Transcriber's Note:
Words which were in italics in the original book are surrounded by
underlines (_italic_). Words which were originally printed in small
caps are in all caps. Obvious misprints have been fixed. Archaic and
unusual words, spellings and styling have been maintained. Details of
the changes are in the Detailed Transcriber's Notes at the end of the
book.
FRUITS
OF THE
HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
BY
GERRIT PARMILE WILDER
(REVISED EDITION, INCLUDING VOL. 1, 1906.)
ILLUSTRATED BY ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-ONE HALF-TONE
PLATES WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SAME
Copyright December 1906, December 1911
GERRIT PARMILE WILDER
HONOLULU, T. H.
PUBLISHED BY THE HAWAIIAN GAZETTE CO., LTD.
1911
INDEX
Preface 5
Persea gratissima, Avocado, Palta or Alligator Pear, Plate I 7
Persea gratissima, Avocado, Plate II 9
Persea gratissima, Guatamala Avocado, Plate III 11
Punica Granatum, Pomegranate, Plate IV 13
Ficus Carica (common var.), Fig, Plate V 15
Ficus Carica, Fig, Plate VI 17
Ficus Carica (white or lemon var.), Fig, Plate VII 19
Jambosa malaccensis, Mountain Apple or "Ohia Ai," Plate VIII 21
Jambosa sp., Water Apple, Plate IX 23
Jambosa sp. (white var.), Water Apple, Plate X 25
Jambosa sp. (red var.), Water Apple, Plate XI 27
Eugenia Jambos, Rose Apple, Plate XII 29
Eugenia brasiliensis, Brazilian Plum or Spanish Cherry, Plate XIII 31
Eugenia uniflora, French Cherry, Plate XIV 33
Eugenia sp., Plate XV 35
Syzygium Jambolana, Java Plum, Plate XVI 37
Syzygium Jambolana (small variety), Java Plum, Plate XVII 39
Averrhoa Carambola, Plate XVIII 41
Achras Sapota, Sapodilla or Naseberry, Plate XIX 43
Casimiroa edulis, White Sapodilla, Plate XX 45
Prunus Persica, Peach, Plate XXI 47
Chrysophyllum Cainito (purple var.), Star Apple, Plate XXII 49
Chrysophyllum Cainito (white var.), Star Apple, Plate XXIII 51
Chrysophyllum monopyrenum, Plate XXIV 53
Mimusops Elengi, Plate XXV 55
Spondias dulcis, "Wi," Plate XXVI 57
Spondias lutea, Hog Plum, Plate XXVII 59
Mammea Americana, Mammee Apple, Plate XXVIII 61
Tamarindus indica, Tamarind, Plate XXIX 63
Durio zibethinus, Durion, Plate XXX 65
Coffea arabica, Arabian Coffee, Plate XXXI 67
Coffea liberica, Liberian Coffee, Plate XXXII 69
Clausena Wampi, Wampi, Plate XXXIII 71
Physalis peruviana, Cape Gooseberry or "Poha," Plate XXXIV 73
Carica Papaya, Papaya (fruit, female tree), Plate XXXV 75
Carica Papaya, Papaya (fruit, male tree), Plate XXXVI 77
Carica quercifolia, Plate XXXVII 79
Citrus Japonica (var. "Hazara"), Chinese Orange, Plate XXXVIII 81
Citrus Japonica, Kumquat, Plate XXXIX 83
Citrus Nobilis, Mandarin Orange, Plate XL 85
Citrus medica limetta, Lime, Plate XLI 87
Citrus medica limonum, Lemon, Plate XLII 89
Citrus medica (var. limonum), Rough-skin Lemon, Plate XLIII 91
Citrus Aurantium Sinense, Waialua Orange, Plate XLIV 93
Citrus Aurantium, Bahia or Washington Navel Orange, Plate XLV 95
Citrus Decumana, Pomelo or Shaddock (pear-shaped var.), Plate XLVI 97
Citrus Decumana, Pomelo or Shaddock (round var.), Plate XLVII 99
Artocarpus incisa, Breadfruit (Hawaiian var.) or "Ulu," Plate XLVIII 101
Artocarpus incisa, Breadfruit (Samoan var.), Plate XLIX 103
Artocarpus incisa, Breadfruit (Tahitian var.), Plate L 105
Artocarpus incisa, Fertile Breadfruit, Plate LI 107
Artocarpus integrifolia, Jack Fruit, Plate LII 109
Anona muricata, Sour Sop, Plate LIII 111
Anona Cherimolia, Cherimoyer, Plate LIV 113
Anona reticulata, Custard Apple, Plate LV 115
Anona squamosa, Sugar Apple or Sweet Sop, Plate LVI 117
Psidium Guayava pomiferum, Common Guava, Plate LVII 119
Psidium Guayava, Sweet Red Guava, Plate LVIII 121
Psidium Guayava, White Lemon Guava, Plate LIX 123
Psidium Guayava pyriferum, "Waiawi," Plate LX 125
Psidium Cattleyanum, Strawberry Guava, Plate LXI 127
Psidium Cattleyanum (var. lucidum), Plate LXII 129
Psidium molle, Plate LXIII 131
Mangifera indica, Mango, Plate LXIV 133
Mangifera indica, Manini Mango, Plate LXV 135
Mangifera indica, No. 9 Mango, Plate LXVI 137
Musa (var.), Banana or "Maia," Plate LXVII 139
Morinda citrifolia, "Noni," Plate LXVIII 141
Vaccinium reticulatum, "Ohelo," Plate LXIX 143
Solanum pimpinellifolium, Currant Tomato, Plate LXX 145
Solanum Lycopersicum, Grape Tomato, Plate LXX 145
Solanum nodiflorum, "Popolo," Plate LXXI 147
Aleurites moluccana, Candlenut Tree or "Kukui Nut," Plate LXXII 149
Terminalia Catappa, Tropical Almond or "Kamani," Plate LXXIII 151
Calophyllum inophyllum "Kamani," Plate LXXIV 153
Noronhia emarginata, Plate LXXV 155
Castanea sativa, Japanese Chestnut, Plate LXXVI 157
Inocarpus edulis, Tahitian Chestnut, Plate LXXVII 159
Canarium commune, Canary Nut, Plate LXXVIII 161
Canarium commune, Canary Nut (round var.), Plate LXXIX 163
Macadamia ternifolia, Queensland Nut, Plate LXXX 165
Macadamia sp., Plate LXXXI 167
Aegle Marmelos, Bhel or Bael Fruit, Plate LXXXII 169
Diospyros decandra, Brown Persimmon, Plate LXXXIII 171
Lucuma Rivicoa, Plate LXXXIV 173
Eriobotrya Japonica, Loquat, Plate LXXXV 175
Litchi Chinensis, "Lichee," Plate LXXXVI 177
Euphoria Longana, Longan, Plate LXXXVII 179
Morus nigra, Mulberry, Plate LXXXVIII 181
Garcinia mangostana, Mangosteen, Plate LXXXIX 183
Garcinia Xanthochymus, Plate XC 185
Bunchosia sp., Plate XCI 187
Malpighia glabra, Barbados Cherry, Plate XCII 189
Theobroma Cacao, Cocoa or Chocolate Tree, Plate XCIII 191
Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Roselle, Plate XCIV 193
Monstera deliciosa, Plate XCV 195
Anacardium occidentale, Cashew Nut, Plate XCVI 197
Ziziphus Jujuba, "Jujube," Plate XCVII 199
Phyllanthus emblica, Plate XCVIII 201
Phyllanthus distichus, Otaheiti Gooseberry, Plate XCIX 203
Olea Europea, Olive, Plate C 205
Vitis Labrusca, "Isabella Grape," Plate CI 207
Pyrus Sinensis, Sand pear, Plate CII 209
Passiflora quadrangularis, Granadilla Vine, Plate CIII 211
Passiflora edulis, Purple Water Lemon or "Lilikoi," Plate CIV 213
Passiflora laurifolia, Yellow Water Lemon, Plate CV 215
Passiflora alata, Plate CVI 217
Passiflora var. foetida, Plate CVII 219
Cereus triangularis, Night-blooming Cereus, Plate CVIII 221
Kigelia pinnata, Sausage Tree, Plate CIX 223
Phoenix dactylifera, The Date Palm, Plate CX 225
Phoenix dactylifera, Date (red and yellow var.), Plate CXI 227
Acrocomia sp., Plate CXII 229
Cocos nucifera, Cocoanut Palm or "Niu," Plate CXIII 231
Cordia collococca, Clammy Cherry, Plate CXIV 233
Flacourtia cataphracta, Plate CXV 235
Atalantia buxifolia, Plate CXVI 237
Bumelia sp., Plate CXVII 239
Ochrosia elliptica, Plate CXVIII 241
Ananas sativus, Pineapple, Plate CXIX 243
Opuntia Tuna, Prickly Pear or "Panini," Plate CXX 245
Prosopis juliflora, Algaroba or "Kiawe," Plate CXXI 247
PREFACE
My original intention with regard to this work, was to publish it in a
series of three volumes; and to that end, the first volume was presented
to the public in 1906.
Since that time, however, I have deemed it advisable, for various
reasons, to incorporate all my data in one volume.
I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness for help in my researches, to
various works on Horticulture, and to many of my personal friends who
have given me valuable assistance.
I trust that this work will prove of some interest, as I believe that it
contains a fairly comprehensive list of both the indigenous and
naturalized Fruits of the Hawaiian Islands.
GERRIT PARMILE WILDER.
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE I
_Persea gratissima._
AVOCADO, PALTA OR ALLIGATOR PEAR.
Grown in the garden of Gerrit Wilder.
[Illustration: PLATE I.--_Avocado._]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE II
_Persea gratissima._
AVOCADO.
This spreading evergreen tree is a native of Tropical America. In the
Hawaiian Islands, the first trees of its kind were said to have been
planted in Pauoa Valley, Oahu, by Don Marin. It attains a height of from
10 to 40 feet, and is adverse to drought. Its leaves are
elliptico-oblong, from 4 to 7 inches in length. The flowers are
greenish-yellow and downy. The fruit, which ripens from June until
November, is a round or pear-shaped drupe, covered with a thin, rather
tough skin, which is either green or purple in color. The flesh is
yellow, firm and marrow-like, and has a delicious nutty flavor. The
seed-cavity is generally large, containing one round or oblong seed,
covered by a thin, brown, parchment-like skin. The quality of the pear
is judged, not only by its flavor, but by the presence or absence of
strings or fibre in the meat, and also by the quantity of flesh as
compared to the size of the seed. Innumerable variations as to size,
shape, and quality have been produced from seedlings--some of which may
be seen in the accompanying illustration. The Avocado is easily
reproduced by budding and grafting, and the best varieties may be
obtained in this manner.
[Illustration: PLATE II.--_Avocado._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE III
_Persea gratissima._
GUATAMALA AVOCADO.
This variety is a native of Mexico, and although known as the Guatamala
Avocado, it is more commonly to be found in the markets of the City of
Mexico. Its leaves are purplish-green. The flowers, which appear in May
and June, are like those of the preceding variety; and the drupe, which
matures in the early part of the year, has a long stem. This fruit is
round, from 3 to 5 inches in diameter, has a thick, tough, rough rind,
which when ripe is a deep claret color, and the meat, which is a
golden-yellow, is tinged with purple next to the rind, and is free from
strings or fibres. There are but two trees of this variety bearing fruit
in Honolulu. They were propagated from seeds brought here in 1890 by
Admiral Beardsley. These two trees are growing in private gardens.
[Illustration: PLATE III.--_Guatamala Avocado._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE IV
_Punica Granatum._
POMEGRANATE.
The name was derived from the word punicus, of Carthage, near which city
it is said to have been discovered; hence malumpunicum, Apple of
Carthage, which was the early name of the Pomegranate. It is a native of
Northern Africa, and of Southwestern Asia, and is grown in the Himalayas
up to an elevation of 6000 feet. It is a deciduous shrub, which by
careful training can be made to grow into a tree from 10 to 15 feet
high. Many shoots spring from the base of the tree, and should be cut
away, as they draw the sap which should go to the fruit-bearing stems.
The branches are slender, twiggy, nearly cylindrical, and somewhat
thorny. The bark contains about 32 per cent. tannin, and is used for
dying the yellow Morocco leather. The peel of the fruit serves also as a
dye. There are several varieties of Pomegranate growing in Hawaii: the
double-flowering variety is popular as an ornamental plant. All of the
varieties are of easy culture, and are readily propagated by means of
cuttings of the ripe wood. The leaves are lanceolate, glabrous, and a
glossy-green with red veins. The flowers are axillary, solitary or in
small clusters, and in color are a very showy rich orange-red. The fruit
is about the size of an ordinary orange, has a persistent calyx, and is
made up of many small compartments arranged in two series, one above the
other. The crisp, sweet, watery pink pulp enveloping each seed is the
edible portion of the Pomegranate.
[Illustration: PLATE IV.--_Pomegranate._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE V
_Ficus Carica_ (common variety).
FIG.
The Fig is the most ancient, as well as one of the most valuable of all
fruit trees. Its name is nearly the same in all European languages. The
tree is supposed to be a native of Caria in Asia Minor. The intelligent
cultivators of Anatolia, by whom the Smyrna Figs are produced, adhere to
the caprification process, used from time immemorial. In California,
efforts have been made to test this process. In the Hawaiian Islands,
the Portuguese seem to be the most successful cultivators of the Fig,
and several varieties are to be found throughout the group. This common
variety grows to a height of from 10 to 20 feet, is hardy, and can
easily be propagated from cuttings. Its leaves are alternate, 3 to 5
deeply lobed, and are shed during the fall months, at which season
careful pruning will increase the following year's yield. The fruit is
single, appearing from the axils of the leaves, on the new wood. It is a
hollow, pear-shaped receptacle, containing many minute seeds, scattered
throughout a soft, pinkish-white pulp.
[Illustration: PLATE V.--_Fig._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE VI
_Ficus Carica._
FIG.
Some years ago, this variety of Fig was to be found growing in large
numbers at Makawao, and in the Kula district of Maui. Now, however,
there are few, if any, trees remaining, as a destructive blight,
together with the lack of proper attention, has caused their
extermination. This variety is very prolific. The fruit is small,
pear-shaped, and has a particularly sweet and delicious flavor.
[Illustration: PLATE VI.--_Fig._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE VII
_Ficus Carica_ (white or lemon variety).
FIG.
This is a low-growing tree with compact foliage. The leaves are small,
and the fruit is round-turbinate, about 1 to 1½ inches in diameter. The
skin is very thin, is light-green in color, turning to a greenish-yellow
when thoroughly ripe. The pulp is pink, very sweet, and when quite ripe
is free from milky juice. This variety is also prolific, is easily
dried, and on this account would find a ready sale in our markets.
[Illustration: PLATE VII.--_Fig._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE VIII
_Jambosa malaccensis._
MOUNTAIN APPLE, "OHIA AI."
This tree is found on all the large islands of the Polynesian groups,
and in the Malaysian Archipelago. In the Hawaiian Islands it confines
itself almost entirely to the moist, shady valleys, and thrives well, up
to an elevation of 1800 feet. It is generally gregarious, and on the
north side of East Maui it forms a forest belt. It attains a height of
from 25 to 50 feet. Its dark, shiny, glabrous leaves are opposite,
elliptico-oblong, and from 6 to 7 inches long, and from 2½ to 3 inches
broad. The flowers are crimson, fluffy balls, appearing in March and
April, on the naked branches and upper trunk of the tree. The fruit,
which ripens from July until December, generally contains one seed, is
obovate, about 3 inches in diameter. The skin is so thin as to be barely
perceptible, and the fruit is very easily bruised. In color, it is a
deep, rich crimson, shading into pink and white; the pulp is firm,
white, and juicy, with a very agreeable flavor.
[Illustration: PLATE VIII.--_Mountain Apple._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE IX
_Jambosa sp._ (Solomon Island variety).
WATER APPLE.
This low-growing tree is very rare in the Hawaiian Islands. It was
introduced here, from the Solomon Islands, by Mr. A. Jaeger. The foliage
and crimson flowers resemble those of the _Jambosa malaccensis_, but the
drupe is not so highly colored, and is, in shape, much more elongated.
Specimens of this sweet, edible fruit have measured 5 inches in length.
[Illustration: PLATE IX.--_Water Apple._
One fourth natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE X
_Jambosa sp._ (white variety).
WATER APPLE.
This tree is a native of the Malay Islands. The foliage is symmetrical,
and its opposite, shiny leaves are broad, lanceolate, and
obtusely-acuminate. The pure white flowers, which bloom from March until
June, are about ½-inch in diameter, and are produced in bunches on the
naked branches. The fruit, which is also produced in bunches, ripens in
October. It is transversely oval in shape, about 1 to 1½ inches in
diameter at its largest end. It contains from 1 to 3 seeds. Even when
quite ripe, the fruit remains pure white in color, and has a tart,
insipid flavor.
[Illustration: PLATE X.--_Water Apple._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XI
_Jambosa sp._ (red variety).
WATER APPLE.
This low-growing tree with its bright evergreen foliage, is not common
in Hawaii. The flowers are small, deep crimson, and appear on the
branches either singly or in bunches. The contrast between these
brilliant flowers and the fresh green leaves makes a very beautiful
sight when the tree is in full bloom. The fruit, which ripens in July,
appears in clusters; it is the same shape as that of the preceding
variety, but in color it is a bright scarlet. It contains from 1 to 3
seeds, which are somewhat difficult to germinate. The fruit is crisp,
watery, and has a sub-acid flavor.
[Illustration: PLATE XI.--_Water Apple._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XII
_Eugenia Jambos._
ROSE APPLE.
This evergreen tree, which is a native of the West Indies, is of medium
size, reaching a height of from 20 to 30 feet. It grows well in Hawaii,
and is found at an elevation of 2000 feet. It is propagated from seed,
as well as from cuttings of the ripe wood. The leaves are lanceolate,
acuminate, thick and shiny. The large, fluffy flowers which appear from
January until April, are produced freely, and are a beautiful
creamy-white. The fruit is a somewhat compressed, globular shell,
varying in size from 1 to 2 inches in diameter, and with a large cavity,
containing generally one seed. This shell, which is the edible portion
of the fruit, is a light creamy-yellow, with a tinge of pale-pink on one
side; it requires from 2 to 2½ months to mature. It is firm, crisp, and
has a delicious flavor, somewhat resembling an apricot, and with a rose
odor. The season for the fruit varies according to the elevation, but
generally ends about August or September.
[Illustration: PLATE XII.--_Rose Apple._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XIII
_Eugenia brasiliensis._
BRAZILIAN PLUM, OR SPANISH CHERRY.
This evergreen shrub, or low-growing tree, which in many countries is
said to reach a height of but 6 feet, in Hawaii attains a height of 20
feet; and although it thrives in comparatively high altitudes, it bears
best below the 200-foot elevation, and requires considerable moisture.
The bluntish, dark, shiny leaves, which are scale-like along the
branches, are obovate, oblong, and about 3 inches in length. The
blossoming season varies according to the location; however, the tree
generally has flowers and fruit from July until December. The fruit is
the size of a cherry, is deep purple in color, and the persistent calyx
is very prominent. The sweet pulp has a very agreeable flavor.
Probably the first plants of this variety were brought here by Don
Marin, about a century ago. Some fine trees may be found in Pauoa and
Makiki valleys, and also in Nuuanu, in the garden which formerly
belonged to Dr. Hillebrand.
[Illustration: PLATE XIII.--_Brazilian Plum, or Spanish Cherry._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XIV
_Eugenia uniflora._
FRENCH CHERRY.
This shrub is said to be a native of Brazil. In Hawaii, it is a common
garden plant, sometimes reaching a height of 10 feet. Its glossy leaves
are ovate-lanceolate, and its peduncles short. It has small, single,
white fragrant flowers. The mature fruit, which resembles a cherry, is
about 1 inch in diameter, and is ribbed longitudinally. It has a
delicious, spicy, acid flavor. There is generally one large, round,
smooth seed.
[Illustration: PLATE XIV.--_French Cherry._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XV
_Eugenia sp._
This is a small Malayan tree which is rare in Hawaii. It has regular,
opposite, large, broad leaves; with the stems and branches four-sided.
The purplish-white flowers are produced in clusters. The waxy
light-green fruits, with a persistent calyx, resemble a small guava.
These fruits have a very tough, pithy skin and pulp combined, which is
edible, but too dry to be agreeable. The seed is large in proportion to
the size of the fruit.
[Illustration: PLATE XV.--_Eugenia sp._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XVI
_Syzygium Jambolana._
JAVA PLUM.
This tall, hardy tree is a native of Southern Asia. In Polynesia it
grows well, up to an elevation of 5000 feet. It is a very common tree in
the Hawaiian Islands. Its leaves, which are from 4 to 6 inches long, and
from 2 to 3 inches broad, are opposite, obtuse or shortly-acuminate. The
flowers, which bloom in June, July and August, are white and quite
fragrant, and are especially attractive to the honey-bee. The oblong
fruit grows in large clusters, ripens from September until November, and
varies in size from a cherry to a pigeon's egg. It is purplish-black in
color, and is edible only when thoroughly ripe. It contains one large,
oblong seed.
[Illustration: PLATE XVI.--_Java Plum._
One half size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XVII
_Syzygium Jambolana_ (small variety).
JAVA PLUM.
This tree, which is also very common in the Hawaiian Islands, is said to
have been introduced by Dr. Hillebrand. It bears but one crop a year,
will grow in any soil, and withstands dry weather. The foliage is
smaller than that of the preceding variety; its leaves are narrower, and
a lighter green in color. It blooms at about the same time of year, but
its flowers are not as large, and appear in thick bunches. The purplish
fruit ripens from September until December.
[Illustration: PLATE XVII.--_Java Plum._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XVIII
_Averrhoa Carambola._
This tree, which is said to have been named after Averrhoes, an Arabian
physician, is a native of Insular India, and is much cultivated in India
and China. It is evergreen, with dense foliage, and grows to a height of
from 15 to 20 feet. It is easily propagated from seeds, and fruits in
about three years. In Hawaii it bears one crop annually, the flowers
appearing in July and the fruit in November and December. The leaves are
alternate, odd-pinnate. The flowers, which are borne in clusters on the
naked stems and branches, are minute, fragrant, and in color shading
from a pale pink to a deep purplish-red. The fruit, varying in size from
a hen's egg to an orange, is ovate, and has five acutely-angled
longitudinal ribs. The fragrant, light-yellow skin is very thin, and the
pulp is watery; it contains a number of flat, brown seeds. This fruit is
of two varieties: the sweet, which may be eaten raw, and the acid which
is delicious when preserved. A very appetizing pickle may be made from
the half-ripe fruit of the acid variety.
[Illustration: PLATE XVIII.--_Averrhoa Carambola._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XIX
_Achras Sapota._
SAPODILLA, OR NASEBERRY.
This tree, which grows on almost all of the Islands of the Hawaiian
group, is a fine evergreen, growing to a height of from 10 to 20 feet,
and producing a fruit which is much prized in warm countries. The bark
possesses tonic properties, and from the juice chewing-gum is made. Its
foliage is dense, and the shiny leaves are thick, lance-oblong, entire,
and clustered at the ends of the branches. The flowers, which are small,
whitish, and perfect, are borne on the rusty pubescent growths of the
season. The fruit, of which there are two varieties, the round and the
oblong, is about the size of a hen's egg. It has a rough skin, the color
of a russet apple, beneath which is a firm, somewhat stringy, sweet
pulp, having the flavor of an apricot. This pulp is divided into 10 to
12 compartments, and contains from 4 to 6 large, flat, smooth, black
seeds.
[Illustration: PLATE XIX.--_Sapodilla, or Naseberry._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XX
_Casimiroa edulis._
WHITE SAPOTA.
This tree, which is a native of Mexico, is said to have been named after
Cardinal Casimiro Gomez. The first tree of its kind in Hawaii was
planted in 1884, at the Government Nursery, Honolulu. The seed came from
Santa Barbara, California, where there grows today, a tree more than
eighty years old, and which still bears its fruit. It is a tall
evergreen with irregular branches; its digitate leaves are dark and
glossy. The trunk is ashen-grey, with warty excrescences. The fruit,
which matures in April and May, is large, 1 to 4 inches in diameter; it
is depressed-globular and somewhat ribbed, like a tomato; in color it is
a light-green, turning to a dull yellow when ripe, and it has a very
thin skin. The pulp is yellow, resembling that of an over-ripe, and has
a melting, peach-like flavor. It contains from 1 to 3 large, oblong
seeds, which are said to be deleterious.
[Illustration: PLATE XX.--_White Sapota._
One fourth natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXI
_Prunus Persica._
PEACH.
The Peach-tree is said by some authorities to be indigenous to Persia,
while by others it is claimed to be a native of China. It is a hardy
tree, and has been known to bear fruit precociously even in the second
year after planting. If allowed to do so, the Peach will grow to a
height of about 15 feet; but it should be pruned annually, in order to
secure a good crop. Its leaves are lanceolate and coarsely serrate. The
flowers are solitary, pink in color, and appear before the leaves. The
fruit is soft and pubescent at maturity. The stone is deeply pitted and
very hard. There are two well-marked varieties, the cling-stone and the
free-stone.
Ulupalakua and Makawao, Maui, once had the reputation of growing
finely-flavored seedling peaches; however, many of these trees have been
injured by cattle, and others have been destroyed by root-fungus and
insect pests. In several localities in Hawaii good peaches have been
grown from imported varieties.
[Illustration: PLATE XXI.--_Peach._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXII
_Chrysophyllum Cainito_ (purple variety).
STAR APPLE.
This tree is a native of the West Indies, and although not common in
Hawaii, there are good specimens to be found in many gardens. It has
large irregular spreading branches, grows to a height of from 10 to 25
feet, and has rather thick foliage. Propagation is ordinarily effected
by seeds, which germinate readily, when fresh. It can also be grown from
cuttings of the ripe wood. The tree derives its name from the words
"chrysos," gold, and "phyllon," a leaf; referring to the golden-russet
color of the underside of the beautiful, glossy green leaves. The small
flowers, which appear from June until October, are solitary at the nodes
or in fascicles. The fruit, which ripens in April, is round, about 3
inches in diameter, has a smooth, tough rind, about 1-16th inch thick,
which is a deep purple in color. A cross-section of the fruit shows the
edible pulp with its numerous black seeds, and the star-shaped core,
from which the fruit derives its common name of Star Apple. Unless the
fruit is thoroughly ripe, its milky juice is remarkably astringent.
[Illustration: PLATE XXII.--_Star Apple._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXIII
_Chrysophyllum Cainito_ (white variety).
STAR APPLE.
This tree, which bears its fruit in from four to five years, has about
the same characteristics as that of the preceding variety. The fruit is
somewhat larger, and is not quite so sweet. In color it is pale green,
shaded with purple.
[Illustration: PLATE XXIII.--_Star Apple._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXIV
_Chrysophyllum monopyrenum._
This small tree, which is indigenous to the West Indies, is also a
native of Southern Florida, and is to be found as an ornamental plant in
many localities of tropical America. In Jamaica it is called the "Damson
Plum." Its small, single, white flowers are highly perfumed. The fruit,
which matures from August until December, is small, ovoid-oblong, and
when ripe is purplish-black; when bruised it emits a white, sticky
juice. It contains one large seed. Specimens of this tree are to be
found growing in the grounds of the Queen's Hospital and at the
Government Nursery, Honolulu.
[Illustration: PLATE XXIV.--_Chrysophyllum monopyrenum._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXV
_Mimusops Elengi._
This handsome evergreen tree, with its bright, glossy leaves, is very
suitable for hedges and for windbreaks. It has alternate, elliptic
leaves 3 to 3½ inches long. The small, solitary flowers, have many
creamy-white petals, and are very fragrant; from them perfume is
obtained by distillation. The yellow fruit is about the shape and size
of a small olive, and contains a dry, mealy pulp which is edible, and
the large, flat, brown seed yield an oil.
[Illustration: PLATE XXV.--_Mimusops Elengi._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ Plate XXVI
_Spondias dulcis._
"WI."
This deciduous tree is said to be a native of the Society Islands, and
is common to the tropics of both hemispheres. It is a large, spreading
and graceful tree, reaching a height of from 30 to 50 feet. Its pinnate
leaves are green and glossy; the leaflets are oval-oblong and opposite.
The foliage is shed from December until April. The flowers are
paniculate, small, and greenish-white. The fruit, which ripens from
November until April, is a fleshy drupe, oval in shape, from 1 to 3
inches in diameter; it has a thin, smooth, golden-yellow skin, which has
a rather sour disagreeable odor. The fleshy pulp is light yellow, is
mellow when quite ripe, and has a sub-acid delicious flavor, compared by
some to the pineapple. Within this pulp is embedded a 1 to 5 loculed,
bony endocarp, which contains generally one seed. This endocarp is
covered with fibres which penetrate the pulp. The first Wi tree in
Hawaii was planted at the residence of Mr. John S. Walker, Nuuanu
Valley.
[Illustration: PLATE XXVI.--_Spondias dulcis._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXVII
_Spondias lutea._
HOG PLUM.
This tree is distributed over Tropical America, West Africa and Java,
where it is commonly called the Hog Plum, and is used for fattening
swine. In Jamaica it grows well, up to an elevation of 4000 feet. It is
a large, graceful tree, about 50 feet high, with spreading branches, and
it is particularly beautiful when in fruit. The pinnate leaves are a
clear green, the leaflets are ovate-lanceolate, and the golden-yellow
fruit hangs in clusters. It ripens in September and October. The fruit
is ovoid, about 1 inch long; it has a smooth skin, having a disagreeable
odor. There is one large seed, which resembles the husk of a ground-nut.
This fruit is cooling and aromatic. To my knowledge there are but two
trees of this kind in bearing in the Hawaiian Islands, and these are
growing in private grounds in Honolulu.
[Illustration: PLATE XXVII.--_Hog Plum._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXVIII
_Mammea Americana._
MAMMEE APPLE.
The Mammee Apple, which grows well in Hawaii, is a native of the West
Indies, and is a fruit much esteemed in tropical countries. In Jamaica
it thrives well, up to an elevation of 3000 feet. The tree attains a
height of from 30 to 40 feet, and the wood, which is beautifully
grained, is durable and well adapted to building purposes. Its leaves
are rigid and leathery. The round seeds, varying in number from 1 to 4,
germinate freely, and the young plants are easily raised. The fruit is
from 3 to 6 inches in diameter, is brown or russet color, and has a
yellow pulp, which is sweet and aromatic. The outer rind, as well as the
pulp immediately surrounding the seeds, is very bitter. The fruit may be
eaten raw, and is very delicious when preserved.
[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII.--_Mammee Apple._
One fourth natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXIX
_Tamarindus indica._
TAMARIND.
The name is derived from Tamar, Arabic for Date, and Indus, Indian; thus
literally meaning Indian Date. It is a native of the Indies, Egypt and
Arabia. The tree is never leafless, and the foliage is graceful,
pinnated and acacia like. It bears one crop a year, the season varying
somewhat according to the location and elevation. It yields a handsome,
hard and close-grained furniture wood, which is yellowish-white, with
occasional red streaks in it; the heart-wood is dark brownish-purple.
The pods are thick, linear, dark brown in color, and from 3 to 6 inches
long. The seeds vary in number. The pulp surrounding the seeds has a
pleasant acid flavor, and when made into syrup, forms the basis of a
delicious, cooling beverage. This pulp is called the fruit, while the
pod is spoken of as the shell. The Tamarind is propagated from both
seeds and cuttings, and is undoubtedly one of the noblest of our
tropical trees.
[Illustration: PLATE XXIX.--_Tamarind._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXX
_Durio zibethinus._
DURION.
This fine tree attains a height of from 60 to 80 feet; it derives its
name from the Malay word "dury," a thorn, in reference to the prickly
covering of the fruit. The leaves, which are a light, glossy green on
the upper surface, are alternate, entire, elliptical and acute. The
yellowish-white flowers are large. The fruit, which is either globular
or oval, sometimes measures 10 inches in length. It has a hard rind,
covered with thorny warts or spines, and externally looks not unlike a
breadfruit. When ripe, it is brownish-yellow, and, when opened at its
lower end, shows five longitudinal sections or cells, each containing
from 1 to 4 seeds about the size of a pigeon's egg. The edible pulp
surrounding the seeds is firm and cream-colored. The Durion is
remarkable for its combination of an absolutely delicious flavor and an
abominably offensive odor. To my knowledge there is but one tree in
bearing in the Hawaiian Islands, and that is growing in private grounds
at Lihue, Kauai.
[Illustration: PLATE XXX.--_Durion._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXI
_Coffea arabica._
ARABIAN COFFEE.
The Coffee-tree is said to be a native of Abyssinia. Two species, the
Arabian and the Liberian, are now cultivated throughout the tropics. The
use of coffee was known in Arabia long before it was introduced to
Europeans in the sixteenth century. The Dutch were the first to
introduce the plant to Europe. The Arabian Coffee-tree is low-growing,
and bears one crop annually; its leaves are elliptico-oblong, acuminate,
generally from 3 to 6 inches long, and are thin and shiny. The white
flowers appear in clusters, and are very fragrant. The berries are
ovoid, fleshy, and bright red. In this berry are found the two seeds,
which constitute the coffee of commerce. The Coffee-tree was introduced
into Hawaii about 1823, by a Frenchman, who established a small
plantation in Manoa Valley, Oahu. The tree is now well naturalized in
the woods of Kona, Hawaii, and elsewhere in the Islands, and flourishes
up to an elevation of from 1000 to 2000 feet.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXI.--_Arabian Coffee._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXII
_Coffea liberica._
LIBERIAN COFFEE.
This species is a tall grower, is highly ornamental in foliage, and is a
rich bearer. Its leaves are from 6 to 12 inches long. The white flowers
come in dense clusters, and are more robust and productive than are
those of the Arabica. The berries are nearly spherical, and in color are
a dull crimson. The pulp is large in proportion to the size of the
seeds. Although this variety has not become popular in Hawaii, it is
claimed that it will grow at a much lower elevation than will the
Arabica, and the flavor is said to be very fine.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXII.--_Liberian Coffee._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXIII
_Clausena Wampi._
WAMPI.
This odorous tree is a native of China. It is a symmetrical evergreen
with dense foliage. The light, mossy-green leaves are imparipinnate, the
leaflets ovate-repand, and they are rough on the under surface. The
flowers, which are borne in clusters, on the new wood, are small,
yellow, and very fragrant. The fruit ripens from June until October; it
is about the size of a gooseberry; the skin is yellowish-brown, shaded
with green. The pulp is sub-acid with a balsamic fragrance. It contains
one large seed about the size of a kernel of corn. There are two
varieties, the sweet and the sour; both may be eaten raw, and are very
highly prized by the Chinese. I know of but two trees of this kind in
the Hawaiian Islands; they are of the sour variety, and are growing in
private gardens in Honolulu.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII.--_Wampi._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXIV
_Physalis peruviana._
CAPE GOOSEBERRY--"POHA."
This shrub, or bush, is a native of Brazil, but is naturalized in many
warm countries. It stands partially erect, reaching a height of from 1½
to 3 feet. Its pointed leaves, heart-shaped at the base, are very fuzzy.
The open, bell-shaped flowers are yellow in color. The fruit, which is
about the size of a cherry, is enclosed in a thin, yellow, paper-like
husk, which is quite hairy. When ripe, the fruit is yellow, and has a
delicious sub-acid pulp, filled with minute seeds. The Poha may be eaten
raw, but is much more acceptable when made into jam or jelly. The dried
fruit is said to be a substitute for yeast. In Hawaii, the Poha thrives
best in the cool elevations.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV.--_Cape Gooseberry._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXV
_Carica Papaya._
PAPAYA (fruit, female tree).
The Papaya is a native of South America; it is found in Florida, and in
many parts of tropical America; it was early introduced into Hawaii,
grows and bears well in almost any locality. It is a small tree, with a
hollow, branchless trunk; it is short-lived, and is suitable only to
regions free from frost, and requires perfect drainage. There are two
forms, the tall and the dwarf, but there are numerous variations as to
shape and quality of the fruit. The soft green leaves, often measuring
two feet across, are variously palmated, and have simple, long, hollow
stems. The Papaya is usually dioceous; the fruit-bearing tree is called
the female; it is claimed that trees of both sexes should be planted
near each other, in order to ensure a good yield. The female flowers,
which appear from the axils of the leaves, are yellowish-white, single,
or two or three together.
The fruit of the Papaya ripens successively. It is either round or
oblong, and sometimes weighs eight pounds. The skin is thin, and is
bright yellow when ripe. The firm, yellow pulp has a delicious flavor,
and the milky juice contains a digestive principle similar to pepsin.
The seed cavity is large, and is filled with many small seeds which are
enveloped in a loose, mucous coat, with a brittle, pitted testa. When
fresh these seeds germinate readily.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXV.--_Papaya_ (_fruit, female tree_).
One fourth natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXVI
_Carica Papaya._
PAPAYA (fruit, male tree).
The size, shape, foliage and general appearance of this tree is the same
as that of the preceding variety. Its flowers appear on long stems, are
funnel-shape, and have five lobes. The male tree sometimes produces
fruit, and it is of large size and fine quality. A good example may be
seen in the accompanying illustration.
I know of no method whereby one can, by any selection of seeds, produce
with any degree of certainty, plants of either male or female variety.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI.--_Papaya_ (_fruit, male tree_).
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXVII
_Carica quercifolia._
This species of dwarf Papaya is of recent introduction to Hawaii. It has
a soft, hollow trunk, and low, spreading branches. The leaves are deeply
lobed, of a light green color on the upper side, and whitish-green
underneath. Flowers dioecious, yellowish-green, having five petals.
Fruit the size of a large olive, green, and ribbed with five white
stripes, changing to yellow when ripe. The yellow pulp, containing
numerous seeds, has a strong pesin flavor that is quite agreeable.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII.--_Carica quercifolia._
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXVIII
_Citrus Japonica._
Var. "Hazara."
CHINESE ORANGE.
This familiar and highly ornamental tree, commonly known as the Chinese
orange, was very early introduced to these Islands. It is well named
Hazara (meaning thousand of fruit), as it is one of the most prolific of
the citrus family, and both green and ripe fruit in great quantities may
be found on the same tree at almost any season of the year. The tree is
of medium size, and the small, shiny leaves have short petioles. It is
generally thornless. The flowers are white and fragrant. The round fruit
is a deep yellow, and its smooth skin is very loosely attached. The pulp
is also a deep yellow and contains many seeds, and the sour juice is
very plentiful. The tree is hardy and free from disease and scale.
Propagation is by seed.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII.--_Chinese Orange._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XXXIX
_Citrus Japonica._
KUMQUAT.
The Kumquat is a native of Cochin-China, and is also cultivated in
Japan, Florida, and California. It is a low-growing bush or shrub,
having smooth, angular branches, and in both the round and oval
varieties the dark foliage is dense and beautiful. It is a very prolific
bearer. Its leaves are small, lanceolate, slightly serrate, pointed or
blunt and wedge-shaped at the base. The small, white flowers come
solitary or in clusters, the fruit varies in size from a large
gooseberry to that of a pigeon's egg, and is either ovate, oblong, or
spherical. It is 5 to 6 celled, has very little pulp, and contains many
seeds. The pulp is somewhat sour, especially in the round varieties; and
the smooth, thick, yellow rind is aromatic and sweet; the Kumquat is
generally preserved whole, and those prepared by the Chinese are very
delicious.
This ornamental citrus tree is not often seen in our gardens, for it is
subject to scale, and to the mealy bug, which destroy the flowers and
stunt the fruit. The Kumquat comes true to seed, and may also be
propagated by grafting and budding.
[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX.--_Kumquat._
Two thirds natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XL
_Citrus Nobilis._
MANDARIN ORANGE.
This small tree or thornless shrub with its dense foliage is a native of
Cochin-China, and fine specimens of this tree, with its golden fruit in
season, can be found in many gardens about Honolulu, especially those of
the Chinese. Its leaves are lanceolate, its petioles short. Flowers are
white and fragrant. The fruit is compressed-spherical, apex depressed, a
ridge about the stem. The thin peel is greenish-yellow, baggy, and
separates readily from the sections. Pulp generally dry, sweet, juice
scant, fruit containing many seeds. The characteristic odor of the
leaves, twigs and fruit of all varieties of the Mandarin orange is
easily recognizable.
[Illustration: PLATE XL.--_Mandarin Orange._
Two thirds natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLI
_Citrus medica limetta._
LIME.
This small tree or bush thrives in Hawaii, and yields good crops. It
requires a sandy, rocky soil, and does well in the shaded valleys.
However, it is attacked by scale pests and root fungus, and many
valuable trees are destroyed in this way. The dark green, shiny leaves
are oval or elliptical, and emit an agreeable odor when bruised. The
fragrant flowers are small, white, with an occasional tinge of pink. The
fruit is small, varying in shape from round to elliptical. The light
yellow skin is oily and very bitter, and the pulp is juicy and sour. The
picture representing this fruit shows several varieties, forms and
shapes: those on the left being the Mexican type, those on the upper
right the Kusai lime, the latter much resembling a mandarin orange in
shape, and has a loose skin, but the pulp is very juicy and exceedingly
sour. This lime has become very popular in Hawaii, grows readily from
seed, and produces true. To Mr. Henry Swinton is due the credit of
introducing this variety in 1885 from Kusai, or Strong's Island,
Micronesia.
[Illustration: PLATE XLI.--_Lime._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLII
_Citrus medica limonum._
LEMON.
This is a spreading tree, having ovate-oblong, fragrant leaves with
short petioles. The flowers are small and white. The medium-sized fruit
is egg-shaped, ending in a nipple-like point. The thin, smooth skin is
aromatic. The juicy pulp is rich in citric acid. Many choice varieties
of lemons have been introduced to Hawaii, but they have not thrived
particularly well, because of the scale and insect pests which so
greedily attack them; eternal vigilance is necessary in order to get the
fruit matured; some very fine specimens, however, have been grown in
Kona, at an elevation of 1500 feet.
[Illustration: PLATE XLII.--_Lemon._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLIII
_Citrus medica var. limonum._
ROUGH-SKIN LEMON.
This variety is very hardy, bears profusely, and requires much more
water than does the orange. Being a strong, vigorous grower, it forms an
excellent stock upon which to graft the citrus varieties. The flower is
white, with a reddish tint outside. The fruit is generally oval, and
contains many seeds. The pale yellow skin is rough and warty. The pulp
is coarse-grained and very juicy. It comes true to seed.
[Illustration: PLATE XLIII.--_Rough-skin Lemon._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLIV
_Citrus Aurantium Sinense._
WAIALUA ORANGE.
This tree, which grows to a height of from 20 to 35 feet, is cultivated
in all tropical and sub-tropical countries. Its young branches are pale
green, angular and glabrous. The leaves are oblong, ovate and pointed,
and the petioles are narrowly winged. Its flowers are white and very
fragrant. This variety of orange, locally known as the Waialua orange,
has a bright yellow fruit, generally round, with a coarse, thick skin,
very juicy pulp, and numerous seeds; and was introduced by Vancouver and
planted in Hanalei valley, Kauai. It is now widely disseminated
throughout the group, and in Kona, Hawaii, grows exceptionally well.
This orange is said to produce true to seed.
[Illustration: PLATE XLIV.--_Waialua Orange._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLV
_Citrus Aurantium._
BAHIA, OR WASHINGTON NAVEL ORANGE.
This variety was first introduced into the United States from Brazil,
and is now the most popular of all the oranges. It is cultivated
extensively in California, in which State the first trees of its kind
were planted; for this reason it is often called the Riverside Navel.
The fruit is large, solid, and heavy. It is seedless, and has a
prominent navel mark at the apex. The brilliant orange color of the skin
is one of its characteristics. Grafted and budded trees of this variety
of orange may be found growing in many localities in the Hawaiian
Islands, but the fruit is not as fine as it should be, as, with few
exceptions, it has a tendency to become very dry and woody.
[Illustration: PLATE XLV.--_Bahia, or Washington Navel Orange._
One half natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLVI
_Citrus Decumana._
POMELO OR SHADDOCK (pear-shaped var.).
This hardy tree, with its spreading branches, grows to a height of from
15 to 20 feet. It is extensively cultivated in India, and widely
distributed over the Malayan and Polynesian Islands. It was early
introduced to the Hawaiian Islands, presumably by the Chinese, who seem
to be especially fond of the fruit, as it is always an important feature
of their New Year's decorations. The leaves are large, oval or
ovate-oblong, obtuse, and frequently emarginate, and the petiole is
broadly winged. The flowers are large and white. This pyriform variety,
which is from 6 to 8 inches in diameter, often weighs 4 to 8 pounds.
The pale-yellow rind is smooth, thick and very bitter, but can be made
into a preserve. The pulp varies in color from pale yellow to red, and
has a sub-acid, slightly bitter, flavor.
[Illustration: PLATE XLVI.--_Pomelo or Shaddock_ (_pear-shaped var._)
One third natural size.]
_G. P. W. Collection._ PLATE XLVII
_Citrus Decumana._
POMELO OR SHADDOCK (round var.)