occasionally harder on one side than the other, the softer parts
wearing away in hollows, which render grinding difficult, and soon make
the stone useless. This defect can be remedied completely by means of
boiled linseed oil. When the stone is thoroughly dry, the soft side is
turned uppermost, and brushed over with boiled oil, which sinks into
the stone, until the latter is saturated. The operation takes about
3 to 4 hours in summer. As soon as the oil has dried, the stone may
be damped, and used without any further delay. Unlike other similar
remedies, this one does not prevent the stone from biting properly in
the oiled parts, and the life of the stone is considerably lengthened,
since it does not have to be dressed so often.
GROUNDS FOR GRAINING COLORS: See Pigments.
«GUMS:»
(See also Adhesives, under Mucilages.)
«Gums, their Solubility in Alcohol.»—The following table shows the
great range of solubility of the various gums, and of various specimens
of the same gum, in 60 per cent alcohol:
Acajon 6.94 to 42.92
Aden 0.60 to 26.90
Egyptian 46.34
Yellow Amrad 26.90 to 32.16
White Amrad 0.54 to 1.50
Kordofan 1.40 to 6.06
Australian 10.67 to 20.85
Bombay 22.06 to 46.14
Cape 1.67 to 1.88
Embavi 25.92
Gedda 1.24 to 1.30
Ghatti 31.60 to 70.32
Gheziereh 1.50 to 12.16
Halebi 3.70 to 22.60
La Plata 9.65
Mogadore 27.66
East Indian 3.24 to 74.84
Persian 1.74 to 17.34
Senegal 0.56 to 14.30
«Substitute for Gum Arabic.»—Dissolve 250 parts of glue in 1,000 parts
of boiling water and heat this glue solution on the water bath with a
mixture of about 10 parts of barium peroxide of 75 per cent BaO_〈2〉
and 5 parts of sulphuric acid (66°) mixed with 115 parts of water, for
about 24 hours. After the time has elapsed, pour off from the barium
sulphate, whereby a little sulphurous acid results owing to reduction
of the sulphuric acid, which has a bleaching action and makes the glue
somewhat paler. If this solution is mixed, with stirring, and dried
upon glass plates in the drying-room, a product which can hardly be
{387} distinguished from gum arabic is obtained. An envelope sealed
with this mucilage cannot be opened by moistening the envelope. The
traces of free acid which it contains prevent the invasion of bacteria,
hence all putrefaction.
The adhesive power of the artificial gum is so enormous that the use
of cork stoppers is quite excluded, since they crumble off every time
the bottle is opened, so that finally a perfect wreath around the inner
neck of the bottle is formed. Only metallic or porcelain stoppers
should be used.
GUM ARABIC, INCREASING ADHESION OF: See Adhesives, under Mucilages.
GUM BICHROMATE PROCESS: See Photography.
GUM DROPS: See Confectionery.
GUM-LAC: See Oil.
GUMS USED IN MAKING VARNISH: See Varnishes.
GUN BARRELS, TO BLUE: See Steel.
GUN BRONZE: See Alloys, under Phosphor Bronze.
GUN COTTON: See Explosives.
GUN LUBRICANTS: See Lubricants.
GUNPOWDER: See Explosives.
«GUNPOWDER STAINS.»
A stain produced by the embedding of grains of gunpowder in the skin
is practically the same thing as a tattoo mark. The charcoal of the
gunpowder remains unaffected by the fluids of the tissues, and no
way is known of bringing it into solution there. The only method of
obliterating such marks is to take away with them the skin in which
they are embedded. This has been accomplished by the application of an
electric current, and by the use of caustics. When the destruction of
the true skin has been accomplished, it becomes a foreign body, and if
the destruction has extended to a sufficient depth, the other foreign
body, the coloring matter which has been tattooed in, may be expected
to be cast off with it.
Recently pepsin and papain have been proposed as applications to
remove the cuticle. A glycerole of either is tattooed into the skin
over the disfigured part; and it is said that the operation has proved
successful.
It is scarcely necessary to say that suppuration is likely to follow
such treatment, and that there is risk of scarring. In view of this it
becomes apparent that any such operation should be undertaken only by a
surgeon skilled in dermatological practice. An amateur might not only
cause the patient suffering without success in removal, but add another
disfigurement to the tattooing.
Carbolic acid has been applied to small portions of the affected area
at a time, with the result that the powder and skin were removed
simultaneously and, according to the physician reporting the case, with
little discomfort to the patient.
Rubbing the affected part with moistened ammonium chloride once or
twice a day has been reported as a slow but sure cure.
«GUTTA-PERCHA.»
«Gutta-Percha Substitute.»—I.—A decoction of birch bark is first
prepared, the external bark by preference, being evaporated. The
thick, black residue hardens on exposure to the air, and is said to
possess the properties of gutta-percha without developing any cracks.
It can be mixed with 50 per cent of India rubber or gutta-percha. The
compound is said to be cheap, and a good non-conductor of electricity.
Whether it possesses all the good qualities of gutta-percha is not
known.
II.—A new method of making gutta-percha consists of caoutchouc and a
rosin soap, the latter compounded of 100 parts of rosin, 100 parts
of Carnauba wax, and 40 parts of gas-tar, melted together and passed
through a sieve. They are heated to about 355° to 340° F., and slowly
saponified by stirring with 75 parts of limewater of specific gravity
1.06. The product is next put into a kneading machine along with an
equal quantity of caoutchouc cuttings, and worked in this machine at a
temperature of 195° F. or over. When sufficiently kneaded, the mass can
be rolled to render it more uniform.
GUTTER CEMENT: See Cement and Putty.
«GYPSUM:»
See also Plaster.
«Method of Hardening Gypsum and Rendering it Weather-Proof.»—Gypsum
possesses only a moderate degree of strength even after complete
hardening, {388} and pieces are very liable to be broken off. Various
methods have been tried, with a view to removing this defect and
increasing the hardness of gypsum. Of these methods, that of Wachsmuth,
for hardening articles made of gypsum and rendering them weather-proof,
deserves special notice. All methods of hardening articles made of
gypsum have this in common: the gypsum is first deprived of its
moisture, and then immersed in a solution of certain salts, such as
alum, green vitriol, etc. Articles treated by the methods hitherto in
vogue certainly acquire considerable hardness, but are no more capable
of resistance to the effects of water than crude gypsum. The object
of Wachsmuth’s process is not merely to harden the gypsum, but to
transform it on the surface into insoluble combinations. The process
is as follows: The article is first put into the required shape by
mechanical means, and then deprived of its moisture by heating to
212° to 302° F. It is then plunged into a heated solution of barium
hydrate, in which it is allowed to remain for a longer or shorter time,
according to its strength. When this part of the process is complete,
the article is smoothed by grinding, etc., and then placed in a
solution of about 10 per cent of oxalic acid in water. In a few hours
it is taken out, dried, and polished. It then possesses a hardness
surpassing that of marble, and is impervious to the action of water.
Nor does the polish sustain any injury from contact with water, whereas
gypsum articles hardened by the usual methods lose their polish after
a few minutes’ immersion in water. Articles treated by the method
described have the natural color of gypsum, but it is possible to add
a color to the gypsum during the hardening process. This is done by
plunging the gypsum, after it has been deprived of its moisture, and
before the treatment with the barium solution, into a solution of a
colored metallic sulphate, such as iron, copper, or chrome sulphate, or
into a solution of some coloring matter. Pigments soluble in the barium
or oxalic-acid solutions may also be added to the latter.
Gypsum may be hardened and rendered insoluble by ammonium borate
as follows: Dissolve boric acid in hot water and add sufficient
ammonia water to the solution that the borate at first separated is
redissolved. The gypsum to be cast is stirred in with this liquid,
and the mass treated in the ordinary way. Articles already cast are
simply washed with the liquid, which is quickly absorbed. The articles
withstand the weather as well as though they were of stone.
GYPSUM FLOWERS: See Flowers.
GYPSUM, PAINT FOR: See Paint.
«HAIR FOR MOUNTING.»
The microscopist or amateur, who shaves himself, need never resort to
the trouble of embedding and cutting hairs in the microtome in order
to secure very thin sections of the hair of the face. If he will first
shave himself closely “with the hair,” as the barbers say (i. e.,
in the direction of the natural growth of the hair), and afterwards
lightly “against the hair” (in the opposite direction to above), he
will find in the “scrapings” a multitude of exceedingly thin sections.
The technique is very simple. The lather and “scrapings” are put into
a saucer or large watch-glass and carefully washed with clean water.
This breaks down and dissolves the lather, leaving the hair sections
lying on the bottom of the glass. The after-treatment is that usually
employed in mounting similar objects.
«Hair Preparations»
«DANDRUFF CURES.»
The treatment of that condition of the scalp which is productive of
dandruff properly falls to the physician, but unfortunately the subject
has not been much studied. One cure is said to be a sulphur lotion
made by placing a little sublimed sulphur in water, shaking well, then
allowing to settle, and washing the head every morning with the clear
liquid.
Sulphur is said to be insoluble in water; yet a sulphur water made as
above indicated has long been in use as a hair wash. A little glycerine
improves the preparation, preventing the hair from becoming harsh by
repeated washings.
The exfoliated particles of skin or “scales” should be removed only
when entirely detached from the cuticle. They result from an irritation
which is increased by forcible removal, and hence endeavors to clean
the hair from them by combing or brushing it in such a way as to scrape
the scalp are liable to be worse than useless. It follows that gentle
handling of the hair is important when dandruff is present. {389}
I.—Chloral hydrate 2 ounces
Resorcin 1 ounce
Tannin 1 ounce
Alcohol 8 ounces
Glycerine 4 ounces
Rose water to make 4 pints
II.—White wax 3 1/2 drachms
Liquid petrolatum 2 1/2 ounces
Rose water 1 ounce
Borax 15 grains
Precipitated sulphur 3 1/2 drachms
Pine-Tar Dandruff Shampoo.—
Pine tar 4 parts
Linseed oil 40 parts
Heat these to 140° F.; make solution of potassa, U. S. P., 10 parts,
and water, 45 parts; add alcohol, 5 parts, and gradually add to the
heated oils, stirring constantly. Continue the heat until saponified
thoroughly; and make up with water to 128 parts. When almost cool, add
ol. lavender, ol. orange, and ol. bergamot, of each 2 parts.
«HAIR-CURLING LIQUIDS.»
It is impossible to render straight hair curly without the aid of
the iron or paper and other curlers. But it is possible, on the
other hand, to make artificial curls more durable and proof against
outside influences, such as especially dampness of the air. Below are
trustworthy recipes:
I II
Water 70 80
Spirit of wine 30 20
Borax 2 —
Tincture of benzoin — 3
Perfume ad. lib. ad. lib.
«HAIR DRESSINGS AND WASHES:»
Dressings for the Hair.—
I.—Oil of wintergreen. 20 drops
Oil of almond, essential 35 drops
Oil of rose, ethereal 1 drop
Oil of violets 30 drops
Tincture of cantharides 50 drops
Almond oil 2,000 drops
Mix.
Hair Embrocation.—
II.—Almond oil, sweet 280 parts
Spirit of sal ammoniac 280 parts
Spirit of rosemary 840 parts
Honey water 840 parts
Mix. Rub the scalp with it every morning by means of a sponge.
Hair Restorer.—
III.—Tincture of cantharides 7 parts
Gall tincture 7 parts
Musk essence 1 part
Carmine 0.5 part
Rectified spirit of wine 28 parts
Rose water 140 parts
To be used at night.
Rosemary Water.—
IV.—Rosemary oil 1 1/2 parts
Rectified spirit of wine 7 parts
Magnesia 7 parts
Distilled water 1,000 parts
Mix the oil with the spirit of wine and rub up with the magnesia in a
mortar; gradually add the water and finally filter.
Foamy Scalp Wash.—Mix 2 parts of soap spirit, 1 part of borax-glycerine
(1+2), 6 parts of barium, and 7 parts of orange-flower water.
Lanolin Hair Wash.—Extract 4 parts quillaia bark with 36 parts water
for several days, mix the percolate with 4 parts alcohol, and filter
after having settled. Agitate 40 parts of the filtrate at a temperature
at which wool grease becomes liquid, with 12 parts anhydrous lanolin,
and fill up with water to which 15 per cent spirit of wine has been
added, to 300 parts. Admixture, such as cinchona extract, Peru balsam,
quinine, tincture of cantharides, bay-oil, ammonium carbonate, menthol,
etc., may be made. The result is a yellowish-white, milky liquid, with
a cream-like fat layer floating on the top, which is finely distributed
by agitating.
Birch Water.—Birch water, which has many cosmetic applications,
especially as a hair wash or an ingredient in hair washes, may be
prepared as follows:
Alcohol, 96 per cent 3,500 parts
Water 700 parts
Potash soap 200 parts
Glycerine 150 parts
Oil of birch buds 50 parts
Essence of spring flowers 100 parts
Chlorophyll, q. s. to color.
Mix the water with 700 parts of the alcohol, and in the mixture
dissolve the soap. Add the essence of spring flowers and birch oil to
the remainder of the alcohol, mix well, and to the mixture add, little
by little, and with constant agitation, the soap mixture. Finally {390}
add the glycerine, mix thoroughly, and set aside for 8 days, filter and
color the filtrate with chlorophyll, to which add a little tincture of
saffron. To use, add an equal volume of water to produce a lather.
Petroleum Hair Washes.—I.—Deodorized pale petroleum, 10 parts;
citronella oil, 10 parts; castor oil, 5 parts; spirit of wine, 90 per
cent, 50 parts; water, 75 parts.
II.—Quinine sulphate, 10 parts; acetic acid, 4 parts; tincture of
cantharides, 30 parts; tincture of quinine, 3 parts; spirit of
rosemary, 60 parts; balm water, 90 parts; barium, 120 parts; spirit of
wine, 150 parts; water, 1,000 parts.
III.—Very pure petroleum, 1 part; almond oil, 2 parts.
Brilliantine.—I.—Olive oil, 4 parts; glycerine, 3 parts; alcohol, 3
parts; scent as desired. Shake before use.
II.—Castor oil, 1 part; alcohol, 2 parts; saffron to dye yellow. Scent
as desired.
III.—Lard, 7 parts; spermaceti, 7 parts; almond oil, 7 parts; white
wax, 1 part.
A Cheap Hair Oil.—I.—Sesame oil or sunflower oil, 1,000 parts; lavender
oil, 15 parts; bergamot oil, 10 parts; and geranium oil, 5 parts.
II.—Sesame oil or sunflower oil, 1,000 parts; lavender oil, 12 parts;
lemon oil, 20 parts; rosemary oil, 5 parts; and geranium oil, 2 parts.
«HAIR DYES.»
There is no hair dye which produces a durable coloration; the color
becomes gradually weaker in the course of time. Here are some typical
formulas in which a mordant is employed:
I.—Nitrate of silver 1/2 ounce
Distilled water 3 ounces
Mordant:
Sulphuret of potassium 1/2 ounce
Distilled water 3 ounces
II.—
(_a_) Nitrate of silver (crystal) 1 1/2 ounces
Distilled water 12 ounces
Ammonia water sufficient to make a clear solution.
Dissolve the nitrate of silver in the water and add the ammonia water
until the precipitate is redissolved.
(_b_) Pyrogallic acid 2 drachms
Gallic acid 2 drachms
Cologne water 2 ounces
Distilled water 4 ounces
III.—Nitrate of silver 20 grains
Sulphate of copper 2 grains
Ammonia, quantity sufficient.
Dissolve the salts in 1/2 ounce of water and add ammonia until the
precipitate which is formed is redissolved, Then make up to 1 ounce
with water. Apply to the hair with a brush. This solution slowly gives
a brown shade. For darker shades, apply a second solution, composed of:
IV.—Yellow sulphide ammonium 2 drachms
Solution of ammonia 1 drachm
Distilled water 1 ounce
Black Hair Dye without Silver.—
V.—Pyrogallic acid 3.5 parts
Citric acid 0.3 parts
Boro-glycerine 11 parts
Water 100 parts
If the dye does not impart the desired intensity of color, the amount
of pyrogallic acid may be increased. The wash is applied evenings,
followed in the morning by a weak ammoniacal wash.
One Bottle Preparation.—
VI.—Nitrate of copper 360 grains
Nitrate of silver 7 ounces
Distilled water 60 ounces
Water of ammonia, a sufficiency.
Dissolve the salts in the water and add the water of ammonia carefully
until the precipitate is all redissolved. This solution, properly
applied, is said to produce a very black color; a lighter shade is
secured by diluting the solution. Copper sulphate may be used instead
of the nitrate.
Brown Hair Dyes.—A large excess of ammonia tends to produce a brownish
dye. Various shades of brown may be produced by increasing the amount
of water in the silver solution. It should be remembered that the hair
must, previously to treatment, be washed with warm water containing
sodium carbonate, well rinsed with clear water, and dried.
I.—Silver nitrate 480 grains
Copper nitrate 90 grains
Distilled water 8 fluidounces
Ammonia water, sufficient.
Dissolve the two salts in the distilled water and add the ammonia water
until the liquid becomes a clear fluid.
In using apply to the hair carefully {391} with a tooth-brush, after
thoroughly cleansing the hair, and expose the latter to the rays of the
sun.
II.—Silver nitrate 30 parts
Copper sulphate, crystals 20 parts
Citric acid 20 parts
Distilled water 950 parts
Ammonia water, quantity sufficient to dissolve
the precipitate first formed.
Various shades of brown may be produced by properly diluting the
solution before it be applied.
Bismuth subnitrate 200 grains
Water 2 fluidounces
Nitric acid, sufficient to dissolve, or about 420 grains
Use heat to effect solution. Also:
Tartaric acid 150 grains
Sodium bicarbonate 168 grains
Water 32 fluidounces
When effervescence of the latter has ceased, mix the cold liquids by
pouring the latter into the former with constant stirring. Allow the
precipitate to subside; transfer it to a filter or strainer, and wash
with water until free from the sodium nitrate formed.
Chestnut Hair Dye.—
Bismuth nitrate 230 grains
Tartaric acid 75 grains
Water 100 minims
Dissolve the acid in the water, and to the solution add the bismuth
nitrate and stir until dissolved. Pour the resulting solution into 1
pint of water and collect the magma on a filter. Remove all traces of
acid from the magma by repeated washings with water; then dissolve it
in:
Ammonia water 2 fluidrachms
And add:
Glycerine 20 minims
Sodium hyposulphite 75 grains
Water, enough to make 4 fluidounces.
«HAIR RESTORERS AND TONICS:»
«Falling of the Hair.»—After the scalp has been thoroughly cleansed by
the shampoo, the following formula is to be used:
Salicylic acid 1 part
Precipitate of sulphur 2 1/2 parts
Rose water 25 parts
The patient is directed to part the hair, and then to rub in a small
portion of the ointment along the part, working it well into the scalp.
Then another part is made parallel to the first, and more ointment
rubbed in. Thus a series of first, longitudinal, and then transverse
parts are made, until the whole scalp has been well anointed. Done
in this way, it is not necessary to smear up the whole shaft of the
hair, but only to reach the hair roots and the sebaceous glands, where
the trouble is located. This process is thoroughly performed for six
successive nights, and the seventh night another shampoo is taken. The
eighth night the inunctions are commenced again, and this is continued
for six weeks. In almost every case the production of dandruff is
checked completely after six weeks’ treatment, and the hair, which may
have been falling out rapidly before, begins to take firmer root. To
be sure, many hairs which are on the point of falling when treatment
is begun will fall anyway, and it may even seem for a time as if the
treatment were increasing the hair-fall, on account of the mechanical
dislodgment of such hairs, but this need never alarm one.
After six weeks of such treatment the shampoo may be taken less
frequently.
Next to dandruff, perhaps, the most common cause of early loss of
hair is heredity. In some families all of the male members, or all who
resemble one particular ancestor, lose their hair early. Dark-haired
families and races, as a rule, become bald earlier than those with
light hair. At first thought it would seem as though nothing could be
done to prevent premature baldness when heredity is the cause, but this
is a mistake. Careful hygiene of the scalp will often counterbalance
hereditary predisposition for a number of years, and even after the
hair has actually begun to fall proper stimulation will, to a certain
extent, and for a limited time, often restore to the hair its pristine
thickness and strength. Any of the rubefacients may be prescribed for
this purpose for daily use, such as croton oil, 1 1/2 per cent;
tincture of cantharides, 15 per cent; oil of cinnamon, 40 per cent;
tincture of capsicum, 15 per cent; oil of mustard, 1 per cent; or any
one of a dozen others. Tincture of capsicum is one of the best, and for
a routine prescription the following has served well:
Resorcin 5 parts
Tincture capsicum 15 parts
Castor oil 10 parts
Alcohol 100 parts
Oil of roses, sufficient.
{392}
It is to be recommended that the stimulant be changed from time
to time, so as not to rely on any one to the exclusion of others.
Jaborandi, oxygen gas, quinine, and other agents have enjoyed a great
reputation as hair-producers for a time, and have then taken their
proper position as aids, but not specifics, in restoring the hair.
It is well known that after many fevers, especially those accompanied
by great depression, such as pneumonia, typhoid, puerperal, or scarlet
fever, the hair is liable to fall out. This is brought about in a
variety of ways: In scarlatina, the hair papilla shares in the general
desquamation; in typhoid and the other fevers the baldness may be the
result either of the excessive seborrhea, which often accompanies
these diseases, or may be caused by the general lowering of nutrition
of the body. Unless the hair-fall be accompanied by considerable
dandruff (in which case the above-mentioned treatment should be
vigorously employed), the ordinary hygiene of the scalp will result
in a restoration of the hair in most cases, but the employment of
moderate local stimulation, with the use of good general tonics, will
hasten this end. It seems unwise to cut the hair of women short in
these cases, because the baldness is practically never complete, and
a certain proportion of the hairs will retain firm root. These may be
augmented by a switch made of the hair which has fallen out, until the
new hair shall have grown long enough to do up well. In this way all of
that oftentimes most annoying short-hair period is avoided.
«For Falling Hair.»—
I.—Hydrochloric acid 75 parts
Alcohol 2,250 parts
The lotion is to be applied to the scalp every evening at bedtime.
II.—Tincture of cinchona 1 part
Tincture of rosemary 1 part
Tincture of jaborandi 1 part
Castor oil 2 parts
Rum 10 parts
Mix.
«Jaborandi Scalp Waters for Increasing the Growth of Hair.»—First
prepare a jaborandi tincture from jaborandi leaves, 200 parts; spirit,
95 per cent, 700 parts; and water, 300 parts. After digesting for a
week, squeeze out the leaves and filter the liquid. The hair wash is
now prepared as follows:
I.—Jaborandi tincture, 1,000 parts: spirit, 95 per cent, 700 parts;
water, 300 parts; glycerine, 150 parts; scent essence, 100 parts; color
with sugar color.
II.—Jaborandi tincture, 1,000 parts: spirit, 95 per cent, 1,500 parts;
quinine tannate, 4 parts; Peru balsam, 20 parts; essence heliotrope, 50
parts. Dissolve the quinine and the Peru balsam in the spirit and then
add the jaborandi tincture and the heliotrope essence. Filter after a
week. Rub into the scalp twice a week before retiring.
«POMADES:»
I.—Cinchona Pomade.—
Ox marrow 100 drachms
Lard 70 drachms
Sweet almond oil 17 drachms
Peru balsam 1 drachm
Quinine sulphate 1 drachm
Clover oil 2 drachms
Rose essence 25 drops
II.—Cantharides Pomade.—
Ox marrow 300 drachms
White wax 30 drachms
Mace oil 1 drachm
Clove oil 1 drachm
Rose essence or geranium oil 25 drops
Tincture of cantharides 8 drachms
Pinaud Eau de Quinine.—The composition of this nostrum is not known.
Dr. Tsheppe failed to find in it any constituent of cinchona bark. The
absence of quinine from the mixture probably would not hurt it, as the
“tonic” effect of quinine on the hair is generally regarded as a myth.