1 Give thanks to Jehovah, for He is good,
For His loving-kindness [endures] for ever.
2 Let the redeemed of Jehovah say [thus],
Whom He has redeemed from the gripe of distress,
3 And gathered them from the lands,
From east and west,
From north and from [the] sea.
4 They wandered in the wilderness, in a waste of a way,
An inhabited city they found not.
5 Hungry and thirsty,
Their soul languished within them,
6 And they cried to Jehovah in their distress,
From their troubles He delivered them,
7 And He led them by a straight way,
To go to an inhabited city.
8 Let them give thanks to Jehovah [for] His loving-kindness,
And His wonders to the sons of men.
9 For He satisfies the longing soul,
And the hungry soul He fills with good.
10 Those who sat in darkness and in deepest gloom,
Bound in affliction and iron,
11 Because they rebelled against the words of God,
And the counsel of the Most High they rejected.
12 And He brought down their heart with sorrow,
They stumbled, and helper there was none.
13 And they cried to Jehovah in their distress,
From their troubles He saved them.
14 He brought them out from darkness and deepest gloom,
And broke their bonds [asunder].
15 Let them give thanks to Jehovah [for] His loving-kindness,
And His wonders to the sons of men.
16 For He broke the doors of brass,
And the bars of iron He hewed in pieces.
17 Foolish men, because of the course of their transgression,
And because of their iniquities, brought on themselves
affliction.
18 All food their soul loathed,
And they drew near to the gates of death.
19 And they cried to Jehovah in their distress,
From their troubles He saved them.
20 He sent His word and healed them,
And rescued them from their graves.
21 Let them give thanks to Jehovah [for] His loving-kindness
And His wonders to the sons of men.
22 And let them offer sacrifices of thanksgiving,
And tell His works with joyful joy.
23 They who go down to the sea in ships,
Who do business on the great waters,
24 They see the works of Jehovah,
And His wonders in the foaming deep.
25 And He spoke and raised a stormy wind,
Which rolled high the waves thereof.
26 They went up to the sky, they went down to the depths,
Their soul melted in trouble.
27 They went round and round and staggered like one drunk,
And all their wisdom forsook them [was swallowed up].
28 And they cried to Jehovah in their distress,
From their trouble He brought them out.
29 He stilled the storm into a light air,
And hushed were their waves.
30 And they were glad because these were quieted,
And He brought them to the haven of their desire.
31 Let them give thanks to Jehovah [for] His loving-kindness
And His wonders to the sons of men.
32 And let them exalt Him in the assembly of the people,
And praise Him in the session of the elders.
33 He turned rivers into a wilderness,
And water-springs into thirsty ground,
34 A land of fruit into a salt desert,
For the wickedness of the dwellers in it.
35 He turned a wilderness into a pool of water,
And a dry land into water-springs.
36 And He made the hungry to dwell there,
And they found an inhabited city.
37 And they sowed fields and planted vineyards,
And these yielded fruits of increase.
38 And He blessed them and they multiplied exceedingly,
And their cattle He diminished not.
39 And they were diminished and brought low,
By the pressure of ill and sorrow.
40 "He pours contempt on princes,
And makes them wander in a pathless waste."
41 He lifted the needy out of affliction,
And made families like a flock.
42 The upright see it and rejoice,
And all perverseness stops its mouth.
43 Whoso is wise, let him observe these things,
And let them understand the loving-kindnesses of Jehovah.
Notwithstanding the division of Books which separates Psalm cvii.
from the two preceding, it is a pendant to these. The "gathering
from among the heathen" prayed for in Psalm cvi. 47 has here come
to pass (ver. 3). The thanksgiving which there is regarded as the
purpose of that restoration is here rendered for it. Psalm cv. had
for theme God's mercies to the fathers. Psalm cvi. confessed the
hereditary faithlessness of Israel and its chastisement by calamity
and exile. Psalm cvii. begins with summoning Israel as "the redeemed
of Jehovah," to praise Him for His enduring loving-kindness in
bringing them back from bondage, and then takes a wider flight, and
celebrates the loving Providence which delivers, in all varieties
of peril and calamity, those who cry to God. Its vivid pictures of
distress and rescue begin, indeed, with one which may fairly be
supposed to have been suggested by the incidents of the return from
exile; and the second of these, that of the liberated prisoners, is
possibly coloured by similar reminiscences; but the great restoration
is only the starting-point, and the bulk of the psalm goes further
afield. Its instances of Divine deliverance, though cast into
narrative form, describe not specific acts, but God's uniform way
of working. Wherever there are trouble and trust, there will be
triumph and praise. The psalmist is propounding a partial solution
of the old problem--the existence of pain and sorrow. They come as
chastisements. If terror or misery drive men to God, God answers,
and deliverance is assured, from which fuller-toned praise should
spring. It is by no means a complete vindication of Providence, and
experience does not bear out the assumption of uniform answers to
prayers for deliverance from external calamities, which was more
warranted before Christ than it is now; but the essence of the
psalmist's faith is ever true--that God hears the cry of a man driven
to cry by crushing burdens, and will give him strength to bear and
profit by them, even if He does not take them away.
The psalm passes before us a series of pictures, all alike in the
disposition of their parts, and selected from the sad abundance
of troubles which attack humanity. Travellers who have lost their
way, captives, sick men, storm-tossed sailors, make a strangely
miscellaneous company, the very unlikenesses of which suggest the
width of the ocean of human misery. The artistic regularity of
structure in all the four strophes relating to these cannot escape
notice. But it is more than artistic. Whatever be a man's trouble,
there is but one way out of it--to cry to God. That way is never
vain. Always deliverance comes, and always the obligation of praise
lies on the "redeemed of Jehovah."
With ver. 33 the psalm changes its structure. The refrains, which came
in so strikingly in the preceding strophes, are dropped. The complete
pictures give place to mere outline sketches. These diversities have
suggested to some that vv. 33-43 are an excrescence; but they have some
points of connection with the preceding, such as the peculiar phrase
for "inhabited city" (vv. 4, 5, 36), "hungry" (vv. 5, 36), and the
fondness for references to Isaiah and Job. In these latter verses the
psalmist does not describe deliverances from peril or pain, but the
sudden alternations effected by Providence on lands and men, which pass
from fertility and prosperity to barrenness and trouble, and again from
these to their opposites. Loving-kindness, which hears and rescues, is
the theme of the first part; loving-kindness, which "changes all things
and is itself unchanged," is the theme of the second. Both converge
on the final thought (ver. 43), that the observance of God's ways is
the part of true wisdom, and will win the clear perception of the
all-embracing "loving-kindness of Jehovah."
New mercies give new meaning to old praises. Fresh outpourings of
thankfulness willingly run in well-worn channels. The children can
repeat the fathers' doxology, and words hallowed by having borne the
gratitude of many generations are the best vehicles for to-day's
praise. Therefore, the psalm begins with venerable words, which it
bids the recipients of God's last great mercy ring out once more. They
who have yesterday been "redeemed from captivity" have proof that "His
loving-kindness endures for ever," since it has come down to them
through centuries. The characteristic fondness for quotations, which
marks the psalm, is in full force in the three introductory verses.
Ver. 1 is, of course, quoted from several psalms. "The redeemed of
Jehovah" is from Isa. lxii. 12. "Gathered out of the lands" looks back
to Psalm cvi. 47, and to many prophetic passages. The word rendered
above "distress" may mean _oppressor_, and is frequently rendered so
here, which rendering fits better the preceding word "hand." But the
recurrence of the same word in the subsequent refrains (vv. 6, 13,
19, 28) makes the rendering _distress_ preferable here. To ascribe to
_distress_ a "hand" is poetical personification, or the latter word
may be taken in a somewhat wider sense as equivalent to a grasp or
grip, as above. The return from Babylon is evidently in the poet's
thoughts, but he widens it out into a restoration from every quarter.
His enumeration of the points from which the exiles flock is irregular,
in that he says "from north and from the _sea_," which always means
the Mediterranean, and stands for the west. That quarter has, however,
already been mentioned, and, therefore, it has been supposed that
sea here means, abnormally, the Red Sea, or "the southern portion
of the Mediterranean." A textual alteration has also been proposed,
which, by the addition of two letters to the word for _sea_, gives
that for _south_. This reading would complete the enumeration of
cardinal points; but possibly the psalmist is quoting Isa. xlix. 12,
where the same phrase occurs, and the _north_ is set over against the
sea--_i.e._, the west. The slight irregularity does not interfere with
the picture of the streams of returning exiles from every quarter.
The first scene, that of a caravan lost in a desert, is probably
suggested by the previous reference to the return of the "redeemed
of Jehovah," but is not to be taken as referring only to that. It
is a perfectly general sketch of a frequent incident of travel.
It is a remarkable trace of a state of society very unlike modern
life, that two of the four instances of "distress" are due to the
perils of journeying. By land and by sea men took their lives in
their hands, when they left their homes. Two points are signalised
in this description,--the first, the loss of the track; the second,
the wanderers' hunger and thirst. "A waste of a way" is a singular
expression, which has suggested various unnecessary textual
emendations. It is like "a wild ass of a man" (Gen. xvi. 12), which
several commentators quote as a parallel, and means a way which is
desert (compare Acts viii. 26). The bewildered, devious march leads
nowhither. Vainly the travellers look for some elevation,
"From whence the lightened spirit sees
That shady city of Palm Trees."
No place where men dwell appears in the wide expanse of pathless
wilderness. The psalmist does not think of a particular city, but
of any inhabited spot, where rest and shelter might be found. The
water-skins are empty; food is finished; hopelessness follows
physical exhaustion, and gloom wraps their souls; for ver. 5_b_,
literally translated, is, "Their soul covered itself"--_i.e._, with
despondency (Psalm lxxvii. 3).
The picture is not an allegory or a parable, but a transcript of
a common fact. Still, one can scarcely help seeing in it a vivid
representation of the inmost reality of a life apart from God.
Such a life ever strays from the right road. "The labour of the
foolish wearieth every one of them, because he knoweth not how to
come to the city." The deepest needs of the soul are unsatisfied;
and however outward good abounds, gnawing hunger and fierce thirst
torment at times; and however mirth and success seem to smile, joys
are superficial, and but mask a central sadness, as vineyards which
clothe the outside of a volcano and lie above sulphurous fires.
The travellers are driven to God by their "distress." Happy they
who, when lost in a desert, bethink themselves of the only Guide.
He does not reject the cry which is forced out by the pressure of
calamity; but, as the structure of vv. 6, 7, shows, His answer is
simultaneous with the appeal to Him, and it is complete, as well as
immediate. The track appears as suddenly as it had faded. God Himself
goes at the head of the march. The path is straight as an arrow's
flight, and soon they are in the city.
Ver. 6 is the first instance of the refrain, which, in each of the
four pictures, is followed by a verse (or, in the last of the four,
by two verses) descriptive of the act of deliverance, which again is
followed by the second refrain, calling on those who have experienced
such a mercy to thank Jehovah. This is followed in the first two
groups by a verse reiterating the reason for praise--namely, the
deliverance just granted; and, in the last two, by a verse expanding
the summons. Various may be the forms of need. But the supply of them
all is one, and the way to get it is one, and one is the experience
of the suppliants, and one should be their praise. Life's diversities
have underlying them identity of soul's wants. Waiters on God have
very different outward fortunes, but the broad outlines of their
inward history are identical. This is the law of His providence--they
cry, He delivers. This should be the harvest from His sowing of
benefits--"Let them give thanks to Jehovah." Some would translate
ver. 8, "Let them thankfully confess to Jehovah His loving-kindness,
and to the children of men [confess] His wonders"; but the usual
rendering as above is better, as not introducing a thought which,
however important, is scarcely in the psalmist's view here, and as
preserving the great thought of the psalm--namely, that of God's
providence to all mankind.
The second scene, that of captives, probably retains some allusion to
Babylon, though an even fainter one than in the preceding strophe. It
has several quotations and references to Isaiah, especially to the
latter half (Isa. xl.-lxvi.). The deliverance is described in ver. 16
in words borrowed from the prophecy as to Cyrus, the instrument of
Israel's restoration (Isa. xlv. 2). The gloom of the prison-house is
described in language closely resembling Isa. xlii. 7, xlix. 9. The
combination of "darkness and the shade of deepest gloom" is found in
Isa. ix. 2. The cause of the captivity described is rebellion against
God's counsel and word. These things point to Israel's Babylonian
bondage; but the picture in the psalm draws its colour rather than its
subject from that event, and is quite general. The psalmist thinks that
such bondage, and deliverance on repentance and prayer, are standing
facts in Providence, both as regards nations and individuals. One may
see, too, a certain parabolic aspect hinted at, as if the poet would
have us catch a half-revealed intention to present calamity of any
kind under this image of captivity. We note the slipping in of words
that are not required for the picture, as when the fetters are said
to be "affliction" as well as "iron." Ver. 12, too, is not specially
appropriate to the condition of prisoners; persons in fetters and
gloom do not _stumble_, for they do not move. There may, therefore,
be a half-glance at the parabolic aspect of captivity, such as poetic
imagination, and especially Oriental poetry, loves. At most it is a
delicate suggestion, shyly hiding while it shows itself, and made too
much of if drawn out in prosaic exposition.
We may perceive also the allegorical pertinence of this second
picture, though we do not suppose that the singer intended such a
use. For is not godless life ever bondage? and is not rebellion
against God the sure cause of falling under a harsher dominion? and
does He not listen to the cry of a soul that feels the slavery of
subjection to self and sin? and is not true enlargement found in
His free service? and does He not give power to break the strongest
chains of habit? The synagogue at Nazareth, where the carpenter's
Son stood up to read and found the place where it was written, "The
Spirit of the Lord is upon Me. . . . He hath sent Me to proclaim
liberty to the captives," warrants the symbolical use of the
psalmist's imagery, which is, as we have seen, largely influenced by
the prophet whose words Jesus quoted. The first scene taught that
devout hearts never lack guidance from God. The second adds to their
blessings freedom, the true liberty which comes with submission and
acceptance of His law.
Sickness, which yields the third type of suffering, is a commoner
experience than the two preceding. The picture is lightly sketched,
emphasis being laid on the cause of the sickness, which is sin,
in accordance with the prevailing view in the Old Testament. The
psalmist introduces the persons of whom he is to speak by the
strongly condemnatory term "foolish ones," which refers not to
intellectual feebleness, but to moral perversity. All sin is folly.
Nothing is so insane as to do wrong. An ingenious correction has
been suggested, and is accepted by Cheyne in the wake of Dyserinck,
Graetz, and others, by which "sick men" is read for "foolish men."
But it does not appear to the present writer to be so impossible as
Cheyne thinks to "conceive the psalmist introducing a fresh tableau
by an ethical term such as fools." The whole verse (17) lays more
stress on the sin than on the sickness, and the initial designation
of the sufferers as "fools" is quite in harmony with its tone. They
are habitual evil-doers, as is expressed by the weighty expression
"the way (or course) of their transgression." Not by one or two
breaches of moral law, but by inveterate, customary sins, men ruin
their physical health. So the psalmist uses a form of the verb in
ver. 17_b_ which expresses that the sinner drags down his punishment
with his own hands. That is, of course, eminently true in such gross
forms of sin as sow to the flesh, and of the flesh reap corruption.
But it is no less really true of all transgression, since all brings
sickness to the soul. Ver. 18 is apparently quoted from Job xxxiii.
20-22. It paints with impressive simplicity the failing appetite and
consequent ebbing strength. The grim portals, of which Death keeps
the keys, have all but received the sick men; but, before they pass
into their shadow, they cry to Jehovah, and, like the other men in
distress, they too are heard, feeble as their sick voice may be.
The manner of their deliverance is strikingly portrayed. "He sent
His word and healed them." As in Psalm cv. 19, God's word is almost
personified. It is the channel of the Divine power. God's uttered
will has power on material things. It is the same great thought as is
expressed in "He spake and it was done." The psalmist did not know
the Christian teaching that the personal Word of God is the agent
of all the Divine energy in the realm of nature and of history, and
that a far deeper sense than that which he attached to them would one
day be found in his words, when the Incarnate Word was manifested,
as Himself bearing and bearing away the sicknesses of humanity,
and rescuing not only the dying from going down to the grave, but
bringing up the dead who had long lain there. God, who is Guide and
Emancipator, is also Healer and Life-giver, and He is all these in
the Word, which has become flesh, and dwelt and dwells among men.
Another travel-scene follows. The storm at sea is painted as a
landsman would do it; but a landsman who had seen, from a safe shore,
what he so vividly describes. He is impressed with the strange things
that the bold men who venture to sea must meet, away out there
beyond the point where sea and sky touch. With sure poetic instinct,
he spends no time on trivial details, but dashes on his canvas the
salient features of the tempest,--the sudden springing up of the
gale; the swift response of the waves rolling high, with new force in
their mass and a new voice in their breaking; the pitching craft, now
on the crest, now in the trough; the terror of the helpless crew; the
loss of steering power; the heavy rolling of the unmanageable, clumsy
ship; and the desperation of the sailors, whose wisdom or skill was
"swallowed up," or came to nothing.
Their cry to Jehovah was heard above the shriek of the storm, and
the tempest fell as suddenly as it rose. The description of the
deliverance is extended beyond the normal single verse, just as that
of the peril had been prolonged. It comes like a benediction after
the hurly-burly of the gale. How gently the words echo the softness
of the light air into which it has died down, and the music which
the wavelets make as they lap against the ship's sides! With what
sympathy the poet thinks of the glad hearts on board, and of their
reaching the safe harbour, for which they had longed when they
thought they would never see it more! Surely it is a permissible
application of these lovely words to read into them the Christian
hope of preservation amid life's tempests,--
"Safe into the haven guide,
O receive my soul at last."
God the guide, the emancipator, the healer, is also the stiller of the
storm, and they who cry to Him from the unquiet sea will reach the
stable shore. "And so it came to pass, they all came safe to land."
As already observed, the tone changes with ver. 33, from which point
onwards the psalmist adduces instances of Providential working of a
different kind from those in the four vivid pictures preceding, and
drops the refrains. In vv. 33-38 he describes a double change wrought
on a land. The barrenness which blasts fertile soil is painted in
language largely borrowed from Isaiah. "Ver. 33_a_ recalls Isa. l.
2_b_; ver. 33_b_ is like Isa. xxxv. 7_a_" (Delitzsch). The opposite
change of desert into fertile ground is pictured as in Isa. xli. 18.
The references in ver. 36 to "the hungry" and to "an inhabited city"
connect with the previous part of the psalm, and are against the
supposition that the latter half is not originally part of it. The
incidents described refer to no particular instance, but are as general
as those of the former part. Many a land, which has been blasted by the
vices of its inhabitants, has been transformed into a garden by new
settlers. "Where the Turks' horse has trod, no grass will grow."
Ver. 39 introduces the reverse, which often befalls prosperous
communities, especially in times when it is dangerous to seem rich for
fear of rapacious rulers. "The pressure" referred to in ver. 39 is
the oppression of such. If so, ver. 40, which is quoted from Job xii.
21, 24, though introduced abruptly, does not disturb the sequence of
thought. It grandly paints the judgment of God on such robber-princes,
who are hunted from their seats by popular execration, and have to hide
themselves in the pathless waste, from which those who cry to God were
delivered (vv. 41_b_ and 4_a_). On the other hand, the oppressed are
lifted, as by His strong arm, out of the depths and set on high, like
a man perched safely on some crag above high-water mark. Prosperity
returning is followed by large increase and happy, peaceful family
life, the chief good of man on earth. The outcome of the various
methods of God's unvarying purpose is that all which is good is glad,
and all which is evil is struck dumb. The two clauses of ver. 42, which
describe this double effect, are quoted from two passages in Job--_a_
from xxii. 19, and _b_ from v. 16.
The psalm began with hymning the enduring loving-kindness of Jehovah.
It ends with a call to all who would be wise to give heed to the
various dealings of God, as exemplified in the specimens chosen in it,
that they may comprehend how in all these one purpose rules, and all
are examples of the manifold loving-kindnesses of Jehovah. This closing
note is an echo of the last words of Hosea's prophecy. It is the broad
truth which all thoughtful observance of Providence brings home to a
man, notwithstanding many mysteries and apparent contradictions. "All
things work together for good to them that love God"; and the more they
love Him, the more clearly will they see, and the more happily will
they feel, that so it is. How can a man contemplate the painful riddle
of the world, and keep his sanity, without that faith? He who has it
for his faith will have it for his experience.