thin, covered with an olive green epidermis; spire rather short,
consisting of few whorls; aperture large, oval, rounded anteriorly;
outer lip thin, joining the inner lip without a sinus; inner lip spread
over part of the body whorl, terminating in a thick columella with one
or two folds.--_Obs._ These shells differ from the true Auriculæ in the
thinness of the outer lip. C. Dombeyana (Auricula Dombeyana, Auct.)
Fig. 300. The illustrated catalogue published by the author (Sow.
Conch. illustr. parts 135, 136) contains 13 species. Rivers of South
America.
CHILOTREMA. Leach. A sub-genus of HELIX, containing Helix lapicida,
Auct. Gray, Turton, p. 140.
CHIMOTREMA. ----? Belongs to HELIX.
CHIONE. Megerle. CYTHERÆA maculosa, (fig. 117, c.) sulcata, circinata,
&c. Auct. and other similar species.
CHIRONA. Gray. A genus of Balanidæ, the shells consisting of six
parietal valves and two opercular valves; the upper edges of the
parietal valves are sloped and the structure is not tubular.
CHISMOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of the first section of
Paracephalophora Monoica, Bl. Those Mollusca belonging to this order
which have shells, have them either internal or external, but always
scutiform, with depressed spires and wide, haliotoid, oblique
apertures, without a columellar lip properly so called. This order
partly answers to the family MACROSTOMATA, in the system of Lamarck. It
contains the genera Coriocella, Sigaretus, Cryptostoma, Oxinoe,
Stomatella and Velutina.
CHITON. Auct. ([Greek: chiton], an integument.) _Fam._ Phyllidiana,
Lam. _Class_, Polyplaniphora, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, consisting of eight
arched valves arranged in a series across the body of the animal and
fixed in the skin which forms a rim around them, sometimes scaly,
spinose, or rugose, sometimes smooth.--_Obs._ The genus Chiton,
commonly called "Coat of Mail," from its resemblance to jointed armour,
remains to the present day in exactly the same state with regard to its
boundaries as that in which Linnæus found it, and in which he left it.
That illustrious Naturalist placed it among the multivalves in his
purely Conchological system, although the animal is totally different
from the Cirripedes. The shells are prettily marked, and are found
attached to the rocks in all seas of Tropical and Southern climates,
but fossil species are almost unknown. Fig. 227, C. Spinosus. The genus
is divided by Guilding into Chiton, Canthopleura, Phakellopleura,
Chitonellus and Cryptoconchus. Zool. Journ. XVII. p. 27. The author of
this manual has lately attempted a revision of this interesting but
neglected genus, and has given a catalogue of all the species hitherto
known, as far as they could be identified among the confused mass of
synonyms and descriptions to be found in the works of various
Conchological writers. This catalogue is to be found in his
Conchological Illustrations, and refers to figures of 102 species, 92
of which are contained in parts 38 to 45, and 159 to 176.
CHITONELLUS. Lam. (From _Chiton_) Separated by Lamarck from Chiton, on
account of the valves being placed at a greater distance from each
other, the soft integument of the animal intervening. Fig. 228, C.
striatus. Philippines.
CHLOROSTOMA. Sw. A sub-genus of "Trochinæ." Sw. (Trochus) of which C.
argyrostoma is given as an example. Sw. Lard. Cyclop. p. 350.
CHONDRUS. Hartmann. ABIDA, Leach. A genus formed for the reception of
PUPA secale, Drap. Pupa Juniperi, Montague, which have plaits in the
aperture.
CHRYSOAR. Montf. Probably a species of ORTHOCERAS.
CHRYSODOMUS. Swains. "Distinguished from Fusus, by the comparative
shortness of the basal channel, and the ventricose or enlarged shape of
the body whorl. The beautiful orange-mouthed Whelk of England is a
typical example; and the few others now known are all of a very large
size, and chiefly found in Northern Seas, where they represent the more
elegant Fusi of tropical latitudes; the outer lip is always thin and
smooth." Sw. page 90, paragraph 78, described at page 308.
CHRYSOLUS. Montf. POLYSTOMELLA, Bl. A genus of microscopic
Foraminifera.
CHRYSOSTOMA. Sw. A genus of the family "Rotellinæ," Sw. Thus described
"Shell turbinate; the whorls few and convex; aperture effuse, round;
inner lip thickened just over, and almost concealing the umbilicus.
Nicobaricus, Martini, 182 fig. 1822-5." Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p.
327.
CHTHALAMUS. Ranz. _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. Order, Sessile Cirripedes,
Lam.--_Descr._ "Shell much depressed, valves thick, thickened at the
base, with prominent areas; operculum nearly horizontal, composed of
four valves."--_Obs._ This description would apply generically to the
shell called Platylepas in the British Museum, only nothing is said
about the prominent plates jutting from the internal surface of the
valves. The difference between this genus and BALANUS consists
principally in the horizontal position of the operculum, and general
flatness of the shell. C. stellatus, fig. 18.
CIBICIDES. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CIDARIS. Swains. A genus composed of TURBO Smaragdus, petholatus, and
other similar species. The word Cidaris is, however, already in use for
a genus of Echinæ.
CIDAROLLUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CILIATED. (ciliæ, hairs.) Having minute hairs as in Orbicula, Lingula,
&c. and the jointed feelers of the Cirripedes.
CIMBER. Montf. NAVICELLA, Auct.
CINERAS. Leach. (_Cinereus_, ash-coloured.) _Order_, Pedunculated
Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Animal with a quadrilateral body, supported
on a fleshy peduncle, with an opening in front of the upper part for
the passage of a bunch of ciliated tentacula. Immediately above this
aperture is a pair of small elongated valves, placed in a nearly
horizontal position; at the lower part is another tripartite pair
placed perpendicularly, one on each side, and a narrow, angulated,
keel-shaped piece placed at the back.--_Obs._ The nearest approach to
this genus is Otion. (C. Vittatus, fig. 42.) Found upon substances
floating in the sea.
CINEREOUS. (_Cinereus_) Ash-coloured.
CINGULA. Fleming. RISSOA, Leach.
CIONELLA. Jeffreys. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Oblong or
elongated; last whorl large; apex rather acute; columella,
sub-interrupted; aperture canaliculated, sub-effuse at the base;
margins very unequal; no umbilicus. BULINUS octonus, lubricus, acicula,
&c. Auct. C. lubrica, fig. 285.
CIRCE. Schum. VENUS castrensis, fig. 117 d. V. sulcatina, arabica,
pectinata, Auct. and other similar species.
CIRRIPEDES. Lam. The tenth class of invertebrated animals, so named
from the curled and ciliated branchia which protrude from the oval
aperture of the shells. The class Cirripedes of Lamarck constitutes the
entire genus _Lepas_ of Linnæus. They are divided into two sections;
first, Sessile Cirr. attached by the basal portion of the shell;
second, Pedunculated Cirr. supported upon a Peduncle. Figs. 14 to 45.
CIRROBRANCHIATA. Bl. The first order of Paracephalophora Hermaphrodita,
Bl. This order has been formed for the purpose of giving a place in the
system to the genus Dentalium. The animal of which has lungs,
consisting of numerous filaments, having their basal origin in two
radical lobes under the neck.
CIRRUS. J. Sowerby (cirrus, a tendril.) _Fam._ Turbinacea, Bl. and
Lam.--_Descr._ Spiral, conical, with a hollow axis; whorls contiguous,
numerous, rounded, or slightly angulated.--_Obs._ This fossil genus
resembles Trochus, from which it is known by the deep funnel-shaped
umbilicus. Fig. 349, C. nodosus.
CISTULA. Humph. CYCLOSTOMA, Lam.
CLANCULUS. Montf. TROCHUS _Pharaonis_, Lam.--_Obs._ This, with several
other species, belong more properly to MONODONTA, Lam. ODONTIS, Sow.
Fig. 361.
CLATHODON. Conrad. GNATHODON, Gray.
CLAUSILIA. Drap. (_Clausium_, a valve or folding door.) _Fam._
Colimacea, Lam. Limacinea, Bl.--_Descr._ Spire elongated, consisting of
many volutions; aperture small, sub quadrate, having several
tooth-shaped folds on the columella. A small, elastic, shelly plate,
attached to the columella within, called the Clausium, its office being
to enclose the aperture when the animal has retired within the
shell.--_Obs._ This last character distinguishes it from the Pupæ, to
some of which it bears a very near resemblance. _Hab._ Land, in the
central and southern parts of Europe, several British species. Fig.
295, C. Macascarensis.
CLAUSIUM. A name applied to the beautiful contrivance whence the genus
Clausilia derives its name, consisting of a little bony tortuous plate,
placed in a groove on the columella. Here it serves the purpose of a
door, which, when not prevented by counteracting pressure, springs
forward on its elastic ligament, and encloses the animal in his
retirement. The aperture is opened by pushing back the clausium into
the groove.
CLAUSULUS. Montf. Conch. Syst. 1, 179. A genus of microscopic
Foraminifera.
CLAVA. Humph. CERITHIUM, Lam.
CLAVAGELLA. Lam. (_Clava_, a club.) _Fam._ Tubicolæ, Lam. Pyloridea,
Bl.--_Descr._ Two irregular flattish valves, one fixed or soldered, so
as to form part of the side of an irregular shelly tube; the other free
within the tube near the base.--_Obs._ The shells composing this genus
are found in stones, madrepores, &c. and appear to form the connecting
link between Aspergillum, which has both valves cemented into the tube;
and Fistulana, in which both are free. Fig. 45, a fossil Clavagella.
Found recent on the Coast of Malta and New South Wales.
CLAVALITHES. Sw. A genus composed of some fossil shells, separated from
the genus Fusus, which, having the general form of Turbinella Rapa, &c.
are considered by Swainson, as holding an intermediate station between
Fusus and the Turbinellidæ.--_Descr._ "Unequally sub-fusiform; the body
whorl, and spire, being conic; and the canal suddenly contracted and
attenuated; terminal whorls papillary; inner lip thick; pillar smooth,
C. longævus, clavellatus, Noæ, ponderosus, Sw."--_Obs._ The papillary
spire may form a sufficient reason for separating this genus from
Fusus, while the absence of plates on the columella places them at a
still greater distance from Turbinella.
CLAVATE. When one extremity of the shell is attenuated, and the other
becomes suddenly ventricose or globular, it is said to be Clavate.
_Ex._ Murex Haustellum, fig. 396.
CLAVATULA. Lam. The generic name by which Lamarck originally
distinguished those species of Pleurotoma which were remarkable for the
shortness of their canals. In his system, however, they are re-united
to Pleurotoma. Fig. 381, P. Strombiformis.
CLAVICANTHA. Sw. A genus separated from Pleurotoma, Lam. consisting of
species, which are described as "thick, sub-fusiform; the surface
rugose, and the whorls sub-coronated; channel short; slit assuming the
form of a short, broad sinus. C. imperialis, E. M. 440, spirata, E. M.
440, fig. 5, conica, E. M. 439, fig. 9, echinata, E. M. 439, fig. 8,
Auriculifera, E. M. 439, fig. 10."
CLAVICLE. (_clavis_, a key.) A little key. This term is applied to the
bony appendage in the hinge of some species of Anatina, (those included
in the generic term Lyonsia) Cleidothærus, Myochama, &c.
CLAVULINA. D'Orb. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CLAVUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Hutch. ([Greek: Thairos], hinge, [Greek: Kleis],
clavicle.) _Fam._ Chamaceæ or Myariæ, Lam.--_Descr._ Inequivalve,
irregular, solid, attached; with one cardinal, conical tooth in the
free valve, entering a corresponding indenture in the other; and an
oblong shelly appendage, fixed by an internal cartilage in a groove
under the umbones; muscular impressions, two in each valve, one
elongated, the other uniform.--_Obs._ This shell is like Chama in
general form, but is distinguished by the clavicle or shelly appendage
from which its name is derived. Fig. 75. New South Wales.
CLEODORA. _Per. et Les. Fam._ Pteropoda, Lam. Thecosomata,
Bl.--_Descr._ Thin, transparent, pyramidal, with flat alate sides, and
oval aperture. Fig. 221, C. cuspidata.
CLISIPHONITES. Montf. Microscopic. LENTICULINA, Bl.
CLITHON. Montf. NERITINA Corona, spinosa, &c. Auct. fig. 325.
CLITIA. Leach. _Fam._ Balanidea, Bl. _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes,
Lam.--_Descr._ Sub-conical, compressed, consisting of four unequal
valves, two larger and two smaller, joined together side by side, by
the interlocking of their dentated edges, a process somewhat like that
which joiners call dove-tailing. Operculum, consisting of two unequal
pointed valves.--_Obs._ Clitia is known from Creusia, by the
articulations of the valves, and by the operculum, which in Creusia
consists of four valves. Fig. 20. C. Verruca, (Lepas Verruca, Gmelin.)
Britain and Peru.
CLOSE. The margins of a bivalve shell are described as being close,
when there is no hiatus between them in any part, otherwise they are
described as _gaping_.
CLOTHO. Faujas. _Fam._ Conchacea, Bl. More properly belonging to the
Pyloridea, Bl.; and the Lithophagidæ, Lam.--_Descr._ "Oval, nearly
regular, longitudinally striated, equivalve, sub-equilateral; hinge
consisting of a bifid tooth, curved like a crochet, larger in one valve
than in the other." This description is translated from Blainville, who
states that he has never seen the shell. Annales du Museum D'Histoire
Naturelle, tom. 9, pl. 17, fig. 4-6.
CLYPEIFORM. (_Clypeus_, a shield.) Open, flat, shaped like a shield or
buckler, as Umbrella, fig. 233, and Parmophorus, fig. 242.
CLYPIDELLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Fissurella, described as having one
extremity of the shell slightly raised. C. pustula. Sow. Gen. fig. 3.
COAT OF MAIL. A common name given to shells of the genus Chiton, on
account of their resemblance to jointed armour.
COBRESIA. Hübner. VITRINA, Auct.
COCHLIATE. (_Cochleare_, a spoon). Applied to any shell or part which
is hollow and oval, as Patellæ, &c. The cavity containing the cartilage
in Mya, fig. 71, is Cochleate.
COCHLICELLA. One of the sub-genera into which De Ferrusac has divided
the genus Helix, consisting of Bulinus decollatus, fig. 279, and
similar species. See Helix.
COCHLICOPA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, partly corresponding with
Polyphemus of De Montfort, and consisting of species of Achatina, which
have the outer lip undulated.
COCHLITOMA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, corresponding with the genus
Achatina, Auct. not including those with undulated outer lips.
COCHLODINA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, including the genus Clausilia,
Auct.
COCHLODONTA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing Pupa Uva, Auct. &c.
COCHLOGENA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, containing pupiform shells, such
as Azeca tridens, fig. 290.
COCHLOHYDRA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Succinea,
Auct.
COCHLOSTYLA. Fer. A sub-genus of Helix, composed of the genus Bulinus,
Auct.
COLIMACEA. Lam. This Family, of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. includes
all land shells, which might with propriety be divided into three
sections, the first of which contain the following well-known genera:--
1. SUCCINEA. Oval, transparent, oblique; animal amphibious. Fig.
265, 266.
2. HELIX. The type of which is the common snail shell. The
separation of _Carocolla_, on account of the angulated whorls, or
that of _Geotrochus_, on account of the turbinated shape, cannot be
well maintained. Fig. 264, 267, 268, 273 to 276, 278 to 281, 294.
3. ANOSTOMA. The aperture turned up towards the spire. Fig. 271,
272.
4. STREPTAXIS. Whorls excentric. Fig. 269, 270.
5. BULINUS. Oval; aperture entire, including _Bulimulus_, _Balea_,
_Cionella_, _Azeca_. Fig. 282 to 285, 289, 290, 296.
6. ACHATINA. A notch terminating the columella. Fig. 286 to 288.
7. PUPA. Cylindrical; including _Vertigo_, _Alæa_, &c. Fig. 291 to
293.
8. CLAUSILIA. Cylindrical, with a clausium. Fig. 295.
_Obs._ The above are united in the system of De Ferrusac under the
generic name Helix, and divided into sub-genera as explained under
that word.
The next section, included in the family Auriculacea, Bl., contains
the genera Auricula, Chilina, Carychium, Marinula, Scarabæus, and
Partula. Fig. 297 to 302.
The third section contains the following genera of land shells with
opercula.
1. CYCLOSTOMA. Aperture round; operculum spiral. Fig. 303, 304.
2. NEMATURA. Last whorl contracted; operculum spiral. Fig. 305.
3. HELICINA. Aperture semi-lunar or angulated; operculum
concentric. Fig. 306, 307.
4. PUPINA. Shell polished; operculum concentric; aperture round.
Fig. 524.
5. STROPHOSTOMA. Aperture turned up towards the spire, like
Anostoma, but said to have an operculum. Only known fossil. Fig.
97.
COLUMBELLA. Auct. (Columba, a dove.) _Fam._ Columellata, Lam.--_Descr._
Thick, oval, or angular; with short spire, and long narrow aperture,
contracted in the centre, and terminating in a short canal; outer lip
thickened and dentated; inner lip irregularly crenated. Epidermis thin,
brown. Operculum very small, horny.--_Obs._ Those species of Mitra,
which resemble Columbella in shape, may easily be distinguished by the
plaits on the columella. The Columbellæ are marine, and few fossil
species are known. Fig. 430, C. Mercatoria. Swainson has divided this
genus into the following: _Columbella_, consisting of C. Mercatoria,
&c.; _Pusiostoma_, consisting of the Strombiform species;
_Crassispira_, which is most probably a Cerithium; _Nitidella_,
consisting of the smooth species; _Conidea_, consisting of the more
conical species; another set of the more conical species has been
removed from this family, and placed in that of the "Coninæ," but as
they are separated by no essential character, we suppose this has
merely been done for the purpose of completing the "circle" of the last
mentioned family, which otherwise would not have reached the required
number of five. Mediterranean, East and West Indies, South America,
Coast of California, Gallapagos, &c.
COLUMELLA. A solid column formed by the inner sides of the volutions of
a spiral univalve. It is sometimes described as the inner lip of the
aperture, of which it forms a part; but the term would be more properly
confined to that portion of the inner lip which is seen below the body
whorl, over which the remainder of the lip is frequently spread. All
the inner edge of the aperture, including that part of it which covers
the body whorl, is called the columellar lip. In fig. 431, the anterior
termination of the columella is indicated by the letter c. The axis, is
an imaginary line drawn strictly through the centre of the whorls,
whether their inner edges form a solid column or not.
COLUMELLAR LIP. The inner lip. See COLUMELLA.
COLUMELLATA. Lam. A family of the order Trachelipoda, Lam. containing
the following genera:--
1. MITRA. Elongated; aperture narrow; strong folds on the
columella; including _Mitrella_, _Mitreola_, _Tiara_, and
_Conohelix_. Fig. 431, 432.
2. MARGINELLA. Outer lip reflected; including _Volutella_,
_Persicula_, _Gibberula_, and _Glabella_. Fig. 437.
3. COLUMBELLA. Outer and inner lips denticulated or granulated.
Fig. 430.
4. VOLUTA. Outer lip thickened; folds on the columella; aperture
generally wide; apex papillary; including _Scaphella_, _Harpula_,
_Volutilithes_, _Cymbiola_. Fig. 433, 436.
5. MELO. Shell comparatively light; spire short, sometimes hidden;
apex round, spiral; folds on the columella laminar. Fig. 435.
6. CYMBA. Upper edge of the aperture separated from the body whorl
by a flat disc; apex mammillated, irregular; folds on the
columella. Fig. 434.
7. VOLVARIA. Cylindrical; aperture long, narrow; folds on the
columella; spire hidden. Fig. 439.
COLUS. Humphrey. FUSUS, Lam.
COMPLANARIA. Sw. A subgenus of ALASMODON (Unio), thus described, "shell
winged; the valves connate; the bosses very small and depressed;
cardinal teeth two or three; lateral teeth represented by irregular
grooves. C. gigas (Unio), Sow. Man. fig. 141. Alasmodon complanatus,
Say. C. rugosa, Sw."
COMPRESSED. Pressed together, or flattened. The application is the same
as in common use. A Patella may be described as a vertically compressed
cone. A Ranella, on account of the two rows of varices skirting the
whorls, appears, as it were, laterally compressed. A bivalve shell is
said to be compressed when it is flat, that is, when but a small cavity
is left in the deepest part when the valves are closed. Perhaps the
Placuna placenta, fig. 184, is the most remarkable instance of this.
CONCAMERATIONS. (_Con_, with, _camera_, a chamber.) A series of
Chambers joining each other, as in Nautilus, Spirula, &c.
CONCENTRIC. A term applied to the direction taken by the lines of
growth in spiral and other shells, (_longitudinal_ of some authors.)
Every fresh layer of shelly matter forms a new circle round an
imaginary line, drawn through the centre of the spiral cone, down from
the nucleus. When the edges of the successive layers are marked by any
external characters, the shell is said to be concentrically striated,
banded, grooved, costated, &c. A fine illustration of the latter is to
be seen in the Scalaria or Wentletrap, fig. 351, Lines, bands, ribs,
&c. in the opposite direction, (_transverse_ of some authors,) are
"radiating" in bivalves, as the ribs of Cardium, fig. 123, and "spiral"
in univalves, that is, following the direction of the whorls, as the
bands of colour in Pyramidella, fig. 342.
CONCHACEA. Bl. The eighth family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl.
The shells are described as follows: nearly always regular, valves
closed all round; apices curved towards the anterior; dorsal hinge
complete, with teeth and ligament; the latter external or internal,
short and thick; two distinct muscular impressions, united at the lower
part by a parallel impression, which is frequently sinuated at the
posterior. The genera described in this family are divided into three
sections. First, those which are regular, and have distant lateral
teeth, Cardium, Donax, Tellina, Lucina, Cyclas, Cyprina, Mactra, and
Erycina. Second, those which are regular, and have no distant lateral
teeth, Crassatella and Venus. Third, those which are irregular,
Venerupis, Coralliophaga, Clotho, Corbula, Sphænia, and Ungulina.
CONCHACEA. Lam. A family of Lamarck's order Conchifera Dimyaria.
Regular, unattached in general, closed at the sides. They are always
more or less inequilateral. The _Marine_ Conchacea are those which
inhabit the sea. The fluviatile Conchacea are those which are found in
rivers, ponds, &c. Each of these contain various genera, which may be
arranged as follows:--
_Fluviatile._
1. CYRENELLA. Three cardinal teeth; ligament long; shell thin. Fig.
114.
2. CYCLAS. Thin, oval; cardinal and lateral teeth; anterior side
shortest, including _Pera_.
3. PISIDIUM. The same, with the posterior side shortest. Fig. 112.
4. CYRENA. Thick; cardinal and lateral teeth. Fig. 113.
5. POTAMOPHILA. Two thick cardinal teeth. Fig 115.
_Marine._
1. CYPRINA. Two cardinal teeth, and one remote lateral tooth. Fig.
116.
2. VENUS. Three cardinal, no lateral teeth; including _Artemis_.
Fig. 118, 119, 119a.
3. CYTHEREA. Several cardinal teeth; one very short lateral tooth.
Fig. 117, 117_a_, 117_b_, 117_c_, 117d.
4. PULLASTRA. Cardinal teeth notched, otherwise like Venus. Fig.
120.
5. ASTARTE. Three cardinal teeth; ligament short. Fig. 110.
VENERICARDIA belongs to the Cardiacea.
CONCHIFERA. Lam. The 11th class of Invertebrata, consisting of all
those animals which have bivalve shells. Lamarck divides the class into
Dimyaria, which have two adductor muscles; and Monomyaria, which have
but one.
CONCHOLEPAS. Montf. (CONCHA, a shell; lepas, a stone or rock.) _Fam._
Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, imbricated, thick;
with a very short spire and large oval patelliform aperture,
terminating anteriorly in a slight emargination; outer lip crenated,
with two produced points or teeth towards the anterior, inner lip
smooth, nearly flat, reflected over the last whorl, so as nearly or
entirely to cover it; operculum horny. Marine, only one species known,
from Peru.--_Obs._ This shell is placed near Patella by Lamarck, on
account of its large open aperture; but having a horny operculum, and
resembling Purpurea in other respects. Fig. 418. Concholepas Peruviana.