Salvador_, 70
El Tigre, 4
El Triunfo, 11, 167, 226, 316
El Viego volcano, 4
Ereguaiquín, 315
Eruptions, 5, 7
Escalón, Pedro José, 15
Escobar, Francisco, 265
Estanzuelas, 315
Esteves, Captain A., 224
Estrada, General, 68
Europe, 21, 29
Exchange, 169, 170, 172, 209, 210
Executive, 15, 16
Expenditures, 30, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60
War and Marine, 95
Export trade, 133
Exports and imports, 58, 59, 105, 106, 107, 108, 144, 162
Ezeta, General Carlos, 15, 40
Fairs, 278, 279, 282, 307
Fawcett, Preston and Co, Ltd., 153, 155
Federal Republic, 14
Federation, Central American, 14, 67, 301, 310
Felica volcano, 4
Figueroa, General Fernando, 4, 8, 15, 17, 31, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 61,
62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 69, 73, 78, 79, 87, 142, 151, 281
Filibusters, North American, vi, 61
Filisola, General, 13
Filter Butters, 190-194
Finance, Minister of, 18, 117
Sub-Secretary of, 18, 43
Finances, 49
railway, 55
Fire apparatus, 150, 151
brigade, 151
Fish, 312, 313
Flour, 107
Fonseca, Bay of, 1, 2, 3, 9, 286, 309, 311, 312
Forces, 16
Foreign Affairs, Minister of, 18, 76, 112
Sub-Secretary of, 18, 41
Foreigners, 284, 313
Foreign loans, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 115
Foreign Office, British, 96, 100, 101, 105, 122, 123, 124
Foreign trade, 106
France, 104, 105, 107, 108, 135, 146, 147, 151
Free Trade, 123, 132, 133
French trade, 146
Fruits, 285, 291, 295, 299, 307, 311
Gainza, ix
Gallegos, Salvador, 81, 82
García, Dr. A., 265
Gavidia, Francisco, 265
Geology, 181, 183
German trade, 108, 109, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,
137-139, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 152, 153, 162, 168
Germany, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 144, 147
González, Dr. D., 265
González, Dr. Rodolfo B., 271
González, Marshal Santiago, 38, 39
Goods, British, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139
Goodyear, Professor, 7
Gordon, John, and Co., 152, 156
Gotera, 310, 311
Government, 14, 15, 17, 21, 23, 26, 32
British, 98
Governors, 16
Great Britain, 31
Grey, Sir Edward, Bart., 100, 105
Guarumál, 9
Guascorán River, 8
Guatemala, viii, 4, 5, 14, 15, 30, 38, 48, 50, 67, 74, 80, 81, 82,
83, 96, 97, 98, 119, 121, 129, 131, 138, 140, 143, 145, 152,
161, 172, 179, 180, 202, 212, 214, 218, 245, 248, 249, 295,
297
Guatemala, kingdom of, viii
Guerrero, Dr. G. G., 47
Guirola, Don Angel, 289
Guirola D., Don Rafael, 18, 36, 40, 41, 172
Guthrie, C. S. S., 164
Gutierrez, General Rafael, 15
Guzmán, Dr. D. J., 265
Hague Conference, 46
Hamburg, 147, 168, 170, 219
Hardware, 135, 145
Harlan, Hollingsworth Company, 200
Havana, 10, 97
Havre, 219
Health, Council of, 18, 270
Heimké, Major W., 116, 117
Heimké, Mrs., 117
Hemmeler Guillermo, 176
Henequén, 229
Hernandes, General Gregorio, 24
Hidalgo, 13
High Court of Justice, 42
Hill, Lieutenant, 5
Hinds, John W., 203
Hispaniola, 1
Hogs, 231
Honduras, 3, 14, 38, 49, 50, 61, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 96, 97, 98, 118, 119, 121, 129,
161, 170, 172, 179, 181, 212, 214, 276, 282, 295, 297, 306,
310, 311
Honduras, war with, 38, 39, 40, 74
Hooper, A. H., 226, 227
Hospicio Guirola, 289
Hospitality, native, 273, 284
Hospitals, 17, 265-268, 269, 271, 272, 289
Hotels, 6, 236, 261, 280, 291, 293
House of Commons, 38
Hydrographic Office, U.S.A., 287
Ilobasco city, 282
volcano, 279
Ilopango, Lake, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 280, 300
Implements, Agricultural, 107, 147, 148
Imports and Exports, 58, 59, 105, 106, 107, 108, 144, 162, 163
Independence, 13, 249
India, 154
Industry (Fomento), Minister of, 18
Sub-Secretary, 18
Information Bureau, 44
Instruction, Military, 87, 88, 89
Minister of, 18, 26
Public, 18, 26
Sub-Secretary, 18, 26, 42
Intercontinental Railway Commission, 212
Interior, Minister of, 18, 23
Interior, Sub-Secretary, 18
Investments, United States, 159, 160, 161
British, 160
Indigo, 108, 232, 233, 237, 282, 283, 285, 288, 302, 307
Iron and Steel Trades, 135
Italy, 147
Iturbide, Agustin VIII., 13, 14
Izalco City, 290
District, 230
volcano, 4, 248
Jamaica, 235, 240, 242
Jerez, 30
Jerusalén, 305
Jibóa, River, 5, 8
Jiquilisco, Bay of, 232, 313, 315
Jocoró, 9
Jucuapa, 9, 12, 36, 313, 315
volcano, 315
Judice, Miguel, 172
Judicial, 15
Justice, Administration of, 18
Justice and Beneficence, Minister of, 18
Sub-Secretary of, 18, 42
Justices, 19
Junta, Provisional, viii, ix
Jutiapa, 282
Keilbauer, René, 213, 214
Keith, Minor C., 214, 215
Kelly, Mark Jamestown, 45, 51, 53 114, 115, 116, 151, 164, 201,
203, 207, 211
Kinnon, Lieutenant, 287
Knox, Philander, 122, 126
Kosmos Company, 219
Labour, 311
La Ceiba, 51, 304
Lagos, Ingeniero José Maria Peralta, 18, 36, 42
Laguna Finca, 153
La Libertad, 1, 9, 11, 28, 32, 58, 146, 167, 220, 223-227, 232, 234,
248, 271, 276, 287-290, 297, 300
Lamport and Holt, 219
Lancaster C. and W. Co., 200
Land Law, 228, 229
La Paz, Department of, 28, 234, 247, 248, 278, 284, 287, 300, 301, 305
Latin-American trade, 120
Latin Republics, v, vii, viii, x
La Unión, 8, 9, 24, 25, 28, 58, 69, 167, 202, 213, 216-220, 226,
266, 286, 309, 311
La Unión Department, 12, 28, 306, 311-313
Law, Criminal, 19
Lazarettos, 270
Lefferts, Miss Anne E., 98
Lefferts, John, 98
Legal procedure, 19
Legation, British, 97, 128
United States, 16, 117, 127
Legislative, 15
Leiva, Nicolás, 48
Leiva, General Ponciano, 39, 74
Lempa River, 3, 11, 232, 276, 314
Leyland Line, 219
Liberals, viii, ix
Limón, Port of, 136
Linares, 11
Liquors and beers, 158, 159
Liverpool Consul for Salvador, 48
Llanos, Colonel Armando, 88
Loans, foreign, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 115
London, 168, 170
Lopez, Dr. Fernando, 38
Lumber, 108
Machinery, 135, 151
agricultural, 107, 147, 148
mining, 182, 189, 190
Madriz, José, 81, 82
Maida, ix
Maize, 229, 232, 240, 316
Manufacturers, British, 138, 139, 141
native, 163, 276, 277, 285, 291, 307, 311, 312
Marine, War and, 18
Markets, 292, 299
Marriages, 27
Martin, Ernesto, 81, 82
Mason, Marcus, and Co., 152
Mathies, C. G., 176
Maximilian, 10
Medical College, 28
Medicines and drugs, 107, 157
Medina, General, 39, 74
Mejía, Federico, 117
Melendez, Carlos, 38
Mencia, Manuel Lopez, 56
Menéndez, General F., 15, 39
Mercedes, 12
Mercenaries, United States, vi
Mercury, 295
Metapán, 9, 11, 297, 299
Mexican Commission, 97
Mexico, vi, viii, ix, 4, 10, 13, 21, 30, 50, 62, 75, 97, 116, 132,
143, 160, 161, 231, 236, 245, 278
Michaelson, Fédor, 226, 227
Militia, 38
Miller, J. Imbrie, 287
Mine production, 186
Miners, native, 184, 195
Mines in operation, 185
Mining, 9, 181-195
Minister of Education, 26, 42, 266
of Finance, 18, 117
of War, 86
Ministry, 18
Minor courts, 19
Miranda, General, 74
Mission to Coronation, H.M. George V., 46, 47
Momotombo volcano, 4
Monarchy, Spanish, vii, viii
Moncagua, 306
Monroe Doctrine, 130
Monuments, public, 274, 275
Morales, Don Agustin, 127
Morazán Department, 28, 247, 306, 310, 311
Morazán, General Francisco, 14, 15, 275, 310
Morelia, 13
Morgan, J. Pierpont, 161
Mortality, 268
Mortgage Bank, 177
Municipalities, 16, 17
Municipal Treasury, 18
Nahuizalco, 290
National Assembly, 15, 19, 38
National Bank, 172, 174, 175, 176
National Chamber of Deputies, 15
Congress, 33, 44, 47, 53
National Institute, 265
Library, 265
Palace, 274
Theatre, 151, 257, 260, 261, 263, 264, 274
National University, 22, 30, 42, 45, 265
Native manufacturers, 163, 276, 277
types, 244
New San Salvador (Santa Tecla), 9, 25, 46, 93
New York, 168, 170
Nicaragua, 4, 14, 15, 50, 61, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 77, 96,
140, 172, 179, 180, 212, 214, 249
war with, 40
Nicaraguan Navy, 73
North American Filibusters, vi, 61
Occidental Bank, 172
Olocuilta, 300
Opico, 9, 287
Opposition, Spanish, vi
Otaco, 295
Ottley, Miss Lucy, 97
Ozatlán, 315
Pacas, Dr. José Rosa, 117
Pacific Mail Steamship Company, 129
Steamship Navigation Company, 218, 219
Palacio Nacional, 277
Palmer, Frederick, 163
Palomo, Tomás, G., 268
Pamphlets in Spanish, 147
Panama, 136, 172, 223, 226
Canal, 159
Railroad, 136
Pan-American Bureau, 113
Railway, 136, 214
Parcels Post, 31
Parks, public, 258, 259, 283, 289
Parras Lempa, 35
Pasaquina, Battle of, 39
Paz, River, 1, 8
Peace Conference, Central American, 33, 118, 119, 214
Peasants, 243-246
Penitenciaria, Central, 21
Santa Ana, 22
Peralta, Don José Maria, 36
Peralta, Señorita Maria, 36
Perú, 4, 21, 131, 132, 202
Pharmacy Law, 157
Pinto, Alberto, 12
Pinto, Miguel, 178
Pitt, William, 38
Planters and trade, 209, 210
Police, 18, 23-25
Police, Director-General of, 23
superior officers, 23
Polytechnic, 88-90
Population, 2, 4, 217, 224, 244, 246, 257, 277, 279, 283, 289,
295, 301, 309, 311, 314, 315, 316
Portillo, A. R., 177
Port Limón, 136
Ports, 11, 32, 216, 226, 271
Postal Administrator, 35
agencies, 35
Convention, 31
service, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35
Poste Restante, 34
Post Office, 18, 30, 33-35
British, 33
Posts, Department of, 30
Potatoes, 240
Potteries, 277
Poultry, 231
Poverty, absence of, 277
Presa General, 69
Presidential Designate, 38
President M. E. Araujo, 15, 17, 36, 40, 43, 47, 84, 85, 114, 246, 273
Presidents, 14-17
Press, 177-180, 227
Association, Central American, 179
Prieto, Don Carlos G., 18, 36, 43
Printing establishment, 18
Prisons, 20
Procedure, legal, 19
Proclamation to people, 62-63
Progreso, El, 290
Prosperity, general, 277, 295, 296, 299
Protection, 132
Provisional Junta, viii, ix
Public Credit, minister of, 18
Sub-Secretary, 18
Public Debt, 57
Public Instruction, Minister of, 18, 26
Sub-Secretary of, 18, 26, 42
Parks, 258, 259, 283, 289
Works, Sub-Secretary of, 42
Puerto Cortes, 68
Quezaltepeque, 287
volcano, 288
Quinóñez, Dr. A., 265
Quirós, Guillermo, 11
Race, Spanish, v
Railways, new, 212-215, 286, 287, 309
Railway subsidy, 52, 54
finance, 55
Regoládo, General Tomás, 15, 67
Religion, 28, 259
Religious instruction, 28
Republic, Federal, 14
Republics, Latin, v, vii, viii, x
Restaurants, 158
Revenue and expenditure, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 69, 236, 237
Revolution, 63
French, viii
Rice, 108, 229, 248, 276, 282, 288
Rice machinery, 156
Rivas, Manuel, 61, 63, 64
Rivas, R. Mayorga, 177
Roads, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 299, 303, 304
Roman Catholics, 259
Roosevelt, President, 117, 118, 121
Rosales, Don José, 266
Rozenraad, C., 164
Rubber, 108, 229, 238, 239
Rum, 236
Sabana Grande, 39
Sailing vessels, 109
Salina Cruz, 204, 205, 226, 227
Salvador Chamber of Commerce (London), 115
invasion of, 61-64
Railway, 9, 35, 50, 52, 54, 61, 114, 115, 136, 164, 196-215, 223,
225, 299, 310
_Salvador_, ss., 201, 204-206, 225
Sanatoriums, 267, 268
San Alejo, 311
San Buena Ventura, 315
San Carlos, 310
San Francisco, 276
San Ignacio, 276
San Isidro, 282
San Jacinto, 6
San José, 136
San Miguel, 9, 19, 24, 25, 34, 45, 94, 176, 179, 202, 213, 232,
266, 286, 306, 309, 310
Department of, 12, 247, 282, 284, 287, 306-310, 311, 313
River, 3, 232
volcano, 4
San Pedro, 378
Mazahuat, 300, 305
Nonualco, 270, 300, 304
San Rafael, 276, 278, 301
San Salvador (capital), 9, 21, 24, 26, 28, 32, 51, 52, 141, 150-152,
176, 197, 198, 225, 249-270, 273, 274, 286, 309
Department of, 28, 234, 247, 248, 276, 278, 287, 300
volcano, 4, 248, 281
San Vicente volcano, 4
Santa Ana, 9, 11, 19, 24, 25, 28, 32, 34, 51, 52, 64, 90, 93, 95,
141, 176, 179, 197, 198, 202, 213, 215, 266, 297-299
Barbara, 39
Department of, 12, 28, 234, 247, 270, 276, 287-290, 294, 297-299
Penitenciaria, 22
volcano, 3, 4, 281
Santa Elena, 313, 315
Santa Maria Ostuma, 304
Santa Rosa, 9, 311
Santa Tecla (Nueva San Salvador), 9, 25, 46, 93, 179, 225, 257,
266, 287, 289, 289,290
Santiago de María, 11
Nonualco, 300
San Vicente, 9, 25, 28, 38, 213, 256, 266, 286, 309
Department, 29, 39, 40, 234, 240, 245, 247, 278, 300, 301, 313
Sapotitan, 288
Scenery, 1
Scherzer, A. Z., 51
Schlensz, R., 176
School for Sergeants and Corporals, 88
School of Agriculture, 29
Schools, 27, 28, 29, 283, 314
Schwerin, H. T., 129
Secretaries of State, 18
Secretary of State (British), 99, 100, 105
Sensunapán River, 291
Sensuntepeque, 9, 141, 279, 292, 283
Service, Postal, 30, 31
Sesorí, 306
Sheep, 230, 231
Sherrill, Charles H., 127
Shippers, advice to, 44
Shipping, 109, 129, 146, 167, 216, 218, 219, 220
Siege, state of, 69
Sitio del Niño, 9, 35, 51, 93, 197, 198
Smallpox, 270
Smoked meat, 158
fish, 158
Social customs, 158
Sociedad, 310
Societies, 264
Sonsonate, 3, 9, 24, 25, 28, 34, 51, 58, 61, 66, 141, 179, 197,
198, 230, 266, 290-294, 295, 297
Department of, 28, 234, 240, 245, 247, 288, 290, 294, 297
Soriano, Andres, 11
Spain, v, vi, vii, viii, 1, 13, 147
war with, v, vii
Spanish-American University, 37
Congress, 46
oppression, vii
race, v
Spencer, C. T. S., 200, 201, 212, 310
Sport, 231
Squier, E. G., 127
State, Ministers of, 18
of siege, 69
Sub-Secretaries of, 18
Statistics, Trade, 105, 106, 107, 108
Steamships, 109, 129, 216, 218, 219, 220
Stewart, Charles, 202
Sub-Secretaries of State, 18
Subsidy, railway, 52, 54
Suchitote, 279
Sugar, 108, 225, 229, 232, 235, 236, 248, 285, 288, 295, 307, 311, 316
machinery, 150, 152-155, 235
Superior officers of police, 23
Supreme Court, 18
Surgical College, 29
Swan, Hunter, and Co., 204, 205
Symons, G. T., 203
Tabanco, 181
Taxation, 236
Teaching staff, 28
Tecapa, 9
volcano, 4
Tecapán, 316
Tehuantepec Railway, 136, 204, 205, 206
Tejutepeque, 282
Tejutla, 276
Telegraph and telephones, 18, 31, 297
Telegraphy, wireless, 32
Téllez, J. M. L., 177
Temperatures, 250, 256
Teotepeque, 287
Texistepeque, 297
Textiles, 134, 145, 162
Theatre, National, 151, 257, 260, 261, 263, 264
Theatres, 291
Timber, 240, 241, 285, 288, 291, 307, 312
Tobacco, 108, 158, 236, 237, 238, 248, 279, 280, 285, 295, 316
Toledo, General Salvador, 68
Tonacatepeque, 9
Trade, British, 98, 99, 105, 123, 125, 127, 129
foreign, 106
German, 108, 109
Latin-American, 120
statistics, 105, 106, 107, 108
Trading companies, 137, 138
Tramways, 160
Transportation, 196-215
Treasury, Municipal, 18
Treaties of commerce, 109, 112, 124, 126, 127, 320
Triana, S. Perez, 46
Triunfo, 11, 167, 226, 316
Troops, 86, 87, 88
Tuberculosis, 267, 268
Types, native, 244, 245
Ucléo, Alberto, 81, 82
Uluazapa, 306
United Fruit Company, 214, 218
Central America, 14
United States vi, 5, 10, 20, 21, 23, 27, 29, 44, 62, 75, 96, 103,
104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 117, 122, 123,
124, 126, 127, 128, 144, 145, 151, 158, 159
capital, 159, 160, 161
Consul-General, 44, 116
Consuls, 112
Legation, 116, 117, 127
mercenaries, vi
steel, 135, 136
trade, 145, 146, 147
Universities, 28, 29, 314
University, National, 29, 30, 42, 45
Spanish-American, 37
Uriate, Juan R., 178
Uruguay, 230
Usulután City, 213, 301, 314, 315
Department of, 12, 25, 247, 284, 306, 313-316
volcano, 4
Vaccination, direction of, 18, 270, 271
Valladolid, 13
Vice-Presidents, 16
Viceroys, Spanish, vii, viii
Victoria, 282
Vischer, Alfred, 87
Volcanoes, 1, 2, 4, 248, 251, 252, 256, 279, 280, 281, 284, 285,
288, 294, 297, 298, 304, 307, 311, 313
Walsh, George S., 203
War and Marine Sub-Secretary, 18
with Spain, v, vii
Weavers, native, 163
Wheat, 229, 240, 276
Wines and spirits, 158, 159
Wireless telegraphy, 32
Woods, precious, 240, 241
Woollens, 145, 163, 295
Xatruch, General, 74
Yams, 240
Yarns, 135
Yellow Fever, 272
Yúdice, Dr. Federico, 272
Zacapa, 30, 215
Zacatceoluca, 9, 25, 223, 266, 300, 301, 303, 304
volcano, 4
Zaldívar, Dr. Rafael, 39, 46
Zapote Barracks, 88, 92, 274
Zaragosa, 225
Zelaya, General José Santos, 14, 15, 56, 61, 62, 67, 68, 71, 72,
73, 74, 78, 79
BILLING AND SONS LTD. PRINTERS, GUILDFORD
* * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note.
Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as
printed.
The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up
paragraphs, thus the page number of the illustration might not match
the page number in the List of Illustrations.
Mismatched quotes are not fixed if it's not sufficiently clear where
the missing quote should be placed.
The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the
transcriber and is placed in the public domain.
Pages 55, 57, 149: The numbers in the tables do not add up correctly
as written.
The two photographs that appear between pages 96 and 97 have been
moved to page 78 to match the table of contents.