preparations and perfumes. It is made thus:
Alcohol, 95 per cent 1 gallon
Powdered unslaked lime 4 drachms
Powdered alum 2 drachms
Spirit of nitrous ether 1 drachm
Mix the lime and alum, and add them to the alcohol, shaking the mixture
well together; then add the sweet spirit of niter and set aside for 7
days, shaking occasionally; finally filter.
«Florida Waters.»—
Oil of bergamot 3 fluidounces
Oil of lavender 1 fluidounce
Oil of cloves 1 1/4 fluidrachms
Oil of cinnamon 2 1/2 fluidrachms
Oil of neroli 1/2 fluidrachm
Oil of lemon 1 fluidounce
Essence of jasmine 6 fluidounces
Essence of musk 2 fluidounces
Rose water 1 pint
Alcohol 8 pints
Mix, and if cloudy, filter through magnesium carbonate.
«Lavender Water.»—This, the most famous of all the perfumed waters, was
originally a distillate from a mixture of spirit and lavender flowers.
This was the perfume. Then came a compound water, or “palsy water,”
which was intended strictly for use as a medicine, but sometimes
containing ambergris and musk, as well as red sanders wood. Only the
odor of the old compound remains to us as a perfume, and this is the
odor which all perfume compounders endeavor to hit. The most important
precaution in making lavender water is to use well-matured oil of
lavender. Some who take pride in this perfume use no oil which is less
than 5 years old, and which has had 1 ounce of rectified spirit added
to each pound of oil before being set aside to mature. After mixing,
the perfume should stand for at least a month before filtering through
gray filtering paper. This may be taken as a general instruction:
I.—Oil of lavender 1 1/2 ounces
Oil of bergamot 4 drachms
Essence ambergris 4 drachms
Proof spirit 3 pints
{515}
II.—English oil of lavender 1 ounce
Oil of bergamot 1 1/2 drachms
Essence of musk (No. 2) 1/2 ounce
Essence of ambergris 1/2 ounce
Proof spirit 2 pints
III.—English oil of lavender 1/2 ounce
Oil of bergamot 2 drachms
Essence of ambergris 1 drachm
Essence of musk (No. 1) 3 drachms
Oil of angelica 2 minims
Attar of rose 6 minims
Proof spirit 1 pint
IV.—Oil of lavender 4 ounces
Grain musk 15 grains
Oil of bergamot 2 1/2 ounces
Attar of rose 1 1/2 drachms
Oil of neroli 1/2 drachm
Spirit of nitrous ether 2 1/2 ounces
Triple rose water 12 ounces
Proof spirit 5 pints
Allow to stand 5 weeks before filtering.
«LIQUID PERFUMES FOR THE HANDKERCHIEF, PERSON, ETC.:»
Acacia Extract.—
French acacia 400 parts
Tincture of amber (1 in 10) 3 parts
Eucalyptus oil 0.5 parts
Lavender oil 1 part
Bergamot oil 1 part
Tincture of musk 2 parts
Tincture of orris root 150 parts
Spirit of wine, 80 per cent 500 parts
Bishop Essence.—
Fresh green peel of unripe oranges 60.0 grams
Curaçao orange peel 180.0 grams
Malaga orange peel 90.0 grams
Ceylon cinnamon 2.0 grams
Cloves 7.5 grams
Vanilla 11.0 grams
Orange flower oil 4 drops
Spirit of wine 1,500.0 grams
Hungarian wine 720.0 grams
A dark-brown tincture of pleasant taste and smell.
Caroline Bouquet.—
Oil of lemon 15 minims
Oil of bergamot 1 drachm
Essence of rose 4 ounces
Essence of tuberose 4 ounces
Essence of violet 4 ounces
Tincture of orris 2 ounces
Alexandra Bouquet.—
Oil of bergamot 3 1/2 drachms
Oil of rose geranium 1/2 drachm
Oil of rose 1/2 drachm
Oil of cassia 15 minims
Deodorized alcohol 1 pint
Navy Bouquet.—
Spirit of sandalwood 10 ounces
Extract of patchouli 10 ounces
Spirit of rose 10 ounces
Spirit of vetivert 10 ounces
Extract of verbena 12 ounces
Bridal Bouquet.—Sandal oil, 30 minims; rose extract, 4 fluidounces;
jasmine extract, 4 fluidounces; orange flower extract, 16 fluidounces;
essence of vanilla, 1 fluidounce; essence of musk, 2 fluidounces;
tincture of storax, 2 fluidounces. (The tincture of storax is prepared
with liquid storax and alcohol [90 per cent], 1:20, by macerating for 7
days.)
Irish Bouquet.—
White rose essence 5,000 parts
Vanilla essence 450 parts
Rose oil 5 parts
Spirit 100 parts
Essence Bouquet.—
I.—Spirit 8,000 parts
Distilled water 2,000 parts
Iris tincture 250 parts
Vanilla herb tincture 100 parts
Benzoin tincture 40 parts
Bergamot oil 50 parts
Storax tincture 50 parts
Clove oil 15 parts
Palmarosa oil 12 parts
Lemon-grass oil 15 parts
II.—Extract of rose (2d) 64 ounces
Extract of jasmine (2d) 12 ounces
Extract of cassie (2d) 8 ounces
Tincture of orris (1 to 4) 64 ounces
Oil of bergamot 1/2 ounce
Oil of cloves 1 drachm
Oil of ylang-ylang 1/2 drachm
Tincture of benzoin (1 to 8) 2 ounces
Glycerine 4 ounces
Bouquet Canang.—
Ylang-ylang oil 45 minims
Grain musk 3 grains
Rose oil 15 minims
Tonka beans 3
Cassie oil 5 minims
Tincture orris rhizome 1 fluidounce {516}
Civet 1 grain
Almond oil 1/2 minim
Storax tincture 3 fluidrachms
Alcohol, 90 per cent 9 fluidounces
Mix, and digest 1 month. The above is a very delicious perfume.
Cassie oil or otto is derived from the flowers of _Acacia farnesiana
Mimosa farnesiana_, L. (N. O. Leguminosæ, suborder Mimoseæ). It must
not be confounded with cassia otto, the essential oil obtained from
_Cinnamomum cassia_.
Cashmere Nosegay.—
I.—Essence of violet, from pomade 1 pint
Essence of rose, from pomade 1 1/2 pints
Tincture of benzoin, (1 to 4) 1/2 pint
Tincture of civet (1 to 64) 1/4 pint
Tincture of Tonka (1 to 4) 1/4 pint
Benzoic acid 1/2 ounce
Oil of patchouli 1/4 ounce
Oil of sandal 1/2 ounce
Rose water 1/2 pint
II.—Essence violet 120 ounces
Essence rose 180 ounces
Tincture benjamin (1 in 4) 60 ounces
Tincture civet (1 in 62) 30 ounces
Tincture Tonka (1 in 4) 30 ounces
Oil patchouli 3 ounces
Oil sandalwood 6 ounces
Rose water 60 ounces
Clove Pink.—
I.—Essence of rose 2 ounces
Essence of orange flower 6 ounces
Tincture of vanilla 3 1/2 ounces
Oil of cloves 20 minims
II.—Essence of cassie 5 ounces
Essence of orange flower 5 ounces
Essence of rose 10 ounces
Spirit of rose 7 ounces
Tincture of vanilla 3 ounces
Oil of cloves 12 minims
Frangipanni.—
I.—Grain musk 10 grains
Sandal otto 25 minims
Rose otto 25 minims
Orange flower otto (neroli) 30 minims
Vetivert otto 5 minims
Powdered orris rhizome 1/2 ounce
Vanilla 30 grains
Alcohol (90 per cent) 10 fluidounces
Mix and digest for 1 month. This is a lasting and favorite perfume.
II.—Oil of rose 2 drachms
Oil of neroli 2 drachms
Oil of sandalwood 2 drachms
Oil of geranium (French) 2 drachms
Tincture of vetivert (1 1/4 to 8) 96 ounces
Tincture of Tonka (1 to 8) 16 ounces
Tincture of orris (1 to 4) 64 ounces
Glycerine 6 ounces
Alcohol 64 ounces
Handkerchief Perfumes.—
I.—Lavender oil 10 parts
Neroli oil 10 parts
Bitter almond oil 2 parts
Orris root 200 parts
Rose oil 5 parts
Clove oil 5 parts
Lemon oil 1 part
Cinnamon oil 2 parts
Mix with 2,500 parts of best alcohol, and after a rest of 3 days heat
moderately on the water bath, and filter.
II.—Bergamot oil 10 parts
Orange peel oil 10 parts
Cinnamon oil 2 parts
Rose geranium oil 1 part
Lemon oil 4 parts
Lavender oil 4 parts
Rose oil 1 part
Vanilla essence 5 parts
Mix with 2,000 parts of best spirit, and after leaving undisturbed for
3 days, heat moderately on the water bath, and filter.
Honeysuckle.—
Oil of neroli 12 minims
Oil of rose 10 minims
Oil of bitter almond 8 minims
Tincture of storax 4 ounces
Tincture of vanilla 6 ounces
Essence of cassie 16 ounces
Essence of rose 16 ounces
Essence of tuberose 16 ounces
Essence of violet 16 ounces
Iridia.—
Coumarin 10 grains
Concentrated rose water (1 to 40) 2 ounces
Neroli oil 5 minims
Vanilla bean 1 drachm
Bitter almond oil 5 minims
Orris root 1 drachm
Alcohol 10 ounces
Macerate for a month. {517}
Javanese Bouquet.—
Rose oil 15 minims
Pimento oil 20 minims
Cassia oil 3 minims
Neroli oil 3 minims
Clove oil 2 minims
Lavender oil 60 minims
Sandalwood oil 10 minims
Alcohol 10 ounces
Water 1 1/2 ounces
Macerate for 14 days.
Lily Perfume.—
Essence of jasmine 1 ounce
Essence of orange flowers 1 ounce
Essence of rose 2 ounces
Essence of cassie 2 ounces
Essence of tuberose 8 ounces
Spirit of rose 1 ounce
Tincture of vanilla 1 ounce
Oil of bitter almond 2 minims
Lily of the Valley.—
I.—Acacia essence 750 parts
Jasmine essence 750 parts
Orange flower essence 800 parts
Rose flower essence 800 parts
Vanilla flower essence 1,500 parts
Bitter almond oil 15 parts
II.—Oil of bitter almond 10 minims
Tincture of vanilla 2 ounces
Essence of rose 2 ounces
Essence of orange flower 2 ounces
Essence of jasmine 2 1/2 ounces
Essence of tuberose 2 1/2 ounces
Spirit of rose 2 1/2 ounces
III.—Extract rose 200 parts
Extract vanilla 200 parts
Extract orange 800 parts
Extract jasmine 600 parts
Extract musk tincture 150 parts
Neroli oil 10 parts
Rose oil 6 parts
Bitter almond oil 4 parts
Cassia oil 5 parts
Bergamot oil 6 parts
Tonka beans essence 150 parts
Linaloa oil 12 parts
Spirit of wine (90 per cent) 3,000 parts
IV.—Neroli extract 400 parts
Orris root extract 600 parts
Vanilla extract 400 parts
Rose extract 900 parts
Musk extract 200 parts
Orange extract 500 parts
Clove oil 6 parts
Bergamot oil 5 parts
Rose geranium oil 15 parts
Maréchal Niel Rose.—In the genus of roses, outside of the
hundred-leaved or cabbage rose, the Maréchal Niel rose (Rosa
Noisetteana Red), also called Noisette rose and often, erroneously, tea
rose, is especially conspicuous. Its fine, piquant odor delights all
lovers of precious perfumes. In order to reproduce the fine scent of
this flower artificially at periods when it cannot be had without much
expenditure, the following recipes will be found useful:
I.—Infusion rose I (from pomades) 1,000 parts
Genuine rose oil 10 parts
Infusion Tolu balsam 150 parts
Infusion genuine musk I 40 parts
Neroli oil 30 parts
Clove oil 2 parts
Infusion tubereuse I (from pomades) 1,000 parts
Vanillin 1 part
Coumarin 0.5 parts
II.—Triple rose essence 50 grams
Simple rose essence 60 grams
Neroli essence 30 grams
Civet essence 20 grams
Iris essence 30 grams
Tonka beans essence 20 grams
Rose oil 5 drops
Jasmine essence 60 grams
Violet essence 50 grams
Cassia essence 50 grams
Vanilla essence 45 grams
Clove oil 20 drops
Bergamot oil 10 drops
Rose geranium oil 20 drops
May Flowers.—
Essence of rose 10 ounces
Essence of jasmine 10 ounces
Essence of orange flowers 10 ounces
Essence of cassie 10 ounces
Tincture of vanilla 20 ounces
Oil of bitter almond 1/2 drachm
Narcissus.—
Caryophyllin 10 minims
Extract of tuberose 16 ounces
Extract of jasmine 4 ounces
Oil of neroli 20 minims
Oil of ylang-ylang 20 minims
Oil of clove 5 minims
Glycerine 30 minims
{518}
Almond Blossom.—
Extract of heliotrope 30 parts
Extract of orange flower 10 parts
Extract of jasmine 10 parts
Extract of rose 3 parts
Oil of lemon 1 part
Spirit of bitter almond, 10 per cent 6 parts
Deodorized alcohol 40 parts
Artificial Violet.—Ionone is an artificial perfume which smells
exactly like fresh violets, and is therefore an extremely important
product. Although before it was discovered compositions were known
which gave fair imitations of the violet perfume, they were wanting in
the characteristic tang which distinguishes all violet preparations.
Ionone has even the curious property possessed by violets of losing its
scent occasionally for a short time. It occasionally happens that an
observer, on taking the stopper out of a bottle of ionone, perceives no
special odor, but a few seconds after the stopper has been put back in
the bottle, the whole room begins to smell of fresh violets. It seems
to be a question of dilution. It is impossible, however, to make a
usable extract by mere dilution of a 10 per cent solution of ionone.
It is advisable to make these preparations in somewhat large
quantities, say 30 to 50 pounds at a time. This enables them to be
stocked for some time, whereby they improve greatly. When all the
ingredients are mixed, 10 days or a fortnight, with frequent shakings,
should elapse before filtration. The filtered product must be kept in
well-filled and well-corked bottles in a dry, dark, cool place, such as
a well-ventilated cellar. After 5 or 6 weeks the preparation is ready
for use.
Quadruple Extract.—
By weight
Jasmine extract, 1st pomade 100 parts
Rose extract, 1st pomade 100 parts
Cassia extract, 1st pomade 200 parts
Violet extract, 1st pomade 200 parts
Oil of geranium, Spanish 2 parts
Solution of vanillin, 10 per cent 10 parts
Solution of orris, 10 per cent 100 parts
Solution of ionone, 10 per cent 20 parts
Infusion of musk 10 parts
Infusion of orris from coarsely ground root 260 parts
Triple Extract.—
By weight
Cassia extract, 2d pomade 100 parts
Violet extract, 2d pomade 300 parts
Jasmine extract, 2d pomade 100 parts
Rose extract, 2d pomade 100 parts
Oil of geranium, African 1 part
Ionone, 10 per cent 15 parts
Solution of vanillin, 10 per cent 5 parts
Infusion of orris from coarse ground root 270 parts
Infusion of musk 10 parts
Double Extract.—
By weight
Cassia extract, 2d pomade 100 parts
Violet extract, 2d pomade 150 parts
Jasmine extract, 2d pomade 100 parts
Rose extract, 2d pomade 100 parts
Oil of geranium, reunion 2 parts
Ionone, 10 per cent 10 parts
Solution of vanillin, 10 per cent 10 parts
Infusion of ambrette 20 parts
Infusion of orris from coarse ground root 300 parts
Spirit 210 parts
White Rose.—
Rose oil 25 minims
Rose geranium oil 20 minims
Patchouli oil 5 minims
Ionone 3 minims
Jasmine oil (synthetic) 5 minims
Alcohol 10 ounces
Ylang-Ylang Perfume.—
I.—Ylang-ylang oil 10 minims
Neroli oil 5 minims
Rose oil 5 minims
Bergamot oil 3 minims
Alcohol 10 ounces
One grain of musk may be added.
II.—Extract of cassie (2d) 96 ounces
Extract of jasmine (2d) 24 ounces {519}
Extract of rose 24 ounces
Tincture of orris 4 ounces
Oil of ylang-ylang 6 drachms
Glycerine 6 ounces
TOILET WATERS.
Toilet waters proper are perfumed liquids designed more especially
as refreshing applications to the person—accessories to the bath
and to the operations of the barber. They are used sparingly on the
handkerchief also, but should not be of so persistent a character as
the “extracts” commonly used for that purpose, as they would then be
unsuitable as lotions.
Ammonia Water.—Fill a 6-ounce ground glass stoppered bottle with a
rather wide mouth with pieces of ammonium carbonate as large as a
marble, then drop in the following essential oils:
Oil of lavender 30 drops
Oil of bergamot 30 drops
Oil of rose 10 drops
Oil of cinnamon 10 drops
Oil of clove 10 drops
Finally fill the bottle with stronger water of ammonia, put in the
stopper and let stand overnight.
Birch-Bud Water.—Alcohol (96 per cent), 350 parts; water, 70 parts;
soft soap, 20 parts; glycerine, 15 parts; essential oil of birch buds,
5 parts; essence of spring flowers, 10 parts; chlorophyll, quantity
sufficient to tint. Mix the water with an equal volume of spirit and
dissolve the soap in the mixture. Mix the oil and other ingredients
with the remainder of the spirit, add the soap solution gradually,
agitate well, allow to stand for 8 days and filter. For use, dilute
with an equal volume of water.
Carmelite Balm Water.—
Melissa oil 30 minims
Sweet marjoram oil 3 minims
Cinnamon oil 10 minims
Angelica oil 3 minims
Citron oil 30 minims
Clove oil 15 minims
Coriander oil 5 minims
Nutmeg oil 5 minims
Alcohol (90 per cent) 10 fluidounces
Angelica oil is obtained principally from the aromatic root of
_Angelica archangelica_, L. (N. O. Umbelliferæ), which is commonly
cultivated for the sake of the volatile oil which it yields.
Cypress Water.—
Essence of ambergris 1/2 ounce
Spirits of wine 1 gallon
Water 2 quarts
Distill a gallon.
Eau de Botot.—
Aniseed 80 parts
Clover 20 parts
Cinnamon cassia 20 parts
Cochineal 5 parts
Refined spirit 800 parts
Rose water 200 parts
Digest for 8 days and add
Tincture of ambergris 1 part
Peppermint oil 10 parts
Eau de Lais.—
Eau de cologne 1 part
Jasmine extract 0.5 parts
Lemon essence 0.5 parts
Balm water 0.5 parts
Vetiver essence 0.5 parts
Triple rose water 0.5 parts
Eau de Merveilleuse.—
Alcohol 3 quarts
Orange flower water 4 quarts
Peru balsam 2 ounces
Clove oil 4 ounces
Civet 1 1/4 ounces
Rose geranium oil 1/2 ounce
Rose oil 4 drachms
Neroli oil 4 drachms
Edelweiss.—
Bergamot oil 10 grams
Tincture of ambergris 2 grams
Tincture of vetiver (1 in 10) 25 grams
Heliotropin 5 grams
Rose oil spirit (1 in 100) 25 grams
Tincture of musk 5 drops
Tincture of angelica 12 drops
Neroli oil, artificial 10 drops
Hyacinth, artificial 15 drops
Jasmine, artificial 1 gram
Spirit of wine, 80 per cent 1,000 grams
Honey Water.—
I.—Best honey 1 pound
Coriander seed 1 pound
Cloves 1 1/2 ounces
Nutmegs 1 ounce
Gum benjamin 1 ounce
Vanilloes, No. 4 1 drachm
The yellow rind of 3 large lemons.
{520}
Bruise the cloves, nutmegs, coriander seed, and benjamin, cut the
vanilloes in pieces, and put all into a glass alembic with 1 gallon of
clean rectified spirit, and, after digesting 48 hours, draw off the
spirit by distillation. To 1 gallon of the distilled spirit add
Damask rose water 1 1/2 pounds
Orange flower water 1 1/2 pounds
Musk 5 grains
Ambergris 5 grains
Grind the musk and ambergris in a glass mortar, and afterwards put all
together into a digesting vessel, and let them circulate 3 days and 3
nights in a gentle heat; then let all cool. Filter, and keep the water
in bottles well stoppered.
II.—Oil of cloves 2 1/2 drachms
Oil of bergamot 10 drachms
English oil of lavender 2 1/2 drachms
Musk 4 grains
Yellow sandalwood 2 1/2 drachms
Rectified spirit 32 ounces
Rose water 8 ounces
Orange flower water 8 ounces
English honey 2 ounces
Macerate the musk and sandalwood in the spirit 7 days, filter, dissolve
the oils in the filtrate, add the other ingredients, shake well, and
do so occasionally, keeping as long as possible before filtering.
Lilac Water.—
Terpineol 2 drachms
Heliotropin 8 grains
Bergamot oil 1 drachm
Neroli oil 8 minims
Alcohol 12 ounces
Water 4 ounces
Orange Flower Water.—
Orange flower essence 8 ounces
Magnesium carbonate 1 ounce
Water 8 pints
Triturate the essence with the magnesium carbonate, add the water, and
filter.
To Clarify Turbid Orange Flower Water.—Shake 1 quart of it with 1/4
pound of sand which has previously been boiled out with hydrochloric
acid, washed with water, and dried at red heat. This process doubtless
would prove valuable for many other purposes.
Violet Waters.—
I.—Spirit of ionone, 10 per cent 1/2 drachm
Distilled water 5 ounces
Orange flower water 1 ounce
Rose water 1 ounce
Cologne spirit 8 ounces
Add the spirit of ionone to the alcohol and then add the waters. Let
stand and filter.
II.—Violet extract 2 ounces
Cassie extract 1 ounce
Spirit of rose 1/2 ounce
Tincture of orris 1/2 ounce
Green coloring, a sufficiency.
Alcohol to 20 ounces.
«PERFUMED PASTILLES.»
These scent tablets consist of a compressed mixture of rice starch,
magnesium carbonate, and powdered orris root, saturated with
heliotrope, violet, or lilac perfume.
Violet.—
Ionone 50 parts
Ylang-ylang oil 50 parts
Tincture of musk, extra strong 200 parts
Tincture of benzoin 200 parts
Heliotrope.—
Heliotropin 200 parts
Vanillin 50 parts
Tincture of musk 100 parts
Tincture of benzoin 200 parts
Lilac.—
Terpineol 200 parts
Muguet 200 parts
Tincture of musk 200 parts
Tincture of benzoin 200 parts
Sandalwood 2 drachms
Vetivert 2 drachms
Lavender flowers 4 drachms
Oil of thyme 1/2 drachm
Charcoal 2 ounces
Potassium nitrate 1/2 ounce
Mucilage of tragacanth, a sufficient quantity.
«Perfumes for Hair Oils.»—
I.—Heliotropin 8 grains
Coumarin 1 grain
Oil of orris 1 drop
Oil of rose 15 minims
Oil of bergamot 30 minims
II.—Coumarin 2 grains
Oil of cloves 4 drops
Oil of cassia 4 drops
Oil of lavender flowers 15 minims
Oil of lemon 45 minims
Oil of bergamot 75 minims
«Soap Perfumes.»—
See also Soap.
I.—Oil of lavender 1/2 ounce
Oil of cassia 30 minims
Add 5 pounds of soap stock.
{521}
1 1/2 drachms of each:
II.—Oil of caraway
Oil of clove
Oil of white thyme
Oil of cassia
Oil of orange leaf (neroli petit grain)
Oil of lavender
Add to 5 pounds of soap stock.
PERFUMES (FUMIGANTS): See Fumigants.
PERSPIRATION REMEDY: See Cosmetics.
«Petroleum»
(See also Oils.)
«The Preparation of Emulsions of Crude Petroleum.»—Kerosene has long
been recognized as a most efficient insecticide, but its irritating
action, as well as the very considerable cost involved, has prevented
the use of the pure oil as a local application in the various parasitic
skin diseases of animals.
In order to overcome these objections various expedients have been
resorted to, all of which have for their object the dilution or
emulsification of the kerosene. Probably the best known and most
generally employed method for accomplishing this result is that which
is based upon the use of soap as an emulsifying agent. The formula
which is used almost universally for making the kerosene soap emulsion
is as follows:
Kerosene 2 gallons
Water 1 gallon
Hard soap 1/2 pound
The soap is dissolved in the water with the aid of heat, and while this
solution is still hot the kerosene is added and the whole agitated
vigorously. The smooth white mixture which is obtained in this way is
diluted before use with sufficient water to make a total volume of 20
gallons, and is usually applied to the skin of animals or to trees or
other plants by means of a spray pump. This method of application is
used because the diluted emulsion separates quite rapidly, and some
mechanical device, such as a self-mixing spray pump, is required to
keep the oil in suspension.
It will be readily understood that this emulsion would not be well
adapted either for use as a dip or for application by hand, for in the
one case the oil, which rapidly rises to the surface, would adhere to
the animals when they emerged from the dipping tank and the irritating
effect would be scarcely less than that produced by the plain oil, and
in the second case the same separation of the kerosene would take place
and necessarily result in an uneven distribution of the oil on the
bodies of the animals which were being treated.
Within recent years it has been found that a certain crude petroleum
from the Beaumont oil fields is quite effective for destroying the
Texas fever cattle ticks. This crude petroleum contains from 40 to 50
per cent of oils boiling below 300° C. (572° F.), and from 1 to 1.5 per
cent of sulphur. After a number of trials of different combinations of
crude oil, soap, and water, the following formula was decided upon as
the one best suited to the uses in view:
Crude petroleum 2 gallons
Water 1/2 gallon
Hard soap 1/2 pound
Dissolve the soap in the water with the aid of heat; to this solution
add the crude petroleum, mix with a spray pump or shake vigorously, and
dilute with the desired amount of water. Soft water should, of course,
be used. Various forms of hard and soft soaps have been tried, but soap
with an amount of free alkali equivalent to 0.9 per cent of sodium
hydroxide gives the best emulsion. All the ordinary laundry soaps are
quite satisfactory, but toilet soaps in the main are not suitable.
An emulsion of crude petroleum made according to this modified formula
remains fluid and can be easily poured; it will stand indefinitely
without any tendency toward a separation of the oil and water and can
be diluted in any proportion with cold soft water. After sufficient
dilution to produce a 10 per cent emulsion, a number of hours are
required for all the oil to rise to the surface, but if the mixture is
agitated occasionally, no separation takes place. After long standing
the oil separates in the form of a creamlike layer which is easily
mixed with the water again by stirring. It is therefore evident that
for producing an emulsion which will hold the oil in suspension after
dilution, the modified formula meets the desired requirements.
In preparing this emulsion for use in the field, a large spray pump
capable of mixing 25 gallons may be used with perfect success.