17. TRITON. Varices not in rows. Fig. 398 to 401.
CANCELLARIA. Auct. (From _Cancellatus_, cross-barred, like window
frames or net work.) _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--Descr.
Oval, thick, cancellated; spire generally short, pointed; aperture
sub-ovate, emarginated anteriorly, pointed at the posterior extremity;
outer lip marked within by transverse ridges; inner lip spread over
part of the body whorl, terminating in a straight, thick, obtuse
columella, with several strong oblique folds. _Hab._ Indian Ocean,
Coast of Africa, America, and West Indies. Fossils found in London Clay
and Calc-grossier of Paris. Differing from Turbinellus in form and in
the transversely ribbed inside of the outer lip. Fig. 315. C.
reticulata.--_Obs._ The latest enumeration of the species of this genus
is contained in a catalogue published by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, senior,
accompanying the author's figures of the new species, amounting to 38,
in parts 9 to 13 of the Conchological Illustrations. The greater part
of these new species were brought to this country by Mr. Cuming.
CANCELLATED. (From _Cancellatus_, cross-barred.) Applied generally to
any shells which are marked by ridges crossing each other as
Cancellaria, fig. 385.
CANCILLA. Sw. A sub-genus of Mitræ, described as having "the whorls
crossed by transverse linear ribs; inner canal wanting, plates very
oblique; form slender; outer lip thin." _Ex._ M. Isabella, M. sulcata.
CANCRIS. Montf. CREPIDULINA, Bl. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CANOPUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CANTHAPLEURA. Guild. A genus composed of those species of Chiton, which
have the mantle rough, with moveable spines, prickles, or hairs. _Ex._
C. spinosus, fig. 227.
CANTHARIDUS. Montf. TROCHUS IRIS, Auct. and analogous species.
Elenchus, Humph.
CANTHARUS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CANTHIDOMUS. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanopsis, thus described: "spire
generally short; whorls coronated with spines, or marked with
longitudinal ribs; base obtuse. C. costata, Sow. Gen. f. 3." Melanopsis
costata, plates, fig. 315.
CANTHORBIS. Sw. A sub-genus of the sub-family Trochinæ, Sw. Described
as being "nearly disc-shaped: spire but slightly raised; the margin of
the body-whorl flattened, and serrated with flat spines; inner lip
united to the outer; pillar and aperture as in the last. (Tubicanthus.)
C. imperialis. Mart. 173. f. 1714." This sub-genus appears to include
those species of which De Montfort's genera Imperator and Calcar are
formed.
CANTHROPES. Montf. Described as resembling a Nautilus, with the whorls
increasing so gradually, that the dorsal edge of the aperture advances
but little beyond the last whorl. This genus is not mentioned by
Blainville or Lamarck.
CAPITULUM. Klein. POLLICIPES Mitellus, Lam. fig. 37*.
CAPRELLA. ----? PLEKOCHEILUS, Guild. AURICULA Caprella, Lam.
CAPRINA. D'Orb. DICERAS. Auct.?
CAPRINUS. Montf. (Conch. Syst. t. 2. p. 143.) The figure appears to be
intended to represent Helix Nux-denticulata.
CAPSA. Brug. _Fam._ Nymphacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Equivalve transverse,
subequilateral, subtrigonal; cardinal teeth, two in one valve, one
notched in the other; lateral teeth remote, obsolete; an external
ligament; two muscular impressions in each valve; a large sinus in the
muscular impression of the mantle.--_Obs._ This genus is so nearly
related to Donax, that it is difficult to distinguish it at first
sight. The Capsæ, however, have not the short, plain, straight,
posterior side, the distinct lateral teeth, nor the crenulated margins
which characterize nearly all the Donaces. They are found in the
British Channel, Brazil, and coast of Pacific Ocean. They are known
from Erycina by not having the pit in the hinge for the ligament. Fig.
109. C. Braziliensis.
CAPULUS. Montf. _Fam._ Calyptracea, Lam.--_Descr._ Obliquely conical,
posteriorly recurved; apex pointed, sub-spiral; aperture large,
rounded, oval; with two muscular impressions, lateral, meeting behind;
epidermis horny, rather velvetty. Britain, Mediterranean, West Indies,
California, Australia.
CARDIACEA. (Cardiacées, Lam.) A family of the order Conchifera
Dimyaria, Lam. Most of the genera of shells contained in this family
are included in the very extensive family of Conchacea, in the system
of De Blainville. They are described as having irregularly formed
cardinal teeth, generally accompanied by one or two elongated lateral
teeth. Most of the species are ventricose, and have regular radiating
ribs. This family contains the genera Cardium, Cardita, Cypricardia,
Hiatella, Isocardia, and others enumerated in the explanation of
figures 122 to 130. Their characters may be thus explained.
1. CARDIUM. Two cardinal and two lateral teeth in each valve,
including _Hemicardium_, _Papyridea_ and _Aphrodita_, in the last
of which the teeth are nearly obsolete. Fig. 122, 123, 123*, 123**.
2. VENERICARDIA. Two oblique cardinal teeth, one elongated;
including _Cardita_, which has the umbones nearly terminal.
_Pachymya_ may probably be included, but the hinge is not known.
Fig. 121, 124, and 130.
3. HIPPOPODIUM. One elongated cardinal tooth. Fig. 129.
4. MEGALODON. Hinge broad, septiform, with a large tooth in the
centre of one valve. Fig. 127.
5. ISOCARDIA. Teeth laminar; umbones spiral. Fig. 126.
6. CARDILIA. The same, with a septiform posterior laminar tooth.
7. HIPPAGUS. Shaped like Isocardia, without teeth. Fig. 128.
CARDILIA. Desh. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. A genus formed for the reception
of Isocardia semi-sulcata, Lam. and a small fossil shell, which
Deshayes had formerly named Hemi-cyclonosta Michelini; thus described,
(translation) "shell oval, oblong, longitudinal, white, heart-shaped,
ventricose, with large prominent umbones; hinge with a small cardinal
tooth and a pit at the side; a spoon-shaped projection for the
reception of the internal ligament; anterior muscular impression
rounded, not deep; the posterior being upon a thin, horizontal lamina,
projecting in the anterior." Deshayes further remarks that although the
animal is unknown, the relations of the genus may be established by
means of the shell alone. Two families contain all the shells which
have the internal ligament inserted in a spoon-shaped projection; in
the one, that of the Anatinæ, the ligament is supported upon a little
bone, which is not soldered to the hinge; in the other, that of the
Mactraceæ, this little bone has no existence. In the former, all the
shells are inequivalve; in the latter equivalve. And M. Deshayes,
considering that the valves are equal, and that there is no separate
bone to the hinge, is of opinion that the genus ought to be placed near
the Lutrariæ, and not far from the Anatinæ. C. semisulcata, fig. 501,
2.
CARDINAL MARGIN. The edge of a bivalve shell on which the teeth is
placed.
CARDINAL TEETH. The teeth upon the hinge directly beneath the umbones
of a bivalve shell, as distinguished from the lateral teeth, which are
placed at a distance on each side. In Venus, fig. 119, the cardinal
teeth, are marked by the letter c.
CARDIOCARDITES. Bl. A genus separated from CARDITA, Auct. Thus
described (translation) "oval species, with the inferior margin nearly
straight, or a very little inflated, crenulated and completely closed.
_Ex._ La C. Ajar, Adans Seneg. pl. 16. fig. 2."
CARDISSA. _Sw._ A genus composed of those species of CARDIUM _Auct._
which are heart-shaped. _Ex._ C. dionæum, fig. 122. And C. Cardissa.
CARDITA. Brug. _Fam._ Cardiacea, _Lam._ Submytilacea, Bl.--_Descr._
Equivalve, inequilateral, ovate, subquadrate or oblong, marked
externally by ribs radiating from the umbones and terminating in a
crenulated margin on the inner surface; cardinal teeth in one valve,
one long, thick, oblique; another short, more straight; in the other
valve one long, oblique, thick. Muscular impressions two in each valve,
rather oval; palleal impression not sinuated.--_Obs._ This description
includes Lamarck's genus Venericardia, which, although consisting of
the more oblong species, is not considered sufficiently distinct to
justify the separation. Cypricardia is distinguished from this genus by
a remote lateral tooth. Mediterranean, Africa, East Indies, &c. Cardita
calyculata, fig. 124.
CARDIUM. Auct. _Fam._ Cardiacea, Lam. Conchacea, Bl.--_Descr._
Equivalve, sub-equilateral, sometimes gaping posteriorly, ornamented on
the outside by ribs radiating from the umbones; cardinal teeth, two in
each valve, locked into each other crosswise, lateral teeth, two in
each valve, remote; muscular impressions, two in each valve; palleal
impression entire. Ligament external, inflated.--_Obs._ Although this
genus includes many remarkable forms, the characters are so easily
defined that there is no difficulty in distinguishing it from any other
genus. C. angulatum, fig. 123. C. Groenlandicum, fig. 123*. APHRODITA,
Lea. C. Hemicardium, fig. 123**. fig. 122. C. Dionæum. It is somewhat
surprising that this genus, which contains some of the most beautiful
forms of bivalve Testacea, should have been left till quite lately
without any attempt to revise the species and settle the synonyms. The
author of this Manual has endeavoured to remedy this defect by
publishing a catalogue of all the species hitherto known, which amount
to 97, including many new species described by him in the "Proceedings
of the Zoological Society," in 1840. Parts 46 to 51, 149 and 150, and
177 to 184 of his Conchological Illustrations contain figures of 60
species. Cardia are frequent in all climates.
CARINARIA. Auct. _Class_, Cephalopoda. _Division_, Monothalamia, Lam.
_Fam._ Nectopoda, Bl.--_Descr._ Symmetrical or nearly so, conical,
thin, glassy, fragile, patelliform; with a fimbriated dorsal keel; apex
convolute, bent forwards; aperture oval, pointed at the dorsal
extremity. _Hab._ Amboyna, Indian Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea.--_Obs._
A most singular and beautiful shell, remarkable for its transparency,
its fragile structure, and the dorsal keel, whence it derives its name.
It was once so rare that a single specimen was known to realize one
hundred guineas. Fig. 488. C. Mediterranea.
CARINATED. (From _Carina_, a keel.) Applied to any shell having a
raised, thin ledge, passing round a whorl or any other part of a shell,
as in Carinaria, fig. 488.
CARINEA. Sw. A genus formed for the reception of OVULUM gibbosum, Auct.
and similar species, fig. 443.
CARINELLA. Adanson. LUTRARIA papyracea, Lam. LIGULA, Leach. _Fam._
Mactracea, Lam. Fig. 77.
CARINIDEA. Sw. A sub-genus of the genus Canthorbis, Sw. (Turbo.) thus
described, "Imperforate; spire pyramidal, acute; basal whorl concave
beneath, and carinated round its circumference; aperture oval, entire,
slightly angulated at the base of the pillar, which turns inwards. C.
concavus, Martini, 168, fig. 1620, brevispinosus? Sow. Gen. (Turbo,)
fig. 1."
CAROCOLLA. Auct. _Fam._ Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._ Orbicular, depressed,
with the outer sides of the whorls angulated or keeled, whorls few;
peritreme reflected; columella contiguous to the axis; epidermis
thin.--_Obs._ This genus differing from Helix only in the whorls being
angulated, is hardly distinct enough from the latter to justify the
separation. In De Ferrusac's system these species constitute the
division Helicigona, of the genus Helix. C. Lamarckii, fig. 277. East
and West Indies, Philippines, South America and Europe.
CARTILAGE. See LIGAMENT.
CARYCHIUM. Müll. _Fam._ Auriculacea, Bl. Colimacea, Lam.--_Descr._
Oblong or cylindrical, with gradually increasing whorls, few in number;
aperture straight, short, with a fold on the columella.--_Obs._ This
genus of minute land shells differs from Auricula chiefly in the soft
parts. De Furrusac enumerates three species, C. Lineatum, C.
Corticaria, (_Odostomia_, Flem.) and C. Minimum, fig. 301. De
Blainville places it in his genus Auricula, as "species with two folds
and a posterior tooth on the columella," giving a figure of A. Mysotis
as his example, and quoting the name Phitia, Gray. Europe.
CASSIDARIA. Lam. (From Cassis) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata,
Bl.--_Descr._ Oval, ventricose, spirally grooved and tuberculated, with
a short turrited spire and a large aperture, terminating anteriorly in
a recurved canal; outer lip thickened, reflected, undulated or
denticulated; inner lip expanded over a part of the body whorl and the
columella, with part of its lower edge free.--_Obs._ The recent species
of this genus are not numerous; the few fossil species occur in the
tertiary strata. C. carinata is found in Calc-grossier and London Clay.
In general form this resembles CASSIS, but is at once distinguished by
the canal, which does not turn abruptly back, but is slightly curved
upwards. ONISCIA (C. Oniscus, &c. Lam.) is distinguished by the
shortness of the canal, and the granulated surface of the inner lip.
Fig. 407. C. Echinophora. Mediterranean.
CASSIDEA. Sw. (from Cassis.) A genus composed of those species of the
genus CASSIS, Auct. which have the "aperture wide; outer lip never
broad or flattened, but sometimes slightly inflected; inner lip
spreading, but never dilated or detached beyond the base into a
prominent rim." East Indies. Ex. C. Glauca, fig. 411.
CASSIDULA. Humph. PYRULA, Auct.
CASSIDULINA. D'Orbigny. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CASSIS. (A helmet.) _Fam._ Purpurifera, Lam. Entomostomata,
Bl.--_Descr._ Oval or triangular, ventricose, thick, generally
tuberculated, with a short varicose spire; aperture long, sometimes
narrow, with the outer lip thickened and reflected, generally
denticulated; the inner lip spread over the surface of the body whorl,
indented and incrassated at its inner edge; canal turned suddenly over
the back of the shell. _Hab._ Seas of tropical climates. The fossil
species are rare, occurring in the tertiary strata.--_Obs._ The large,
common species of this well known genus are used for shell cameos and
as ornaments on chimney pieces, grottos, &c. and are remarkable for the
triangular disc, presented by the inner lip, which, in many species, is
thickened and spread over the front of the body whorl and the angulated
outer lip. The smaller, more rounded species, which have widened
apertures, have been separated by Swainson, under the generic name
CASSIDEA. The C. rufa, coarctata, &c. are formed by Mr. Stutchbury into
a new genus under the name CYPRÆCASSIS, for reasons which will be
stated under the word. Cassidaria is distinguished by the gradual curve
of the canal. Fig. 410 is Cassis tuberosa, diminished.
CASTALIA. Lam. _Fam._ Trigonées, Lam.--_Descr._ Fluviatile, equivalve,
inequilateral, trigonal, with corroded umbones; hinge with two laminar,
transversely striated teeth, one of which is posterior, remote from the
umbones, short, divided, the other anterior, elongated; epidermis
thick; internal surface pearly. Lamarck, in describing this shell,
states, that he regards it as intermediate between Trigonia and Unio.
It should, however, certainly have been placed in the family of
"Nayades," and perhaps should form a part of the genus UNIO itself. C.
ambigua, Lam. fig. 140. South America.
CATILLUS. Brong. (A little dish.) INOCERAMUS, Sow.
CATOPHRAGMUS. Sow. (From [Greek: Katô], _beneath_; [Greek: phragmos] _a
place_ _paled in_.) _Order_, Sessile Cirripedes, Lam.--_Descr._ Light
principal valves, cemented side by side in a circle; eight small
pointed valves beneath, covering the joints of the upper circle, and
numerous still smaller valves forming the base of the shell; operculum,
four valves.--_Obs._ This is the only genus of Sessile Cirripedes,
consisting of eight principal valves, excepting Octomeris, which is
destitute of the accessary pieces from which the genus derives its
name. Fig. 23. C. imbricatus. South Africa.
CAUDAL CANAL. The elongated hollow process which terminates the
aperture anteriorly of some univalve shells. For instance, Murex
Haustellum, fig. 396, has an elongated caudal canal.
CELLANTHUS. Montf. VORTICIALIS, Bl. A genus of microscopic
Foraminifera.
CELLULACEA. Bl. The second order of Cephalophora, Bl. consisting of
doubtful microscopic bodies, with a number of variously arranged
shells, as distinguished from the true Polythalamia, Bl. or chambered
shells. See FORAMINIFERA.
CEMORIA. Flemingii. Leach. A small patelliform shell, differing from
Fissurella, in having the fissure placed behind the apex, which is
produced, pointed and incurved. It is the Patella Fissurella, Müll.
Patella Noachina, Chemn. F. Noachina, Sow. Puncturella, Lowe. Fig. 244.
Cemoria Flemingii. Scotland and Tierra del Fuego.
CENTRAL. A term used to indicate the position of the muscular
impression of a bivalve shell when it is near the centre of the inner
surface. It is also applied to the siphon perforating the septum of a
chambered shell when it is placed near the centre of the plate.
_Sub_-central is also used as a comparative term, to indicate the
position of the siphon, or of the muscular impression, is _near_ the
centre. Thus in Placuna (fig. 184), the muscular impression is central:
in Exogyra (fig. 183), it is _sub_-central.
CEPA. Humph. ANOMIA, Linn.
CEPHALOPHORA. Bl. The first class of Malacozoæ, Bl. Divided into:
_Order_ 1. Cryptodibranchiata; 2. Cellulacea; 3. Polythalamacea. The
first consisting of Cuttle-fish, &c. which are destitute of shells; the
second composed of those microscopic cellular bodies, which are
regarded as shells by some authors; and the third containing the true
chambered shells.
CEPHALOPODA. Lam. (Cephalopodes.) ([Greek: Kephalê], _kephale_, head;
[Greek: pous], [Greek: podos], _podos_, foot.) The fourth order of the
_class_ Mollusca, Lam. containing molluscs, which are characterized by
having a series of arms surrounding the head, which is placed above a
sack-shaped body. This order is divided into Polythalamia, or
many-chambered shells; Monothalamia, or single-chambered cephalopods;
and Sepiaria, or cuttle-fish. Fig. 463 to 488.
CEPOLIS. Montf. Belonging to the genus HELIX, Auct.
CERATODES. Guild. ([Greek: Keratôdês], like a horn.) A genus composed
of the flat, orbicular species of AMPULLARIA, Auct. which present so
near a resemblance to the Planorbes, as to have been considered as
belonging to them. Planorbis has, however, a horny texture, and no
operculum, and it is always reversed, which may be observed by placing
the spire upwards. Fig. 320, represents Ampullaria (Ceratodes)
Cornu-arietis.
CERIPHASIA. Sw. A sub-genus of Melanianæ, thus described, "Cerithiform;
outer lip thin, dilated at the base; aperture small, slightly
emarginate, without any internal groove; inner lip thin. C. sulcata,
Sw. fig. 38. p. 204." (Sw. Lard. Cyclop. Malac. p. 342.)
CERITHIUM. Brug. _Fam._ Canalifera, Lam. Entomostomata, Bl.--_Desc._
Elongated, ribbed, tuberculated, or rarely smooth, with a lengthened,
turrited, pointed, pyramidal spire, consisting of numerous whorls;
aperture sub-quadrate, terminated anteriorly by a tortuous canal; outer
lip thickened, sometimes reflected, expanded; inner lip thickened
posteriorly; operculum horny, spiral, with numerous whorls.--_Obs._ The
fresh-water shells described as Cerithia by Lamarck, are separated
under the name Potamis, and may be known by the thick, horny epidermis.
Triphora, Desh. has the canal closed, except at the extremities.
Cerithium Telescopium, does not appear to present the same characters
as the other Cerithia, and has been separated by some writers under the
generic name Telescopium. Cerithium Aluco, fig. 372. Mediterranean,
East and West Indies, Coasts of the Pacific, Gallapagos, Australia, &c.
Some small species are British. Fossils are numerous in the tertiary
beds.
CERVICOBRANCHIATA. Bl. The second order of Paracephalophora
Hermaphrodita, Bl. containing symmetrical patelliform shells, divided
into the families Retifera and Branchifera.
CETOCIS. Montf. _Fam._ Orthocerata, Lam. and Bl. Placed by De
Blainville in his section of Belemnites, characterized as having small
folds at the apex. _Ex._ B. Penicillatus.
CETOPIRUS. Ranz. CORONULA BALÆNARIS, Auct. fig. 16.
CHAMA. Auct. _Fam._ Chamacea, Lam. and Bl.--_Descr._ Inequivalve,
irregular, thick, foliaceous, attached by the umbo of the lower and
larger valve. External ligament placed in a groove, following the curve
of the umbones. Umbones spiral, coiled round on the back of the valves;
hinge with a thick, crenated, lengthened tooth, in one valve, entering
a corresponding cavity in the hinge margin of the other; muscular
impressions, two in each valve, distinct, lateral.--_Obs._ The Linnæan
genus Chama, included the beautiful shells now called Tridacna. These
are exceedingly different from the true Chama, being regular and
unattached. The Chama (Tridacna) gigas, when at its full age and
development, is the largest shell known. Specimens have occurred
weighing upwards of 500 lbs., and measuring two feet across. Diceras
may be known from Chama by the spiral horns into which the umbones are
produced; Isocardia, by the regularity of the shells, and it is hardly
necessary to mention Spondylus, which may be known by the triangular
disc between the umbones; Cleidothærus, Stutch. which resembles Chama
in general form, has a separate bony appendage attached to the hinge,
and may, moreover, be distinguished by its elongated muscular
impression. Fig. 153, C. Lazarus. E. and W. Indies.
CHAMACEA. Bl. The seventh family of the order Lamellibranchiata, Bl.
containing the genera Chama, Diceras, Etheria, Tridacna, Isocardia and
Trigonia.
CHAMACEA. Lam. A family belonging to the order Conchifera Dimyaria,
Lam. described as inequivalve, attached, irregular; with or without a
single rough tooth on the hinge; with two lateral muscular impressions
in each valve. This family contains the genera--
1. CHAMA. Leafy; umbones spiral. Fig. 153.
2. ETHERIA. Very irregular, pearly, without teeth. Fig. 155.
3. DICERAS. Like Chama, but the umbones free, produced. Fig. 154.
CHAMBERED. When the cavity of a shell is not continuous, but is divided
by shelly diaphragms or septa, it is said to be chambered. This is the
case with the shells of the Polythalamous Cephalopoda, as in the
Nautilus (see Introduction). The character is not confined to these, as
it occurs in some species of Spondyli, and in several turrited
univalves.
CHAMOSTRÆA. De Roissy. CLEIDOTHÆRUS. Stutch.
CHARYBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CHELIBS. Montf. A genus of microscopic Foraminifera.
CHELINOTUS. Sw. A genus of "HALIOTIDÆ," Sw. including Velutina, Lam. a
species of Sigaretus from Tonga, and Coriocella, Bl. Thus described,
"Animal cheloniform, broad; depressed; the mantle larger than the
shell, lobed in front; tentacula two, short, obtuse; eyes basal; mouth
circular; shell ear-shaped, thin, fragile, imperforate; pillar none."
CHELONOBIA. Leach. CORONULA Testudinaria, Auct. Fig. 15.
CHERSINA. Humph. ACHATINA, Lam.
CHICOREUS. Montf. A generic division of the genus MUREX, consisting of
such species as have three ramified varices. _Ex._ M. inflatus, fig.
395.