│ 1 Liter │ │ 1 Kilogram │
│ contains │ Specific │ contains │ Percentage
Percentage+─────────+───────────+ Gravity +─────────+───────────+ by Weight.
by Volume.│Alcohol │ Distilled │ at 60° F. │ Alcohol │ Distilled │
│ 95%. │ Water. │ │ 95%. │ Water. │
──────────+─────────+───────────+───────────+─────────+───────────+───────────
│ Gms. │ Gms. │ │ Gms. │ Gms. │
│ │ │ │ │ │
5 │ 42.87 │ 950.13 │ 0.993 │ 43.17 │ 956.83 │ 3.99
10 │ 85.89 │ 900.11 │ 0.986 │ 87.11 │ 912.89 │ 8.05
15 │ 128.87 │ 852.13 │ 0.981 │ 131.37 │ 868.63 │ 12.14
20 │ 171.83 │ 804.17 │ 0.976 │ 176.06 │ 823.94 │ 16.27
25 │ 214.77 │ 756.23 │ 0.971 │ 221.18 │ 778.82 │ 20.44
30 │ 257.93 │ 707.07 │ 0.965 │ 267.28 │ 732.72 │ 24.70
35 │ 300.74 │ 658.26 │ 0.959 │ 313.60 │ 686.40 │ 28.98
40 │ 343.77 │ 608.23 │ 0.952 │ 361.10 │ 638.90 │ 33.37
45 │ 386.75 │ 557.25 │ 0.944 │ 409.69 │ 590.31 │ 37.86
50 │ 429.65 │ 504.35 │ 0.934 │ 460.01 │ 539.99 │ 42.51
55 │ 472.64 │ 451.36 │ 0.924 │ 511.52 │ 488.48 │ 47.27
60 │ 515.60 │ 398.40 │ 0.914 │ 564.11 │ 435.89 │ 52.13
65 │ 558.61 │ 343.39 │ 0.902 │ 619.30 │ 380.70 │ 57.23
70 │ 601.55 │ 288.45 │ 0.890 │ 675.90 │ 324.10 │ 62.46
75 │ 644.58 │ 232.42 │ 0.877 │ 734.98 │ 265.02 │ 67.92
80 │ 687.57 │ 176.43 │ 0.864 │ 795.80 │ 204.20 │ 73.54
85 │ 730.51 │ 19.49 │ 0.850 │ 859.43 │ 140.57 │ 79.42
90 │ 773.53 │ 0.47 │ 0.834 │ 927.49 │ 72.51 │ 85.71
──────────+─────────+───────────+───────────+─────────+───────────+───────────
«Capacities of Common Utensils.»—For ordinary measuring purposes a
wineglass may be said to hold 2 ounces.
A tablespoon, 1/2 ounce.
A dessertspoon, 1/4 ounce.
A teaspoon, 1/8 ounce, or 1 drachm.
A teacupful of sugar weighs 1/2 pound.
Three tablespoonfuls weigh 1/4 pound.
«Cook’s Table.»—Two teacupfuls (well heaped) of coffee and of sugar
weigh 1 pound.
Two teacupfuls (level) of granulated sugar weigh 1 pound.
Two teacupfuls soft butter (well packed) weigh 1 pound.
One and one-third pints of powdered sugar weigh 1 pound.
Two tablespoonfuls of powdered sugar or flour weigh 1 pound.
Four teaspoonfuls are equal to 1 tablespoon.
Two and one-half teacupfuls (level) of the best brown sugar weigh 1
pound.
Two and three-fourths teacupfuls (level) of powdered sugar weigh 1
pound.
One tablespoonful (well heaped) of granulated or best brown sugar
equals 1 ounce. {704}
One generous pint of liquid, or 1 pint finely chopped meat, packed
solidly, weighs 1 pound.
«Table of Drops.»—Used in estimating the amount of a flavoring extract
necessary to flavor a gallon of syrup. Based on the assumption of 450
drops being equal to 1 ounce.
One drop of extract to an ounce of syrup is equal to 2 drachms to a
gallon.
Two drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 4 1/2 drachms
to a gallon.
Three drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 6 1/2
drachms to a gallon.
Four drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 1 ounce and 1
drachm to a gallon.
Five drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 1 ounce and
3 1/8 drachms to a gallon.
Six drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 1 ounce and
5 1/2 drachms to a gallon.
Seven drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 2 ounces to
the gallon.
Eight drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 2 ounces and
2 1/2 drachms to a gallon.
Nine drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 2 ounces and
4 1/2 drachms to a gallon.
Ten drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 2 ounces and
6 3/4 drachms to a gallon.
Twelve drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 3 ounces and
3 1/4 drachms to a gallon.
Fourteen drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 4 ounces to
a gallon.
Sixteen drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 4 ounces and
4 1/8 drachms to a gallon.
Eighteen drops of extract to an ounce of syrup are equal to 5 ounces
and 1 drachm to a gallon.
NOTE.—The estimate 450 drops to the ounce, while accurate and reliable
enough in this particular relation, must not be relied upon for very
exact purposes, in which, as has frequently been demonstrated, the drop
varies within a very wide range, according to the nature of the liquid,
its consistency, specific gravity, temperature; the size and shape of
the aperture from which it is allowed to escape, etc.
«Fluid Measure.—U. S. Standard, or Wine Measure.»—Sixty minims are
equal to 1 fluidrachm.
Eight fluidrachms are equal to 1 fluidounce.
Sixteen fluidounces are equal to 1 pint.
Two pints are equal to 1 quart.
Four quarts are equal to 1 gallon.
One pint of distilled water weighs about 1 pound.
«Percentage Solutions.»—To prepare the following approximately correct
solutions, dissolve the amount of medicament indicated in sufficient
water to make one imperial pint.
For 1/50 per cent, or 1 in 5,000 solution, use 1 3/4 grains of the
medicament.
For 1/20 per cent, or 1 in 2,000 solution, use 4 3/8 grains of the
medicament.
For 1/10 per cent, or 1 in 1,000 solution, use 8 3/4 grains of the
medicament.
For 1/4 per cent, or 1 in 400 solution, use 21 7/8 grains of the
medicament.
For 1/2 per cent, or 1 in 200 solution, use 43 3/4 grains of the
medicament.
For 1 per cent, or 1 in 100 solution, use 87 1/2 grains of the
medicament.
For 2 per cent, or 1 in 50 solution, use 175 grains of the medicament.
For 4 per cent, or 1 in 25 solution, use 350 grains of the medicament.
For 5 per cent, or 1 in 20 solution, use 437 1/2 grains of the
medicament.
For 10 per cent, or 1 in 10 solution, use 875 grains of the medicament.
To make smaller quantities of any solution, use less water and reduce
the medicament in proportion to the amount of water employed; thus
1/2 imperial pint of a 1 per cent solution will require 43 3/4
grains of the medicament.
«Pressure Table.»—This table shows the amount of commercial sulphuric
acid (H_〈2〉SO_〈4〉) and sodium bicarbonate necessary to produce a given
pressure:
120 Pounds Pressure.
Water, Soda Bicar., Acid Sulph.,
gallons Av. ounces Av. ounces
10 86 50
20 123 71
30 161 93
40 198 118
50 236 138
135 Pounds Pressure.
Water, Soda Bicar., Acid Sulph.,
gallons Av. ounces Av. ounces.
10 96 56
20 134 73
30 171 100
40 209 122
50 246 144
If marble dust be used, reckon at the rate of 18 ounces hot water for
use.
«Syrup Table.»—The following table shows the amount of syrup obtained
from
1. The addition of pounds of sugar to 1 gallon of water; and the {705}
2. Amount of sugar in each gallon of syrup resulting therefrom:
───────────+───────────────────────────────────+───────────
Pounds │ Quantity of syrup actually │ Pounds
of sugar │ obtained. │ of sugar
added to +──────────+─────────+──────────────+ in one
one gallon │ │ │ │ gallon of
of cold │ Gallons. │ Pints. │ Fluidounces. │ syrup.
water. │ │ │ │
───────────+──────────+─────────+──────────────+───────────
1 │ 1 │ — │ 10 │ .93
2 │ 1 │ 1 │ 4 │ 1.73
3 │ 1 │ 1 │ 14 │ 2.43
4 │ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ 3.05
5 │ 1 │ 3 │ 2 │ 3.6
6 │ 1 │ 3 │ 12 │ 4.09
7 │ 1 │ 4 │ 6 │ 4.52
8 │ 1 │ 5 │ — │ 4.92
9 │ 1 │ 5 │ 10 │ 5.28
10 │ 1 │ 6 │ 4 │ 5.62
11 │ 1 │ 6 │ 14 │ 5.92
12 │ 1 │ 7 │ 8 │ 6.18
13 │ 2 │ — │ 2 │ 6.38
14 │ 2 │ — │ 12 │ 6.7
15 │ 2 │ 1 │ 6 │ 6.91
───────────+──────────+─────────+──────────────+───────────
TABLE-TOPS, ACID-PROOF: See Acid-Proofing.
TABLES FOR PHOTOGRAPHERS: See Photography.
TAFFY: See Confectionery.
TALCUM POWDER: See Cosmetics.
TALLOW: See Fats.
TALMI GOLD: See Alloys.
TAMPRING: See Tampring, under Steel.
TAN REMEDY: See Cosmetics.
«TANK:»
«To Estimate Contents of a Circular Tank.»—The capacity of a circular
tank may be determined by multiplying the diameter in inches by itself
and by .7854 and by the length (or depth) in inches, which gives the
capacity of the tank in inches, and then dividing by 231, the number of
cubic inches in a United States gallon.
TANNING: See Leather.
«TAPS, TO REMOVE BROKEN.»
First clean the hole by means of a small squirt gun filled with
kerosene. All broken pieces of the tap can be removed with a pair
of tweezers, which should be as large as possible. Then insert the
tweezers between the hole and flutes of the tap. By slowly working back
and forth and occasionally blowing out with kerosene, the broken piece
is easily released.
TAR PAINTS: See Wood.
TAR-SPOTS ON WOODWORK: See Paint.
TAR-SULPHUR SOAP: See Soap.
TAR SYRUP: See Essences and Extracts.
«TATTOO MARKS, REMOVAL OF.»
Apply a highly concentrated tannin solution on the tattooed places
and treat them with the tattooing needle as the tattooer does. Next
vigorously rub the places with a lunar caustic stick and allow the
silver nitrate to act for some time, until the tattooed portions have
turned entirely black. Then take off by dabbing. At first a silver
tannate forms on the upper layers of the skin, which dyes the tattooing
black; with slight symptoms of inflammation a scurf ensues which comes
off after 14 to 16 days, leaving behind a reddish scar. The latter
assumes the natural color of the skin after some time. The process is
said to have given good results.
TAWING: See Leather.
TEA EXTRACT: See Essences and Extracts.
«TEETH, TO WHITEN DISCOLORED.»
Moisten the corner of a linen handkerchief with hydrogen peroxide, and
with it rub the teeth, repeating the rubbing occasionally. Use some
exceedingly finely pulverized infusorial earth, or pumice ground to an
impalpable powder, in connection with the hydrogen peroxide, and the
job will be quicker than with the peroxide alone.
TEMPERING OF STEEL: See Steel.
«TERRA COTTA SUBSTITUTE.»
A substance, under this name, designed to take the place of terra cotta
and plaster of Paris in the manufacture of small ornamental objects,
consists of {706}
Albumen 10 parts
Magnesium sulphate 4 parts
Alum 9 parts
Calcium sulphate, calcined 45 parts
Borax 2 parts
Water 30 parts
The albumen and alum are dissolved in the water and with the solution
so obtained the other ingredients are made into a paste. This paste is
molded at once in the usual way and when set the articles are exposed
in an oven to a heat of 140° F.
TERRA COTTA CLEANING: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.
TEXTILE CLEANING: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods and Household
Formulas.
«Thermometers»
Table Showing the Comparison of the Readings of Thermometers.
CELSIUS, OR CENTIGRADE (C). RÉAUMUR (R). FAHRENHEIT (F).
──────+─────────+────────
C. │ R. │ F.
──────+─────────+────────
−30 │ −24.0 │ −22.0
−25 │ −20.0 │ −13.0
−20 │ −16.0 │ − 4.0
−15 │ −12.0 │ + 5.0
−10 │ − 8.0 │ 14.0
− 5 │ − 4.0 │ 23.0
− 4 │ − 3.2 │ 24.8
− 3 │ − 2.4 │ 26.6
− 2 │ − 1.6 │ 28.4
− 1 │ − 0.8 │ 30.2
0 │ 0.0 │ 32.0 Freezing point of water.
1 │ 0.8 │ 33.8
2 │ 1.6 │ 35.6
3 │ 2.4 │ 37.4
4 │ 3.2 │ 39.2
5 │ 4.0 │ 41.0
6 │ 4.8 │ 42.8
7 │ 5.6 │ 44.6
8 │ 6.4 │ 46.4
9 │ 7.2 │ 48.2
10 │ 8.0 │ 50.0
11 │ 8.8 │ 51.8
12 │ 9.6 │ 53.6
13 │ 10.4 │ 55.4
14 │ 11.2 │ 57.2
15 │ 12.0 │ 59.0
16 │ 12.8 │ 60.8
17 │ 13.6 │ 62.6
18 │ 14.4 │ 64.4
19 │ 15.2 │ 66.2
20 │ 16.0 │ 68.0
21 │ 16.8 │ 69.8
22 │ 17.6 │ 71.6
23 │ 18.4 │ 73.4
24 │ 19.2 │ 75.2
25 │ 20.0 │ 77.0
26 │ 20.8 │ 78.8
27 │ 21.6 │ 80.6
28 │ 22.4 │ 82.4
29 │ 23.2 │ 84.2
30 │ 24.0 │ 86.0
31 │ 24.8 │ 87.8
32 │ 25.6 │ 89.6
33 │ 26.4 │ 91.4
34 │ 27.2 │ 93.2
35 │ 28.0 │ 95.0
36 │ 28.8 │ 96.8
37 │ 29.6 │ 98.6
38 │ 30.4 │ 100.4
39 │ 31.2 │ 102.2
40 │ 32.0 │ 104.0
41 │ 32.8 │ 105.8
42 │ 33.6 │ 107.6
43 │ 34.4 │ 109.4
44 │ 35.2 │ 111.2
45 │ 36.0 │ 113.0
50 │ 40.0 │ 122.0
55 │ 44.0 │ 131.0
60 │ 48.0 │ 140.0
65 │ 52.0 │ 149.0
70 │ 56.0 │ 158.0
75 │ 60.0 │ 167.0
80 │ 64.0 │ 176.0
85 │ 68.0 │ 185.0
90 │ 72.0 │ 194.0
95 │ 76.0 │ 203.0
100 │ 80.0 │ 212.0 Boiling point of water.
──────+─────────+────────
Readings on one scale can be changed into another by the following
formulas, in which _t_° indicates degrees of temperature:
Réau. to Fahr.
9/4_t_° R + 32° = _t_° F
Réau. to Cent.
5/4_t_° R = _t_° C
Cent. to Fahr.
9/5_t_° C + 32° = _t_° F
Cent. to Réau.
4/5_t_° C = _t_° R
Fahr. to Cent.
5/9(_t_° F − 32°) = _t_° C
Fahr. to Réau.
4/9(_t_° F − 32°) = _t_° R
«THREAD:»
See also Cordage.
«Dressing for Sewing Thread.»—For colored thread: Irish moss, 3 pounds;
gum arabic, 2 1/2 pounds; Japan wax, 1/2 pound; stearine, 185
grams; borax, 95 grams; boil together for 1/4 hour.
For white thread: Irish moss, 2 pounds; tapioca, 1 1/2 pounds;
spermaceti, 3/4 pound; stearine, 110 grams; borax, 95 grams; boil
together for 20 minutes.
For black thread: Irish moss, 3 pounds; gum Senegal, 2 1/2 pounds;
ceresin, 1 pound; borax, 95 grams; logwood extract, 95 grams; blue
vitriol, 30 grams; boil together for 20 minutes. Soak the Irish moss
in each case overnight in 45 liters of water, then boil for 1 hour,
strain and add the other ingredients to the resulting solution. It is
of advantage to add the borax to the Irish moss before the boiling.
THROAT LOZENGES: See Confectionery.
THYMOL: See Antiseptics.
TICKS, CATTLE DIP FOR: See Insecticides.
TIERCES: See Disinfectants.
TILEMAKERS’ NOTES: See Ceramics.
«Tin»
«Etching Bath for Tin.»—The design is either freely drawn upon the
metal with a needle or a lead pencil, or pricked into the metal
through tracing paper with a needle. The outlines are filled with a
varnish (wax, colophony, asphalt). The varnish is rendered fluid with
turpentine and applied with a brush. The article after having dried is
laid in a 1/2 solution of nitric acid for 1 1/2 to 2 hours. It is
then washed and dried with blotting {707} paper. The protective coating
of asphalt is removed by heating. The zinc oxide in the deeper portions
is cleaned away with a silver soap and brush.
«Recovery of Tin and Iron in Tinned-Plate Clippings.»—The process of
utilizing tinned-plate scrap consists essentially in the removal of the
tin. This must be very completely carried out if the remaining iron is
to be available for casting. The removal of the outer layer of pure
tin from the tinned plate is an easy matter. Beneath this, however, is
another crystalline layer consisting of an alloy of tin and iron, which
is more difficult of treatment. It renders the iron unavailable for
casting, as even 0.2 per cent of tin causes brittleness. Its removal is
best accomplished by electrolysis. If dilute sulphuric acid is used as
an electrolyte, the deposit is spongy at first, and afterwards, when
the acid has been partly neutralized, crystalline. After 6 hours the
clippings are taken out and the iron completely dissolved in dilute
sulphuric acid; the residue of tin is then combined with the tin
obtained by the electrolysis. Green vitriol is therefore a by-product
in this process.
Gutensohn’s process has two objects: To obtain tin and to render the
iron fit for use. The tin is obtained by treating the tinned plate
repeatedly with hydrochloric acid. The tin is then removed from the
solution by means of the electric current. The tinned plate as the
positive pole is placed in a tank made of some insulating material
impervious to the action of acids, such as slate. A copper plate forms
the cathode. The bichloride of tin solution, freed from acid, is put
round the carbon cylinder in the Bunsen element. Another innovation
in this process is that the tank with the tinned-plate clippings is
itself turned into an electric battery with the aid of the tin. A
still better source of electricity is, however, obtained during the
treatment of the untinned iron which will be described presently.
The final elimination of the tin takes place in the clay cup of the
Bunsen elements. Besides the chloride of tin solution (free from acid),
another tin solution, preferably chromate of tin, nitrate of tin, or
sulphate of tin, according to the strength of the current desired,
may be used. To render the iron of the tinned plate serviceable the
acid is drawn off as long as the iron is covered with a thin layer of
an alloy of iron and tin. The latter makes the iron unfit for use in
rolling mills or for the precipitation of copper. Fresh hydrochloric
acid or sulphuric acid is therefore poured over the plate to remove
the alloy, after the treatment with the bichloride of tin solution.
This acid is also systematically used in different vats to the point
of approximate saturation. This solution forms the most suitable
source of electricity, a zinc-iron element being formed by means of a
clay cell and a zinc cylinder. The electrical force developed serves
to accelerate the solution in the next tank, which contains tinned
plate, either fresh or treated with hydrochloric acid. Ferrous oxide,
or spongy metallic iron if the current is very strong, is liberated in
the iron battery. Both substances are easily oxidized, and form red
oxide of iron when heated. The remaining solution can be crystallized
by evaporation, so that ferrous sulphate (green vitriol) or ferric
chloride can be obtained, or it can be treated to form red oxide of
iron.
«Tin in Powder Form.»—To obtain tin in powder form the metal is first
melted; next pour it into a box whose sides, etc., are coated with
powdered chalk. Agitate the box vigorously and without discontinuing,
until the metal is entirely cold. Now pass this powder through a sieve
and keep in a closed flask. This tin powder is eligible for various
uses and makes a handsome effect, especially in bronzing. It can be
browned.
«TINFOIL:»
See also Metal Foil.
By pouring tin from a funnel with a very long and narrow mouth upon
a linen surface, the latter being tightly stretched, covered with a
mixture of chalk and white of egg, and placed in a sloping position,
very thin sheets can be produced, and capable of being easily
transformed into thin foil. Pure tin should never be used in the
preparation of foil intended for packing tobacco, chocolate, etc.,
but an alloy containing 5 to 40 per cent of lead. Lead has also been
recently plated on both sides with tin by the following method: A lead
sheet from 0.64 to .80 inches thick is poured on a casting table as
long as it is hot, a layer of tin from 0.16 to 0.20 inches in thickness
added, the sheet then turned over and coated on the other side with
tin in the same manner. The sheet is then stretched between rollers.
Very thin sheet tin can also be made in the same way as sheet lead,
by cutting up a tin cylinder into spiral sections. Colored tinfoil is
prepared by making the foil thoroughly bright by rubbing with purified
chalk {708} and cotton, then adding a coat of gelatin, colored as
required, and covering the whole finally with a transparent spirit
varnish. In place of this somewhat troublesome process, the following
much simpler method has lately been introduced: Aniline dyes dissolved
in alcohol are applied on the purified foil, and the coat, when dry,
covered with a very thin layer of a colorless varnish. This is done by
pouring the varnish on the surface and then inclining the latter so
that the varnish may reach every part and flow off.
TIN, SILVER-PLATING: See Plating.
TIN VARNISHES: See Varnishes.
TINNING: See Plating.
«TIRE:»
«Anti-Leak Rubber Tire.»—Pneumatic tires can be made quite safe from
punctures by using a liberal amount of the following cheap mixture:
One pound of sheet glue dissolved in hot water in the usual manner,
and 3 pints of molasses. This mixture injected into the tire through
the valve stem, semi-hardens into an elastic jelly, being, in fact,
about the same as the well-known ink roller composition used for the
rollers of printing presses. This treatment will usually be found to
effectually stop leaks in punctured or porous tires.
TIRE CEMENTS: See Adhesives, under Rubber Cements.
TISSIER’S METAL: See Alloys.
TITANIUM STEEL: See Steel.
TODDY, HOT SODA: See Beverages.
TOILET CREAMS, MILKS, POWDERS, ETC.: See Cosmetics.
TOLIDOL DEVELOPER: See Photography.
TOMATO BOUILLON EXTRACT: See Condiments.
TOMBACK: See Jewelers’ Formulas.
TONING BATHS: See Photography.
TONKA EXTRACT: See Essences and Extracts.
TONKA, ITS DETECTION IN VANILLA EXTRACTS: See Vanilla.
«TOOL SETTING.»
The term “setting” (grinding) is applied to the operation of giving an
edge to the tools designed for cutting, scraping, or sawing. Cutting
tools are rubbed either on flat sandstones or on rapidly turned
grindstones. The wear on the faces of the tools diminishes their
thickness and renders the cutting angle sharper. Good edges cannot
be obtained except with the aid of the grindstone; it is therefore
important to select this instrument with care. It should be soft,
rather than hard, of fine, smooth grain, perfectly free from seams or
flaws. The last condition is essential, for it often happens that,
under the influence of the revolving motion, a defective stone suddenly
yields to the centrifugal force, bursts and scatters its pieces with
such violence as to wound the operator. This accident may also happen
with perfectly formed stones. On this account artificial stones have
been substituted, more homogeneous and coherent than the natural ones.
Whatever may be the stone selected, it ought to be kept constantly
moist during the operation. If not, the tools will soon get heated
and their temper will be impaired. When a tool has for a certain time
undergone the erosive action of the stone, the cutting angle becomes
too acute, too thin, and bends over on itself, constituting what
is called “the feather edge.” This condition renders a new setting
necessary, which is usually effected by bending back the feather edge,
if it is long, and whetting the blade on a stone called a “setter.”
There are several varieties of stones used for this purpose, though
they are mostly composed of calcareous or argilaceous matter, mixed
with a certain proportion of silica.
The scythestone, of very fine grain, serves for grinding off the
feather edge of scythes, knives, and other large tools. The Lorraine
stone, of chocolate color and fine grain, is employed with oil for
carpenters’ tools. American carborundum is very erosive. It is used
with water and with oil to obtain a fine edge. The lancet stone is not
inferior to any of the preceding. As its name indicates, it is used for
sharpening surgical instruments, and only with oil. The Levant stone
(Turkish sandstone) is the best of all for whetting. It is gray and
semitransparent; when of inferior quality, it {709} is somewhat spotted
with red. It is usually quite soft.
To restore stones and efface the inequalities and hollows caused by the
friction of the tools, they are laid flat on a marble or level stone,
spread over with fine, well-pulverized sandstone, and rubbed briskly.
When tools have a curved edge, they are subjected to a composition
formed of pulverized stone, molded into a form convenient for the
concavity or convexity. Tools are also whetted with slabs of walnut or
aspen wood coated with emery of different numbers, which produces an
excellent setting.
TOOL LUBRICANT: See Lubricant.
«Toothache»
«TOOTHACHE GUMS:»
See also Pain Killers.
I.—Paraffine 94 grains
Burgundy pitch 800 grains
Oil of cloves 1/2 fluidrachm
Creosote 1/2 fluidrachm
Melt the first two ingredients, and, when nearly cool, add the rest,
stirring well. May be made into small pills or turned out in form of
small cones or cylinders.
II.—Melt white wax or spermaceti, 2 parts, and when melted add
carbolic-acid crystals, 1 part, and chloral-hydrate crystals, 2 parts;
stir well until dissolved. While still liquid, immerse thin layers of
carbolized absorbent cotton wool and allow them to dry. When required
for use a small piece may be snipped off and slightly warmed, when it
can be inserted into the hollow tooth, where it will solidify.
«Toothache Remedy.»—
Camphor 4 drachms
Chloral hydrate 4 drachms
Oil of cloves 2 drachms
Oil of cajeput 2 drachms
Chloroform 12 drachms
Tincture of capsicum 24 drachms
TOOTH CEMENTS: See Cements.
TOOTH PASTES, POWDERS, SOAPS, AND WASHES: See Dentifrices.
TORTOISE-SHELL POLISHES: See Polishes.
TOOTH STRAIGHTENING: See Watchmakers’ Formulas.
TOUCHSTONE, AQUAFORTIS FOR THE: See Aquafortis.
TOY PAINT: See Paint.
TRACING-CLOTH CLEANERS: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.
TRAGACANTH, MUCILAGE OF: See Adhesives, under Mucilages.
«TRANSPARENCIES:»
See also Photography.
A good method of preparing handsome London transparencies is as follows: