River, is situated on the north side, about six and a half miles above
the mouth of the Yellowstone River; the country around it is beautiful,
and well chosen for an establishment of the kind. The front of the fort
is but a few steps, say twenty-five, from the bank of the Missouri.
Behind the fort is a prairie with an agreeable ascent to the
commencement of the bluffs, about one and a half miles in width, and two
in length, surrounded at the borders with high hills, or bluffs. Above
and below, at the distance of two hundred yards commence the points, or
bottoms, of the Missouri, which contain great quantities of cottonwood,
ash, and elm, supplying the fort with fuel, boat and building timber.
The fort itself was begun in the fall of 1829, under the superintendence
of Kenneth McKenzie, Esq., an enterprising and enlightened Scotchman,
and now a well known and successful merchant in St. Louis. As the
immense deal of work about such an undertaking had but few men to
accomplish it, it was not wholly completed till after the expiration of
_four years_, and indeed since then has been greatly improved by the
other gentlemen who subsequently took charge of the fort. The plan of
the fort is laid nearly due north and south, fronting 220 feet and
running back 240 feet. This space is enclosed by pickets or palisades of
twenty feet high, made of large hewn cottonwood, and founded upon stone.
The pickets are fitted into an open framework in the inside, of
sufficient strength to counterbalance their weight, and sustained by
braces in the form of an X, which reaches in the inside from the pickets
to the frame, so as to make the whole completely solid and secure, from
either storm or attack. On the southwest and northeast corners, are
bastions, built entirely out of stone, and measuring 24 feet square,
over 30 feet high, and the wall three feet thick; this is whitewashed.
Around the tops of the second stories are balconies with railings, which
serve for observatories, and from the tops of the roofs are two
flag-staffs 25 feet high, on which wave the proud Eagle of America. Two
weathercocks, one a Buffalo bull, the other an Eagle, complete the
outsides. In the interior of the northeast bastion are placed opposite
their port-holes one three-pounder iron cannon and one brass swivel,
both mounted, and usually kept loaded, together with a dozen muskets in
case of a sudden attack from the Indians. Balls, cartridges, and other
ammunition are always in readiness for the use of the same. The
contents of the southeast bastion are similar to those of the other,
with the exception of the cannon, having but one small swivel. These and
other preparations render the place impregnable to any force without,
not furnished with artillery. The principal building in the
establishment, and that of the gentleman in charge, or Bourgeois, is now
occupied by Mr. Culbertson, one of the partners of the Company. It is 78
feet front by 24 feet depth, and a story and a half high. The front has
a very imposing appearance, being neatly weather-boarded, and painted
white, and with green window-shutters; it is roofed with shingle,
painted red to preserve the wood. In the roof in front are four dormer
windows, which serve to give light to the attic. The piazza in front
adds much to the comfort and appearance, the posts are all turned, and
painted white. It serves as a pleasant retreat from the heat of the day,
and is a refreshing place to sleep at night when mosquitoes are plenty.
Mr. Audubon, the naturalist, now here upon scientific researches,
together with his secretary, Mr. Squires, prefer this hard bed to the
more luxurious comforts of feathers and sheets. The interior of this
building is handsomely papered and ornamented with portraits and
pictures, and portioned off in the following manner. Mr. Culbertson has
the principal room, which is large, commodious, and well-furnished; from
it he has a view of all that passes within the fort. Next to this is the
office, which is devoted exclusively to the business of the Company,
which is immense. This department is now under my supervision (viz., E.
T. Denig). These two rooms occupy about one-half the building. In the
middle is a hall, eight feet wide, which separates these rooms from the
other part. In this is the mess-room, which is nearly equal in size to
that of Mr. Culbertson. Here the Bourgeois, taking his seat at the head
of the table, attends to its honors, and serves out the _luxuries_ this
wilderness produces to his visitors and clerks, who are seated in their
proper order and rank. The mechanics of the fort eat at the second
table. Adjoining this room is the residence of Mr. Denig. In the upper
story are at present located Mr. Audubon and his suite. Here from the
pencils of Mr. Audubon and Mr. Sprague emanate the splendid paintings
and drawings of animals and plants, which are the admiration of all; and
the Indians regard them as marvellous, and almost to be worshipped. In
the room next to this is always kept a selection of saddlery and
harness, in readiness for rides of pleasure, or for those rendered
necessary for the protection of the horses which are kept on the
prairie, and which suffer from frequent depredations on the part of the
Indians, which it is the duty of the men at the fort to ward off as far
as possible. The next apartment is the tailor's shop, so placed as to be
out of the way of the Indian visitors as much as possible, who, were it
at all easy of access, would steal some of the goods which it is
necessary to have always on hand. So much for the principal house. On
the east side of the fort, extending north and south, is a building, on
range, all under one roof, 127 ft. long by 25 ft. deep, and used for the
following purposes. A small room at the north end for stores and
luggage; then the retail store, in which is kept a fair supply of
merchandise, and where all white persons buy or sell. The prices of all
goods are fixed by a tariff or stationary value, so that no bargaining
or cheating is allowed; this department is now in charge of Mr.
Larpenteur. Adjoining this is the wholesale warehouse, in which is kept
the principal stock of goods intended for the extensive trade; this room
is 57 ft. in length. Next is a small room for the storage of meat and
other supplies. At the end is the press room, where all robes, furs, and
peltries are stored. The dimensions extend to the top of the roof
inside, which roof is perfectly waterproof. It will contain from 2800 to
3000 packs of Buffalo robes. All this range is very strongly put
together, weather-boarded outside, and lined with plank within. It has
also cellar and garret. Opposite this, on the other side of the fort
enclosure, is a similar range of buildings 119 ft. long by 21 ft. wide,
perhaps not quite so strongly built, but sufficiently so to suit all
purposes. The height of the building is in proportion to that of the
pickets; it is one large story high, and shingle-roofed. This is
partitioned off into six different apartments of nearly equal size. The
first two are appropriated to the use of the clerks who may be stationed
at the post. The next is the residence of the hunters, and the remaining
three the dwellings of the men in the employ of the Company. An
ice-house 24 by 21 ft. is detached from this range, and is well filled
with ice during the winter, which supply generally lasts till fall. Here
is put all fresh meat in the hot weather, and the fort in the summer
season is usually provisioned for ten days. The kitchen is behind the
Bourgeois' house on the north side, and about two steps from the end of
the hall,--so situated for convenience in carrying in the cooked
victuals to the mess-room. Two or three cooks are usually employed
therein, at busy times more. The inside frame-work of the fort, which
sustains the pickets, forms all around a space about eight feet wide
described by the braces or =X=, and about fifteen feet high. A balcony
is built on the top of this, having the summit of the =X= for its basis,
and is formed of sawed plank nailed to cross beams from one brace to
another. This balcony affords a pleasant walk all round the inside of
the fort, within five feet of the top of the pickets; from here also is
a good view of the surrounding neighborhood, and it is well calculated
for a place of defence. It is a favorite place from which to shoot
Wolves after nightfall, and for standing guard in time of danger. The
openings that would necessarily follow from such a construction, under
the gallery, are fitted in some places with small huts or houses.
Behind the kitchen there are five of such houses, leaving at the same
time plenty of space between them and the other buildings. The first of
these is a stable for Buffalo calves, which are annually raised here,
being caught during the severe storms of winter; the second a hen-house,
well lined, plastered, and filled with chickens; third, a very pleasant
room intended as an artist's work-room, fourth, a cooper's shop, and
then the milk house and dairy. Several houses of the same kind and
construction are also built on the west and south sides; one contains
coal for the blacksmith, and ten stables, in all 117 ft. long, and 10
ft. wide, with space enough to quarter fifty horses. These are very
useful, as the Company have always a number of horses and cattle here.
These buildings, it will be understood, do not interfere with the Area
or Parade of the fort, and are hardly noticed by a casual observer, but
occupy the space under the balcony that would otherwise be useless and
void. Fifty more of the same kind could be put up without intruding upon
any portion of the fort used for other purposes. On the front side, and
west of the gate, is a house 50 by 21 feet, which, being divided into
two parts, one half opening into the fort, is used as a blacksmith's,
gunsmith's, and tinner's shop; the other part is used as a
reception-room for Indians, and opens into the passage, which is made by
the double gate. There are two large outside gates to the fort, one each
in the middle of the front and rear, and upon the top of the front one
is a painting of a treaty of peace between the Indians and whites
executed by J. B. Moncrevier, Esq. These gates are 12 ft. wide, and 14
ft. high. At the front there is an inside gate of the same size at the
inner end of the Indian reception room, which shuts a passage from the
outside gate of 32 ft. in length, and the same width as the gate; the
passage is formed of pickets. The outside gate can be left open, and the
inside one closed, which permits the Indians to enter the reception
room without their having any communication with the fort. Into this
room are brought all trading and war parties, until such time as their
business is ascertained; there is also behind this room a trade shop,
and leading into it a window through which the Indians usually trade,
being secure from rain or accident; there is also another window through
the pickets to the outside of the fort, which is used in trading when
the Indians are troublesome, or too numerous. The Powder Magazine is
perhaps the best piece of work, as regards strength and security, that
could be devised for a fort like this. The dimensions are 25 by 18 ft.;
it is built out of stone, which is a variety of limestone with a
considerable quantity of sand in its composition. The walls are 4 ft.
thick at the base, and increasing with the curve of the arch become
gradually thicker as they rise, so that near the top they are about 6
ft. in thickness. The inside presents a complete semicircular arch,
which is covered on the top with stones and gravel to the depth of 18
inches. The whole is covered with a shingle roof through which fire may
burn yet with no danger to the powder within. There are two doors, one
on the outside, the other a few feet within; the outer one is covered
with tin. There are several other small buildings under the balcony,
which are used for harness, tool-houses, meat, etc. The space behind the
warehouse between that and the pickets, being free from buildings,
affords a good horse yard, and some shelter to the horses in bad
weather. The area of the fort within the fronts of the houses is 189 ft.
long, and 141 ft. wide. In the centre of this arises a flag-staff 63 ft.
high. This is surrounded at the base by a railing and panel work in an
octagonal form, enclosing a portion of ground 12 ft. in diameter, in
which are planted lettuce, radishes, and cress, and which presents at
the same time a useful and handsome appearance. By the side of this
stands a mounted four-pounder iron cannon. This flag-staff is the glory
of the fort, for on high, seen from far and wide, floats the Star
Spangled Banner, an immense flag which once belonged to the United
States Navy, and gives the certainty of security from dangers, rest to
the weary traveller, peace and plenty to the fatigued and hungry, whose
eyes are gladdened by the sight of it on arriving from the long and
perilous voyages usual in this far western wild. It is customary on the
arrivals and departures of the Bourgeois, or of the boats of gentlemen
of note, to raise the flag, and by the firing of the cannon show them a
welcome, or wish them a safe arrival at their point of destination. When
interest and affection are as circumscribed as here, they must
necessarily be more intense, and partings are more regretted, being
accompanied by dangers to the departing friends, and meetings more
cordial, those dangers having been surmounted. The casualties of the
country are common to all, and felt the more by the handful, who, far
from civilization, friends, or kindred, are associated in those risks
and excitements which accrue from a life among savages. About two
hundred feet east of Fort Union is an enclosure about 150 ft. square,
which is used for hay and other purposes. Two hundred and fifty good
cart-loads of hay are procured during the summer and stacked up in this
place for winter use of horses and cattle, the winter being so severe
and long, and snow so deep that little food is to be found for them on
the prairies at that season. There are, at present, in this place thirty
head of cattle, forty horses, besides colts, and a goodly number of
hogs. A garden on a small scale is attached to the 'old fort' as it is
called, which supplies the table with peas, turnips, radishes, lettuce,
beets, onions, etc. The large garden, half a mile off and below the
fort, contains one and a half acres, and produces most plentiful and
excellent crops of potatoes, corn, and every kind of vegetable, but has
not been worked this year. In the summer of 1838, Mr. Culbertson had
from it 520 bushels of potatoes, and as many other vegetables as he
required for the use of the fort. Rainy seasons prove most favorable in
this climate for vegetation, but they rarely occur. It is indeed
pleasant to know that the enterprising men who commenced, and have
continued with untiring perseverance, the enlargement of the Indian
trade, and labored hard for the subordination, if not civilization, of
the Indians, should occasionally sit down under their own vine and
fig-tree, and enjoy at least the semblance of living like their more
quiet, though not more useful brothers in the United States."
FORT McKENZIE
BY ALEXANDER CULBERTSON, ESQ. AUGUST 7, 1843