=Cistophorus=, Egyp., Gr., and R. (κιστοφόρος, i. e. bearing a _cista_

or _cistus_). A silver coin, current in Asia, and worth about four

drachmæ. It was so called from bearing the impression of a _cista_

(chest), or, more probably, of the shrub _cistus_. [Value four francs of

French money.]

=Cistula=, R. Dimin. of CISTA (q.v.).

=Citadel= (It. _cittadella_, a little town). A fortress within a city.

=Cithara=, =Cither=, Gr. and R. (κιθάρα). A stringed instrument of great

antiquity, resembling our modern guitar. It was played with a

_plectrum_. The name was afterwards applied to many stringed instruments

of varied form, power of sound, and compass. The mediæval _Rotta_ was

called _C. teutonica_; the harp was called _C. Anglica_.

=Cithara Bijuga.= A guitar with a double neck.

=Citole=, O. E. A kind of guitar.

“A _citole_ in hir right hand had sche.” (_Chaucer._)

=Cittern.= A stringed instrument, like a guitar, strung with wire

instead of gut. The _cittern_ was at one time a part of the furniture of

every barber’s shop, and customers played on it while waiting for their

turns. (Niche 1 of Exeter Gallery. See CLARION.)

=Civery=, Arch. (See SEVEREY.) A bay or compartment of a vaulted

ceiling.

=Civic Crown=, Her. A wreath of oak leaves and acorns. (See CORONA.)

=Ckuicui=, Peruvian. One of the divisions of the temple of the Sun

(_Inti_), so named as being dedicated to the rainbow (_Ckuichi_). (See

INTI.)

=Clabulare.= (See CLAVULARE.)

=Clack= or =Clap-dish=, O. E. A box with a movable lid used and rattled

by beggars to attract attention:—

“His tongue moves like a beggar’s _clapdish_.”

=Cladeuteria.= A Greek festival held in honour of Bacchus, at the time

when the pruning of the vines took place.

[Illustration: Fig. 164. Clerestory and Triforium in Worcester

Cathedral.]

=Claire-voie= (Anglicè, =Clerestory=), Arch. (i. e. clear-storey). A row

of large windows, forming the upper storey of the nave of a church,

rising clear above the adjoining parts of the building.

=Clan= (Gaelic, _klann_, children). A tribe of persons of one common

family, united under a chieftain.

=Clap-bene=, O. E. _Bene_ signifies a prayer, and children were invited

by this phrase to _clap_ their hands together, as their only means of

expressing their prayers.

=Clap-dish.= (See CLACKDISH.)

=Clappe= or =Clapper=, O. E. A wooden rattle used to summon people to

church on the last three days of Passion Week, when the bells were not

rung.

=Clarenceux=, Her. The title of one of the three kings of arms at

Heralds’ College. The others are called GARTER and NORROY.

=Clarichord=, O. E. A stringed instrument, in the form of a spinet, of

mediæval times. At the marriage of James of Scotland with the Princess

Margaret, A. D. 1503, “the king began before hyr to play of the

_clarychordes_, and after of the lute. And upon the said clarychorde Sir

Edward Stanley played a ballad, and sange therewith.” (_Wharton_,

“_History of English Poetry_.”) It is identical with the _clavichord_,

the origin of the spinet, harpsichord, and pianoforte.

[Illustration: Fig. 165, 166. Clarions (heraldic).]

=Clarion=, O. E. A small trumpet, with a shrill sound. (Represented in

the third niche of the “Minstrels’ Gallery” of Exeter Cathedral, of

which there is a cast in the South Kensington Museum.)

=Classic Orders of Architecture.= The _Grecian_: Doric, Ionic, and

Corinthian;—and the _Roman_: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and

Composite orders (q.v.) are generally thus distinguished.

=Clathrate.= Latticed like a grating (_clathri_).

[Illustration: Fig. 167. Clathri over bronze doors.]

=Clathri=, R. A grating or trellis formed of wooden or metal bars;

_clathri_ were employed to form the imposts over hypæthral doors, and to

light the stables (_carceres_) under the circus, &c. Fig. 167 represents

one of the bronze doors of the Pantheon at Rome with the grating above.

=Claude Glass.= A dark convex glass for studying the effect of a

landscape in reverse. Its name is supposed to be derived from the

similarity of the effects it gives, to those of a picture by Claude

Lorrain.

=Clausula=, R. The handle of any instrument whatsoever, when made in

such a way that the hand can be inserted into it, as for instance with a

ring or sword-hilt. The STRIGILIS (q.v.) had a handle of this

description. _Clausula_ is thus to be distinguished from _capulus_ (a

straight handle), and _ansa_ (a handle affixed to another object).

=Clava=, R. (1) A stout knotty stick, growing much thicker towards one

end. (2) A very heavy club with which young recruits went through their

exercises. (3) A club like that of Hercules, or a mace or war-club with

an iron head, and studded with nails or (more commonly) sharp spikes.

=Clavate.= Club-shaped; tapering down from the top.

=Clavesignati=, Med. Lat. The Papal troops were so called, who had the

keys of St. Peter on their standards and uniforms.

=Claviary.= In Music, an index of keys.

[Illustration: Fig. 168. Clavichord—18th century.]

=Clavichord.= A stringed instrument in the form of a spinet. (Fig. 168.)

(See CLARICHORD.)

=Clavicula.= Dimin. of CLAVIS (q.v.).

=Clavier.= Of a musical instrument, the key-board.

=Clavis=, R. A key. The _clavis clausa_ was a small key without a neck

or lever; _clavis laconica_, a key of Egyptian invention, having three

teeth; _clavis adultera_, a false key; _clavis trochi_, a curved stick

made of iron and having a hook at the end, which was used by Greek and

Roman boys for trundling their hoops.

=Clavius.= A walled plain in the moon, more than a hundred miles in

diameter.

=Clavulare= or =Clabulare=, R. A large open cart used for carrying

provisions, especially _dolia_ (casks) filled with wine. The body of the

carriage was formed by a wooden trellis-work (_clavulæ_)—whence its

name—and was of a semi-cylindrical shape, adapted to accommodate wine

barrels.

=Clavus=, R. A nail. In Christian archæology, a purple hem or band

applied as an ornament to a dress, which was then called _vestis

clavata_. (See CHRYSO-CLAVUS.)

=Claymore= (Gaelic, _claidheamb_, a sword, and _mor_, great). The

highland broadsword.

=Clechée=, Her. (See UNDÉE.) A variety of the heraldic cross.

=Clef= or =Cliff=, Music. A figure indicating the pitch to be adopted

for the key-note of a piece of music; an invention of the 13th century.

=Clepsydra=, Gen. (κλεψ-ύδρα, i. e. a stealing-away of water). A

water-clock, and by analogy an hour-glass or _sand_-clock. The

_clepsydra_ was used as an hour-glass in the courts of justice at

Athens, to measure out the time allowed to each orator.

=Clerestory.= (See CLAIRE-VOIE.)

=Cleystaffe=, O. E. A pastoral staff.

=Clibanus=, R. (1) A basket used for baking bread; the bread itself,

when thus baked, being called _clibanicius_. (2) Med. Lat. A short

hauberk, which the later Greeks called κλίβανον, because it covered the

breast. (_Meyrick._) (3) Med. Lat. A tower.

=Clicket=, O. E. A key.

“With his _clicket_

Damian hath opened this wicket.” (_Chaucer._)

=Cliff.= (See CLEF.)

=Clipeolum.= Dimin. of CLIPEUS (q.v.).

[Illustration: Fig. 169. Clipeus.]

=Clipeus= and =Clipeum=, R. (akin to καλύπτω, to cover or conceal). A

large broad shield of circular shape and concave on the inside. It was

of great weight, and formed part of the special equipment of the

cavalry. The original _clipeus Argolicus_ was circular, and often

likened to the sun: in Roman sculpture it is often oval. The outer rim

was termed _antyx_; the _boss_ in the centre, _omphalos_, or _umbo_; a

leather strap for the arm, _telamon_. It was replaced, subsequently, by

the SCUTUM (q.v.). Fig. 169 is an ornamented bronze _clipeus_, thought

to be Gaulish. This term also serves to denote (1) a shield of metal or

marble which was employed as an ornament (Fig. 170 represents an

ornamental shield, such as was placed on the frieze of a building, and

especially in the metopes of the Doric entablature); and (2) an

apparatus employed in the _laconicum_ (q.v.) to regulate the

temperature. In the illustration to _Caldarium_ a slave may be seen

pulling the chains of the _clipeus_.

[Illustration: Fig. 170. Ornamental Clipeus.]

[Illustration: Fig. 171. Cloaca Maxima at Rome.]

=Cloaca=, R. (from _cluo_, i. e. the cleanser). A subterranean sewer or

canal constructed of masonry. The _Cloaca Maxima_, or Main Sewer of

Rome, was constructed by the elder Tarquin to drain a marsh lying at the

foot of the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Fig. 171 represents one of

its mouths. It was formed of three tiers of arches, the innermost being

fourteen feet in diameter.

=Clocks=, O. E., “are the gores of a ruff, the laying in of the cloth to

make it round, the plaites;” also ornaments on stockings and on hoods.

=Clog-almanacks.= The Anglo-Saxons calculated by the phases of the moon,

set down on square pieces of wood, a foot or two long. These _clogs_ are

still common in Staffordshire. (Cf. _Plott’s History of Staffordshire_;

_Gough’s Camden’s Britannia_, ii. 379.)

=Cloish=, or =Closh=, O. E. A kind of ninepins played with a ball.

(_Strutt_, p. 202.) Cf. CLUB-KAYLES.

=Cloisonné.= A form of enamelling by incrustation, in which the pattern

is raised by strips of metal or wire welded on.

[Illustration: Fig. 173. Cloisters in the Church of Mont St. Michel.]

=Cloister=, Chr. (from Lat. _claustrum_, q.v.). A kind of court or

quadrangle surrounded by a covered way, and having much analogy to the

_atrium_ of a Roman house. The cloister was an essential appendage to an

abbey. One of its sides was usually bounded by the church, with which it

easily communicated. The walls of the cloisters were often adorned with

frescoes, and the court was occasionally planted with trees, the centre

being occupied by a fountain. A monastery was often called a _cloister_.

The sides of the cloister were anciently termed the PANES of it, and the

walks its alleys or deambulatories. (Fig. 173.)

=Cloister Garth.= The quadrangular space enclosed by the cloisters. The

_cloister garth_ at Chichester is still called the _Paradise_, and that

at Chester the _Sprise_ garden. (See PARADISE, SPRISE.)

=Close=, Her. With closed wings.

=Close-gauntlets.= Gauntlets with immovable fingers.

=Closet=, Her. A diminution of the BAR, one half its width.

=Cloths of Estate.= Costly embroidered hangings for the canopy of a

throne.

=Clouée=, Her. Fastened with nails, and showing the nail-heads.

=Clouts.= Old name for kerchiefs.

=Clown=, in pantomime. _Harlequin_ is Mercury, the _Clown_ Momus, and

the painted face and wide mouth taken from the ancient masks;

_Pantaloon_ is Charon, and _Columbine_ Psyche. (_Clarke’s Travels_,

viii. 104–7.)

=Club=, Gr. and R. (Gr. φάλαγξ). This weapon being used in close fight

gave its name to the compact body of troops so called. The Scythians

united it with the mace, both being spiked. _Ducange_ mentions the

_vulgastus_, a crooked club; the _plumbata_, loaded with lead, the

_spontonus_ with iron. In the army of Charles I. rustics untrained were

called clubmen. (See CLAVA.)

=Club-kayles=, O. E. Skittles played with a club, instead of a ball.

(See CLOISH.)

=Clubs=, at cards, are the ancient _trèfles_, the trefoil or

clover-plant. (See TREFLE.)

=Cluden=, Gr. and R. A sword, the blade of which was contrived to recede

into the handle. It was used for theatrical representations.

[Illustration: Fig. 174. Clunaculum.]

=Clunaculum=, R. (1) A dagger so called because it was worn at the back;

“_quia ad clunes pendet_,” as Festus says. (2) The sacrificial knife

with which the victim was ripped up. The dagger represented in Fig. 174,

taken from the arch of Carpentras, was probably a Gaulish _clunaculum_.

[Illustration: Fig. 172. Clustered column in Nave of Wells Cathedral.]

=Clustered Column=, Arch. A pier formed of a congeries of columns or

shafts clustered together, either attached or detached. It is also

called a COMPOUND PIER. Fig. 172 is a specimen from Wells Cathedral.

=Clypeate.= Shaped like a shield.

=Cnopstara.= A weapon used by the Caledonians; a ball filled with pieces

of metal swung at the heads of their lances, to frighten cavalry.

=Coa Vestis=, or simply =Coa= (i. e. the Coan robe). A very fine robe

[made of silk, spun in _Cos_], of such light texture as to be almost

transparent. It was worn by _hetairai_ and singing and dancing girls,

&c.

=Coactilis=, sc. _lana_ (from _cogo_, i. e. that which is forced

together). A kind of felted cloth made of wool closely pressed together.

It formed a texture analogous to our felt. Another name for it was

_coactus_.

=Coal= as an ancient pigment was used both in water-colours and in oil;

it furnishes a brownish tint. “The shadows of flesh are well rendered by

pit-coal, which should not be burnt.” (_De Mayerne._)

=Coassatio= (from _coasso_, to join planks together). A general term for

planks joined together, such as the flooring of a room, the top of a

table, the deck of a ship, the roadway of a wooden bridge, &c. (See

CONSTRATUM.)

[Illustration: Fig. 175. Coat Armour.]

[Illustration: Fig. 176. Coat Armour. Devices on shield.]

=Coat Armour=, Med. Embroidery of heraldic devices upon costume; hence a

term for heraldry in general. (Figs. 175 and 176.)

=Coat Cards=, O. E. Court cards and tens, so named from the _coat

armour_ worn by the figures.

=Cob.= Irish name of a Spanish coin formerly current in Ireland; value

about 4_s._ 8_d._

=Cobalt.= A metal found in various combinations, from which various

colouring matters are obtained of great use in the arts. _Cobalt blue_,

a beautiful blue pigment, is obtained by mixing a salt of pure cobalt

with a solution of pure alum, precipitating the liquid by an alkaline

carbonate, washing the precipitate with care, drying and igniting it

strongly. A fine green, known as _Rinmann’s green_, is similarly

prepared. The chloride, the nitrate, and the sulphate of cobalt form

_sympathetic inks_, which only become visible when the moisture is

absorbed by the application of heat. From phosphate of cobalt a

beautiful blue pigment is produced, called _Thenard’s blue_. It is said

to have all the characters of ultramarine. Oxide of cobalt has the

property of colouring glass blue; hence a glass formed of this oxide

under the name of _smalt_ is the blue colouring matter used for

ornamenting porcelain and earthenware, for staining glass, for painting

on enamel, &c.

=Cobalt-bloom.= (See ERYTHRINE.)

=Cobbards=, O. E. The irons supporting a spit.

=Cob-wall=, Arch. A wall formed of unburned clay mixed with straw.

=Cochineal.= (See CARMINE.)

=Cochineal Lakes.= (See CARMINATED LAKES.)

=Cochlea= (κοχλίας, i. e. a snail with spiral shell). Any object of

spiral shape, like a screw; and so a worm and screw as a mechanical

power in oil-, wine-, &c. presses; the “Archimedean Screw,” or

“water-snail” for raising water; the revolving door through which the

wild beasts were let out into the amphitheatre; and other contrivances

similar to the Italian _ruota_, by which persons can be introduced

through a wall without opening a door; also a spiral staircase, &c.

=Cochlear=, =Cochleare= (from κόχλος, a shell-fish). (1) A spoon having

at one extremity a sharp point, and at the other a sort of small bowl.

(2) A measure of capacity of very small size.

=Cochlearium=, R. A pond or nursery for fattening snails for the table.

(English “cockles.”)

=Cochlis=, sc. _columna_ (κοχλὶς, i. e. lit. a snail). A hollow

monumental column, the interior of which was fitted with a cockle or

spiral staircase, like the “Monument” of London.

=Cock.= In Christian art, the emblem of St. Peter, and of watchfulness.

=Cockatrice.= In Christian art, the emblem of sin; attribute of St.

Vitus. (Her.: see the illustration to BASILISK.)

=Cock-bead=, Arch. A bead which projects from the surface of the timber

on both sides.

=Cockers=, O. E. Ploughmen’s laced boots.

=Cocket=, O. E. A seal formerly attached to goods which had paid customs

dues. Ancient _cockets_ bear such inscriptions on them as “_God

willing_,” “_If God please_,” &c.

=Cockle-stairs=, O. E. Winding stairs. (Cf. COCHLEA.)

=Coctilis=, =Cocta=, =Coctus=, R. (prepared by fire). _Later coctilis_

was a brick hardened artificially by fire, in contradistinction to one

dried in the sun; _murus coctilis_, a wall built of hardened bricks.

(See ACAPNA.)

=Cocurra=, Med. Lat. A quiver.

=Cocytia= (from Κωκυτὸς, the river of weeping). A festival held in

honour of Proserpine, who had been carried off by Pluto. The latter, as

king of the infernal regions, included in his sway the river Cocytus.

The Cocytus and Acheron, two rivers of Epirus, remarkable for

unwholesome and muddy water, and subterranean currents, were hence

called the rivers of Hell. “Cocytia virgo” was Alecto, one of the

Furies.

=Cod=, Scotch. A pillow (also _pod_).

=Codex= (_caudex_, the trunk of a tree). (1) A blank book for writing

in, consisting of thin tablets of wood covered with wax; the term thus

came to mean _code_, that is, a book containing laws, since these were

inscribed in a book, the leaves of which were composed of thin leaves of

wood. When parchment or paper was introduced, the term was still

applied; and hence, later, became appropriate to any code of laws, e. g.

the Gregorian, Theodosian, Justinian, &c. (2) An early manuscript book,

such as the Codex of the Greek New Testament and of “Virgil” in the

Vatican. (3) The term was also applied to the heavy logs attached to the

feet of slaves; these were of various shapes, sometimes even serving the

purpose of a seat.

=Codicillus= (dimin. of CODEX, q.v.). A small book, or small leaves of

wood covered with wax. The plural _codicilli_ denoted a number of such

sheets put together so as to form a sort of memorandum-book for taking

rough notes. Any supplemental note made on the margin of the leaves

composing a will, or added to them, was also called _codicillus_

(codicil).

=Codon= (Gr. κώδων). A bell; the bell of a trumpet; a trumpet with a

bell-mouth.

=Cod-piece= (from O. E. “cod,” a pillow or stuffed cushion; Fr.

_braguette_); introduced _temp._ Henry VIII. An appendage to the taces

over the os pubis, copied in the armour of the period. It continued in

use to the end of Elizabeth’s reign.

=Cœlum.= In Architecture, that part of a building which was placed over

any other part, and so a ceiling, or soffit.

=Cœmeterium=, =Cemetery=, Chr. (κοιμητήριον, from κοιμάω, i. e. a

sleeping-place; Lat _dormitorium_). This term is an exclusively

Christian one; it signifies a field of rest or refuge; the last

resting-place of man. (See HYPOGÆUM.)

=Cœna= (from Sanscr. _khad-_, to eat). The principal meal among the

Romans, consisting of several courses termed respectively _prima_,

_altera_ or _secunda_, _tertia_, _quarta cœna_. The hour at which the

_cœna_ took place varied with the habits of the master of the house, but

it was usually about four or five o’clock. It was the third meal of the

day, being preceded by the _jentaculum_ (breakfast), and the _merenda_

or _prandium_ (luncheon or early dinner). The corresponding Greek meal

was called _deipnon_, which closed with a libation to Zeus; after which

the drinking party that remained was called _Symposium_. (See LAST

SUPPER.)

=Cœnaculum.= In early times this term was used for the TRICLINIUM

(q.v.); later on it came to mean the upper stories of houses inhabited

by the poor, our attic or garret. In the plural, _cœnacula_ denotes the

whole suite of rooms on the upper story of a house, and _cœnacula

meritoria_ such apartments let out on hire.

=Cœnatio=, like _cœnaculum_, a dining-room situated upstairs. It thus

differed from the TRICLINIUM (q.v.), which was a dining-room on the

ground floor; the former was used in winter, the latter in summer. The

_cœnatio_, or _diæta_, was a very magnificent apartment. Nero had one in

his golden palace, constructed like a theatre, with a change of scenery

for every course.

=Cœnatoria=, =Cœnatoriæ Vestes=. The garments worn by the Romans at the

dinner-table.

=Cœnobium= (κοινό-βιον, i. e. a life in common). A monastery; a convent

of monks who lived in common.

=Cœur=, =Carreau=, =Pique=, and =Trèfle=. The four French suits of

cards, corresponding with our Hearts, Diamonds, Spades, and Clubs,

probably introduced in the reign of Charles VII. of France (15th

century). (_Taylor._) Cœur is sometimes derived from _Chœur_. (See COPPE

and CHATRANG.)

“The hearts are the ecclesiastics, whose place is in the _choir_; the

pike the military, &c.” (_Menestrier._)

=Coffer.= (See ARCA.) (1) In Architecture, a sunken panel in a ceiling

or soffit. (2) A chest.

=Cognizance=, Her. Synonym for _Badge_.

=Cogware=, O. E. A coarse narrow cloth like frieze; 16th century.

=Cohors=, =Cohort=, R. A body of infantry forming the tenth part of a

legion. The number of men composing a cohort varied at different periods

between 300 and 600 men, according to the numerical strength of the

legion. The first cohort of a legion was called a military cohort; the

prætorian cohort formed the general’s body-guard, while to the city

cohort was entrusted the protection of the city. The term was sometimes,

though very rarely, applied to a squadron of cavalry.

=Coif= or =Quoif=. A close hood.

=Coif de Fer=, =Coiffette=. A skull-cap of iron of the 12th and 13th

centuries.

=Coif de Mailles.= A hood of mail worn by knights in the 12th century.

=Coiffe=, Arch. A term employed during the 16th and 17th centuries to

denote the vaulted ceiling of an apse.

=Coillon.= (See COIN.)

=Coin= or =Coigne=, Arch. The corner of a building. (See QUOIN.)

=Coin-stones=, Arch. Corner-stones.

[Illustration: Fig. 177. Helmet with Cointise behind.]

=Cointise= or =Quintise=. (1) A scarf wrapped round the body, and

sometimes attached to the helmet. (2) Quaintly-cut coverings for the

helmet. Fig. 177 represents a helmet decorated with PANACHE, CORO. E.,

and _cointise_. This is the origin of _mantling_ in heraldry. (3) A

garment worn over armour, _temp._ Edward II., was so termed. (4) Horses’

caparisons.

=Colatorium.= A colander. (See COLLUM VINARIUM.)

=Colayn Riban=, O. E. An ecclesiastical textile, or _orphrey web_, for

the manufacture of which Cologne was famous in the 15th century.

=Colcothar of Vitriol.= A red pigment formerly called _caput mortuum_.

=Cold-harbour.= This common topical name is the Anglo-Saxon

_ceald-herberga_, cold “_herberge_” or shelter, and probably indicates a

place where the ruins of a Roman villa or station were the only

available shelter for travellers, in the ancient scarcity of inns.

=Collar= (of a shaft), Arch. The ANNULET (q.v.). (See also COLLAR-BEAM.)

[Illustration: Fig. 178. Collar of Lancaster.]

=Collar=, Med. (1) A defence of mail or plate for the neck. (2)

Generally. An ornament for the neck. The Egyptians, Persians, Greeks,

Romans, and Gauls wore collars, which were named variously _streptos_

(στρεπτὸς), _torquis_, _torques_, &c. Collars were ornamented with

heraldic _badges_ in the Middle Ages. (3) Heraldic. One of the insignia

of the orders of knighthood. (See Fig. 178.)

[Illustration: Fig. 179. Collar of S.S.]

=Collar of S.S.= Originally adopted by Henry IV., on the canopy of whose

tomb it is employed as decoration over the arms of himself and his

queen. Its significance is doubtful. Camden says the letters are the

initials of Sanctus Simo Simplicius, an eminent Roman lawyer, and that

it was particularly worn by persons of the legal profession.

=Collar-beam=, Arch. A horizontal tie, connecting a pair of rafters

together, across the vault of a roof.

=Collare=, R. (_collum_, neck). A collar made of iron or leather, and

studded with spikes. It was used both to confine slaves, and as a

dog-collar. When a slave ran away from his master, an iron collar, with

a leading-chain attached to it, was put round his neck.

=Collarium=, Med. Armour for the neck.

=Collegium=, R. A religious or industrial corporation in ancient Rome.

The corresponding Greek institutions were the _Hetairiai_. The

_collegia_ included trade companies or guilds.

=Collet.= The setting which surrounds the stone of a ring. (See

CRAMPON.)

=Colliciæ=, =Colliquiæ=. (1) Broad open drains through fields. (2)

Gutters of hollow tiles (_umbrices_) placed beneath the roof of a house

to receive the rain-water, and convey it into the IMPLUVIUM.

=Colliciaris= (sc. _tegula_). A hollow tile employed in the construction

of _colliciæ_.

=Collodion.= A solution of gun cotton in ether, used in photography.

=Collum Vinarium= (from _collum_, a neck). A colander or wine-strainer.

The custom of straining wine dates back beyond our era, and Christ made

an allusion to it when he told the Pharisees that their _colla_ allowed

a camel to pass, while they kept back a gnat. Snow was put into a

strainer or a bag, called respectively _collum nivarium_, _saccus

nivarius_, through which the wine was allowed to filter, not only to

cool it, but because the intense cold cleared the wine, and rendered it

sparkling and transparent; it was then called _vinum saccatum_. The

Christian Church from the first adopted this instrument in its liturgy;

another name for it was _colatorium_. (See NASSA.) The colander for wine

was made of silver, or bronze, or other metal. The linen cloth called

_saccus_ was not used for wine of any delicacy, as it spoiled its

flavour.

=Colluviarium=, R. An opening made at regular intervals in the channel

of an aqueduct, for ventilation. As this opening formed a kind of well,

it was also called PUTEUS (q.v.).

=Collyra=, Gr. and R. A kind of bread made in a special manner, which

was eaten with soup or sauce; there was also a cake so called.

=Collyris= (κολλυρὶς, synonym of κολλύρα, q.v.). A head-dress worn by

Roman ladies, resembling in shape the bread called κολλύρα; the latter

was called κολλυρὶς as well.

[Illustration: Fig. 180. Collyrium or unguent Vase; Egyptian. Museum of

the Louvre.]

=Collyrium= (κολλύριον, dimin. of κολλύρα, q.v.). (1) A term denoting

anything we should now call an unguent, but especially the salve

_collyrium_, which was a liquid medicament. (2) _Collyria_ was a term

applied to Egyptian vases of terra-cotta, with or without enamel; to

small quadrangular boxes of wood or pottery; and, lastly, to small

cylindrical cases of wood or bronze divided into compartments. There

were three prevailing forms of the vases. The Egyptians used antimony to

make their eyes look larger, and had some medicament for the relief of

toothache; and inscriptions indicating these uses may be read upon

vessels of this kind. (Fig. 180).

=Colne=, O. E. A basket or coop.

[Illustration: Fig. 181. Roman Plebeian wearing the Colobium.]

=Colobium= (from κολοβὸς, docked or curtailed). A tunic with short

sleeves, which scarcely covered the upper part of the arm. At Rome it

was worn by men of free birth. The _colobium_ appears to have been the

first dress adopted by Christian deacons, and in the liturgical writings

it is often met with under the name of _levitonarium_; when it was of

fine linen, it was also called _lebiton_ and _lebitonarium_. (Fig. 181.)

Later on the sleeves were lengthened, and it became known as the

DALMATIC (q.v.).

=Cologne Black.= (See BLACK.)

=Cologne Earth.= A bituminous earth of a violet-brown hue, transparent

and durable in water-colour painting.

=Colonica.= Synonym of _villa rustica_. A farmhouse.

=Color=, Lat. (1) The term is used in several senses in mediæval

treatises upon music, with a general idea of a quality of tone obtained

by striking variations. (2) The coloured lines used in transcribing

music. (See NEUMES.)

=Colores Austeri.= Ancient pigments, not _floridi_.

=Colores Floridi.= Ancient expensive and brilliant pigments. They were

chrysocollum, indicum (or indigo), cæruleum (smalt), and cinnabar.

=Colossus= (κολοσσός). The word was used for all statues larger than

life; that at Rhodes was ninety feet high. The Minerva and Jupiter

Olympus of Pheidias, the Farnese Hercules, and the Flora of the

Belvidere, were all colossal.

=Colours=, in Heraldry, are five: Blue or Azure, Red or Gules, Black or

Sable, Green or Vert, Purple or Purpure. In French heraldry Green is

Sinope. The uses and general symbolism of each colour are described

under its own heading. The best work on _symbolic colours_ is the

“Essay” of M. Portal. One of the best on the _theory of colours_ is that

of Chevreuil.

=Colubrina=, Med. Lat. (from _coluber_, a snake). A culverin.

=Columbar=, R. A kind of pillory used for punishing slaves. The

instrument derived its name from the holes in it, which bore some

resemblance to pigeon-holes.

[Illustration: Fig. 182. Columbarium.]

=Columbarium.= A dove-cote or pigeon-house, often constructed to hold as

many as 4000 or 5000 birds. In the plural the term has many meanings.

(1) It denotes the pigeon-holes or cells for the nests in a

pigeon-house. (2) In a sepulchral chamber, the niches for holding the

cinerary urns (_ollæ_). Fig. 182 represents the numerous _columbaria_ in

the tomb of the freedmen of Octavia. In the sepulchral architecture of

the Jews, the rock-hewn walls forming the vestibules of certain tombs

were honey-combed with minute _columbaria_, in which only lamps were

placed. Fig. 183 represents cells of this character taken from the tomb

of _Quoublet-el-Endeh_. (3) The openings in the side of a ship through

which the oars passed. (4) The holes made in a wall to receive the head

of a tie-beam. (5) The openings of the scoops in a particular kind of

hydraulic wheel called TYMPANUM (q.v.).

[Illustration: Fig. 183. Columbaria in rock-hewn walls.]

=Columella.= Dimin. of _columna_. (See COLUMN, CIPPUS.)

=Columen=, Gr. and R. The highest timber in the framework of a roof,

forming what is now called the ridgepiece.

[Illustration: Fig. 184. Ionic column.]

=Column=, Arch. A column consists of three principal parts: the base

(_a_), the shaft (_b_), and the capital (_c_). In the _Doric_, or most

ancient style, the columns in a row rest upon a common base (_podium_).

In the Ionic and Corinthian, each column has its own base (_spira_). The

shaft of all columns _tapers_ gradually from the base to the capital.

Any swelling introduced to modify the straightness of the line was

called _entasis_. On the summit of a row of columns rests the

_architrave_, or chief beam (_d_); above this the _frieze_ (_e_), and

the _cornice_ (_f_) projects above the frieze. These three together are

called the _entablature_. The triangular gable-end of the roof, above

the entablature, is called the _pediment_. A circuit of columns,

enclosing an open space in the interior of a building, was called a

_peristyle_. A temple of two stories, with one peristyle upon another

(Ionic or Corinthian columns over the heavier Doric), was called

_hypæthral_. In Christian archæology the column is a symbol of the

Church, which was called, so early as St. Paul, _columna et firmitatum

veritatis_ (the column and support of truth).

=Colures.= In Astronomy, the two circles which pass through the four

cardinal points of the ecliptic—the equinoctial and solstitial points.

=Coluria=, Arch. Circular segments of stone, in the construction of a

column, such as are now called tambours or disks.

=Colus.= A distaff. With the Romans it consisted of a thick cane

(_arundo_, _donax_), split at the end in such a way that the opening

formed a basket. _Compta_, _plena_, or _lana amicta_ were the epithets

applied to a _colus_ when filled with wool. The thread obtained from it

was called _stamen_. The ball of loose wool at one end, prepared for

spinning, was called _glomus_. The lower end of the distaff rested under

the left arm; the right hand spun and wound the thread on to the

spindles (called _fusus_). (See DISTAFF.)

=Colymbion=, Chr., Med. A vessel for holy water at the entrance of a

church.

=Colymbus=, Gr. and R. A basin or reservoir used either as a

swimming-bath or for washing linen in.

=Coma= (κόμη). (1) The hair; hair of the head. (2) The mane of animals.

(See CÆSARIES, CINCINNUS, HAIR, &c.)

=Comatorius= or =Comatoria= (sc. _acus_). A long pin or bodkin of gold,

silver, bronze, or ivory, used by the Roman ladies to keep up their hair

when plaited. It was also called Acus CRINALIS (q.v.). (Compare

DISCERNICULUM.)

=Combattant=, Her. Said of lions, or other animals of prey, rampant and

face to face.

[Illustration: Fig. 185. Ancient Carved Ivory Comb.]

=Combs= (Lat. _pecten_, Gr. κτεὶς), as used for combing the hair, but

not for wearing upon the head, are found in Pompeian and Egyptian tombs,

and in the early British, Roman, and Saxon barrows. In the Middle Ages

ivory combs were richly carved, and the ceremonial combs for use in

ecclesiastical ceremonies are especially splendid. Greek and Roman combs

were of box-wood; Egyptian combs were of ivory. Uncombed hair was a

general sign of mourning. (See DISCERNICULUM.)

=Commentaculum= (from _commento_, to strike on the face). A staff or

wand carried in sacred processions by the Roman priests to assist them

in clearing a way and preventing the people from pressing in on them too

closely. _Commotaculum_ was also used.

=Commissatio= (from _commissor_, to revel). A revelling or feasting

which began after the CŒNA (q.v.), and lasted far on into the night.

(See SYMPOSIUM.)

=Commistio= or =Commixtio=, Chr. The placing of a portion of the bread

into the chalice of wine, during the ceremony of consecration.

=Common-house.= The part of a monastery in which a fire was kept for the

monks during winter.

=Communicales=, Chr. Communion vessels, made especially to be carried in

procession in Rome.

=Compass.= In Music, the whole range of sounds capable of being produced

by a voice or instrument.

=Compass-headed=, Arch. A semicircular arch.

=Compass Roof=, Arch. An open timber roof.

=Compass Window=, Arch. A bay-window on a circular plan.

=Compes.= (1) A ring of gold or silver worn by the Romans round the leg,

just above the ankle. (2) The chains or shackles worn round the ankle by

slaves or prisoners.

=Compitalia=, =Compitales=. A festival held by the Romans in honour of

the _Lares compitales_, celebrated in the cross-roads, _compitia_, where

the images of those deities were often placed in niches.

=Complement=, Her. Applied to the moon, when full.

=Complement.= In Music, the interval to be added to another interval to

make an octave; e.g. a third to a sixth; a fourth to a fifth, &c.

=Complementary Colours.= If the whole of the light which is absorbed by

a coloured body were reunited with the whole of the light which it

reflects, white light would result; in this case the absorbed colours

are complementary to those which are reflected. The colour given by a

mixture of the colours of any portion of a spectrum is the _complement_

of the remaining portion. _Red_ is complementary to _Green_, _Orange_ to

_Blue_, _Greenish-Yellow_ to _Violet_, _Indigo_ to _Orange Yellow_, and,

in each case, _vice versâ_.

=Completorium=, Chr. The last of the _Hours of Prayer_.

=Compline=, Chr. Short evening prayers completing the daily round of

devotion prescribed by the _Hours of Prayer_.

=Compluvium=, R. An opening in the roof of the _atrium_, furnished with

gutters all round, which collected the rain-water from the roof, and

conveyed it into the basin (_impluvium_) in the middle of the atrium.

=Compon-covert=, O. E. A kind of lace.

[Illustration: Fig. 186. Capital of the Composite Order.]

=Composite Order of Architecture.= The last of the five Roman orders,

composed of the Ionic grafted upon the Corinthian order. The examples at

Rome are in the arch of Septimus Severus, the arch of the Goldsmiths,

the arch of Titus, the temple of Bacchus, and the baths of Diocletian.

=Compound Arch=, Arch. A usual form of mediæval arch, which “may be

resolved into a number of concentric archways, successively placed

within and behind each other.” (_Prof. Willis._)

=Compound Pier=, Arch. A clustered COLUMN (q.v.).

=Compounded Arms=, Her. Bearings of two or more distinct coats combined,

to produce a single compound coat.

=Comus= (Gr. κῶμος). (1) A revel, or carousal which usually ended in the

guests parading the streets crowned with garlands, &c. (2) Festal

processions instituted in honour of Bacchus and other gods, and of the

victors at the games. (3) Odes written to be sung at such processions,

e. g. those of Pindar.

=Comus= (Gr. κομμὸς, from κόπτω, to strike). (1) A beating of the head

and breast in lamentation; a dirge. (2) A mournful song sung in

alternate verses by an actor and a chorus in the Attic drama.

=Concædes.= A barricade constructed of trees which have been cut down

and placed across the road (to impede the enemy’s march).

=Concamerate=, Arch. To arch over; to vault.

=Concave.= Hollowed in; opposed to _convex_, bulging out.

=Concha= (lit. a muscle or cockle). (1) A shell or shell-fish. (2) A

Triton’s conch. In works of art, the Triton, or sea-god, has for a

trumpet the _buccina_, remarkable for a spiral twist, long and straight;

or the _murex_, equally twisted, but short and wide-mouthed. (3) The

term was applied, by analogy, to various objects having the shape of a

shell, such as cups or vases used for holding perfumes or for other

purposes. (4) In Architecture, an apse, or a plain concave of a dome, is

so called.

=Conchoid.= A mathematical curve in the form of the outline of a shell.

=Conclave= (with a key), Chr. (1) A meeting of cardinals assembled to

elect a pope; and (2) the hall or apartment in which such meeting is

held. The institution of the conclave dates from Gregory X.

=Concrete=, Arch. A mixture of gravel, pebbles, or broken stone with

cement.

=Condalium= (κονδύλιον, dimin. of κόνδυλος, a knob or joint). A ring

generally worn upon the first joint of the forefinger on the right hand.

=Conditivium=, =Conditorium=. (1) An underground vault in which were

chests or coffins for holding bodies which had not been reduced to

ashes. (2) A sarcophagus in which the body was placed. (3) A kind of

arsenal or magazine in which military engines were kept.

=Condrak=, O. E. A kind of lace.

=Condyle.= A knuckle; the rounded end of a bone; hence—

=Condyloid.= Shaped like a _condyle_; and

=Condylus.= Synonym of CONDALIUM (q.v.).

=Cone.= A figure broad and round at the base, tapering upwards regularly

towards a point.

=Coney=, =Cony=, O. E. (1) A variety of the rabbit. (2) A beehive.

=Confessio=, Chr. Originally the place where a saint or martyr was

buried; thence the altar raised over his grave; and subsequently the

chapel or basilica built there.

=Congé=, Arch. The cavetto (hollow moulding) which unites the _base_ and

_capital_ of a column to its shaft.

=Congius= (deriv. doubtful). A Roman measure containing six _sextarii_

or twelve _heminæ_. It was used especially for measuring liquids.

_Angl._ a pint and a half.

=Conic Sections.= Curves formed by the intersection of a _cone_ and a

_plane_; the circle, the ellipse, the hyperbola, and the parabola.

=Conisterium=, Gr. and R. A room in which wrestlers, after having had

oil applied to their bodies, were rubbed over with fine sand (κόνις).

The _conisterium_ was an appendage to a palæstrum, gymnasium, &c.

=Conopeum=, =Canopium=, Gr. and R. (from κώνωψ, a gnat). A musquito-net,

of very light material, introduced into Rome from Egypt. [This is the

origin of the English word _canopy_.]

[Illustration: Fig. 187. Consecrated pyre on Roman medal.]

=Consecratio=, R. A kind of apotheosis or deification by which a mortal

was enrolled in the number of the gods. It was unknown under the

republic, and was only instituted in the time and on behalf of the

emperors. The ceremony was solemnized in the Field of Mars, and with the

greatest splendour. A magnificent pyre was raised, from the top of

which, when kindled, an eagle was let fly, which was supposed to carry

up to the skies the soul of the deified emperor. Fig. 187, taken from a

medal, represents one of these pyres.

=Consentiæ=, Gr. and R. Festivals held in honour of the twelve principal

divinities of Rome or Greece.

=Consignatorium Ablutorum=, Chr. In early times there were baptisteries

near churches, with a place closely adjoining in which to administer the

rite of confirmation; it was the place specially set apart for the

administration of this rite that was called _consignatorium ablutorum_.

=Console.= A projecting ornament, in wood or stone, used as a bracket.

=Constant White.= SULPHATE OF BARYTES (q.v.).

=Constellations.= Groups of stars, mostly with classical names. _Ancient

C._, forty-eight formed by Ptolemy in A. D. 150, with two others added

by Tycho Brahe; _Modern C._, fifty-nine others since formed, many by

Helvetius at the end of the 17th century. (_Rossiter._)

=Constratum=, R. A flooring constructed of planks. (See COASSATIO.)

=Consualia=, R. A festival of ancient Rome held in honour of the god

_Consus_. It was from this festival that the games of the circus took

their rise. Livy calls the god Neptunus Equestris. The feast was held

with horse and chariot races. Horses and mules did no work, and were

crowned with garlands during its celebration. The Rape of the Sabines

took place at the first Consualia.

=Contabulatio=, R. The long parallel folds formed in any garment of

ample size, such as the _toga_, _palla_, and _pallium_.

=Contignatio=, R. (a joining together of beams). The wood-work of beams

and joists supporting the flooring in a building of several stories. The

term is also used to denote the flooring and sometimes the story itself.

=Continuous Impost=, Arch. In Gothic architecture, the mouldings of an

arch, when carried down to the ground without interruption, or anything

to mark the impost-joint. (_Newlands._)

=Contoise=, Fr. A flowing scarf worn attached to the helmet before 1350.

(See COINTISE.)

=Contomonobolum=, R. A game which consisted in leaping over a wide space

by aid of a pole (_contus_) which was used as a fulcrum.

=Contorniate.= A class of antique medals having the _contour_, or edge,

marked with a deep cut. They generally have monograms on the obverse,

and scenes of mythology on the reverse.

=Contour=, Fr. Outline.

=Contournée=, Her. Facing to the sinister.

=Contra=, in compound words in music, signifies _an octave below_:

_contra-basso_, a double bass, &c.

=Contra Votum=, Chr. (i. e. against one’s desires). A formula of grief,

placed by the ancients on tombs, columns, and other sepulchral

monuments, and adopted by Christians in the 5th century. (See

ACCLAMATIONS.)

=Contractura=, R. The tapering of the column, which begins from the

upper part of the shaft, and gradually widens as it reaches the base.

(See ENTASIS.)

=Contralto=, It. In Music, the voice of deepest tone in females, allied

to the tenor in men.

=Contrapuntal=, Mus. Relating to COUNTERPOINT (q.v.).

=Contre-imbrications.= An ornament cut in the form of fishes’ scales

overlapping one another, the scales being indented. In the

_imbrications_ they stand out.

=Contrepoint=, O. E. (See POURPOINT.)

=Contubernium=, R. (1) A tent capable of accommodating ten soldiers and

their corporal (_decanus_). (2) A dwelling-place, especially for slaves.

Hence _contubernales_ came to mean comrades, and generally persons

living in intimacy under one roof together.

=Contus= (κοντὸς), Gr. and R. (1) A punting-pole, used also for taking

soundings; each trireme was furnished with three poles of different

lengths. (2) A cavalry pike or lance.

=Conus=, Gen. (κῶνος, a cone). (1) In general, any object of a conical

form. (2) A kind of sun-dial described upon a hollow cone. (3) The metal

ridge at the top of a helmet, to which the plume was attached. (See Fig.

252.)

=Convivium=, R. A banquet which generally took place at about the same

hour as the _cœna_, but which was never followed by a _commissatio_.

(See CŒNA, COMMISSATIO.)

=Coopertorium=, R. (that which covers). A rug of coarse cloth; a kind of

blanket.

=Cop=, O. E. Generally the top of anything; a mound or heap. (See

BATTLEMENT.)

=Copal.= A hard resin, which, dissolved in boiling linseed oil, forms an

excellent varnish for pictures. It is also used as a vehicle for

painting. The South African copal is the finest in quality. (See

VARNISH.)

=Copatain=, O. E. A sugar-loaf hat; “a copped-crown hat.”

=Cope=, Chr. A sacerdotal garment, also called a _pluvial_, because it

was originally worn by priests in processions as a protection against

the rain. It was open in the front, and fastened on the breast by a

“morse” or clasp. In the primitive Church the cope was furnished with a

hood, and hence mentioned as CUCULLA.

=Cope=, Arch. To top a wall with thin bricks or stone.

=Coperone=, O. E., Arch. A pinnacle.

=Cop-halfpenny=, O. E. The game of “heads and tails.”

=Cop-head=, O. E. A crest of feathers or hair on an animal’s head.

=Coping=, Arch. The capping or covering of a wall, generally sloping to

throw off rain. In Fig. 77 two of the merlons are coped.

=Cophinus.= Gr. and R. A large shallow wicker basket used for

agricultural purposes. _Cophinus et fænum_, “a basket of hay,” is

Juvenal’s word for the poor man’s bed. Compare English _coffin_.

=Coppa Puerpera=, It. Caudle-cup.

=Coppe= (It.), =Cups= (Sp. _copa_). The early Italian suit of playing

cards corresponding to hearts. The _Rev. E. S. Taylor_ suggests, “The

notion of hearts, as the seat of the affections, &c., is in connexion

with the office of the _clergy_;” hence the _chalices_. (See CŒUR.)

=Copped=, O. E. Crested. (For COP-HEAD, q.v.)

=Copperas= (white) is considered the safest metallic _drier_ for

pigments and varnish.

[Illustration: Fig. 188. Ewer and basin of enamelled copper (Turkish).]

=Copper-enamelling.= (Fig. 188.) (See ENAMELS.)

=Copper-plate Engraving.= (See CHALCOGRAPHY.)

=Coppet=, O. E. Saucy.

=Coppid=, O. E. Peaked; referring to the fashion of the long peaked toe.

=Copple-crowned=, O. E. With a head high and rising up, said of a boy

“with his hair on end.”

=Coppull=, O. E. A hen’s name (in the Turnament of Tottenham).

=Cops= or =Merlons=, Arch. The raised parts of a battlement. (See Fig.

77.)

=Coracle=, O. E. A boat of wicker-work covered with hides.

=Coracoid= (κόραξ, a crow). In the form of a crow’s beak, e. g. a bone

in the shoulder-blade.

=Coral= (see AMULETS) is mentioned in the Lapidarium of Marbodus as a

very favourite and potent amulet.

“Wondrous its power, so Zoroaster sings,

And to the wearer sure protection brings.

And, lest they harm ship, land, or house, it binds

The scorching lightning and the furious winds.

Sprinkled ‘mid climbing vines or olives’ rows,

Or with the seed the patient rustic sows,

’Twill from thy crops avert the arrowy hail,

And with abundance bless the smiling vale.”

(KING, _Antique Gems_.)

=Coranach=, =Coronach=, Gaelic (_corah-rainach_, a crying together). A

dirge.

=Coranto=, It. An Italian form of the country dance or jig.

=Corazza=, O. E. A cuirass.

=Corbel=, Arch. A projecting bracket supporting a pier, cornice, or

column.

=Corbel Steps=, Arch. Steps into which the outlines of a gable are

sometimes broken; also called CORBIE STEPS.

=Corbel Table.= A term in mediæval architecture, applied to a projecting

course and the row of corbels which support it.

=Corbie=, Scotch. A raven; hence a “corbie messenger,” one that is long

upon his errand, like the raven sent from the ark, who returned not

again.

=Corbie Steps.= (See CORBEL STEPS.)

=Corbis=, R. A wicker basket of conical shape, used especially for

agricultural purposes. A similar basket in every-day use in parts of

Italy is still called “la corbella.” Cf. the German “Korb.”

=Corbita=, R. A merchantman of the larger class, so called because it

hung out a basket at the masthead. These vessels were also called

_onerariæ_.

=Corbona Ecclesiæ=, Chr. The treasure of a church, accumulated from the

offerings of communicants at the Sacrament. The Greek synonym for this

term is _gazophylacium_.

=Corbula.= Dimin. of CORBIS (q.v.).

=Corce=, O. E. The body, stomach.

“He start to hym with gret force,

And hyt hym egurly on the _corce_!”

(_Old MS._)

=Cordate=, =Cordiform=. Heart-shaped.

=Cordax=, Gr. and R. A dance of the ancient Greek comedy of a ridiculous

and indecent character. Fauns and satyrs are constantly represented

dancing the _cordax_.

=Cordeliers=, Fr. The Franciscan friars are so called from the _rope_

girdles they wear.

=Cordevan=, O. E. A leather of goat-skin, originally from Cordova in

Spain. Spelt also _Cordewayne_; hence _cordwainer_ or _cordiner_, a

shoemaker.

=Cordigard=, Med. (from the French _corps de garde_). A detachment of

troops appointed for a particular service.

[Illustration: Fig. 189. Corean tea-pot. (About A. D. 1562.)]

=Corean Porcelain=, from a country intermediate between China and Japan,

combines the qualities of the most ancient art of each. The tea-pot

represented in Fig. 189 is covered with gravings in the paste imitating

the waves of the ocean, and shows four times repeated an imperial

Japanese device, by which it appears that the piece was destined for the

Mikado.

[Illustration: Fig. 190. Capital of the Corinthian Order.]

=Corinthian Order of Architecture.= This order originated in Greece, and

the capital is said to have been suggested by observing a tile placed on

a basket left in a garden, and an acanthus growing round it. The

principal distinction of this order is its capital, richly ornamented

with leaves and flowers. Among the principal Corinthian examples are the

temple of Vesta, the basilica of Antoninus, and the temples of Jupiter

Tonans and Jupiter Stator; all at Rome.

=Corium=, R. Leathern body-armour cut into scale form.

=Cork= burned forms the pigment called _Spanish Black_.

=Corn.= In pagan art, the attribute of Ceres and Justitia and Juno

Martialis.

=Cornal.= The head of a tilting-lance. (See CORONEL.)

=Cornelian=, =Carnelian=, Gen. A variety of chalcedony of a horny

transparency and a more or less deep red. Engraved cornelians have

perpetuated much information about the manners and customs of the

ancient Greeks and Romans. (See SARDS.)

=Cornemuse.= A French form of the bagpipe.

=Cornet.= (1) A kind of heraldic banner. (2) The bearer of the colours

of a regiment. (3) Square caps worn in the Universities. (4) Any object

having _corners_, or angular extremities. (5) An obsolete musical

instrument, once in common use in Germany and in England, something like

a HAUTBOY, but larger and of a coarser tone. (See WAITS.)

=Cornice.= (See CORONIS.)

=Cornichon=, Fr. A kind of game at “quoits.”

[Illustration: Fig. 191. Coin showing the Corniculum.]

=Corniculum=, R. (dimin. of _cornu_, and so a small horn). It was a mark

of distinction conferred on a soldier who had distinguished himself by

his conduct or courage, and was worn on his helmet. On Thracian and

other coins we find representations of this horn as part of the royal

head-dress.

=Cornish=, O. E. The ring placed at the mouth of a cannon.

=Cornlaiters=, O. E. Newly-married peasants begging corn to sow their

first crop with.

=Cornu=, =Cornus=, and =Cornum=, R. (1) The horn of an animal. (2) Any

object made of horn or of a horn-like shape. The musical _cornu_ was

curved; the straight horn was called _tuba_.

=Cornu Altaris= (horn of the altar), in Christian archæology, means

merely the _corner_ or _angle_ thereof. _Cornu Evangelii_ is the angle

to the left, _c. Epistolæ_ that to the right, of the celebrating priest.

=Cornu-copiæ=, R. Horn of abundance, a symbol of concord, prosperity,

and good fortune. It was represented as a wreathed horn, filled to

overflowing with corn and fruit.

=Corolla=, R. (dimin. of CORONA, q.v.). The _corolla_ denoted in a

general sense a small crown or even a garland; in a more restricted

acceptation it was a garland of artificial flowers made of horn shavings

and painted various colours. Women used to wear this kind of wreath

during winter.

=Corollarium=, R. (dimin. of CORONA, q.v.). It denoted especially a

wreath made out of thin metal leaves, which the audience in a theatre

presented to their favourite actors.

[Illustration: Fig. 192. Mural crown.]

[Illustration: Fig. 193. Naval crown.]

[Illustration: Fig. 194. Celestial crown.]

=Corona= (κορώνη), R. A crown or garland made with natural or artificial

leaves and flowers (of horn, parchment, &c., or metal). There were many

different kinds of _coronæ_, of which the principal were the following:

_corona civica_; _corona classica_, _navalis_, or _rostrata_; _corona

castrensis_ or _vallaris_; _corona longa_; _corona muralis_; _corona

obsidionalis_; _corona natalitia_; _corona oleagina_; _corona ovalis_;

_corona pactilis_, _plectilis_, or _plexilis_; _corona triumphalis_;

_corona sutilis_, &c. The most honourable was the _c. obsidionalis_,

presented by a beleaguered army, after its liberation, to the general

who raised the siege. It was made of grass, or wild flowers plucked on

the site. The _c. civica_ was presented to a Roman soldier who had saved

the life of a citizen in battle. It was made of oak leaves. The _c.

navalis_ was made of gold. The _c. muralis_, presented to the first man

over the wall of a besieged city, was also made of gold, and it was

ornamented with turrets. The _c. castrensis_, presented to the first

soldier who forced an entrance into an enemy’s camp, was of gold

ornamented with palisades. Of the _c. triumphalis_ there were three

kinds: one of laurel or bay leaves, worn by the commanding officer

during his triumph; one of massive gold held over his head; and a third

of still greater value, also of gold. The _c. ovalis_, to commemorate an

ovation to an officer, was made of myrtle leaves. The _c. oleagina_, of

olive leaves, was given to common soldiers. Besides these, there were

the various sacerdotal _coronæ_, emblematical of their functions: the

funereal chaplets of leaves and flowers for the dead, called _c.

funebres_ or _sepulchrales_; the wreaths of roses, violets, myrtles,

ivy, &c., worn at convivial meetings, _c. convivialis_; and the bridal

wreath, of Greek origin, made of flowers not bought, but plucked by the

bride herself, the verbena being the chosen flower among the Romans, _c.

nuptialis_; and finally the _c. natalitia_ suspended over the door of a

house where a child was born. At Athens this was of olive for a boy, and

of wool for a girl. At Rome the wreath was made of laurel, ivy, or

parsley. The various crowns used in heraldry are described under their

respective headings. (See CROWN.)

=Corona= or =Drip-stone=, Gen. A moulding forming part of a cornice, the

lower part or drip of which is grooved, so as to throw off the

rain-water from the structure. Drip-stones are sometimes plain,

sometimes decorated with rich sculptures.

=Corona Lucis=, Chr. A lamp or chandelier suspended above the altar of a

church, from which usually depended a jewelled cross.

=Coronach=, Scotch. A dirge.

=Coronarium= (aureum), R. The gold for a triumphal crown (_corona

triumphalis_): it was sent by the provinces to a victorious chief or

general.

=Coronarium= (opus), R. Stucco-work applied to the decoration of a

cornice or projecting moulding.

=Coronel=, Med. The head of a jousting-lance, so called from its

resemblance to a little crown. Twelve were allowed to a tilter in the

time of Henry VI. (_Meyrick._)

=Coronell=, O. E. A colonel.

[Illustration: Fig. 195. Prince of Wales’s coronet.]

=Coronets.= Ensigns of nobility worn upon the head, introduced into

England about the middle of the 14th century. (See BARON, DUKE, EARL,

&c.) Ladies also wore them surmounting the horned head-dress of the

reign of Henry V. The engraving (Fig. 196) represents Beatrice, Countess

of Arundel, with coronet.

[Illustration: Fig. 196. Coronet of Countess of Arundel, _temp._ Henry

V.]

=Coronis= (κορωνίς). Anything curved; the _cornice_ of an entablature.

=Coronize= (Gr. κορωνίζω, from κορώνη, a crow). To beg for the crow;

said of strollers who went about begging with a crow, singing begging

songs. (See CHELIDONIZE.)

=Corporal=, O. E. The fine linen cloth or veil for the pyx, sometimes

embroidered with golden thread and coloured silks. With such a

“corporal” Mary, Queen of Scots, bandaged her eyes for her execution.

=Corpse-candle=, O. E. A thick candle used formerly at _lake-wakes_.

[Illustration: Fig. 197. Corpse or Lich-gate.]

=Corpse-gate= or =Lich-gate=. A shed over the gate of a churchyard to

rest the corpse under. (Fig. 197.)

=Corrugis=, R. (_corrugo_, to wrinkle). Literally, wrinkled; a loose

garment which was wrapped round the body, and fell into numerous folds,

so as to present the appearance of a wrinkled surface.

=Cors=, Arch. The shaft of a pinnacle.

=Corsæ=, R. The mouldings decorating the surface of a marble door-post.

=Corse=, O. E. (See CORCE.)

=Corse of Silk=, O. E. Probably a silk ribbon.

=Corselet=, Fr. A light breastplate; 16th and 17th centuries.

=Corspresant=, Med. A mortuary.

[Illustration: Fig. 198. Cortina.]

=Cortina=, R. (1) A deep circular vessel in the shape of a saucepan,

used for various purposes. (2) The snake’s skin spread over the tripod

of the Pythoness at Delphi. (3) An altar of marble, bronze, or the

precious metals, in the form of a tripod. (4) The vault over the stage

in a theatre was called _cortina_, from its resemblance to the lid of a

tripod. (5) Tables of marble or bronze, made to imitate the slab upon

which the Delphic priestess sat, were also called _cortinæ_ Delphicæ.

(See Fig. 199.)

[Illustration: Fig. 199. Cortina (Etruscan).]

=Cortinale=, R. A cellar in which wine was boiled in caldrons

(_cortinæ_) to preserve it.

=Corundum.= The Indian name for a very hard mineral called adamantine

spar. The ruby and sapphire are varieties of _corundum_.

=Corven.= O. E. for carven, cut.

“_Corvene_ wyndows of glase,

With joly bandis of brase.”

(_Lincoln MS._)

=Corvus=, R. (lit. crow). A crane or _grappling-iron_, used in naval

warfare. It was a strong piece of iron with a spike at the end, which,

being violently let down upon a ship from the yard-arm, or a special

mast made for the purpose, went through the bottom and sank it, or at

any rate grappled it fast. A variety of _corvus_ was also made use of in

the assault of fortified places.

=Corybantica=, Gr. and R. Festivals celebrated at Cnossus, in Crete, by

the Corybantes, in honour of Atys and his mother Cybele. The priests ran

through town and country carrying torches and uttering savage cries to

the accompaniment of drums and cymbals. They performed frenzied dances

known under the name of _Corybantic dances_.

=Corycæum=, Gr. and R. A large apartment in a gymnasium or a large

bathing establishment, for the _Corycobolia_ or sack-throwing, a game

which consisted in suspending from the ceiling of the _corycæum_, at the

height of about a yard from the ground, a sack filled with sand, bran,

or seeds, to be thrust away with blows of the fist, and when it was in

full swing to be stopped with the hands, back, or breast. The exercise

was also called _Corycomachia_.

=Corymbus=, R. (κόρυμβος, a cluster). (1) A bunch of any fruit that

grows in clusters, such as ivy-berries. (2) A head-dress or wig arranged

in the form of _corymbi_, in a knot at the top of the head, as that of

Venus is represented in the Medici statue. (3) The term is also

sometimes used as a synonym of APLUSTRE (q.v.).

=Corynalle=, Arch. (See CORNAL.)

“The schafte was strong over alle,

And a well-shaped _corynalle_.”

=Coryphæus=, Gr. (lit. at the head). (1) Any leader. (2) Esp. the leader

of the chorus of the Attic drama. (3) An epithet of Jupiter Capitolinus.

=Corytus=, Gr. and R. A bow-case. The quiver for arrows was called

_pharetra_.

[Illustration: Fig. 200. Cos—a Roman Grindstone.]

=Cos=, R. A hone, whetstone, or grindstone. Fig. 200 is taken from an

engraved gem.

=Cosmi= (κόσμοι). The supreme magistrates in Crete.

=Costanti=. One of the Italian literary academies. They had for their

device the sun shining on a column, with the motto _Tantum volvitur

umbra_ (the shadow only revolves).

=Cote=, O. E. A woman’s gown; 15th century.

=Cote Armour.= (See COAT ARMOUR, TABARD.)

=Cote-hardie.= A tight-fitting gown; 14th century.

=Cothurnus=, Gr. and R. The Buskin; a high boot of Greek invention, met

with on representations of certain divinities and of some of the

emperors covered with rich ornamentation. It is an attribute of the

huntress Diana. The sole was thickened with cork for tragic actors, to

make them taller. Horsemen wore it as high as the knee.

=Cotillion= (Fr. _cotte_, an under-petticoat). A dance introduced from

France, where it usually terminated a ball.

=Cotise=, Her. A diminutive of the Bend, being one-fourth of its width.

=Cotta.= A short surplice.

=Cottabus=, =Cottabê=, =Cotabos=, Gr. and R. A game of Greek origin,

played in various manners, by throwing wine into empty cups swimming on

a basin of water, or into scales suspended above a bronze ornament. The

man who drowned most cups won a prize, or he who made the best sound had

a good omen. There were other methods.

=Cotyla=, Gr. and R. A measure of capacity equal to half a pint English.

=Cotyttia= (κοττύτια). Nocturnal festivals celebrated by the Edonians of

Thrace in honour of a goddess called Cotytto (Cybele).

[Illustration: Fig. 201. Hart _couchant_.]

=Couchant= or =Dormant=, Her. In repose. The illustration gives the

device of King Richard II., a white hart _couchant_ on a mount, &c.

(Fig. 201.)

=Coucher=, O. E. A book kept _couched_ or lying on a desk, e. g. books

of the church services left in the places where they were used.

=Coudières=. (See COUTERE.)

=Coufic=. (See CUFIC.)

=Coulisse=, Tech. A piece of timber with a channel or groove in it, such

as that in which the side-scenes of a theatre move.

=Counter=, Her. Reversed or opposite.

=Counterfort=, Arch. A buttress.

=Counterpoint=, Music. The art of combining melodies, or rather of

adding to a melody harmonious parts. _Double Counterpoint_ is “a kind of

artificial composition, where the parts are inverted in such a manner

that the uppermost becomes the lowermost, and _vice versâ_.” (See

_Stainer and Barrett_, _Dic. of Musical Terms_.)

=Counter-proof.= An impression of an engraving printed from a wet proof.

=Counter-seal= or =Secretum=. A seal on the reverse or back of another

seal. Early seals were generally impressed on both sides.

=Countess=, Arch. A roofing slate, 20 inches by 10 inches.

=Couped=, Her. Cut off smoothly. The reverse of _erased_.

=Coupled= (columns), Gen. Two columns are said to be _coupled_ when they

are placed quite close to each other without touching. _Coupled heads_

is the term applied to two heads placed back to back upon the same

pedestal or the same trunk. Many pedestals ornamented with HERMÆ (q.v.)

are surmounted by coupled heads.

=Courant=, Her. Running.

=Course=, Arch. One range, or stratum, of bricks, stones, or other

material in the construction of a wall.

=Court Cards.= The king, queen, and knave of a suit. They were

originally _named_ in France; e. g. the four _kings_ were Charlemagne,

Cæsar, Alexander, and David; the four _queens_, Judith, Rachel, Argine,

and Pallas; and the _valets_, Lahire, Hector, Lancelot, and Hogier. Of

these the _kings_ were said to represent the four ancient monarchies of

the Jews, Greeks, Romans, and Franks; and the _queens_, wisdom, birth,

beauty, and fortitude. (_Taylor._) (See CHATRANG.)

=Court Cupboards=, O. E. Richly carved and large cupboards for plate and

other valuables, _temp._ Charles I.

=Court Dish=, O. E. A kind of drinking-cup.

=Courtepy= (Teutonic). Short cloak or gown.

=Coussinet=, Arch. The crowning stone of a pier, lying immediately under

the arch.

=Coutel=, Fr. A short knife or dagger in use in the Middle Ages.

=Coutere= or =Coutes=. The elbow-piece in armour.

[Illustration: Fig. 202. Couvre-feu (Curfew).]

=Couvre-feu=, Angl. =Curfew=. A screen used, as its name implies, for

covering the fire; introduced with the famous Curfew-bell, _temp._

William Rufus. (Fig. 202.)

=Cove=, Arch. A name for concave mouldings or other concavities.

=Coved Ceiling=, Arch. A ceiling springing from the walls with a cove.

=Coventry Blue.= A celebrated “blew threde” made at Coventry, _temp._

Elizabeth.

=Covert=, Her. Partly covered.

=Covinus=, R. (Celtic, _kowain_). A war-chariot. The spokes of its

wheels were armed with scythes. [It was used by the ancient Britons. The

Romans gave the name to a close travelling carriage covered in all

round.] (Compare CURRUS, CARPENTUM.)

=Coward= or =Cowed=, Her. An animal with its tail between its legs.

=Cow-lady=, O. E. The lady-bird.

“A paire of buskins they did bring

Of the _cow-ladye’s_ corall wyng.”

(_Musarum Deliciæ._)

=Cowl=, Mod. (from _cuculla_, CUCULLUS, q.v.). A priest’s hood.

=Cox= or =Cokes=, O. E. A fool; hence _Coxcomb_, for the top of a fool’s

cap.

=Crackle Porcelain= or =Cracklin=. A kind of china, the glaze of which

has been purposely cracked all over in the kiln. The Chinese have many

kinds of this manufacture, some of which are extremely rare and

valuable. White and grey are the common colours amongst modern crackle.

The yellow and cream-coloured specimens are much prized: these are

seldom seen in Europe. The greens, light and dark, turquoise, and reds

are generally finely glazed, and have the crackle lines small and

minute. In colouring, these examples are exquisite, and in this respect

they throw our finest specimens of European porcelain quite into the

shade. The green and turquoise crackle made in China at the present day

are very inferior to the old kinds. Perhaps the rarest and most

expensive of all ancient crackles is a yellowish stone-colour.

(_Fortune._)

=Crackled Glass.= (See GLASS.)

=Cracowes.= Long-toed boots and shoes, introduced in 1384.

=Cradle Vault=, Arch. A cylindrical vault.

=Cradling.= A builder’s term for a timber frame for a ceiling, &c.

=Craig=, Scotch. (1) A rock. (2) The neck; throat.

=Crampet.= The decorated end of a scabbard.

=Crampon.= The border of gold which keeps a stone in a ring. (See

COLLET.)

=Cramp-ring=, O. E. A ring consecrated on Good Friday, an amulet against

cramp.

=Crancelin=, Her. (from the German _Kranzlein_, a small wreath). The

chaplet that crosses the shield of Saxony. It is said to be an

augmentation conferred by the Emperor Barbarossa, who took from his head

his own chaplet of rue, and threw it across the shield of the Duke of

Saxony. (_Boutell._)

=Crane’s-bills.= Geraniums, so called from the shape of their

seed-vessels.

=Crannogs=, Irish. Lake fortresses constructed on artificial islands.

=Crapaudine Doors.= A technical name for doors that turn on pivots at

top and bottom, or are hung with so called _centre-pin_ hinges.

=Crash.= The grey linen used for the kind of embroidery called

_crewelwork_.

[Illustration: Fig. 203. Silver Crater (Roman). Found at Hildesheim.]

=Crater=, Gr. and R. (κρατὴρ, from κεράννυμι, to mix). (1) A large and

beautiful vase with a wide open mouth, in which the wine and water was

mixed which was handed round at banquets and sacrifices. It was into

vases of this description that slaves dipped a ladle (_cyathus_), with

which they filled the cups. The beautiful silver _crater_ shown in the

illustration (Fig. 203), of a date not later than the 1st century, was

found with other treasures of a similar kind at Hildesheim, near

Hanover, in 1869. It is now in the Berlin Museum. (2) The mouth of a

volcano is named from its resemblance to the Greek crater. (3) A small

constellation of the southern hemisphere called the Cup.

=Crates=, R. A frame or basket made of hurdles, and so a hurdle itself.

(English, “_crate_.”)

=Craticula=, R. (dimin. of _crates_). A small hurdle, and by analogy, a

gridiron, which looks like a small hurdle.

=Creag=, O. E. The game of ninepins.

=Creagra.= Gr. (κράγρα, from κρέας and ἀγρέω, i. e. a flesh-hook). A

synonym of the Latin term HARPAGO (q.v.).

=Creasing.= A builder’s word for a row of tiles under the coping of a

wall.

=Credence Table.= The small table beside an altar, on which the

communion was placed before consecration.

=Creme-box=, O. E. A chrismatory (q.v.).

=Cremesyn=, O. E. Crimson velvet.

=Cremium=, R. (_cremo_, to burn). Small wood, made up into bundles, used

by bakers, and for lighting the hypocausts under the baths.

=Crenel.= The peak at the top of a helmet.

=Crenellated=, Her. Embattled. (See BATTLEMENT.)

[Illustration: Fig. 204 Crenellated walls at Pompeii.]

=Crenelle=, Fr. A cutting or indentation of the walls of a fortress or

tower, &c. The spaces between the solid masonry are called _embrasures_,

and the solid portions themselves _merlons_; usually the tops of the

merlons are coped to throw off rain. (See COPING.) Fig. 204 shows a

portion of the crenellated walls of Pompeii restored. (See Fig. 77.)

=Crepida=, Gr. and R. (κρηπίς). A slipper made of a strong leather sole,

to the edges of which was fixed a piece of leather with eyelet-holes

(_ansæ_) for the laces (_corrigiæ_) or a strap (_amentum_). This shoe

was of Greek origin. _Crepida carbatina_ was the name given to a shoe of

the simplest and plainest description. (See CARBATINA.) [This shoe is

only found represented on figures clothed with the _pallium_, not the

_toga_.]

[Illustration: Fig. 205. Crepido in a street in Pompeii.]

=Crepido=, Gr. and R. (κρηπίς). In a general sense, any kind of base or

stand upon which another object rests, and by analogy the embankment of

a quay, a dike, or jetty. The term is also applied to the raised

causeway for foot passengers at the side of a road or street. Fig. 204

represents a _crepido_ on a high road near Pompeii, and Fig. 205 a

_crepido_ in the streets of the same town.

=Crepitaculum=, R. (_crepo_, to creak). A child’s rattle, made in the

form of a circle to which bells were attached. These rattles have been

found in the excavations of Pompeii. Some authors apply the term to the

SISTRUM of the Egyptians.

=Crepitus= (sc. _digitorum_), R. A snapping of the fingers made by

pressing the tip of the thumb firmly against the tip of the middle

finger.

=Crepundia=, R. A general term for playthings for children, as well as

for necklaces of various ornaments, or amulets. These were in some

instances of great length, and were worn by the children like

shoulder-belts.

=Créquier=, Her. The wild plum-tree: the device of the Créquy family.

[Illustration: Fig. 206. Crescent.]

=Crescent=, Her. The _difference_ of the second son. The moon is a

crescent when she appears as in Fig. 206. (Compare DECRESCENT,

INCRESCENT.)

=Cresolite=, O. E. Crystal.

=Crespine=, Fr. A network to confine the hair of ladies; the _calantica_

of the ancients. It is found in mediæval monuments in a variety of

forms.

=Cressets.= A small pan or portable fireplace, filled with combustibles,

used for illuminating purposes; 16th century. Her., a beacon. (See Fig.

54.)

=Crest=, Arch, (_crista_). A running ornament, more or less incised and

perforated, which is placed on the ridge of roofs. Many monuments of

antiquity have been adorned with terra-cotta crests; in the

Romano-Byzantine architecture examples occur which are made of stone,

while in Pointed or Renaissance art they were made of lead.

[Illustration: Fig. 207. Royal crest of England.]

=Crest=, Her. (Lat. _crista_). This word, familiar to us as the name of

an ornament surmounting the helmet and the insignia of a gentleman of

coat armour, signified in classic times a comb terminating in a peak in

front of the casque decorated with horsehair or plumes. (See CRISTA,

Fig. 252.) The earliest appearance of a crest in England is on the

second seal of Richard I. Fig. 207 illustrates the manner in which the

crest is worn upon the royal crown of England. Crests are not worn by

ladies, excepting by the Sovereign. (See PANACHE.)

[Illustration: Fig. 208. Crest-coronet.]

[Illustration: Fig. 209. Crest-wreaths.]

=Crest-coronet=, =Crest-wreath=, or =Orle=, Her. A coronet or wreath to

support a crest. (Fig. 208 and 209.)

=Crest-tiles.= Tiles used for covering the ridge of a roof.

=Creta Lævis.= A crayon of permanent colour for chalk drawing.

=Crewel-work.= (See CRASH.)

=Crewels.= A worsted of two plies adapted for embroidery.

=Crewetts.= Small vessels used at the altar, to hold the wine and water

for consecration.

=Crimson= (Arab, _cremisi_, the cochineal insect). A deep tone of red,

tinged with blue.

=Crinale=, R. (_crinis_, the hair). A large convex comb worn by women

and children at the back of the head.

=Crined=, Her. Having a mane or hair.

=Crinetts=, O. E. The long small black feathers on a hawk’s head. (_H._)

=Crinze=, O. E. A drinking-cup. (_H._)

=Criobolè=, Gr. (κριοβόλη). A sacrifice to Cybele, so called because the

victim was a ram (κριός).

=Crista=, R. The crest of the helmet, which was attached to an elevated

ridge (generally of horsehair). A fine example is given in the head of

“Rome,” on the Tazza of Diruta. (Fig. 252.) (See CREST.)

=Cristatus=, R. (_crista_). Having a ridge and a crest. (Fig. 252.)

=Cristendom=, O. E. Baptism.

“And that bastard that to the ys dere,

_Crystyndome_ schalle he none have here.” (_H._)

=Cristygrey.= A kind of fur much used in the 15th century.

“Of no devyse embroudid hath hire wede,

Ne furrid with ermyn ne with _cristygrey_.”

=Crites= (κριτής). A judge in _equity_, as opposed to DIKASTES, a judge

in _law_.

=Croakumshire.= An ancient name for the county of Northumberland. (_H._)

=Crobbe=, O. E. Knops of buds hung as ornaments from a roof.

=Crobylus=, Gr. and R. (κρωβύλος). A method of arranging the hair

peculiar to the inhabitants of Athens. The hair, rolled up in a knot on

the top of the head, was fastened with golden clasps in the shape of

grasshoppers. The name applies only to men’s hair; the same fashion for

women was called _Corymbus_.

=Croc= or =Crook=. A curved mace.

=Crocea.= A cardinal’s cloak.

=Crochet.= Knitting done with linen thread, and used under the name of

_nun’s lace_ from the 16th century for bordering altar-cloths, albs, &c.

[Illustration: Fig. 210. Crocket.]

=Crocket.= (1) An architectural enrichment, generally of leaves or

flowers; an ornamentation peculiar to the pointed style of architecture.

(Fig. 210.) (2) A large roll of hair, much worn in the time of Edward I.

“His _crocket_ kembt, and thereon set

A nouche with a chapelet.”

=Crocota=, Gr. and R. (from κρόκος, crocus). A very rich robe of saffron

colour, whence its name. It was worn by Greek and Roman women as a gala

dress, especially at the Dionysia.

[Illustration: Fig. 211. Cromlech.]

=Cromlec’h=, Celtic (from _cromm_, curved, and _lec’h_, place). An

enclosure formed by _menhirs_, or huge stones planted in the ground in a

circle or semicircle. These enclosures (Fig. 211) were consecrated

places used as burying-grounds. (See STANDING STONES, DOLMENS, MENHIRS,

&c.)

[Illustration: Fig. 212. Cross _Recercelée_.]

[Illustration: Fig. 213. St. Andrew’s Cross (_Saltire_).]

[Illustration: Fig. 214. St. George’s Cross _fimbriated_.]

[Illustration: Fig. 215. Victoria Cross.]

=Cross=, Chr. (_Crux_). The symbol of the Christian religion. The

ordinary or primitive type of cross has no summit. It is called

_commissa_ or _patibulata_, and sometimes the _Tau_ cross, from its

resemblance to the Greek letter so named (T). Fig. 121 represents a

stone cross of the Romano-Byzantine period, at Carew, in England. The

St. Andrew’s cross has the form of an X. The Greek cross is of four

equal parts. The Latin cross has the foot longer than the summit or

arms. The Maltese cross and the cross of Jerusalem are varieties of the

Greek cross. The Patriarchal cross (heraldic) has two cross pieces, the

triple cross has three, &c. PER CROSS, in heraldry, is the division of a

shield _quarterly_ (a combination of pale and fesse). (Figs. 212 to

215.)

=Cross and Pile=, O. E. The game of “heads and tails.”

=Cross-aisled=, Arch. Having TRANSEPTS.

=Cross-bows= were brought to England by the Crusaders. They were

frequently richly carved and inlaid.

=Cross-days=, O. E. The three days before Ascension Day.

=Cross-gartered.= Having the garters crossed on the leg. (_H._)

=Cross-hatching.= A term in engraving applied to lines which intersect

at regular angles, to increase depth of shadow.

=Crossos=, Gr. (κρωσσός). A wide-bodied vessel narrowing towards the

mouth; it is furnished with a stand and two handles or ears (δίωτοι).

=Cross-row=, O. E. The alphabet. (See CHRIST-CROSS.)

=Cross-springer=, Arch. In vaulting, the diagonal rib of a GROIN.

=Cross-vaulting=, Arch. That which is formed by the intersection of two

or more simple vaults. When the vaults spring at the same level, and

rise to the same height, the cross vault is termed a GROIN. The

illustration (Fig. 173), the cloisters of the church of Mont St. Michel

in France, shows the cross-vaulting.

[Illustration: Fig. 216. Crotalia. Greek necklace.]

=Crotalium=, Gr. and R. (from κροτέω, to rattle). A small rattle. The

Greek and Roman ladies gave this name to their pendants formed of two or

four pear-shaped pearls (_elenchi_), which rattled softly as the wearer

moved about. (Fig. 216.)

=Crotalum= Gr. and R. (κρόταλον). Castanets made of slit cane, used by

dancers in the worship of Cybele. The Middle Ages also had their

_crotala_, which consisted of a metal rod, in which were inserted rings,

which sounded when the instrument was shaken.

=Crow= or =Raven=. The attribute of St. Vincent.

=Crowde= or =Croud=, O. E. (1) The crypt of a church. (2) A fiddle.

=Crown.= (See CORONA. See also MURAL CROWN, NAVAL CROWN, CREST, &c.)

[Illustration: Fig. 217. Crown of Her Majesty the Queen.]

=Crown= (of a bell). The top of the inside of a bell, in which the ring

is fixed from which the clapper is suspended. In architecture the spire

of a steeple is said to _crown_ the tower, or a fleuron to crown a

gable, &c.

[Illustration: Fig. 218. Crown of the Rose.]

=Crown.= An old English coin, the value of which has varied at different

periods. The illustration represents the gold crown of Henry VIII.,

dated 1462, called a crown of the Rose, value 4_s._ 6_d._ Other crown

pieces were called, from the mint-mark, crowns of the Sun.

=Croyle=, O. E. Crewel; tightly-twisted worsted.

=Crozier=, Chr. The name is often _improperly_ applied to the bishop’s

crooked pastoral staff; it belongs to the staff surmounted by a cross

which is borne before an archbishop. The Byzantine crozier was that of

the T-shaped cross; it had sometimes curved serpents on both sides.

=Crucifix.= The representation of the Saviour on the Cross was first

introduced in the time of Constantine. It has undergone considerable

variation at different periods.

[Illustration: Fig. 219. Porcelain Cruciform Box (Egyptian).]

=Cruciform.= Shaped to form a cross. The illustration represents a

specimen of ancient Egyptian porcelain, of this shape, ornamented with

the lotus. (See EGYPTIAN POTTERY.)

=Crumata.= (See CRUSMATA.)

=Crumena=, R. A leather pouch for carrying money. The _balantion_ of the

Greeks was worn suspended from the neck by a strap.

=Crumenal=, O. E. A purse.

=Crupezia=, Gr. (κρούω, to strike). A kind of sandal with a double sole,

in the middle of which were castanets with springs. (See CROTALUM.)

Greek flute-players used them in the theatre to beat time to the singing

and declamation of the chorus.

[Illustration: Fig. 220. Device of the Della Cruscan Academy.]

=Crusca, Accademia della.= A literary academy established in Florence in

the 15th century by Cosmo de’ Medici; their device, a bolting-mill,

represented in Fig. 220, was symbolical of their object to cultivate the

Italian language by winnowing the flour from the bran; and in allusion

to it, the members called themselves by appropriate names, as

Infarinato, Rimenato, Gramolato, Insaccato, &c. On the top of the shield

is the Marzocco, or Lion of Florence, the emblem of the city.

=Crusilée=, =Crusily=, Her. Having the field semée of small crosses.

=Cruske=, O. E. An earthen vessel; cf. the Irish _cruishkeen_.

=Crusmata=, =Crumata=, Gr. and R. (κρούω, to strike). Castanets.

=Crustæ=, R. In the finest works of the chaser, the ornamental pattern

was frequently distinct from the vessel, to which it was either fastened

permanently, or so that it could be removed at pleasure, the vessel

being of silver, and the ornaments of gold, which were called _crustæ_

or _emblemata_ (Dr. Smith). Of these the former were the figures

embossed in low relief, and the _emblemata_ were those in high relief.

(See DAMASCENING, EMBLEMATA.)

=Crustulum=, R. (dimin. of _crustum_). Anything baked; plaster

mouldings; a cheap kind of decoration in bas-relief.

=Crutch.= An attribute of St. Anthony, to denote his age and feebleness.

=Crux.= The Latin equivalent for CROSS (q.v.).

=Crwth= (A.S. _crudh_, Eng. _crowd_). A Welsh instrument, a sort of

violin, similar to the _rébek_ of the Bretons.

[Illustration: Fig. 221. Crypt at Lanmeur (France).]

=Crypta=, =Crypt=, Chr. (κρύπτω, to bury). In ancient times the crypt

was really a cloister; it formed, in fact, a long and narrow gallery

surrounded by buildings, and itself surrounding a building, garden, or

court. The courtyards of _villæ_ were surrounded by crypts; the ruins of

Diomed’s _villa_, at Pompeii, afford a curious instance of the kind. In

modern archæology the term crypt is applied to a subterranean chapel

underneath a church. (Figs. 221 and 222.) Among the Romans the word

meant (1) a covered portico, or arcade, called _crypto-porticus_. (2) A

grotto, or more accurately a tunnel. (3) A subterranean vault used for

secret worship. (4) In the catacombs, a tomb in which a number of bodies

were interred together.

[Illustration: Fig. 222. Crypt of St. Mary’s Church, Warwick.]

=Crypteia= (κρυπτεία). A systematic massacre of Helots at night, by

young Spartans, who hid themselves during the day.

=Crystal.= Rock crystals are frequently found large enough to make

vessels of. The Romans had crystal drinking-cups of extraordinary size

and beauty. Crystal ornaments were especially chosen for ecclesiastical

purposes, and for mediæval bookbinding, &c., and are frequently found in

early British graves.

=Crystalotype.= A sun-picture taken and fixed on glass by the collodion

process.

=Cubiculum=, R. and Chr. (_cubo_, to recline). (1) A bedroom. (2) The

emperor’s pavilion or tent at the amphitheatre or circus. (3) In

Christian archæology, the sepulchral chambers of the catacombs. (See

CINERARIUM.)

=Cubile=, R. (_cubo_). A bed, or chamber containing a bed.

=Cubit= (Gr. πῆχυς, Lat. _cubitus_, an elbow). A measure of length among

the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. In Egypt there were two cubits; the

_natural cubit_, or small cubit, was equal to 18 inches (6 palms or 24

fingers); the _royal cubit_ to 21 inches (7 palms or 28 fingers). Each

of the subdivisions of the cubit was consecrated to a divinity. The

Greek cubit was equal to about 18¼ inches; the Roman cubit to very

nearly 17½ inches.

=Cubital=, R. A bolster or cushion used by the Romans to rest the elbow

on when reclining.

=Cubit-arm=, Her. A human arm couped at the elbow.

=Cubitoria=, =-æ= (sc. _vestimenta_, _vestes_). (See CŒNATORIA.)

=Cucullus=, R. Literally, a piece of paper rolled into the shape of a

funnel, used at Rome by apothecaries and other tradespeople for wrapping

up certain kinds of goods; and hence, by analogy, the hood affixed to

certain garments, such as the _lacerna_, _pænula_, _sagum_, &c. (See

COWL.)

=Cucuma=, R. A term applied to various earthenware or metal vessels,

when they were used to heat water or any other liquid.

=Cucurbita=, R. A pumpkin or gourd, and thence a cupping-glass.

=Cudo=, =Cudon=, R. A skull-cap made of soft leather or furs.

=Cuerpo= (Span.). Body clothing, i. e. a jacket.

=Cufic= (characters), Arab. The Cufic is the most ancient form of

Arabian writing, and bears a great resemblance to the Syriac writing

called _estranghelo_; it appears to have originated in the city of Cufa

or Coufa, whence the name.

=Cuirass.= (See CINGULUM, LORICA, PECTORALE, THORAX.)

=Cuir-boulli=, Fr. Boiled leather, frequently mentioned by mediæval

writers. It has lately been revived under the name of _impressed

leather_, and brought to a high state of perfection. (_Fairholt._)

Hence:—

=Cuirbouly=, O. E. Tanned leather.

[Illustration: Fig. 223. Cuisse.]

=Cuisses=, Fr. Armour for the thighs, introduced about the middle of the

14th century. In early examples they consisted of one, two, or three

pieces of plate overlapping; later on they were formed of one piece

only, and finally were finished with a back piece, enclosing the whole

of the thigh in armour.

=Cuitikins=, =Cutikins=, Scotch. Guêtres, gaiters.

=Cuker=, O. E. Part of a woman’s horned head-dress, “furred with a cat’s

skin.”

=Culcita=, R. A mattress of horsehair, wool, wadding, or feathers.

=Culettes=, Fr. Plates of armour protecting the back, from the waist to

the saddle.

=Culeus= or =Culleus=, R. The largest liquid measure of capacity used by

the Romans, containing 20 amphoræ, or about 119 gallons. The same name

was also applied to a very large sack, of skin or leather, used for oil

or wine. It was in the _culei_ that parricides were sewed up.

=Culigna=, R. A vessel for holding wine. It was a kind of amphora of a

broader form, its width exceeding its height.

=Culina=, R. A kitchen.

=Cullis=, Arch. Same as COULISSE (q.v.).

=Culme=, O. E. The summit.

=Cultellus=, R. (dimin. of CULTER, q.v.). A knife. _Cultellus ligneus_,

a wedge of wood.

=Culter= or =Culta=, R. A knife. _Culter coquinaris_ was a

kitchen-knife; _culter venatorius_, a hunting-knife; _culter tonsorius_,

a razor; _culter vinitorius_, or _falx vinitoria_, a vine-dresser’s

pruning knife. The term denoted as well (1) the knife with which the

officiating priest cut the victim’s throat; (2) a knife for carving,

also called _cultellus_; (3) the _coulter_ of a plough fixed in front of

the plough-share.

=Culullus=, R. (_culeus_, q.v.). Generally, any drinking-vessel, and

more particularly any earthenware vessel used by priests and vestals at

sacrifices.

=Culver=, A.S. A dove.

=Culver-house.= A pigeon-house.

=Cumera=, R. A kind of large box or basket employed by country people

for keeping their seed-wheat in.

=Cumerum=, R. A bridal basket containing the presents of the bride and

bridegroom; it was carried by a _camillus_ in the bridal procession.

=Cumpi-coptra=, Peruv. One of the divisions in the royal arsenals of the

ancient Peruvians. It contained llama-wool, and textures of alpaca,

embroidered in the college of the Virgins of the Sun (PASUA-HUASI),

(q.v.).

=Cunabula=, R. Literally, a child’s cradle, and thence a bird’s nest, a

beehive, a native city; any place, in short, in which a living thing is

born. A synonym for this term is CUNÆ. Bibliologists call early

specimens of printing by this name, or INCUNABULA (q.v.).

[Illustration: Fig. 224. Cuneiform characters.]

=Cuneiform= (characters). Oriental characters formed by a single symbol,

which is in the shape of a wedge (_cuneus_). This kind of writing has

been in use among many nations; more particularly the ancient Persians,

Persepolitans, Babylonians, and Ninevites. Fig. 224 represents the first

cuneiform characters which found their way to Europe.

=Cuneus=, R. (1) A wedge of wood, iron, or any other metal. (2) In a

theatre or amphitheatre, a set of tiers comprised within two staircases

(_scalæ_), so called from its wedge-like form. (3) A body of soldiers

drawn up in the form of a wedge to break through the enemy’s line. The

common soldiers called the formation _caput porcinum_, a pig’s head.

=Cuniculus=, R. (_cuneus_). An underground passage to a fortified place.

=Cupa=, R. A barrel or hogshead. _Vinum de cupâ_ was wine which had not

been drawn off in amphoræ; it was wine from the cask, new wine. The cupa

was sometimes made of earthenware like the dolium. It was used for many

purposes besides that of a wine-vat. (See CUPELLA.)

=Cupel.= A melting-pot for gold.

=Cupella=, R. and Chr. (dimin. of CUPA, q.v.). In Christian archæology,

a tomb. The word occurs on a catacomb marble, inscribed with grotesque

Latin: “I, Secunda, erected this _cupella_ to my two children,” &c. [The

cupa was sometimes used by the Romans as a sarcophagus.] (See

CINERARIUM.)

=Cupola=, It. A concave roof, circular or polygonal.

=Cups.= (See COPPA.)

=Curb Roof=, Arch. A Mansard roof; a roof with a double set of rafters

on each side, of peculiar construction.

=Curch=, Gael. A kerchief.

=Curfew.= (See COUVRE-FEU, Fig. 202.)

=Curia=, =Curiæ=, R. (1) A building in which the people met together to

offer sacrifices and take part in the festivities on certain days of

festival. (2) The _senatorial curiæ_ were buildings in which the senate

usually assembled. (3) The _Salian curia_ was a place situated on the

Palatine Hill, which formed the place of assembly for the _Salian_

priests who guarded the _anciles_ or sacred shields. (4) _Curia calabra_

was a small temple founded, almost simultaneously with the building of

Rome, on the Palatine; it formed the observatory for the petty pontiffs

whose duty it was to watch the appearance of the new moon. In Christian

archæology the _Roman curia_ denotes the pontifical tribunals

collectively.

=Curliewurlies=, Scotch. Fantastical circular ornaments.

=Currach=, Scotch. A coracle or small skiff; a boat of wicker-work

covered with hides.

[Illustration: Fig. 225. Currus. The Chariot of the Sun. The device of

Philip II. of Spain.]

=Currus=, =Chariot= (Gr. ἅρμα). A two-wheeled car or carriage in use

among nearly all the nations of antiquity. There were racing-chariots,

riding-chariots, and triumphal chariots. Some of these were profusely

decorated with ivory (_currus eburnei_). War-chariots armed with scythes

or sharp blades were called _falcati_. (See COVINUS.) The illustration

(Fig. 225), a device of Philip II. of Spain, represents Apollo driving

the chariot of the Sun.

=Cursores.= “Runners” before their masters’ carriages; messengers

generally.

=Curtail Dog=, O. E. A dog belonging to a person not qualified to hunt

game, which, by the forest laws, must have its tail cropped.

=Curtail Step=, Arch. The first step of a stair, when its outer end is

finished in the form of a scroll; when it has a circular end, it is

called a round-ended step.

=Cushat=, Scotch. A wood-pigeon.

=Cushion-capital=, Arch. (1) A capital resembling a cushion pressed by a

weight. (2) A cube rounded off at its lower angles; the capital most

prevalent in the Norman style.

=Cusp.= In Astrology, the “entrance” of a “house.”

[Illustration: Fig. 226. Cuspis.]

[Illustration: Fig. 227. Cuspis—Flint lance.]

[Illustration: Figs. 228, 229, 230. Cuspides—Roman lances.]

=Cuspis=, R. A point, more particularly the point of a lance, or

javelin, since these were not barbed. Fig. 226 represents a javelin-head

which gives a complete idea of the character of the point called

_cuspis_; Fig. 227 shows a flint lance; and Figs. 228 to 230 the

lance-headed _cuspides_ affixed to the top of the Roman ensigns. (See

SPICULUM.)

=Cusps.= The foliations of architectural tracery, such as are formed by

the points of a trefoil.

=Custodia.= The shrine or receptacle for the host in Spanish churches.

=Cutlass=, =Coutel-hache=, or =Coutel-axe=, O. E. This weapon was

introduced at the end of the 15th century.

=Cut-work.= Also called “opus consutum;” _Ital._ “di commesso.”

Open-work embroidery came into universal use in England in the 16th

century. In the reign of Richard II., however, we are told,—

“Cut werke was greate both in court and townes,

Bothe in mene’s hoddies, and also in their gownes.”

(See APPLIQUÉ.)

=Cyanogen.= A gaseous compound of carbon and nitrogen, necessary to the

formation of _Prussian blue_.

=Cyathus=, Gr. and R. A vase or ladle with one handle, used for taking

wine from the crater (κρατὴρ), in order to fill the cups (_pocula_,

_calices_) of the guests, at feasts and banquets. The term was also used

to denote a small measure containing the twelfth part of the

_sextarius_, or ·0825 of a pint. The cyathus was used in medicine to

measure drugs with accuracy. [It is often represented, on vases, in the

hands of Bacchus, in place of his proper goblet the Cantharus.]

=Cybistic= (dance), R. (κυβιστάω, to tumble). A part of the military

exercises in which the performer threw himself at intervals on his

hands, so as to rebound on his feet.

=Cyclas=, R. (κυκλὰς, circular). A long and loose piece of drapery, of a

very fine texture; it was hemmed with purple or gold embroidery. The

_cyclas_ formed part of a woman’s costume, but it was also worn by men

of an effeminate or dissolute character; hence—

=Cyclas=, O. E. The name of a long sleeveless gown worn by knights over

their armour (from _ciclatoun_, q.v., of which it was made).

[Illustration: Fig. 231. Cyclopean Masonry.]

=Cyclopean= (masonry, monuments), Gr. and R. (κυκλώπειον). Ancient

structures, also known as _Pelasgian_, as being the work of Pelasgians

who had learned in the school of Phœnician workmen called Cyclopes.

These ancient structures are formed of enormous irregularly-shaped

stones (Fig. 231), placed one above the other without cement or mortar.

Remains of them are found in Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy; they consist

chiefly of the walls of acropoles.

[Illustration: Fig. 232. Cylix. A Gallic drinking-cup.]

=Cylix=, Gr. and R. A vase also known as a _calix_ or _cup_. It was a

wide flat drinking-cup, very shallow, of a circular form, with two

handles, and mounted on a tolerably tall foot. Fig. 232 shows a silver

cylix or Gaulish cup, found in the ruins of Alisia.

[Illustration: Fig. 233. Decorated Cyma.]

=Cyma=, =Cymatium= (Eng. =Ogee=, Gr. κυμάτιον). An architectural

moulding, named from the Greek κῦμα (wave or billow), the moulding

consisting of an undulation. A cyma, the outline of which is convex at

the top and concave below, is called _cyma reversa_; when it is hollow

in the upper part, it is called a _cyma recta_. (Fig. 233.)

=Cymatile=, R. (κῦμα). A Roman female dress, of a changing sea-green

colour, like the waves.

=Cymba=, R. (κύμβος, a hollow). (1) A small boat. (2) A vase of metal or

clay in the form of a small boat. (See CYMBIUM.)

=Cymbals=, O. E. A contrivance of a number of metal plates, or bells,

suspended on cords.

=Cymbalum=, R. (from κύμβος). The cymbals; a musical instrument made of

two disks of bronze or brass. (See CROTALUM, FLAGELLUM.)

=Cymbe=, Gr. An ointment-pot, similar in shape to the _Ampulla_ (q.v.).

=Cymbium=, R. (κυμβίον). A boat-shaped drinking-cup with two handles.

(See CYMBA.)

=Cynocephalus=, Egyp. An ape with a dog’s head; a sacred animal,

representing Anubis in the Egyptian mythology.

=Cynophontis= (sc. ἑορτὴ), Gr. (derived from the Greek κύων, dog, and

φόνος, slaughter). Festivals held at Argos during the dog-days, when

dogs found straying in the city were killed.

=Cynopolites=, Egyp. (κυνοπολίτης). A nome of Upper Egypt.

[Illustration: Fig. 234. Branch of Cypress and of Myrtle. Device of M.

A. Colonna.]

=Cypress.= In Persian art, this tree is the frequently-occurring emblem

of the religion of Zoroaster, and of the soul aspiring to Heaven. In

Christian and modern symbolism it is the emblem of mourning. The device

of _cypress_ and _myrtle_ assumed by Marc Antonio Colonna on the

occasion of the defence of Ravenna is emblematic of “_death_ or

_victory_.” The wood of the cypress-tree was much used for statuary by

the ancients. Carved chests of cypress were especially used, in the

Middle Ages, for keeping clothes and tapestry; its aromatic properties

were considered a specific against moth. (Fig. 234.)

=Cyprus.= Thin stuff of which women’s veils were made.

=Cyprus= or =Verona Green=. A pigment mentioned by Pliny as _Appian

Green_: it is prepared from green earths found at Cyprus or Verona,

which are coloured by oxide of copper. (See APPIANUM.)

=Cysts= or =Cists=, Etrus. (κίστη, a chest). Offerings dedicated by

women in the temple of Venus, of cylindrical caskets of enchased bronze.

The handles of these caskets represent small figures, and the feet the

claws of animals. Those which have been found in Etruscan tombs, chiefly

at Præneste, are in many cases decorated with _a graffito_ designs.

=Cyzicenæ=, Gr. (κυζικηναί). Large and richly-decorated apartments,

built for the first time at Cyzicus, which had their principal fronts to

the north, and were situated in a garden.