PARIS--AND PEACE.
To capture the French capital as rapidly as possible, and before
Napoleon should have an opportunity of rallying his defeated army,
now became the object of the allied forces. On the 20th June the
Prussians had passed the frontier in hot pursuit of the fugitive
Frenchmen, and by the 23rd Blücher was at Catillon and Wellington at
Le Cateau Cambresis. Meanwhile, the French had begun to recover from
their panic, and twenty thousand had assembled at Laon, where Soult
was working strenuously to get them into order, hoping that when
Grouchy arrived with his corps it would be possible to do something
to check the advance of the Allies. After Ligny, Grouchy had pursued
the beaten Prussians towards Wavre, where he defeated their rearguard
on the 18th and 19th June. Then, retreating, he beat off an attack
by Pirch at Namur on the 20th, and withdrew into France. Wellington
and Blücher were aware of all this, and debated whether to turn aside
and attack Soult forthwith, or whether to pass him by and push on to
Paris. They decided on the latter course.
From the Belgian frontier four principal roads converged on Paris.
On the easternmost road the French were collecting at Laon, while
scattered fugitives, making for the capital, were pressing along
the other three roads, of which the two on the west were allotted
to Wellington's columns and the third to Blücher's troops. On the
24th June Mitchell's brigade, which had marched from Nivelles to Le
Cateau, received orders to proceed to Cambray, which was still held
by a French garrison. The reduction of the place was entrusted to
Colville's division, and the garrison was summoned that night, but
refused to surrender. Next morning Colville ordered the assault of
the works, detailing the light companies of Johnstone's brigade to
storm the Valencienne gate, while the 23rd and 51st simultaneously
assaulted the Paris gate. The two regiments succeeded in breaking
open the outer gate of the Couvre Port with little difficulty, but
the Paris gate itself resisted every effort. Close by, however, there
was found a breach in the walls under repair, and by storming this an
entry was effected, without much loss--the 51st having no more than
two men killed and ten wounded. The Valencienne gate was carried by
Johnstone's brigade, and the garrison withdrew to the citadel, which
held out until the evening of the 25th.
The advance on Paris was then resumed; Peronne was captured by the
Guards division and Ham by the Prussians; and a few days later Soult
and Grouchy, retreating towards Paris, made a feeble attempt to cut
in on Blücher's flank, but failing to make any impression continued
the march to the capital, which they reached on the 29th June.
Napoleon himself had arrived there on the 21st, but had been forced
by the Chamber of Deputies to abdicate, and had then retired to
Malmaison, a few miles out of Paris.
On the 29th Blücher was at Gonesse, with his advanced troops close to
Aubervilliers, near St Denis; and Wellington was at Senlis. Although
the Chamber had asked for a suspension of hostilities, no agreement
had been arrived at, and knowing that the French now had some 80,000
soldiers in Paris, Wellington and Blücher decided that the Prussians
should move round to the south of the city, while the remainder of
the allied troops pushed in from the north. On the 30th, therefore,
the Prussians crossed the Seine near St Germains, and two days later
Blücher was at Versailles. On that day (July 2) Wellington threw a
bridge across the Seine at Argenteuil, to better his communications
with Blücher, and on the following day the last shots of the campaign
were fired, the Prussians having a smart skirmish at Issy, and the
opposing piquets on the north of the city exchanging a few shots. In
the evening part of the 51st moved to the village of Aubervilliers,
which had not been wholly abandoned by the French troops, so that,
as had frequently occurred in Peninsula times, one half of the
village was held by the British and the other by the French, without
molesting one another. And here occurred one of those curious
incidents illustrative of the friendship of enemies which were not
uncommon in Peninsular warfare. Ensign Mainwaring tells the story:--
"We soon grew friends, and on the full security of honourable warfare
some of us crossed the streets and entered into conversation with the
officers. They good-naturedly asked us how we were off for eatables,
and offered to send us some white bread and tobacco; and the nearest
picket was immediately furnished with a good supply, for which their
sutler-woman was well paid, though the French refused at first to
take payment. They asked us into the house and gave us an excellent
luncheon, and whilst we were all laughing and talking away, one of
the officers, by his epaulettes apparently a major, took hold of the
button of my jacket, and looking at it exclaimed, 'Ah, 51st! Was
monsieur with his regiment in Spain? for I saved the life of one of
your captains, whom we captured at the battle of Nivelle; he was _un
brave homme, bel homme_. Is he alive? I should so much like to see
him.' It was rather singular that the person of whom he spoke was
the captain of my company (Phelps),[84] and I accordingly told the
Frenchman that his wish could be instantly and easily gratified,
that the _Brave_ was in a house not a hundred yards distant, and
I immediately sent for him. He soon came; the Gaul was delighted,
flew into his arms, kissed him on one cheek and then on the other,
talked with the utmost rapidity, asked a hundred questions and never
waited for one answer from my gallant old chief, who, when he got
breathing-time, recognised him instantly, shook him heartily by the
hand, acknowledged that he had saved his life, prevented his being
plundered or ill-used, and that he behaved in the kindest and most
generous manner possible to him.[85] No one who saw us all clustered
together in this friendly manner, amongst these mustachioed veterans
of Napoleon, would ever have imagined that we were foes, and that
perhaps in a short half hour we might be seeking each other's lives,
with bayonets clashing and bullets whizzing from those hands so
cordially grasped in kind and grateful feeling without one spark of
national hate or animosity between us."
In all probability, although young Mainwaring was not in the
secret, the senior officers on both sides had an inkling that the
campaign was over, for, earlier in the day, an agreement to suspend
hostilities had been negotiated at St Cloud. This was known as the
"Convention of Paris," by the provisions of which the French army was
to be withdrawn to the south of the river Loire within eight days,
and Paris to be handed over to the Allies. During the two following
days the French troops marched out of the capital, and the Allies
encamped in the Bois de Boulogne, the occupation of the actual city
being completed on the 7th July, on which day Adam's brigade made a
triumphant entry and pitched camp in the Champs Elysées. Thus within
three weeks of the firing of the first shot of the campaign Napoleon
had been crushed, his capital captured, and Louis XVIII. restored to
the throne.
The fate of the greatest Frenchman who ever lived was certainly
pitiable, yet for the peace of Europe it was impossible to allow
him liberty. From Paris he fled to Rochefort on the 2nd July,
hoping to escape to America, but discovering that the Bourbons were
about to arrest him, he surrendered to Captain Maitland of H.M.S.
_Bellerophon_, and was at once conveyed to Plymouth. Here he made
the bold request to be permitted to reside in England, as a country
gentleman, on his parole; but the allied Powers refused his request,
and politely intimated to him their decision that the remainder of
his life should be spent at St Helena. There, accordingly, he lived,
in open arrest, until the end came on the 5th May 1821.
Paris was the second European capital into which Samuel Rice and
the 51st, as part of a triumphant army, had marched within the past
three years, and as all chance of further fighting was at an end,
they thoroughly enjoyed the life which they led for the next few
weeks. Great numbers of English people visited Paris, to see their
relations and friends in the army of occupation, and as the Parisians
themselves were both friendly and hospitable, there was no lack of
amusement. There were, of course, plenty of guards to be found and
other duties to be performed, the most interesting of which, perhaps,
were in connection with the removal of art treasures from the Louvre.
For many years Napoleon and his victorious generals had made it a
custom to bring back as spoils of war the choicest paintings and
statues to be found in the museums of conquered countries, and
to place them in the Louvre, to become heirlooms for the French
nation. Now, however, that the Allies were masters of the situation,
they decided to restore all these things to their rightful owners,
and the various regiments furnished working parties, to assist in
packing up the treasures, as well as guards, to prevent possible
French interference, for many days in succession. Curiously enough,
the Parisians paid very little attention to what was going on, and
the removal of everything that was claimed by foreign nations was
effected without trouble.
Gay times the British subaltern had in Paris, with dances, dinners,
and theatres galore, and many a one lost everything he possessed at
the gaming tables. Yet the young officer cared little for his losses,
and the Frenchmen wanted every scrap of British gold that they could
collect, since they were called upon to pay a war indemnity of thirty
million pounds for espousing the cause of Napoleon and defying all
Europe.
Until the 30th October, the 51st remained encamped in the Bois de
Boulogne, and then moved to the village of Verrieres, some ten miles
from Paris, five weeks later receiving orders to march to Calais and
embark for England, since the regiment was not required to form part
of the army of occupation of France. So Samuel Rice returned from his
last campaign, covered with honour and glory, to rest on his laurels,
and to settle down to the dull monotony of peace-time soldiering--the
comparison between which and campaigning is well described in the
following words:--
"Those were spirit-stirring days indeed, and although it may perhaps
be wrong to say so, yet what has life to offer now that can compare
with them? How tame, how stupid, how insipid, does all the monotony
of the daily routine of drills, peace-guards, and dress-parades,
which now fill up and fritter away our time, appear to them whose
lives for years were passed in camps, living in the open air, seeing
the glorious sun rise every day, or watching by the piquet-fires at
night the beautiful stars; their minds elevated by the thought that
they were doing their duty to their country, that the eyes of all
Europe were upon their slightest movements, their hearts beating with
enthusiasm, as victory followed victory; and if death sometimes came
in the midst of all this, its sting was scarcely felt, since the
soldier's soul winged its flight to heaven 'mid the roar of cannon,
the blaze of musketry, and the victorious cheers of his gallant
comrades."
Thus soliloquised Frederick Mainwaring, when, some years afterwards,
he was setting down stray reminiscences of his fighting days. He was
then, with eighteen years' service, still only a lieutenant in the
51st, and a decade of garrison life must have weighed heavily on him.
But his lot was shared by plenty of other Peninsular and Waterloo
heroes, and amongst them, his commanding officer, Colonel Rice. Yet
Mainwaring was more fortunate than many of his brother officers,
who, when the reductions consequent on peace took place, were placed
on half pay, and so debarred from even following the profession to
which they had devoted the best part of their lives.[86] Hundreds of
officers were thus thrown on their own resources, and for years the
country was flooded with half-pay lieutenants. It was, of course,
impossible to retain the services of all of them, and the Government
cannot be accused of meanness, for the half pay of the infantry
lieutenant was increased very considerably, and he was allowed to
count two years for Waterloo towards service qualifying for the
higher rate.
The 51st arrived in England in January 1816, to commence a five
years' tour of garrison duty, being quartered first at Blatchington
and then at Chichester, with a detachment for duty at the Pavilion,
at Brighton. In 1817 it moved to Chatham, and later in the year
to Portsmouth, Samuel Rice being promoted to the command of the
regiment, on the death of Colonel Mitchell, on the 20th April.
In 1818 the 51st marched from Portsmouth to Plymouth, and in the
following year moved by sea to Chatham and Sheerness, whence
company detachments were furnished for Harwich and for the island
of Heligoland.[87] In 1820 the regiment was on the move again,
changing quarters an extraordinary number of times, and being
frequently split up into detachments. Romford, Brighton, Chichester,
Croydon, Woolwich, Greenwich, Deptford, Bow, Stratford, Teddington,
Twickenham, Isleworth, and Winchester all provided temporary homes
for headquarters or detachments during the year. Three months in
barracks at Winchester was the longest resting-time allowed the
regiment, for though the officers had begun to hope that these were
to be their quarters for a year or two, in February 1821 they were
ordered to Portsmouth, and, after all these incessant movements, it
came almost as a relief to them to receive, in April, further orders
to prepare for immediate embarkation for the Mediterranean.
In spite of its distracting changes of quarters, the regiment had
found time to gather recruits and to recover from the effects of
active service, so that by 1820 it was up to full strength, and most
favourably reported on by the inspecting general for "its movements
and appearance." With regard to the latter point, it may be of
interest to remark on the dress of the officers and soldiers of this
time. It will be remembered that in 1809, when the 51st was made a
light infantry regiment, it received a new uniform, and in this it
fought through the Peninsular War and the Waterloo campaign, though
during the former strict regulations in the matter of dress were,
by force of circumstances, seldom adhered to. It was frequently
impossible for officers to replenish their worn-out garments, and
at times they presented a most ragged appearance--very different
from that in which they are handed down to posterity by painters of
the various battle-scenes. Still, so much was thought of the smart
turn-out of a regiment even on active service, that it was a point
of honour with both officers and men to clean up on every possible
occasion, and it is on record that the men who stormed Badajoz
spent the hours previous to the assault in polishing themselves up,
"as if for a review." The light infantry uniform which should have
been worn by the 51st from 1809 onwards, consisted principally of a
short-tailed, easy-fitting red jacket, white breeches, black cloth
leggings, and shoes, with a light felt shako (having an oilskin
covering for wet weather) as head-dress. At first the officers
wore cocked hats, but in 1811 these were replaced by shakos with a
green feather in front. Probably it was found that the breeches and
leggings were difficult to keep in repair, for it is certain that
they soon disappeared in favour of blue-grey cloth trousers, with
short spat-gaiters underneath; and the officers, who were supposed
to wear long boots (to the knee), took to the trousers also, wearing
leather gaiters over them, if they were able to obtain them. In
the interval between the Peninsular War and the Waterloo campaign
regiments had time to return to a strict uniformity of dress, and
the grey trousers became the regulation covering for the legs on
active service; otherwise there was no change until after Waterloo.
As soon as peace was established and regiments began to return
home, the military tailors, who had had idle times for some years,
cast about for openings for innovations; but since the army had
now established the fact that it was intended for fighting more
than for show, and since the uniform worn in 1815 was considered
both serviceable and showy, the tailors found some difficulty in
introducing alterations. The opportunity came, however, in 1816,
when some one took a fancy to the head-dresses worn by some of the
foreign troops forming part of the army of occupation of France,
and forthwith a new shako was designed for the British army. This
was heavy and cumbersome, being seven and a half inches high and
eleven inches in diameter at the top, but its shape and size gave
the tailors wide scope for lace and other adornments. So appearance,
not for the first or the last time, was made to override utility.
Other innovations in dress soon followed, and by 1821 the uniform
in which the 51st had fought in the Peninsula and at Waterloo was
almost entirely altered. The grey trousers had gone, and the white
breeches and black leggings had come back; the curved light infantry
sabre, worn by the officers suspended from slings, was replaced by a
straight sword, hung in a frog from the white shoulder-belt; and for
the short-tailed light infantry jacket there had been substituted the
long-tailed coatee. The 51st still wore grass-green facings, but in
April 1821 his Majesty conferred upon the regiment the additional
title of "The King's Own Light Infantry," when its facings were
changed to blue and the lace to gold (oak-leaf pattern). A year later
the historic breeches and leggings finally disappeared, and trousers,
grey or white according to the season, were ordered to be worn.
In May 1821 the 51st, six hundred and fifty strong, embarked at
Portsmouth for the Ionian Isles, and reaching Corfu in the following
month, occupied the Citadel and Fort Neuf. It was just twenty-four
years since Samuel Rice and the regiment had arrived at Gibraltar
from Elba, when the general scuttle from the Mediterranean had taken
place, but in those twenty-four years Great Britain had established
a firm footing in that sea, having taken and retained possession of
Malta (1800) and the Ionian Isles (1809), and having at different
times occupied, but subsequently evacuated, Minorca, Sicily, and
Alexandria. The Ionian Isles, in which the 51st remained for thirteen
long years, were seven in number--viz., Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante,
Ithaca, Santa Maura, Cerigo, and Paxo--and, though essentially Greek,
had been under Neapolitan and Venetian rule previous to being ceded
to France in 1797. In 1801 they were formed into a republic (The
Septinsular Republic) under the protection of Turkey and Russia,
but only to pass again to France in 1807. Collingwood captured
Cephalonia, Zante, Santa Maura, and Ithaca in 1809, and by the Treaty
of Paris (1815) all seven islands became a British Protectorate,
remaining such until 1863, when they were transferred to Greece. As
a foreign station for British troops the islands were always most
popular, at any rate with the officers, the climate being good and
the shooting excellent.
Probably no officer was better acquainted with the Ionian Islands
than was Colonel Samuel Rice, for during the last ten years of
his command of the 51st the regiment furnished detachments at
different times to all the islands, and the colonel transferred
his headquarters from one to another, though residing principally
at Cephalonia, Zante, and Corfu. Life there was devoid of all
excitement, except, perhaps, that afforded by the wrangling between
the High Commissioner of the Islands, Sir Frederick Adam (of Adam's
brigade of Waterloo fame), and the British Resident of Cephalonia,
Charles Napier, the eventual conqueror of Sind; but Rice's twenty
odd years of campaigning had left him none too strong, and he was
apparently content to finish out his regimental service by devoting
himself to the welfare of the corps of which he was so justly proud.
That under his command the 51st retained its high reputation there is
ample proof in the reports made by various inspecting generals; and
when he gave up the command, in July 1831, he had the satisfaction
of feeling that, as the last officer of the 51st who had served in
it under Sir John Moore, he had carried out the teachings of his
illustrious chief for thirty-eight years, and handed the regiment
over to his successor not only in as good a state as he had found it
on joining as an ensign in 1793, but also with added laurels which,
moreover, he himself had helped to win.
During the period of Samuel Rice's regimental service the 51st was
abroad for no less than thirty years; but those were strenuous times,
and no regiment could count on a lengthy sojourn at home, for, in
addition to the long war in Europe, Great Britain was kept busily
engaged in the East Indies, in the West Indies, and in America. Still
it was exceptional even then for a regiment to be so continuously
on foreign service, but in this respect, it may be remarked, the
51st was always exceptional. Apart from the campaigning, and apart
from the bad climate of foreign stations, the life of the regimental
officer was ever without rest, for the slight repose which might have
come with service at home was broken into by the authorities, who
seem to have been at pains to deny a resting-place to a regiment for
more than a few months at a time. Yet we people of to-day find fault
with the unfortunate officer of a century ago, because he did not
read military history and study the theory of his profession! There
can be little doubt, however, that the effect of all this harassing
service was to wear out the officer before his time. Some veterans
there were, of course, who, being particularly robust, lived to a
ripe old age, but the majority of those officers who fought for
England in the great struggle from 1793 to 1815 passed away long
before attaining the allotted span of three-score years and ten. And
Samuel Rice was one of these.
Under the usual purchase system arrangements, a purse was made
up to induce Colonel Rice to vacate the command of the regiment,
but, hoping for further employment, he exchanged to the half-pay
unattached list. Having no son of his own to carry on his name in the
51st, he did his best to make amends by getting two of his three Rice
nephews[88] appointed to the regiment, thus prolonging the family
connection with it for a further period of twenty-three years. He
remained on half pay until 1834, when he was appointed Inspecting
Field Officer of the Leeds Recruiting District, an appointment,
however, which he held for only a little more than a year, as his
health gave way and obliged him to lay down his sword. He died in
London on the 7th March 1840, in his sixty-fifth year, leaving a
widow and a daughter.[89]
Such was the career of a typical regimental officer of the old
school, who served his country throughout, perhaps, the most
critical period of its existence, who witnessed the rise and fall of
England's inveterate enemy, who shared in the victories which won for
England fame, and who never claimed that he had done more than play
a very minor part in the epoch-making drama. Still, Samuel Rice was
one of those who helped to raise the power and name of England to the
loftiest position in Europe--and, indeed, in the world.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] An account of the Rice family will be found in 'Some Things we
have Remembered,' by Percy Melville Thornton. London: Longman. 1912.
[2] France declared war against Austria 20th April 1792.
[3] Prussia joined Austria on the 26th July, and the Duke of
Brunswick held the post of commander-in-chief of the allied armies.
[4] His younger brother Charles Rice was at the time a midshipman on
the _Circe_.
[5] Originally, on active service at any rate, the triangle was
formed of halberds, lashed together. Hence the term "brought to the
halberds."
[6] Flogging in the navy was carried out with even greater severity
than in the army, the most brutal form of the punishment being that
known as "flogging round the fleet."
[7] "Why, sir, no man will be a sailor who has contrivance enough to
get himself into a jail."--DR JOHNSON.
[8] The Royalists applied this term to the Republican leaders, who
affected a carelessness in dress; and subsequently all Republicans
were called "Sans culottes," _i.e._, ragamuffins. Nowadays the French
use the term, in a more literal sense, as slang for our Highlanders.
[9] The Duke of York defeated by Hoche, 7th September 1793.
[10] It is perhaps worthy of note that there were present at Toulon
on the eventful 19th December 1793, two men who afterwards became
world-renowned. Napoleon Buonaparte, aged twenty-three, commanded
the Republican artillery which was instrumental in hastening
the withdrawal of the British from Toulon. Horatio Nelson, aged
thirty-five, commanded the _Agamemnon_, forming part of Lord Hood's
fleet. Napoleon was then on the winning side, but twelve years later
Nelson wiped out his fleet at Trafalgar, and died on board the
_Victory_, which had been Lord Hood's flagship at Toulon.
[11] _La Moselle_, previously a French sloop.
[12] 'Narrative of Some Passages in the Great War with France,
1799-1810.' By Lieut.-General Sir Henry Bunbury. Bentley, 1854.
[13] Extract from the General Order, issued 1st February 1809, by
H.R.H. the Commander-in-Chief, on the death of Sir John Moore.
[14] See also chapter vi. for Sir John Moore's remarkable success in
training officers and men for war.
[15] 'The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution,' by
Captain A. T. Mahan, U.S.N. 2nd edition. 1893.
[16] General Sir J. F. Maurice, in his 'Diary of Sir John Moore,'
says that the tower was so named from its situation on the shore of
Mortella Bay--_i.e._, the Bay of Myrtles: that it was on the plan of
this tower that the so-called "Martello Towers" on the English coast
were afterwards built; and that the spelling "Martello" was an error
in an early despatch. The derivation of the word as coming from an
engineer of the name of Martel is said to be pure fiction.
[17] At this period all regiments had ten companies, the flank
companies being known as the grenadier company and the light, or
light infantry, company. It was considered an honour to belong to
these two companies, which consisted of picked men under picked
officers.
[18] Not the Royal Marines as we know them, but detachments of
ordinary infantry regiments, detailed for duty as marines on board
the ships, and under the command of the Admiral. The following
regiments furnished marine detachments to Lord Hood's fleet at this
time--the 11th, 25th, 30th, and 69th.
[19] Maurice's 'Diary of Sir John Moore.'
[20] Ensign Thomas Boggis, killed 30th July 1794.--'Records of the
51st.'
[21] The Regimental Agent, who would (presumably) have to write to
the Colonel to inform him that the purchase money had been lodged
with him.
[22] Maurice's 'Diary of Sir John Moore.'
[23] Southey's 'Life of Nelson.'
[24] Maurice's 'Diary of Sir John Moore.'
[25] James Tourle entered the 51st as ensign, 1784; lieutenant,
1790; captain, 1791. He commanded the light infantry company,
and died on the 6th November 1794. Colonel Moore mentions him as
"a gentlemanly, spirited officer, as well as a worthy, cheerful
companion."--Maurice's 'Diary of Sir John Moore,' vol. i. p. 130.
[26] The Corsicans were by nature true light infantrymen, and some
years later Sir John Moore suggested the advisability of recruiting,
for the British army, a light infantry corps in Corsica, whose
inhabitants he considered to be the most suitable in Europe for the
purpose.
[27] Charles Alcock, ensign, 51st, 1781; lieutenant, 1786; captain,
1791.
[28] 'Diary of Sir John Moore.'
[29] According to the postmark this letter was not delivered in
London until the 19th August.
[30] Robert Shawe, ensign, 51st, 1782; lieutenant, 1788; captain,
1793.
[31] 'Life of Nelson.'
[32] Sir David Dundas, at the age of seventy-four, was (1809)
appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army, _vice_ H.R.H. the Duke
of York (who resigned on account of certain scandals), and held
office for two years, after which the Duke of York again took up the
appointment. Sir David was a fine old soldier of the pre-Peninsular
type, but, as Commander-in-Chief, was not popular with the army. He
published, in 1788, his famous book on drill, which became the first
authorised Manual for the British army; and he lived to the age of
eighty-five.
[33] He was buried in the old St Pancras cemetery, London; but,
in 1889, his remains were exhumed and conveyed to Corsica for
re-interment.
[34] Off Cape St Vincent (S.-W. Portugal), 14th February 1797, where
the Mediterranean fleet (15 sail) defeated the Spanish fleet (27
ships), capturing four ships and sinking several others. For this
victory Sir J. Jervis was created Lord St Vincent.
[35] Piombino, on the Italian coast.
[36] On the coast of the mainland opposite Elba.
[37] Gretton's 'History of the Royal Irish.'
[38] Sir David Baird, the hero of Seringapatam, commanded the troops,
and Sir H. Popham the naval forces.
[39] Sam Rice's brother Charles was present, with the fleet, at
these captures. He died in 1801, and his Ceylon prize-money was
subsequently paid to his relatives.
[40] Maurice's 'Diary of Sir John Moore.'
[41] Highlanders, in whom guerilla warfare was inherent, had been
employed much in the same way as light infantrymen for a number of
years, though without any systematic training.
[42] Fortescue ('History of the British Army') says that the regiment
was clothed in dark brown. This would seem to have been the first
regiment in the British army to be designated "Light Infantry";
it was numbered the 80th, but was disbanded within a few years.
In 1759 Morgan's Light Infantry was raised, numbered the 90th,
and disbanded in 1763. For the next forty years no light infantry
regiments appeared in the Army List. The following are the dates of
the formation of other light infantry regiments: 1803, 52nd and 43rd;
1808, 68th and 85th; 1809, 71st and 51st; 1815, 90th; 1822, 13th;
1840, 105th and 106th; 1855, Royal Marines; 1858, 32nd. There are now
in the Regular Army seven light infantry regiments, each with two
battalions.
[43] Thomas Graham, of Balgowan, was born in 1748, and married (1774)
a daughter of Lord Cathcart. On his wife's death in 1792 he joined
Lord Hood's fleet as a volunteer, but came home in 1794 and raised
the 90th, or Perthshire Volunteers, being gazetted to the command of
it in the same year. He was thus forty-six when he obtained his first
commission, but he became a famous general, and the victor of Barrosa.
[44] This was the Sir William Howe previously mentioned, subsequently
(1799) 5th Viscount Howe. His eldest brother, the 3rd Viscount,
killed in 1758, was succeeded, as 4th Viscount, by his brother, the
famous Admiral, who again was succeeded by his brother, Sir William.
[45] Afterwards the Rifle Brigade.
[46] Colonel Henderson's 'Science of War.'
[47] Maurice's 'Diary of Sir John Moore.'
[48] Fortescue's 'History of the British Army,' vol. iii.
[49] This order appears to have been held in abeyance during the
Peninsular War, as officers as young as fourteen frequently joined
regiments. Its object, however, was to abolish the pernicious custom
of granting ensigncies to children in the nursery, and allowing them
leave of absence until they were old enough to join.
[50] 'Narrative of the Peninsular War,' by Lieut.-General Charles
William Vane, Marquess of Londonderry, G.C.B., G.C.H., Colonel of the
Tenth Hussars. 1826. He was better known as General Charles Stewart,
Adjutant-General of Wellington's army.
[51] Lieut.-Colonel (afterwards Sir Ralph) Darling.
[52] A survival of this queue-bow is to be found in the "flash,"
still worn by the Royal Welsh Fusiliers.
[53] Roliça is sometimes written Roleia; Vimiera, Vimeiro; Corunna,
Coruña, &c. The spelling followed in this book is that to be found on
the Colours of British regiments.
[54] Other spellings, Casal Novo, and Foz d'Arouce (or Foz do Arouce).
[55] This is the spelling of the name of the village as borne on
the colours of the regiments present at the battle. Napier calls it
Fuentes Onoro, other writers Fuentes d'Honor, Fuentes d'Honoro, &c.
The correct local spelling is, however, Fuentes de Oñoro.
[56] His brother, Lieut. Henry Rice, R.N., who died 1808.
[57] His sister, Mary Rice, who died 1810.
[58] 'Life of John Colborne, Field-Marshal Lord Seaton.' By G. C.
Moore-Smith, M.A. London: John Murray. 1903.
[59] Frederick Mainwaring served with the 51st throughout the
Peninsular War and in the Waterloo campaign. Before he had reached
his nineteenth year he had been present at the battles of Fuentes
d'Onor, Salamanca, Vittoria, Pyrenees, Nivelle, and Waterloo, besides
many minor actions.
[60] "Four Years of a Soldier's Life," in Colburn's 'United Service
Magazine,' August 1844.
[61] Colonel John Montague Mainwaring, previous to having incurred
Lord Wellington's displeasure, had had a most distinguished career.
Entering the army in 1784, he served with the 67th Regiment at the
capture of several of the West India islands; was with the 51st in
the Corunna campaign, and in the Walcheren expedition; and took the
regiment to the Peninsula in 1811. On retiring from the 51st he was
given the command of Hilsea Barracks; was promoted colonel, 1813;
major-general, 1819; lieut.-general, 1837; and died in 1842.
[62] His sister.
[63] Dorsenne.
[64] Frederick Sparks.
[65] Major-General Robert Craufurd, of the Light Division. He was
mortally wounded in the assault on the lesser breach, and was
subsequently buried there.
[66] Napier gives the following figures: troops (British and
Portuguese) employed at the siege, 21,784; Hill's covering force,
9674; Graham's covering force, 19,567.
[67] _I.e._, the 51st.
[68] "D--n it, I'm off"--a common expression of the period.
[69] "Marshal Beresford had fixed upon and studied his own field of
battle above a month before the action took place, and yet occupied
it in such a manner as to render defeat almost certain; his infantry
was not held in hand, and his inferiority in guns and cavalry was
not compensated for by entrenchments."--Napier's 'History of the
Peninsular War.'
[70] Ensign Mainwaring.
[71] Badajoz.
[72] 'Vicissitudes of a Soldier's Life.' By John Green, late of the
Durham Light Infantry. 1827.
[73] 'The Autobiography of Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Smith,
Baronet of Aliwal on the Sutlej, G.C.B.' Edited, with the addition
of some supplementary chapters, by G. C. Moore-Smith, M.A. London:
John Murray. 1901. Sir Harry saw much service in the Peninsula and
at Waterloo; made a name for himself as victor of Aliwal (India);
and was subsequently Commander-in-Chief at the Cape of Good Hope.
The memory of Sir Harry is kept alive by the name of two towns in
South Africa--Aliwal North, and Harrismith; while that of his wife is
preserved in the name of Ladysmith.
[74] In 1813, Wellington was 44; Paget (Anglesey), 45; Beresford, 45;
Hope, 48; Picton, 55; Graham (Lynedoch), 65; while Hill was only 41.
[75] Later in this year (December 1813), Samuel Rice's younger
brother, Frederick, a militia officer, was given a company in the
51st, but was placed on half pay in the following year. In 1815,
when travelling on the Continent, he heard of the coming struggle,
and hastened to Brussels, in order to offer his services as a
volunteer. Although too late to take part in the battle of Waterloo,
he accompanied the 51st (unofficially) on the march to Paris, and was
present at the storming of Cambray. He died at Geneva in 1823.
[76] At High Wycombe until 1812, when it moved to Sandhurst.
[77] Napier's 'Battles and Sieges.'
[78] The Gold Medal for Corunna, inscribed with his name, was
subsequently handed to his relatives, and is now to be seen,
with other relics of the great man, at the Museum of the R.U.S.
Institution.
[79] The battles and sieges for which Gold Crosses, Gold Medals, or
clasps were granted were as follows: Maida, Roliça, Vimiera, Corunna,
Sahagun (and other cavalry actions), Talavera, Busaco, Barrosa,
Fuentes d'Onor, Albuhera, Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajoz, Salamanca,
Vittoria, Pyrenees, St Sebastian, Nivelle, Nive, Orthes, Toulouse,
and, in addition, Martinique (1809), Guadaloupe (1810), Java (1811),
Fort Detroit, America (1812), Chateauguay, America (1813), and
Chrystler's Farm, America (1813).
[80] 'Narrative of Events in the South of France.' By Captain John
Henry Cooke, late of the 43rd Regiment of Light Infantry. London,
1835. The author was a distinguished regimental officer; was present
at all the important battles and sieges; was twice wounded; received
the Peninsular Medal with eight clasps and the Spanish Gold Cross;
was appointed to the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms; became Ensign of the
Yeomen of the Guard, and was knighted.
[81] The 35th, 54th, 59th, and 91st Regiments, forming the 6th
British Brigade (4th Division) received no acknowledgment of their
services in the Waterloo campaign, their absence from the battle
debarring them from obtaining the battle honour for their colours.
But the officers and men were granted the medal, and took their share
of the prize-money voted by Parliament.
[82] In the Peninsular War a considerable amount of theatrical effect
was given to the French attack by the bold advance of the drummers,
whose drumming was called by the British soldiers _Old Trousers_.
[83] Published (1891) in 'Waterloo Letters,' edited by Major-General
H. T. Siborne, late Colonel R.E., son of Captain W. Siborne, the
historian. These letters were selected for publication out of several
hundreds, the originals of all of which are now in the Library of the
British Museum.
[84] James Henry Phelps, K.H.; ensign, 51st, 1798; major, 4th Foot,
1834; retired (lieut.-colonel), 1838; police magistrate, Liverpool;
died at Sydney, 1842.
[85] In the affair near Sarre (during the battle of the Nivelle, 10th
November 1813), Captain Phelps held on too long, and was cut off.
He then ran for it, but the Frenchmen discharged their muskets at
him, surrounded him, and took him prisoner. Even then he would have
been bayoneted but for the timely arrival on the spot of the French
officer. By a miracle, none of the shots fired at him had taken
effect, though several bullets had passed through his clothes and cap.
[86] On the reduction of the establishment of the regiment, a captain
and twelve subalterns of the 51st were transferred to the half-pay
list. None of them rejoined the 51st, and only three ever served
again.
[87] Heligoland was a British possession from 1807 to 1890, when, by
the Anglo-German Agreement, it was ceded to Germany.
[88] Percy John Rice, ensign, 51st, 1828; lieutenant, 1834; captain,
1837; major, 1849; died (unmarried) at Bangalore, India, 1850.
Augustus Thomas Rice, ensign, 51st, 1831; lieutenant, 1837; captain,
1841; major, 1852; brevet lieut.-colonel, 1853; retired as colonel on
full pay, 1854; died (unmarried), 1888. He served with distinction in
the Burmese War, 1852; severely wounded at the capture of Bassein;
mentioned in despatches; promoted for gallantry; and received the
medal for Pegu.
Samuel Rice's third nephew, Horatio Morgan Rice, took holy orders,
and died in 1863, leaving a son, the Reverend John Morgan Rice (who
died without issue in 1895), and a daughter, Miss Lucy Augusta Rice,
who is the sole surviving member of the family bearing the name of
Rice.
[89] The daughter, Margaret Rice, married Captain B. T. Foord Bowes,
95th Regiment, and died (without issue) in 1842. Samuel Rice survived
all his twelve brothers and sisters except one--viz., Sir Ralph Rice,
who lived for another ten years.
INDEX.
Abercromby (Abercrombie), Sir Ralph, 100, 102
Adam, Gen. Sir F., commands 3rd British Brigade at Waterloo, 289, 290,
301;
High Commissioner of Ionian Isles, 309
Adour R., 267, 269;
Gen. Hope throws a bridge of boats across the, 268
_Agamemnon_, Nelson in command of the, at Toulon, 33 _n._;
in the attack on Corsica, 43;
in naval engagement off Corsica, 69
Agents, regimental, 53 _n._
Ages of officers, 120, 121 _n._;
in Peninsular War, 167, 247-253
Agueda R., 143, 149, 152, 153, 156, 172
Ajaccio, 54, 56, 65
Albergueria, 177
Albuhera (Albuera), battle of, 157, 188, 191, 192, 193
Alcock, Capt. C., 51st, 29;
death of, 70
Aldea da Ribeira, 177
Alentejo (Alemtejo), 148, 149, 150, 162
Alexandria, 308
Alfayates, 170, 182
Almaraz, Hill destroys the bridge at, 197, 205
Almeida, fortress of, held by Portuguese, 143;
captured by French, 144;
invested by British, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153;
French garrison escapes from, 156;
Spencer leaves neighbourhood of, 161
Alten, Gen. Baron C., commands Light Division, 268, 269
America, 107, 108, 109, 112
Amiens, peace of, 92
Amotz, bridge of, 259
Amusements of officers and men, 59, 123, 180, 206, 214, 302
Andalusia, 196, 197
Anglesey, Marquis of (Lord Paget, Lord Uxbridge), 132, 176, 253 _n._,
277
Arauda, 129
Argenteuil, 298
Ariaga, 233
Ariñez, 234
Army, British, 1793, 22-25, 35, 36;
reform of the, 1802-7, chap. vi. _See also_ Soldiers, British
Army Discipline Act, and flogging, 203
Artillery, employment of, 44, 45, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54, 78, 128, 136,
139, 140, 142, 151, 152, 155, 158, 159, 160, 188, 206, 216, 218,
235, 240, 269, 279, 283, 286, 287, 288
Astorga, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134
Ath, 277
Aubervilliers, 298
Austria, 5, 7, 9 _n._, 12, 81, 106, 276
Aya, Mont (Peña de Haya), 240, 241, 242
Azava R., 153, 206
Badajoz, chap. ix., 129, 143, 148, 149, 150, 156, 157, 158, 160, 161,
163, 165, 170, 188, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 200, 207, 209,
224, 245, 248;
surrender of Spanish garrison of, 151;
occupied by French and invested by Beresford, 151;
first siege of, 152;
description of, 157;
second siege of, 158;
third siege of, 184, 185, 186;
assault of, 189;
sacking of, 190
Baird, Gen. Sir David, at Seringapatam and at Cape Town, 90 _n._;
in Corunna Campaign, chap. vii. _passim_
Ball given by Duchess of Richmond at Brussels, 279
Banos, pass of, 178
Barrosa, 110 _n._, 187
Base, change of, 127, 229, 232
Bastan R., 238, 256
Bastia, 43, 47, 48, 50, 53, 54, 56, 58, 60, 68, 71, 75, 78;
capture of, 49;
evacuation of, 79
Bavarians, 276
Bayonet, use of the, 46, 51, 119, 136, 191, 240, 259, 260, 285, 286,
287, 290, 300 _n._
Bayonne, 265, 266, 267, 268
Behobia, 241
Belgian troops, 277, 286
Belgium, 275, 276, 277
Belle Alliance, La, 289, 290, 292
_Bellerophon_, H.M.S., conveys Napoleon to England, 301
Bembibre, 135
Benevente, 133, 134
Bentinck, Lord William, on flogging, 24
Beresford, W. Carr, Viscount (Marshal, Portuguese Army), invests
Badajoz, 151, 152;
defeats Soult at Albuhera, 157, 192 _n._;
fails to capture Badajoz, 158-160;
age of, 253 _n._;
in the Pyrenees, 256;
at the battle of the Nivelle, 259;
at the battle of Orthes, 268, 269;
occupies Bordeaux, 269, 270
_Berwick_, the, 68
Betanzos, 137, 138
Bidassoa R., 239, 240, 241, 242, 245, 254, 256
Bidouse R., 267, 268
Blake, Gen. (Spanish Army), taken prisoner, 184
Blücher, Field-Marshal (Prince Blücher von Wahlstadt), 275, 276, 277,
278, 279, 296, 297, 298;
defeated by Napoleon at Ligny, 280;
comes to Wellington's aid at Waterloo, 291;
meets Wellington at Genappe, 291
Boers, typical mounted infantry, 109
Boggis, Ensign T., 51st, killed at Calvi, 53 _n._
Bois de Boulogne, Allies encamp in the, 300, 302
Bonaparte, Napoleon, 33, 77, 78, 84, 87, 100, 105, 107, 122, 124, 128,
129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 140, 179, 196, 218, 228, 229, 247, 255,
258, 259, 267, 269, 273, 275, 283, 296, 302;
new fighting formations of, 112;
abdication of, 270;
breaks faith and quits Elba, 274;
prepares to invade Belgium, 276, 278;
attacks and defeats Blücher at Ligny, 279;
at Waterloo, 285, 286, 288, 290, 291;
reaches Paris after Waterloo, abdicates, and retires to Malmaison,
298;
surrenders to Capt. Maitland at Rochefort, conveyed to England, and
deported to St Helena, 301
Bonaparte, Prince Jerome, commands a French Division at Waterloo, 283
Bonaparte, Joseph, King of Naples and afterwards of Spain, 124;
holds the line of the Ebro R., 128;
in command of French Army in Peninsula, 196;
his weak character, 205, 229, 235;
evacuates Madrid, 212;
marches on Madrid, 222, 223;
routed by Wellington at Vittoria, 235, 236;
superseded by Soult, 239
Bonet, Gen. (Fr.), 211
Bordeaux, occupied by Beresford, 269;
held by 7th Division, 270
Bourbons, 269, 274, 284
Braine la Leud, 281, 284
Braine le Comte, 279, 280
Brenier, Gen. (Fr.), breaks out of Almeida, 156
Bridges, destruction of, 138, 193, 194, 197, 198, 205, 216, 241, 266,
269
Bruges, 275
Brussels, 275, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285;
arrangements for defence of, 276, 277
Buonaparte. _See_ Bonaparte
Burgos, 127, 129, 214, 215, 218, 219, 220, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227,
231
Busaco, battle of, 144
Bylandt, Gen. Count de, commands a Dutch-Belgian brigade at Waterloo,
285
Byng, Gen. Sir J., commands a brigade of Guards at Waterloo, 284
Cabezon, 216
Cadiz, 130, 150
"Ça ira," 7
Calais, 51st marches from Paris to, 303
Calvi, 43, 54, 56, 57, 58;
capture of, 49-53
Cambo, bridge of, 266
Cambray, storming of, 253 _n._, 297
Camp-kettles, 258
Campo Mayor, 151, 162, 170
Cape of Good Hope, situation at the, 1799, 89
Cape Town, 89, 90, 91, 92
Carnatic, India, 87, 92
Carrion R., 128, 131, 132
Carripinar, 146
Castaños, Gen. (Sp.), 230
Castello Branco, 163, 193, 196, 197
Castro Gonzalo, bridge of, 133
Casualties, 51, 53, 55, 57, 64, 70, 76, 98, 140, 141, 142, 143, 155,
157, 159, 160, 161, 179, 189, 208, 212, 216, 223, 224, 225, 231,
237, 253, 254, 261, 270, 271, 287
Catalonia, 182, 246, 255, 257
Cateau Cambresis, 296, 297
Catillon, 296
Cavalry, employment of, 61, 128, 132, 133, 149, 151, 154, 166, 185,
187, 230, 236, 270, 277, 281, 285, 286, 287, 288, 294
Caya R., 161
Cazal Novo, 146
Celorico, 146, 177
Cephalonia, 308, 309
Ceylon, 92, 93, 95, 96, 121
Champs Elysées occupied by British troops, 301
Chandernagore, 88
Charleroi, 277, 278, 282
Chatham, Earl of, in Walcheren Expedition, 142
Chelsea Hospital, 213
Ciney, 277
Cintra, Convention of, 125
Ciudad Rodrigo, 128, 143, 144, 148, 153, 170, 172, 176, 182, 193, 198,
223, 224, 228;
chap. ix. _passim_;
British siege of, 178, 179;
storming of, 183, 184
Clausel, Gen. (Fr.), 212, 215, 242, 245
Climate, of Corsica, 55, 57, 61, 65, 70;
of India, 93;
of Ceylon, 96, 99;
of the Peninsula, 133, 134, 137, 138, 150, 160, 162, 183, 207, 223,
257
Clive, Lord, Gov.-Gen. Madras, 1800, 95
Coa R., 147, 152, 153, 170, 171, 172, 178, 194;
combat at the, 144
Colborne, Sir John (Lord Seaton), 164, 165, 248, 249;
at Waterloo, 290
Cole, Gen. Sir J. L., commands 6th Division at Waterloo, 276
Colombo, 93, 98, 99
Colours, regimental, 164, 167, 168, 169, 213, 281 _n._
Colville, Gen. Sir C., commands 4th Division at Waterloo, 277, 292, 297
Commerce, Napoleon's efforts to destroy British, 84
Commissions, how obtained, 1793, 14;
1813, 253;
prices of, 15;
limits of age for, 120
Congress at Vienna, 274
Convention of Cintra, 125;
of Paris, 300
Convoy Act, 88
Convoy duty, 19, 88
Cooke, Capt. J. H., 43rd, 272 _n._
Copenhagen, expedition to, 122
Corfu, 308, 309
Corporal Punishment. _See_ Flogging
Corsica, chaps. iii. and iv. _passim_, 83
Corsican troops, 65;
Moore's opinion of, 111
Corte, 60, 66, 74, 75
Corunna (Coruña), 125 _n._, 129, 130, 132, 138, 140, 142, 205, 215,
262 _n._;
campaign, chap. vii.;
battle of, 139
_Courageux_, the, 67
Courts-martial, 198, 199
Craig, Gen., occupies Cape Town, 1795, 91
Craufurd, Gen. R., 133, 184
Craufurd's Flank Brigade, 133;
Light Division, 184 _n._
Cuirassiers, French, at Waterloo, 287, 288, 294
"Daddy Hill," 201
Dalbiac, Mrs, at Salamanca, 222
Dalhousie, Gen. Lord, 230, 270
_Danemark_, the, 145
Danish Fleet destroyed at Copenhagen, 122
Darling, Sir Ralph, 51st, 122 _n._
D'Aubant, Brig.-Gen., in Corsica, 48, 49
Davie, Major, imprisoned at Kandy, 99
Dax, 269
Decorations, 93, 261-265;
for Waterloo, 264, 292, 293
Discipline, 39, 95, 113, 114, 115, 121, 134, 135, 141, 194, 198, 199,
200, 203, 204, 220, 223, 224, 252
Divisions. _See_ Peninsular Army
Dona Maria, pass of, 238, 239
Donzelot, Gen. (Fr.), at Waterloo, 288, 289
Dorsenne, Gen. (Fr.), 178
Douro, Baron. _See_ Wellington, Duke of
Douro R., 131, 133, 205, 209, 210, 212, 214, 215, 216, 217, 230;
passage of the, 143
Drill, 36;
Mesnil Durand's system of, 106, 107;
Dundas's book on, 110, 116;
of riflemen and light infantry, 112;
Moore's system of, 115, 116
Drouet, Gen. (Fr.), 205
Drummers, French, in action, 289
Drunkenness, 36, 37, 134, 189, 191, 199, 220, 221, 238, 252
Duas Casas R., 153, 155
Duelling, 37
Duenas, village of, 220
Dundas, Gen. Sir David, commanding in Corsica, 43, 44, 45, 47, 48;
quarrels with Sir G. Elliott, 49, 62;
his services, 80, 104;
book on drill, 110, 116
Dunkirk, 30
Durand. _See_ Mesnil Durand.
Dutch East India Company and South Africa, 91, 92;
in Ceylon, 97;
troops at Waterloo, 279, 283, 285, 286
Duties, of officers, 39, 59, 114, 122, 214, 250;
of light troops, 112
Dyas, Ens. Joseph, 51st, 159, 160
Eagles, capture of French, 213
East India Company, Hon. (H. E. I. C.), 87, 88, 92, 262;
Dutch, 91, 92
East Indies. _See_ India.
Ebro R., 128, 232
Echallar, 238, 254, 256, 259, 260, 261
Egypt, 87, 100, 102, 105
Ehwald. _See_ Von Ehwald.
Elba, Island of, 42, 78, 79, 81, 85, 308;
Napoleon at, and escape from, 274
Elliott, Sir Gilbert, and Corsica, 41, 42, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 73, 78,
80
Elvaz, 184
Elvina, 140
Enghien, 277
Escalade, employment of, 51, 76, 159, 260
Escorial (Escurial), 129, 214
Esla R., 133, 229, 230
Estramadura, 191
Flank Brigade. _See_ Craufurd's Flank Brigade.
Flank companies. _See_ Grenadier company;
Light company.
Flogging, 21-24, 201, 203, 204
Flushing, 142
Food, scarcity of, 149, 150, 171, 211, 223, 257
Formations, fighting, of British in Corsica, 45, 46;
of foreign armies before 1800, 106;
Mesnil Durand on, 106, 107;
of British in America, 108, 109;
Moore and Von Ehwald on, 113;
Dundas on, 116;
of British in the Peninsular War, 118, 119, 154, 208;
of British at Waterloo, 284, 286, 290, 295;
of French at Waterloo, 107, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289
Fortescue, Hon. J. W., 'History of the British Army,' 108 _n._, 116 _n_.
Fort St George, Madras, 92, 95
_Fox_, the, 82
Foz d'Aronce, 146
France, state of, in 1792, chap. i.;
declares war against England and Holland, 14;
leagued with Austria, 41;
joined by Spain, 78;
joined by the Netherlands, 91;
makes war on Portugal and Spain, 124;
invaded by Wellington, 258;
throws over Napoleon and makes peace, 270;
receives back Napoleon, 274;
at war with all Europe, 275;
crushed at Waterloo, 291;
restores Louis XVIII. to the throne, 301;
pays a war indemnity, 302.
_See also_ Bonaparte, Napoleon.
Frederic of Orange, Prince, 280
Freer, Lieut. E., 43rd, 249
French and English in the Peninsula, relations of, 155, 242-244, 298,
299
French possessions in India, 88
Fuente Guinaldo, 177, 182, 183, 198
Fuentes d'Onor (Fuentes de Oñoro), 156, 164, 167, 169, 213, 249;
battle of, 153-156
Galicia, 131, 230, 231
Gamara Mayor, 233
Gambling, 37, 181, 302
Games and recreations of officers and men. _See_ Amusements.
Garonne R., 270
Gata (Gaeta), Sierra de, 183
Gave de Pau, 268, 269
Genappe, Wellington meets Blücher at, 291
Generals, Wellington's, 201, 202
Germany and Germans, 186, 255, 258, 267
Ghent, 275
Gibraltar, 31, 32, 40, 82, 83, 85, 88, 308
Girondists, 31
Gonesse, 298
Graham, Gen. Sir T. (Lord Lynedoch), 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 195, 201,
206, 229, 230, 233, 235, 236, 253 _n_.;
with Lord Hood's fleet, 110 _n._;
raises the 90th Regt., 110;
commands in the Netherlands, 275
Grammont, 275, 277, 279
Greece, 309
Grenada, Fort, 259, 260
Grenadier Company, 45, 70
Grouchy, Marshal Count de (Fr.), 296, 297
Guadarama, 223
Guadiana R., 157, 158, 163, 185, 191
Guard, Napoleon's Old, Imperial, 289;
defeated at Waterloo, 290
Guarda, 147, 150
Guards, British, at Waterloo, 284, 289, 290
Guinaldo. _See_ Fuente Guinaldo.
Haie Sainte, La, 285, 287, 288, 289
Hair, fashions in soldiers', 4, 18, 55, 86, 123, 127
Hal, 278, 280, 283
Half pay, officers on, 103, 165, 304, 311
Ham, 297
Hawkins, Lt.-Col., 68th, 261
Heligoland, 305
Henderson, Col. G. F. R., 'Science of War' quoted, viii., 113
Hermandad, 233, 234
High Wycombe, Military College at, 251, 253 _n_.
Hill, Gen. Sir R. (Viscount Hill), 201, 214, 222, 223, 233, 234,
253 _n_., 256, 259, 266, 268, 269, 277, 292, 293, 294;
at Almaraz, 197;
commands 2nd Corps at Waterloo, 277
Holland, 91, 105, 142, 275. _See also_ Dutch.
Honourable East India Company, 87, 88, 92;
and medals, 262
Hood, Admiral Lord, 20, 31, 32, 33, 40, 41, 43, 48, 49, 54, 61, 62,
63, 80
Hope, Gen. Sir J. (4th Earl of Hopetoun), 128, 129, 130, 253 _n_.,
256, 268;
assumes command at Corunna, 139
Hospitals, 55, 178, 200
Hotham, Admiral, 65, 67, 68
Hougoumont, 283, 284, 287, 289, 290, 292, 294
Hounds, Wellington's pack of, 180
Houston, Gen., 146
Howe, Gen. Lord (3rd Viscount), 109, 111 _n_.;
killed in America, 108
Howe, Adm. Lord (4th Viscount), 25, 31, 111 _n_.
Howe, Gen. Sir W. (afterwards 5th Viscount Howe), 109, 111
Huebra R., 224
Huerta, 212
Hunting on active service, 180
Hyères Bay, 33, 40, 42
_Illustrious_, the, 67
Imperial Guard, Napoleon's, 289, 290
Income Tax, introduction of, 84
_Inconstant_, the, 67
Indemnity paid by France, 302
India, 51st proceeds to, 89;
climate of, 93, 96;
condition of, 98, 103
India, French possessions in, 88, 262
Infantry, training of, 105-120.
_See also_ Light Infantry;
Mounted Infantry
Inglis, Gen., 240, 242, 254, 259, 260
Ionian Isles, 308, 309
Issy, 298
Italy, 81
Jacobins, 31
Jägers, Hessian, in British pay, 1774, 112
Jervis, Adm. Sir J. (Lord St Vincent), defeats the Spanish fleet off
Cape St Vincent, 82, 83
Johnstone, Major-Gen., commands 6th British Brigade at the storming of
Cambray, 297
Joseph Bonaparte. _See_ Bonaparte, Joseph
Kandy, King of, 97; capture of, 98;
massacre of British garrison of, 99
Kellermann, Marshal, Duc de Valmy, 11;
commands 3rd French Cavalry Corps at Waterloo, 285
Kempt, General Sir J., 234
King Joseph. _See_ Bonaparte, Joseph
Koehler, Major, R. A., in Corsica, 41, 45
La Baneza, 134
La Belle Alliance, 289, 290, 292
La Haie Sainte, 285, 287, 288, 289
La Lippe, Fort, 184
Laon, 296, 297
Lefebre, Gen. (Fr.), 129, 131
Leith, Gen. Sir J., 131, 135, 136
Lesaca, 238, 240, 241, 242
Leyria, 146, 148
Liège, 277
Light Division. _See_ Peninsular Army
Light Infantry, 106, 107, 110, 112, 116, 119;
Corsican troops as, 65, 111;
first formation of regiments of, 108 _n_., 141;
duties of, 141, 142.
_See also_ Skirmishers.
Light (or Light Infantry) companies, 45, 127, 141;
uniform of, 86;
introduction of, 108;
abolition of, 109;
reintroduction of, 109
Ligny, 278, 279, 296;
Prussians defeated at, 280
Lisbon, 100, 128, 130, 131, 140, 144, 145, 146, 148, 152, 165, 232;
garrisoned by 51st (1797), 85-89;
occupied by the French, 122;
British advance on (1808), 124;
occupied by the British, 125
Liverpool, Lord, 200
Llerena, 186, 187, 188
Lloyd, Col. T., 94th, 248
Loire R., 300
Londonderry, 3rd Marquis of (Gen. Hon. Sir C. Stewart), 121
Louis XIV. Redoubt, 260
Louis XVIII. restored to the throne of France, 301
_Lowestoffe_, the, 41
Lugo, 134, 135
Lynedoch, Lord. _See_ Graham, Gen. Sir T.
M'Cabe, Capt. J., 51st, 224
M'Cleish, Surgeon D., 51st, 54
Macdowall, Gen., commanding in Ceylon, 97, 98
M'Geechy, Maj. A., 11th, 159
Macintosh, Maj. Æneas, 85th, 159
Macleod, Col. C., 43rd, 248
Madras, 92, 95, 96
Madrid, 128, 129, 130, 132, 183, 196, 214, 222, 223, 224, 243;
captured by Napoleon, 131;
British occupation of, chap. x.;
British entry into, 212, 213;
British evacuation of, 223
Mahratta War, 87, 96, 99
Mainwaring, Col. J. M., 51st, 145, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169
Mainwaring, Major F., 51st, 167, 181, 201, 202, 214, 220, 249, 299,
300, 303, 304
Maitland, Major-Gen. Sir P., commands a brigade of Guards at Waterloo,
289, 290
Maitland, Capt., R.N., conveys Napoleon to England on H.M.S.
_Bellerophon_, 301
Malingering, 200
Malmaison, Napoleon at, 298
Malta, 100, 308
Mandale, 256
Maransin, Gen. (Fr.), 233, 260, 261
Marauding. _See_ Plunder.
Margarita, 234
Marmont, Marshal, Duc de Ragusa, 156, 161, 162, 178, 182, 184, 193,
194, 195, 196, 197, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212
Marsan, Mont de, 269
Martello towers, origin of, 44 _n._;
on the Kentish coast, 117
Massena, Marshal, Duc de Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, 143, 144, 145, 147,
150, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 166
Maurice, Sir J. F., and 'Sir J. Moore's Diary,' 44 _n._, 51 _n._, 54,
55, 64 _n._, 73, 104 _n._, 115
Mayorga, 131
Medals, 93, 261-265, 271, 281 _n._, 292, 293
Medina del Campo, 210
Mediterranean, 40, 100, 308
Mendoza, 234
Merida, 185
Mesnil Durand, system of drill (1774), 106, 107, 109
Metauco, 237
Militia, 14, 142, 253
Minorca, 308
Minto, Lord. _See_ Elliott, Sir Gilbert
Miranda de Douro, 230
Mitchell, Col. H. H., 51st, 164, 165, 227, 242, 259, 261, 275, 279,
280, 281, 283, 284, 290, 292, 293, 297;
commands 4th British Brigade at Waterloo, 277;
death of, 304
Moita, 146
Monasterio, 215, 218
Mondego R., 277;
first expeditionary force to the Peninsula lands near the mouth of
the, 124
Mons, 277, 278
Mont Aya. _See_ Peña de Haya
Mont de Marsan, 269
Mont St Jean, 282, 285
Moore, Gen. Sir John, Lt.-Col. commanding 51st Regt., 19, 35, 64, 141,
309;
character of, 35;
his treatment of young officers, 39, 59;
interviews Adm. Ld. Hood, 40;
his special mission to Corsica, 41, 42, 43;
in attack on St Fiorenzo, 44-46;
at siege of Bastia, 47;
at capture of Calvi, 50-52;
wounded, 50;
his care of sick, 54;
on staff work in Corsica, 56, 63, 71;
opinion of Corsican troops, 65 _n._, 111;
rupture with Sir G. Elliott, 73, 80;
ordered home, 74;
influence over officers, 90;
military reform, 101, chap. vi. _passim_;
commanding at Canterbury, 103;
selection of officers, 103, 104;
trains a brigade for war, 105-120;
his camp at Shorncliffe, 114-119, 250;
views on tactics and discipline, 105, 106, 113-120, 200;
in command of British forces in Portugal, 126;
marches to meet Baird, 128-130;
his plans for harassing Napoleon, 130;
decides to attack Soult, 131;
retreat to Corunna, 132-138;
death of, 139;
general order relating to death of, 39 _n._;
his decorations, 262
Morillas Mountains, 232, 233
Mortier, Gen. (Fr.), 151
Moscow, Napoleon's retreat from, 228
_Moselle_, the, 33, 59
Mounted Infantry compared with Light Infantry, 109
Moustaches, introduction of, 6;
worn by French at Waterloo, 300
Mules as baggage animals, 258
Musket, flintlock (the "Brown Bess" in use throughout the War,
1793-1815), 112, 136, 208, 235, 284, 285, 287, 288, 294, 300 _n._
Mysore, conquest of, 92, 93, 96
Namur, 277, 296
Nanclares, 233, 234
Napier, Sir C., his opinion on flogging, 23;
in Ionian Isles, 309
Napier, Sir G. T., 248
Napier, Sir W. F. P., the historian, 151, 153 _n._, 154, 192 _n._, 217,
220, 228, 243, 248, 249, 255, 261, 271;
his advocacy of flogging, 203, 204
Naples, Joseph Bonaparte King of, 124
Napoleon. _See_ Bonaparte, Napoleon
Nava de Avel (Nava d'Aver), 154
Navy, British, 42, 43, 49, 67, 87, 88, 100, 262
Nelson, Adm. Lord, 33, 43, 49, 50, 69, 78, 79, 80, 83, 87, 100
Netherlands, 91, 275, 285, 286
Ney, Marshal, Duc d'Elchingen, Prince de la Moskowa, 145, 146, 270,
285, 286;
attacks Wellington at Quatre Bras, 279, 280;
at Waterloo, 289
Nile, battle of the, 87
Nive R., 258;
battles of the, 265-267
Nivelle R., 258, 259, 260;
battle of the, 248, 259-261, 265, 292, 299
Nivelles, 277, 278, 280, 281, 287, 292, 293, 294, 297
Niza, 163, 170, 193
Numbers, regimental, 213, 242-244
Obidos, 125
Officers, 1793, 14, 36, 37;
Moore's treatment of, 39, 59, 103, 104, 114, 115;
letters and journals of, 174;
amusements of, 59, 123, 180, 206, 214, 302;
duties of, 59, 114, 122, 214, 250;
pay of, 83, 87, 250;
ages of, 247-253;
characteristics of, 247-253, 271
O'Hara, Gen. C., 32, 43
"Old Douro," 201
Old Guard, Napoleon's, at Waterloo, 289, 290
"Old Pivot," 116
"Old Trousers," 289 _n._
Oporto, 143, 172
Orange, Gen. H.R.H. the Prince of, 91, 275, 279;
commands 1st Corps at Waterloo, 277
Orange, Prince Frederic of, 280
Orthes, battle of, 268, 269
Ostiz (Ostitz), 238, 239
Oyarzun, 241
Paget, Lord. _See_ Anglesey
Pajo, 183
Pampeluna (Pamplona), 237, 238, 239, 246
Pancorbo, 231
Paoli, Pascal, the Corsican patriot, 42, 73, 74, 80
Pardeleras, 158
Paris, 134, 270, 274, 296, 297, 298;
treaty of (1814), 274;
Allies advance on, 296-300;
Convention of, 300;
evacuated by French troops, 300;
Allies occupy, 301, 302
Pay, officers', 83, 87, 250
Peña de Haya, 240, 241, 242
Pena Macor (Penamacor), 170, 178, 179, 181, 184
Peninsular Army--
2nd Division, 268
3rd Division, 178, 189, 234, 235, 260, 268
4th Division, 236, 242, 259, 260, 268
6th Division, 231, 268
7th Division, 146, 154, 155, 166, 170, 182, 183, 184, 198, 208, 215,
230, 231, 234, 238, 254, 256, 259, 260, 268, 270
Light Division, 118, 144, 145, 154, 184 _n._, 212, 224, 234, 242,
256, 259, 268
Craufurd's Flank Brigade, 133
Leith's Brigade, 131, 135, 136
Peninsular War, chaps. vii.-xii. _passim_
Peronne, 297
Phelps, Capt. J. H., 51st, 261, 299, 300 _n._
Phillipon, Gen. (Fr.), 207
Picton, Gen. Sir T., 234, 253 _n._, 268, 269;
commands 5th Div. at Waterloo, 279;
death of, 286
Picurina, 158, 188
Piombino (Italy) occupied by Brit. troops, 81, 82
Pirch, Gen. von (Prus.), defeated by Grouchy at Namur, 296
Pisuerga R., 216
Plasencia, 162, 172
Plunder and marauding, 93, 94, 95, 191, 193, 198, 199, 200, 223, 224,
238, 265
Police, military, want of in Pen. War, 199
Pombal, combat at, 145
Pondicherry, 88
Popham, Adm. Sir H., captures Cape Town (1806), 90 _n._
Porto Ferrajo, Elba, 42, 82
Portugal, 83, 126, 128, 130, 142, 143, 144, 150, 195, 211, 271;
allied with England, 85;
in French occupation, 122, 124;
evacuated by French, 125
Portuguese troops, 191, 209, 242, 266
Pozzo di Borgo, 73
Pringle, Major R., 51st, 50
Prize-money, 59, 93, 94, 281 _n._, 292
Promotion, 16, 17, 37, 77, 86, 120, 163, 164, 261, 271, 292, 303, 304
Prussians, 275, 277, 278, 279, 285, 288, 296, 297;
defeated by French at Ligny, 280;
at Waterloo, 291;
at Paris, 298
Puebla, 185
Pueblas, pass of, 232, 233
Puente de Douro, 217
Punishment of soldiers, 21, 198, 201, 203, 204, 223
Purchase system, 15-18, 37, 77, 253, 311
Pyrenees, 128, 130, 228, 230, 238, 239, 246, 255, 256, 257, 259;
battles of the, 238-258
Quatre Bras, 278, 281, 286;
Ney attacks Wellington at, 279, 280
Quebec, Sir W. Howe at, 109
Ramsay, Norman, at Fuentes d'Onor, 155
Rangers, the first regular light troops, 108
Recreations. _See_ Amusements
Recruiting, 1793, 24
Red Indians, methods of fighting of, 107, 108, 109
Redinha, combat at, 145
Reform, Army, 1802-7, chap. vi.
Regiments, condition of, 1793, 37, 38, 39; 90, 103, 114, 135, 141, 178,
190, 191, 199, 250, 252, 254, 305
Regiments, British, or in British pay:--
12th Light Dragoons, 57, 61
13th Light Dragoons, 149, 151, 152
1st Foot (Royals), 45, 46
11th, 48, 159
13th, 108 _n._
14th, 292, 293
18th (Royal Irish), 50, 81
19th, 98
23rd, 123 _n._, 292, 293, 297
25th, 48
26th, 165
30th, 48
35th, 281 _n._
43rd, 108 _n._, 114, 243, 248, 272 _n._
50th, 32, 50
51st, 2nd West York, 14;
uniform of, 18, 123, 305;
commanded by Lt.-Col. John Moore, 19, 35, 64, 141, 309;
proceeds to Gibraltar, 19;
prepares for active service, 32;
embarks for Toulon, 32;
loses its baggage, 33;
joins Lord Hood's fleet, 40;
in the attack on Corsica, chap. iii.;
at the capture of St Fiorenzo, Bastia, and Calvi, 44-52;
leaves Corsica for Elba, 79;
withdrawn from the Mediterranean, 83;
quartered at Lisbon, 85, 86;
ordered to India, 89;
lands at Cape Town, 89;
arrives at Madras, 92;
proceeds to Ceylon, 95;
at the capture of Kandy, 98;
garrisons Colombo, 99;
returns to England, 99;
proceeds with Baird to Corunna, 127;
fights at Lugo, 136;
in the retreat to Corunna, 137, 138;
at the battle of Corunna, 139, 140;
arrives in England, 141;
made Light Infantry, 141;
in the Walcheren Expedition, 143;
joins Wellington's army in the Peninsula, 145;
at the battle of Fuentes d'Onor, 154, 155;
marches to Badajoz, and twice assaults St Christoval, 159, 160;
with the covering force at Ciudad Rodrigo, 182, 183;
with Graham outside Badajoz, 185;
at the surprise of Llerena, 187;
at the battle of Salamanca, 206-212;
enters Madrid at the head of the army, 213;
at the capture of the Retiro, 213;
covers the siege of Burgos, 215;
in the retreat to Ciudad Rodrigo, 215-224;
attacked at the Valladolid bridge, 216;
fights at San Muños, 224;
fords the Esla R., 230;
at the battle of Vittoria, 234-238;
engaged in the Pyrenees, 238;
fights at the Peña de Haya, 242;
at the battle of the Nivelle, 260, 261;
at the battle of Orthes, 268, 269;
accompanies Beresford to Bordeaux, 269;
returns to England, 270;
embarks for the Waterloo Campaign, 275;
at the battle of Waterloo, 282-295;
at the storming of Cambray, 297;
enters Paris, 301;
marches to Calais and returns to England, 303;
on home service, 304, 305;
entitled King's Own Light Infantry, 308;
commanded by Col. Samuel Rice in the Ionian Isles for ten years,
308, 309
52nd, 108 _n._, 114, 234, 290
54th, 281 _n._
55th, 108
59th, 281 _n._
66th, 248
67th, 169 _n._
68th, 108 _n._, 208, 209, 213, 222, 254, 260, 261
69th, 48
71st, 108 _n._, 141
76th, 136
80th (or Gage's Light Infantry, 1758), 108 _n._
85th, 108 _n._, 159, 166
90th (or Morgan's Light Infantry), 108 _n._
90th, Perthshire Volunteers, raised by Graham, 108 n., 110, 111
94th, 248
95th (Rifle Brigade), 111, 112, 114, 190
105th, 108 _n._
106th, 108 _n._
Hessian Jägers, 112
Chasseurs Britanniques, 154, 209
Brunswick Oels Corps, 216, 217, 230
Renaud, Gen. (Fr.), taken prisoner, 179
Retiro, the, Madrid, 213, 223, 243
Revolution, French, 2-13
Rhune, La, Pyrenees, 258, 259
Rice, Col. A. T., 51st, 311 _n._
Rice, Lieut. C., R.N., 20, 96 _n._
Rice, Capt. F., 51st, 253 _n._
Rice, Lieut. H., R.N., 86, 163 _n._
Rice, Major P. J., 51st, 311 _n._
Rice, Sir Ralph, 311 _n._
Rice, Col. Samuel, _passim_
Richmond, Duchess of, ball at Brussels, 279
Rifle, earliest use of the, by a whole regiment, 111
Rifle Corps, the, 95th (afterwards Rifle Brigade), first formation of,
111, 112
Roads in Ceylon, 97;
in the Peninsula, 128, 132, 133, 223, 236, 240, 265
Roberts, Major D., 51st, 227
Rochefort, Napoleon flies to, and surrenders, 301
Roliça (Roleia), battle of, 125
Roncesvalles, 256
Ross, Capt. J., 51st, at Waterloo, 288
Rossommes, 291
Russia, 179, 228, 276, 308
Sabugal, 170, 182; combat at, 147
Sahagun, 133;
cavalry action at, 132
Sailing vessels, transport of troops in, 19-30, 32, 33, 79, 88, 89, 93,
126, 127, 138, 145
San Antonio, 242, 245
Santa Barbara, 242, 254
San Barbe, 259, 260
St Boes, 268, 269
St Christoval (San Christobal), 158, 163, 188
St Cloud, 300
St Denis, 298
St Fiorenzo, Corsica, 43, 44, 46, 47, 67, 68, 72
St Germains, 298
St Helena, 89;
Napoleon in exile at, 301
St Helens, Isle of Wight, 27, 28, 29
St Jean, Mont, 282, 285
St Jean de Luz, 258
St Jean Pied de Port, 239
San Marcial, 241, 245, 256
Santa Martha, 185, 193
San Muñoz, 224
St Omer, 2-12
St Pé, 260, 261
St Pierre, 266
St Sebastian (San Sebastian), 238, 239, 240, 241, 245, 246, 254, 255;
siege of, 240;
assault of, 245
St Sever, 269
St Thomas's Mount, Madras, 95
St Vincent, Lord. _See_ Jervis, Adm. Sir J.
San Vincente redoubt, 189
Salamanca, 128, 129, 130, 147, 148, 149, 172, 178, 205, 206, 208, 210,
222, 223, 224;
campaign of, chap. x.;
battle of, 211, 212
Saldanha, 132
Salisbury, troops trained at, 1774, 109
Salvatierra, 236, 237, 238
Sanchez, Don Julian, 179
Sandhurst, 253 _n._
"Sans culottes," 30, 59
Santarem, 145
Sarre, 258, 260, 300 _n._
Sault de Navailles, 269
Saxons, 275
Scheldt R., 142, 277
Schweidnitz, Gen., 276
Seaton, Lord. _See_ Colborne, Sir J.
Senlis, 298
"Sepoy General," Napoleon's name for Wellington, 291
Septinsular Republic (Ionian Isles), 308
Seringapatam, 90 _n._;
capture of, 92
Seville, 162, 195
Shawe, Capt. R., 51st, killed in Corsica, 76
Shorncliffe, 135, 250;
Sir J. Moore's camp at, 114-120
Siborne, Capt. W., the historian, 288;
his model of Waterloo, 293
Sicily, 308;
Sir J. Moore goes to, 117
Sickness of troops, in Corsica, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 60, 61, 65, 69;
in India, 93;
in Ceylon, 98, 99;
in Walcheren, 142, 145;
in Peninsula, 177, 178, 179, 194, 219, 224, 258
Sierra de Gata (Gaeta), 183
Simancas, 216
Simonstown, South Africa, occupied by British in 1795, 91
Skirmishers, Croats as (1757), 106;
Mesnil Durand advocates use of (1774), 106, 107;
Red Indians as, 107;
Highlanders as, 107 _n._;
training of British, 112-120;
at Waterloo, 284, 285, 289, 295.
_See also_ Light Infantry;
Jägers;
Voltigeurs.
Smellie, Capt. P., 51st, 208
Smith, Gen. Sir Harry, 222
Soldiers, British, amusements of, 123, 180;
characteristics of, 250, 252, 257;
conduct of, 20, 21, 36, 94, 95, 134, 189, 190, 191, 199, 200, 223,
224, 237, 238, 243;
punishment of, 22-24, 198, 201, 203, 204, 223
Soult, Marshal, Duc de Dalmatie, Moore's adversary in Corunna campaign,
131-140;
defeated by Wellesley at the Douro, 143;
commands French in South Spain, 150;
moves towards Badajoz, 152, 157;
defeated at Albuhera, 157;
joined by Marmont, 161;
retires to Seville, 162;
encounters Graham outside Badajoz, 186;
in Andalusia, 195, 196, 197;
cut off by destruction of Almaraz bridge, 205;
advances on Madrid with King Joseph, 222;
commands French army in the Pyrenees, 239;
attempts to relieve Pampeluna and San Sebastian, 239-245;
holds the line of the Nivelle, 258;
defeated by Wellington, 260;
holds Bayonne and the line of the Nive, 265;
defeated at Orthes, 268;
retires to the north-east, 269;
defeated at Toulouse, 270;
quits Waterloo with Napoleon, 291;
collects the French army at Laon, 296;
retreats on Paris, 297
South Africa, British and Dutch in, 1794-1814, 90-92
Spain, 126, 127, 128, 147, 150, 151, 198, 228, 229, 247, 255, 257,
271, 299;
allied with England, 32, 68;
allied with France, 78, 85;
thrown over by Napoleon and allied with England, 124;
Joseph Bonaparte King of, 124, 126, 127, 128, 147, 150
Spanish fleet, 68, 79, 82
Spanish troops, 133, 144, 150, 151, 194, 241, 242, 265, 267
Sparks, Major F., 51st, death of, 179
Spencer, Sir Brent, 156, 161
Squares, fighting in, 154, 178, 185, 287
Stewart, Gen. Hon. Sir C. _See_ Londonderry, 3rd Marquis of.
Stonyhurst College, founding of, 9
Strachan, Adm. Sir R., 142
Straggling, 134, 135, 138, 223, 224, 238
Stuart, Sir C., in Corsica, 49, 50, 51, 56, 60, 62, 63, 66, 80;
occupies Lisbon, 85;
captures Minorca, 100
Subijana de Alava, 233
Suchet, Gen. Count, 152, 246, 255, 258
Surtees, Quartermaster, 95th Rifles, 190
Tactics, changes in, 102, 105, 106-120
Tagus R., 163, 172, 177, 184, 194, 197, 219
Tarbes, combat at, 270
Tents, 238, 256, 257, 258
Theatricals on active service, 181
"Thin Red Line," outcome of Sir J. Moore's system of training, 118
Thrale, Mrs, connection with Rice family, 1
Tippoo of Mysore, 92, 96
Tordesillas, 133, 210, 216, 217, 222, 225, 231
Tormes R., 205, 206, 207, 211, 212
Toro, 207, 208, 231
Torres Vedras, lines of, 144, 145
Toulon, 30, 31, 32, 33, 40, 42, 48, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 68, 69
Toulouse, final defeat of French at, 270
Tourle, Capt. J., 51st, 61, 64, 70
Trafalgar, battle of, 100
Training, officers, 39;
infantry, 105-120
Transport (land), difficulties of, 129, 209, 257, 258
Transport (sea), 19, 32, 33, 79, 88, 89, 93, 126, 127, 138, 145
Tras os Montes, 229
Treaty of Paris, 274, 308
Tres Puentes, 234
Trigge, Gen., commanding in Corsica, 66
Trincomalee, 95, 96
Trois Couronnes, Mont des. _See_ Peña de Haya.
Tubize, 280, 292
Tudela, 216, 217
Turkey, 308
Turon R., 153
Turpin de Crissé, Comte Lancelot, on the Art of War, 107
Tuscany, 81, 83
Uniform, 1793, 18, 19;
1794, 55;
1808, 123;
of Light Infantry, 141;
1809-1821, 305-308
Ustaritz, bridge of, 265
Uxbridge, Lord. _See_ Anglesey, Marquis of.
Valencia, 184
Valencienne, 297
Valladolid, 127, 129, 131, 210, 212, 216, 218, 221, 229
Valverde, 185
Vandermaesen, Gen. (Fr.), 245
Vera, 239, 240, 241, 242, 245, 254, 255, 256
Verrieres, 302
Versailles, 298
Victor, Marshal (Fr.), 143
_Victory_, H.M.S., 33, 63
Vienna, Congress at, 274
Vigo, 129, 130, 131, 138
Villafranca, 130, 134, 135
Villa Mayor, 147, 170, 171, 177
Villa Nova, 230
Villa Velha, 163, 184, 193
Villodas, 234
Vimiera (Vimeiro), battle of, 125
Vittoria, 128, 215, 231, 232, 237;
battle of, 233-238
Voltigeurs, Napoleon's first skirmishers, 112
"Voluntary Contributions," 84
Volunteers, officers serving as, 14, 253 _n._
Von Ehwald, Colonel, on the training of light troops, 112, 113, 114, 118
Walcheren Expedition, 142
"War against Commerce," 84
War in the Mediterranean, chaps. iii., iv.;
in India and Ceylon, 92-99;
in the Peninsula and S. of France, chaps, vii.-xii.;
in Belgium and France, chaps. xiii., xiv.
Waterloo, 134, 168, 176, 202, 203, 253 _n._, 296, 304;
campaign, chap. xiii.;
Allies concentrate on, 280;
village of, 282;
battle of, 282-295
Wavre, 296;
Blücher retires to, after Ligny, 280, 285;
Prussians march from, to Waterloo, 288
Weather, influence of, on operations, 133, 134, 137, 138, 150, 160,
163, 171, 183, 195, 207, 223, 224, 245, 257, 265, 281, 282
Wellesley, Sir A. _See_ Wellington, Duke of.
Wellington, Duke of, at Roliça, 125;
comes home from Portugal, 126;
takes command in Portugal, 143;
defeats Soult at the Douro, and Victor at Talavera, 143;
defeats Massena at Busaco, and retires to Torres Vedras, 144;
pursues Massena and defeats him at Sabugal, 146, 147;
invests Badajoz, 151;
defeats Massena at Fuentes d'Onor, 152-155;
commences second siege of Badajoz, 157;
withdraws to the Caya R., 161;
captures Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz, chap. ix.;
pursues Marmont and defeats him at Salamanca, 205-212;
enters Madrid, 212, 213;
attempts capture of Burgos, 214;
retreats to Ciudad Rodrigo, 215-224;
advances north, 230;
defeats King Joseph at Vittoria, 232-237;
drives the French to the Pyrenees and blockades Pampeluna, 238;
captures St Sebastian, 245;
invades France, 256;
defeats Soult at the Nivelle, 260, 261;
wins victories at the Nive, Orthes, and Toulouse, 266-270;
takes command of Anglo-Dutch army in the Netherlands, 275;
attacked by Ney at Quatre Bras, 280;
withdraws to Waterloo, 280;
defeats Napoleon, 282-295;
meets Blücher at Genappe, 291;
enters Paris, 300;
his character, 160, 165, 166, 168, 200, 201, 202, 203, 218, 223,
257, 265;
his reticence, 170, 175, 176;
keeps a pack of hounds, 180
Wemyss, Colonel, occupies Piombino, Italy, 81
West Indies, 87, 103, 105
Wolfe, Gen. J., and Quebec, 109
Women, regimental, 218, 221, 222, 272
York, H.R.H. the Duke of, 30, 80, 103, 111
Zadorra R., 232, 233, 234
Zafra, 185
Zagaramurdi, 238
Zante, 309
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