variety. The light-yellow rind is coarse, spongy, thick, and leathery.
The cells of the pulp are coarse, dry, and have a bitter, sub-acid
flavor. There are many large, wedge-shaped seeds.
[Illustration: PLATE XLVII.--_Pomelo or Shaddock_ (_round var._)
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLVIII
_Artocarpus incisa._
BREADFRUIT (Hawaiian var.)
"ULU."
The first breadfruit trees were brought from Tahiti by the Hawaiians
who, landing at Ewa, carried them across the mountain, and presented
them to one of the Chiefs of Oahu, who lived at Kualoa. There they were
planted and thrived. At the present day this variety of the breadfruit,
now called the Hawaiian variety, is to be found growing wild throughout
the Islands. There are many varieties of this handsome tree, which grows
to a height of from 15 to 40 feet. It thrives best in hot, moist places,
and requires a great deal of water.
Its large ovate leaves are rough and deeply lobed. The male flower is a
large yellow catkin. The fruit is formed from the female flowers, and is
attached to the branches by large stems. In shape it is either round or
oblong, varying in size from 5 to 8 inches in diameter. The thick, tough
rind is, in some varieties muricated, and in others it is reticulated.
In color it is green, changing to brownish when the fruit is ripe. The
pulp is firm, mealy, and somewhat fibrous, and as an article of diet is
much esteemed. Propagation is by suckers, or by layers from the
branches.
[Illustration: PLATE XLVIII.--_Breadfruit_ (_Hawaiian var._)--"_Ulu._"
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLIX
_Artocarpus incisa._
BREADFRUIT (Samoan var.)
This variety was introduced to these Islands by Mr. James Bicknell. Its
large, oval leaves are leathery and rough, and less deeply lobed than
are those of the Hawaiian variety. The round fruit has a characteristic
raised ring where it is attached to the long stem. The yellowish-green
rind is reticulated, and the orange-colored pulp is somewhat sticky when
cooked, and is very sweet. This variety occasionally produces seed.
[Illustration: PLATE XLIX.--_Breadfruit_ (_Samoan var._)
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE L
_Artocarpus incisa._
BREADFRUIT (Tahitian var.)
This variety of Tahitian breadfruit is found only in a few gardens in
Hawaii. Its glossy green leaves are nearly entire. The oblong fruit has
a deep yellow pulp, with very little fibre.
[Illustration: PLATE L.--_Breadfruit_ (_Tahitian var._)
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LI
_Artocarpus incisa._
FERTILE BREADFRUIT.
This seeding variety is rarely cultivated on account of its inferior
fruit. The leaves are slightly lobed. The fruit is oblong with a short,
thick stem, and is covered with short, hard projections. The fibrous
pulp contains numerous large seeds, which are edible when cooked.
[Illustration: PLATE LI.--_Fertile Breadfruit._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LII
_Artocarpus integrifolia._
JACK FRUIT.
This tree is a native of India and Malay. And was introduced to Hawaii
by Mr. David Forbes of Kukuihaele, Hawaii. The Jack fruit is a large,
handsome tree, with leaves from 4 to 6 inches in length, which on the
old growth are obovate-oblong and on the young branches are narrow. The
oblong, irregular fruit, which varies in weight from 20 to 60 pounds, is
borne on the trunk, as well as on the old branches. The green rind is
covered with small hexagonal knobs. The pulp when ripe has all
overpowering odor and is seldom eaten; but the oily seeds when roasted
are edible, and are said to resemble chestnuts. On Tantalus, Oahu, the
Jack fruit thrives well, and has produced fair sized fruits. It is a
tree that needs a great deal of moisture, and consequently is seldom
grown on the low lands.
[Illustration: PLATE LII.--_Jack Fruit._
One fourth natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LIII
_Anona muricata._
SOUR SOP.
This small, hardy evergreen tree is very common in Hawaii. Its dark
green, glabrous leaves are pointed, elliptical, and are shiny on the
upper surface, but rusty beneath. The greenish-yellow flowers are
usually solitary, and have a peculiar odor. The fruit is large, varying
in weight from 1 to 15 pounds. In shape, it is either oblong or conical
and blunt. The rough, dark green, shiny skin, which is irregular in
thickness, is studded with fleshy spines. The soft, white, cotton-like
pulp is divided into sections, each containing a shiny, black seed,
about half an inch long. These are very readily propagated.
[Illustration: PLATE LIII.--_Sour Sop._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LIV
_Anona Cherimolia._
CHERIMOYER.
The Cherimoyer, a well-known fruit of the tropics, is said to be a
native of Peru. It is naturalized in Central America, is hardy in the
mildest coast regions of Spain, and in Jamaica is cultivated up to an
elevation of nearly 5000 feet. It thrives on the Florida Keys, and is
also grown to a limited extent in Southern California. The tree grows to
a height of from 10 to 20 feet; its branches are spreading, and the
dark, shiny leaves are either ovate or oblong, and are sparsely hairy
above and velvety beneath.
The single petaled, velvety-green flowers are very fragrant. The fruit,
which is about the size of a large orange, is heart-shaped and slightly
flattened at the stem end. When ripe, the skin is a greyish-green, and
is covered with slightly-raised semicircular markings. The white pulp,
which is soft and rich, is divided into cells, each containing a black
seed about the size of an ordinary bean. The Cherimoyer comes true to
seed and bears in about three years. It is one of the most delicious
fruits, and its delicate, slightly-acid flavor is very characteristic.
The Cherimoyer was one of the earliest fruits introduced to these
Islands, and the best specimens of its kind are grown in Kona and Kau,
Hawaii, where it continues to propagate itself naturally from seed.
[Illustration: PLATE LIV.--_Cherimoyer._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LV
_Anona reticulata._
CUSTARD APPLE.
This tree, which is not common in Hawaii, is rather delicate, and grows
to a height of from 10 to 15 feet. It is a native of the Antilles, and
is a very popular tree in the West Indies. It thrives in Southern
California. Its leaves, which are either lanceolate or oblong and
pointed, are glabrous above and rough beneath. In color they are light
green and rather brittle, when bruised they emit a very unpleasant odor.
The flowers are three-petaled and are greenish or yellowish, with purple
spots at the base. Artificial pollination will induce the flowers to set
and produce better crops. The heart-shaped fruit is from 3 to 5 inches
in diameter. The skin is smooth, with small depressions; when ripe, it
is a pinkish-yellow and shading to a russet. Next to the skin the pulp
is soft and creamy-yellow, while toward the center it is quite white.
The flavor is sweet and delicious. There are numerous smooth, black
seeds. This fruit, like its cousin the Cherimoyer grows true to seed.
[Illustration: PLATE LV.--_Custard Apple._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LVI
_Anona squamosa._
SUGAR APPLE--SWEET SOP.
This small tree is native of the West Indies, from which country the
plants found growing in many of our gardens in these Islands were
imported. The thin leaves are ovate-oblong, and are very slightly hairy
on both sides. The greenish flowers are about an inch long. The fruit
which is from 3 to 4 inches in diameter, is the shape of a pine cone; it
is greenish-yellow when ripe, and each carpel forms a slight
protuberance. The sweet, creamy-white pulp is very delicious. There are
numerous small smooth, brownish-black seeds, which germinate readily,
and the plants bear fruit in from two to four years. This variety of
anona is sensitive to drought, and thrives well at the high elevations.
[Illustration: PLATE LVI.--_Sugar Apple_--_Sweet Sop._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LVII
_Psidium Guayava pomiferum._
(Common guava.)
The Guava is an extensive genus of low-growing evergreen trees, found
chiefly in the West Indies, South America, and China. They have become
naturalized in Hawaii, and may be found growing wild on waste lands and
by the roadside. In some localities growing so rank as to become
troublesome. The leaves are oval to oblong, usually acuminate, glabrous
above and pubescent beneath, and have prominent veins. The fragrant,
white, solitary flowers are axillary.
The somewhat rough skin of the globose fruit is a brownish-yellow, and
the firm, dark-pink pulp, in which is embedded numerous seeds, is
generally acid and aromatic. This guava is the source of the famous
guava jelly of commerce.
[Illustration: PLATE LVII.--_Psidium Guayava pomiferum_ (_common guava_).
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LVIII
_Psidium Guayava._
(Sweet red guava.)
This guava has the same general characteristics as the preceding
variety. It is more frequently found in valleys and gulches than in the
open. Its red pulp is firm and sweet.
[Illustration: PLATE LVIII.--_Psidium Guayava_ (_sweet red guava_).]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LIX
_Psidium Guayava._
(White lemon guava.)
The lemon guava tree grows taller and somewhat more erect than the
others. The pear-shaped fruit is large, often 3 inches in length. It has
a rough, greenish-white skin, and the white pulp is sweet. This is a
cultivated variety, and is found growing in a few gardens in these
Islands.
[Illustration: PLATE LIX.--_Psidium Guayava_ (_white lemon guava_).
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LX
_Psidium Guayava pyriferum._
"WAIAWI."
This handsome evergreen tree was an early introduced species, and now is
very common about the islands. Grows very symmetrically, and attains the
height of 20 to 25 feet. Leaves, small, lanceolate, shiny, the trunk and
branches smooth. Flowers white and very fragrant; fruit small,
pear-shaped, pulp yellow and containing many seeds; this species is very
prolific, but the fruit is inferior.
[Illustration: PLATE LX.--"_Waiawi._"
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXI
_Psidium Cattleyanum._
STRAWBERRY GUAVA.
One of the hardiest of the guavas, and said to be a native of Brazil.
The date of its introduction to Hawaii is not recorded, and as
Hillebrand makes no mention of it, it is probably of recent importation.
A shrubby tree 15 to 20 feet high. Leaves opposite, obovate, small,
leathery, dark-green, shiny. Flowers white, fragrant. Fruit spherical,
about one inch in diameter, purple-reddish when ripe, soft, juicy pulp,
which has an agreeable flavor, and containing many small seeds. This
fruit is used for making jams and jellies, and bears a crop more or less
during all the months of the year.
[Illustration: PLATE LXI.--_Strawberry Guava._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXII
_Psidium Cattleyanum._
(var. _lucidum_.)
This low-growing shrub is occasionally cultivated in these Islands. It
has opposite obovate leaves, and fragrant white flowers. The round
fruit, which has a sweet, yellow pulp, is larger than the strawberry
guava, and has a more delicate flavor.
[Illustration: PLATE LXII.--_Psidium Cattleyanum._
(var. _lucidum_.)
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXIII
_Psidium molle._
This species was introduced to Hawaii by Mr. A. Jaeger; and a single
specimen of its kind is now growing at the Old Plantation, Honolulu. It
is a low-growing, slender, willow-like tree of straggling growth. The
opposite leaves are small, stiff and rough. The white flowers are
fragrant. The small, round fruit is brownish-green, turning to a pale
yellow when ripe. The white pulp is slightly acid, and contains many
seeds. This guava is rather an inferior fruit.
[Illustration: PLATE LXIII.--_Psidium molle._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXIV
_Mangifera indica._
MANGO.
The mango, which is a native of South Asia, is extensively cultivated
throughout India, the Islands of the West Indies, and somewhat in
Florida. In Hawaii it has become thoroughly naturalized, and is one of
the most common trees; growing from the sea level up to about 1,000
feet.
A hot, rather dry, climate, with well-drained soil suits it best. It is
an evergreen, shady tree of quick growing habit, sometimes reaching a
height of 70 feet, and having a round, dense top. All parts of the mango
tree have a resinous fragrance, that suggests turpentine. Its thick,
shiny leaves are from 6 to 10 inches in length. The greenish, scented
flowers are borne in large terminal panicles; and these are followed
three or four months later by the fruit, which is large and
kidney-shaped, having a smooth, rather soft, pale-green skin, with tints
of yellow and red. The large seed is nearly as long as the fruit, its
shell is rough and fibrous, and the kernel is shaped like a bean. In the
inferior varieties of mangoes the pulp is full of fibre and tastes
strongly of turpentine. There are numerous varieties of the mango
cultivated in Hawaii; the fruit of which varies much in point of flavor,
juiciness, as well as in the size and shape of the seed.
Within the past ten years improved varieties have been imported; notably
the Alphonse, Cambodiana, Pirie, and many others. These have thrived
well and have borne delicious fruit; from them many grafts have been
made and the finer grades of mangoes have been disseminated. Propagation
is effected by seed, by grafting or inarching, and by budding. The mango
as a rule does not come true to seed; also seedlings take much longer to
fruit than do the grafted trees.
The illustration on the opposite page is that of the so-called common
mango, which was brought to Hawaii from Mexico.
[Illustration: PLATE LXIV.--_Mango._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXV
_Mangifera indica._
MANINI MANGO.
This tree is supposed to be the first mango tree brought to the Hawaiian
Islands. It was planted in the early part of the nineteenth century by
Don Marin, whom the Hawaiians familiarly called "Manini." He brought to
Hawaii many useful trees and plants; among the number was this mango,
which he planted in his vineyard, then known as "Ka Pa Waina," and there
it may be found today; a venerable tree standing about 80 feet high,
having a spread of over 100 feet, and its trunk measuring 15 feet in
circumference. Although a prolific bearer, its fruits, which are borne
in large clusters, are small, and of an inferior quality, having a thick
skin and a large, hairy seed.
[Illustration: PLATE LXV.--_Manini Mango._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXVI
_Mangifera indica._
NO. 9 MANGO.
This mango, with its distinctive shape, is one of the few types that
comes true to seed. The first and original tree, which was planted at
the Government Nursery, Honolulu, was brought from Jamaica by Joseph
Marsden, Esq. This tree is a prolific bearer, and its seeds have been
widely distributed throughout these Islands. The fruit is large and
regular in size, having a thick skin which is of a light-green color.
The pulp is pale yellow, very juicy, and slightly acid. There is a very
large, hairy seed.
[Illustration: PLATE LXVI.--_No. 9 Mango._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXVII
_Musa varieties._
BANANA--"MAIA."
The banana, which has been cultivated from the most remote times, is a
plant of great importance in tropical and sub-tropical climates, where
its highly nutritious fruit is used as food. It is a large herbaceous,
slightly shrubby, plant of very easy growth, having immense,
gracefully-arching, undivided leaves. There are numerous varieties, the
fruit of which differs in shape, color and flavor.
As decorative plants in landscape gardening, few subjects equal the
choice species of the banana; and on account of its utility, combined
with its beauty, it is considered one of the most valuable of tropical
products. Propagation is by off-shoots or suckers. When a stalk is cut,
the fruit of which has ripened, sprouts are put forth which in time bear
fruit. The enormous flower stalk issues from the center of the crown of
leaves, and curves over with its own weight.
The flowers are arranged in a dense terminal panicle; they alternate
with large, reddish scales, which drop off as the fruit stalk develops,
and the finger-like fruits are in clusters. The Hawaiians seem to have
possessed the banana from the earliest times, and about fifty varieties
were known to the older natives. However, since the year 1855, the
so-called Chinese banana (_Musa Cavendishii_), which was at that time
introduced from Tahiti, has crowded out the native varieties, many of
which are now extinct.
The accompanying cut shows a few of the different forms and sizes of the
banana grown in Hawaii.
[Illustration: PLATE LXVII.--_Banana_--"_Maia._"
One half natural size.
Moa Largo
Popoulu Red Cuban
Lele Chinese]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXVIII
_Morinda citrifolia._
"NONI."
This species is found in nearly all the Pacific Islands. The date of its
introduction to Hawaii, however, is not recorded. It is a small tree
which grows in the low lands. Its shiny, oval leaves have short
petioles. The white flowers are about 1 inch in length. The fruit is
whitish-yellow when mature, and when decaying it emits a very offensive
odor. The seeds are interesting because they will float a great length
of time in salt water, their buoyancy is caused by a distinct air cell.
[Illustration: PLATE LXVIII.--"_Noni._"
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXIX
_Vaccinium reticulatum._
"OHELO."
This is an erect dwarf shrub growing to a height of from one to two
feet, having stiff, crowded branches with leaves varying in form, from
oblong to obovate, and in color from green to green tinged with yellow
and red. The white flowers are solitary, and come mostly in the axils of
the true leaves. The globose fruit is a fleshy, shiny berry, much
resembling the cranberry; in color it is yellow or pale rose, and is
covered with a waxy bloom.
The Ohelo thrives best in the higher elevations, from 4000 to 8000 feet.
It grows particularly well on the mountain slopes of Hawaii and Maui. It
is an edible berry, and is the principal food of the rare Hawaiian
goose, now to be found in only a few localities. The Ohelo has always
been a favorite subject of Hawaiian songs and legends, and was used as
one of the offerings to the Goddess Pele.
[Illustration: PLATE LXIX.--"_Ohelo._"
Natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXX
_Solanum pimpinellifolium._
CURRANT TOMATO.
The first illustration on the opposite page is that of the currant
tomato; an annual found growing wild in great profusion in the low lands
of our valleys. It is of weak growth, very diffuse and twiggy, and
scarcely pubescent. Its obovate leaves are small with nearly entire
leaflets, and very small secondary leaflets; the elongated racemes bear
from 100 to 40 small, currant-like red berries, which are very sweet.
_Solanum Lycopersicum._
GRAPE TOMATO.
The second illustration is that of the grape tomato, which has
grayish-green leaves and slender, ascending stems. The leaves are
pinnate with small, nearly entire leaflets; the main leaflets are
notched or even lobed toward the base. The fruit is a bright red berry
about half an inch in diameter, and is fresh and aromatic.
[Illustration: PLATE LXX.--_Currant Tomato._ _Grape Tomato._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXXI
_Solanum nodiflorum._
"POPOLO."
This glabrous, annual, growing from 1 to 2 feet in height, is Common to
most tropical countries, and in Hawaii was probably of aboriginal
introduction; as the Hawaiians have many ways of using the fruits and
the leaves, for medicinal purposes. This plant is found on waste land,
in old pastures, and by the roadside. Its ovate leaves are dark green.
The whitish flowers are small, and the fruit is a small, shiny, black
berry.
[Illustration: PLATE LXXI.--"_Popolo._"
Natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXXII
_Aleurites moluccana._
CANDLENUT TREE--"KUKUI NUT."
The Kukui tree is easily recognizable from afar off by the pale hue of
its foliage, which appears to be dusted over with flour. It is a
handsome, soft wood, evergreen tree, growing to a height of from 40 to
60 feet, and is widely spread over tropical Polynesia, and a great part
of Malaysia; and by all branches of the Polynesian race it is called by
the same name: Kukui or Tutui. The Hawaiians tattooed their skins with a
black dye which they prepared from the juice which is found in the
fleshy covering of the green fruit. The leaves are alternate, 3 to 5
lobed, pubescent, and have long petioles. The yellowish-green flowers
are in terminal clusters. The fruit is spherical, from 1 to 2 inches in
diameter, and light-green in color, changing to a dull-brown when ripe.
It contains one or more nuts, or seeds, which have a very hard, boney
shell, the surface of which is uneven like the shell of a walnut. The
kernels of this nut, when dried, were strung together, or bound on
sticks, and served the natives for torches or candles: thus the English
name of Candlenut Tree. The oil obtained from the nut was used by the
Hawaiians for burning in stone lamps. The kernel, when baked, pounded,
and mixed with salt and Chili peppers, makes a brown paste which is very
appetizing. This is much esteemed by the Hawaiians, who call it
"Inamona."
[Illustration: PLATE LXXII.--_Candlenut Tree_--"_Kukui Nut._"
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXXIII
_Terminalia Cattapa._
TROPICAL ALMOND.
"KAMANI."
This deciduous tree, generally called Kamani by the Hawaiians, with its
spreading branches in horizontal whorls or layers, is one of the
familiar and useful shade trees of these Islands. Leaves large,
opposite, broadly obovate-obtuse, very short petioled, and turning
brilliant shades of red and yellow during the autumn. Flowers
greenish-white on long spikes, upper ones staminate, the lower ones
perfect. The almond-shaped fruit is a compressed hard, nut-like body 1
to 1½, inches long, with a thin outer covering which is sweet, and
spongy. There is generally one, sometimes two, small, edible kernels
found embedded in the hard body. These may be eaten raw, or roasted.
[Illustration: PLATE LXXIII.--_Tropical Almond_--"_Kamani._"
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXXIV
_Calophyllum inophyllum._
"KAMANI."
This Kamani is a large tropical tree, having shiny, leathery, evergreen
foliage. Its leaves are obovate, usually marginate, and its white
flowers are very fragrant. The fruit, which generally comes in clusters,
is round, about the size of a large walnut, and has a thin, leathery
skin which covers a boney shell, inside of which is a corky substance
surrounding the seed or kernel. This tree was an early introduction to
these Islands, and is commonly seen on our seacoasts.
[Illustration: PLATE LXXIV.--"_Kamani._"
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXXV
_Noronhia emarginata._
This tree is a native of Madagascar and also of Mauritius. A fine
specimen may be seen at the Government Nursery, Honolulu. It is a
handsome evergreen with entire, cuneate, coriacious leaves, having short
petioles. The yellowish flowers come in clusters, and are quite
fragrant. The fruit is a one-celled drupe, almost round, and about an
inch in diameter. It is purple when ripe, and has a tough skin. The
sweet, edible pulp surrounds a very large seed.
[Illustration: PLATE LXXV.--_Noronhia emarginata._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE LXXVI
_Castanea sativa._
JAPANESE CHESTNUT.