C.

=Caaba=, Arabic (lit. square house). The sacred mosque at Mecca. The

temple is an almost cubical edifice, whence its name. It is a favourite

subject of representation upon Mussulman works of art.

=Caballaria=, =Cavalherium=, =hevallerie= (Gr. κλῆρος ἱππικὸς), Med. A

meadow set apart for military exercises.

=Caballerius=, Med. Lat. A cavalier, or knight.

=Cabeiri= were the personification of the element of fire. The precise

nature attributed to them is unknown. There were two principal branches

of their worship, the Pelasgian and the Phœnician. It is probable that

this religion originated in Asia Minor, and penetrated to the island of

Samothrace, in remote antiquity; it was very popular throughout Greece

in the Pelasgic period. The principal temples were at Samothrace,

Lemnos, Imbros, Anthedon, and other places.

=Cabeiria=, Gr. (καβείρια). Annual festivals in honour of the Cabeiri.

(See THRONISMUS.)

=Cabinet Pictures.= Small, highly-finished pictures, suited for a small

room.

[Illustration: Fig. 122. Cable and tooth-mouldings.]

=Cabling=, or =Cable-moulding=. A moulding in Roman architecture, made

in imitation of a thick rope or cable.

[Illustration: Fig. 123. Lion’s head cabossed.]

=Cabossed=, Her. Said of the head of an animal represented full-face, so

as to show the face only. (Fig. 123.)

=Cabulus=, Med. Latin (Old French, _chaable_). A machine for hurling

stones; a large BALLISTA.

=Caccabus=, Gr. and R. (κάκκαβος or κακκάβη). A sort of pot or vessel

for cooking any kind of food. It was made of bronze, silver, or

earthenware, and assumed a variety of forms; but the one in ordinary use

resembled an egg with an opening at the top which closed by a lid. The

_caccabus_ rested upon a trivet (_tripus_).

=Cadafalsus=, =Cadafaudus=. (See CAGASUPTUS.)

=Cadas=, O. E. An inferior silken stuff used for wadding; 13th century.

=Cadency=, Her. Figures and devices, by which different members and

branches of a family are distinguished.

=Cadet=, Her. Junior.

=Cadlys-drain=, Welsh. Chevaux-de-frise.

=Cadmium Yellow= is the sulphide of cadmium, the finest and most

permanent of all the yellow pigments in use.

=Cadpen=, Welsh. A chief of battle; captain.

=Cadrelli=, Med. Lat. Cross-bow quarrels. (See CARREAUX.)

=Cādūceus= or =Caduceum=. A wand of laurel or olive, given by Apollo to

Mercury in exchange for the lyre invented by the latter. Mercury, it is

said, seeing two snakes struggling together, separated them with his

wand, whereupon the snakes immediately twined themselves round it. This

was the origin of the caduceus, as we know it; it was always an

attribute of Mercury, who thence obtained his name of _Caducifer_, or

caduceus-bearer. The caduceus was an emblem of peace.

=Cadurcum=, R. This term is applied to two distinct things: (1) the fine

linen coverlets, and (2) the earthenware vases, manufactured by the

Cadurci, or Gauls inhabiting the district now called Cahors.

=Cadus=, Gr. and R. (from χανδάνω, to contain), (1) A large earthenware

jar, used for the same purposes as the amphora; especially to hold wine.

An ordinary _cadus_ was about three feet high, and broad enough in the

mouth to allow of the contents being baled out. (2) The ballot-urn in

which the Athenian juries recorded their votes with pebbles, at a trial.

=Cælatura= (_cælum_, a chisel). A general term for working in metal by

raised work or intaglio, such as engraving, carving, chasing, riveting,

soldering, smelting, &c. Greek, the _toreutic_ art. Similar work on

wood, ivory, marble, glass, or precious stones was called SCULPTURA.

=Cæmenticius=, =Cæmenticia= (structura). A kind of masonry formed of

rough stones. There were two methods of construction to which this name

applied. The first, called _cæmenticia structura incerta_, consisted in

embedding stones of more or less irregular shape in mortar, so as to

give them any architectural form, and then covering the whole over with

cement. The second, called _cæmenticia structura antiqua_, consisted in

laying rough stones one on the top of the other, without mortar, the

interstices being filled by drippings or smaller stones.

=Cæmentum.= Unhewn stones employed in the erection of walls or buildings

of any kind.

=Caer=, British (Lat. _castrum_; Saxon, _chester_). A camp or fortress.

=Cæsaries= (akin to Sanscrit _keça_, hair, or to _cæsius_, bluish-grey).

This term is almost synonymous with COMA (q.v.), but there is also

implied in it an idea of beauty and profusion, not attaching to _coma_,

which is the expression as well for an ordinary head of hair.

=Cæstus=, =Cestus=. A boxing gauntlet. It consisted of a series of

leather thongs, armed with lead or metal bosses, and was fitted to the

hands and wrists.

=Cætra.= (See CETRA.)

=Cagasuptus=, Med. Lat. A CHAT-FAUX, or wooden shed, under which the

soldiers carried on the operations of attack. (_Meyrick._)

=Cailloutage=, Fr. Fine earthenware; pipe-clay; a kind of hard paste;

opaque pottery. “Fine earthenware is most frequently decorated by the

‘muffle;’ the oldest specimens, those made in France in the 16th

century, are ornamented by incrustation.” (_Jacquemart._)

=Cairelli=, Med. Lat. (See CADRELLI.)

=Cairn.= A heap of stones raised over a grave, to which friends as they

pass add a stone. The custom still prevails in Scotland and Ireland.

=Caisson=, Arch. A sunken panel in a ceiling or soffit. (See COFFER.)

=Calamarius= (_calamus_, q.v.). A case for carrying writing-reeds

(_calami_). Another name for this case was _theca calamaria_.

=Calamister= and =Calamistrum=. A curling-iron, so named because the

interior was partly hollow like a reed (_calamus_), or perhaps because

in very early times a reed heated in the ashes was employed for the

purpose; hence, CALAMISTRATUS, an effeminate man, or discourse. (Compare

CINIFLO.)

=Calamus= (κάλαμος, a reed or cane). A haulm, reed, or cane. The term

was applied to a variety of objects made out of reeds, such as a Pan’s

pipe, a shepherd’s flute (_tibia_), a fishing-rod (_piscatio_), a rod

tipped with lime, for fowling, &c. (See ARUNDO.) It was specially used,

however, to denote a reed cut into proper shape, and used as a pen for

writing.

=Calantica.= (See CALAUTICA.)

[Illustration: Fig. 124. Calash.]

=Calash= (Fr. _calèche_). A hood made like that of the carriage called

in France _calèche_, whence its name. It is said to have been introduced

into England in 1765 by the Duchess of Bedford, and was used by ladies

to protect their heads when dressed for the opera or other

entertainments.

=Calathiscus= (καλαθίσκος). A small wicker basket.

=Calathus= (κάλαθος, a basket; Lat. _qualus_ or _quasillus_). A basket

made of rushes or osiers plaited, employed for many purposes, but above

all as a woman’s work basket. The _calathus_ was the emblem of the

γυναικεῖον or women’s apartments, and of the housewife who devoted

herself to domestic duties. The same term denoted earthenware or metal

vases of various shapes; among others a drinking-cup.

=Calautica= or =Calvatica=, R. (Gr. κρήδεμνον, from κρὰς and δέω;

fastened to the head). A head-dress worn by women; the Greek MITRA

(q.v.).

=Calcar= (_calx_, the heel). A spur. It was also called _calcis aculeus_

(lit. heel-goad), a term specially applied to the spur of a cock. The

latter, however, was just as often called _calcar_. In mediæval Latin

_calcaria aurea_ are the golden, or gilt, spurs which were a distinctive

mark of knighthood; _calcaria argentea_, the silver spurs worn only by

esquires. _Calcaria amputari_, to hack off the spurs, when a knight was

degraded:—

“Li esperons li soit copé parmi

Prés del talon au branc acier forbi.”

(_Roman de Garin MS._)

=Calcatorium= (_calco_, to tread under foot). A raised platform of

masonry, set up in the cellar where the wine was kept (_cella vinaria_),

and raised above the level of the cellar-floor, to a height of three or

four steps. On either side of this platform were ranged the casks

(_dolia_) or large earthenware vessels in which the wine was made. The

_calcatorium_ served as a receptacle for the grapes when crushed (whence

its name), and as a convenient place from whence to superintend the

making of the wine.

=Calceamen.= Synonym of CALCEUS (q.v.), a term far more frequently

employed.

=Calceamentum.= A general term denoting any description of boot and

shoe. (Each will be found separately noticed in its place.)

=Calcedony= or =Chalcedony= (from the town _Chalcedon_). A kind of

agate, of a milky colour, diversified with yellow, bluish, or green

tints. The Babylonians have left us a large number of chalcedony

cylinders, covered with inscriptions. (See also AGATE, CAMEOS.)

=Calceolus= (dimin. of CALCEUS, q.v). A small shoe or ankle-boot worn by

women. There were three kinds: the first had a slit over the instep,

which was laced up when the boot was on. A second shape had a very wide

opening, and could be fastened above the ankle by a string passed

through a hem round the top. In the third description there was neither

cord, lace, nor slit. The shoe was always low in the heel, and was worn

like a slipper.

=Calceus= (_calx_, the heel). A shoe or boot made sufficiently high to

completely cover the foot. The Romans put off their shoes at table;

hence _calceos poscere_ meant “to rise from table.”

=Calculus= (dimin. of _calx_, a small stone or counter). A pebble, or

small stone worn by friction to present the appearance of a pebble.

_Calculi_ were used in antiquity for recording votes (for which purpose

they were thrown into the urn), for reckoning, and for mosaic paving

(hence the English word “calculation”).

=Caldarium= (_calidus_, warm). The apartment in a set of Roman baths

which was used as a kind of sweating-room. This chamber, which is

constructed nearly always on the same plan in the different baths which

have been discovered, included a LACONICUM, a LABRUM, a SUDATORIUM, and

an ALVEUS. (See these words.) Fig. 56 (on p. 32) represents a portion of

the _caldarium_ of Pompeii, restored.

=Caldas Porcelain= is from the Portuguese factory of that name,

specialized for faiences in relief; the greater number are covered with

a black coating; the others with the customary enamels of the country,

violet, yellow, and green.

=Caldron=, for domestic use of the 14th century, is depicted as a tripod

with a globular body, and broad mouth and two handles.

=Calibre= (or =Caliper=) =Compasses=. Compasses made with arched legs.

=Caliga.= A military boot worn by Roman soldiers and officers of

inferior rank. The _caliga_ consisted of a strong sole, studded with

heavy pointed nails, and bound on by a network of leather thongs, which

covered the heel and the foot as high as the ankle.

=Caliptra.= (See CALYPTRA.)

=Caliver.= A harquebus of a standard “calibre,” introduced during the

reign of Queen Elizabeth.

=Calix.= A cup-shaped vase, used as a drinking-goblet. It was of

circular shape, had two handles, and was mounted on a tolerably high

stand. The term also denotes a water-meter, or copper tube of a

specified diameter, which was attached like a kind of branch-pipe to a

main one.

=Calliculæ.= A kind of very thin metal disk, more or less ornamented,

worn by rich Christians, and especially priests, as an ornament for the

dress. _Calliculæ_ were also made of purple-coloured cloth. Many of the

pictures in the catacombs represent persons wearing _calliculæ_ on their

_colobia_ and other garments. (See COLOBIUM.)

=Callisteia= (καλλιστεῖα). A Lesbian festival of women, in which a prize

was awarded to the most beautiful.

=Callot.= A plain coif or skull-cap (English).

=Calones= (κᾶλα, wood). (1) Roman slaves who carried wood for the

soldiers. (2) Farm servants.

=Calote=, Fr. A species of sabre-proof skull-cap worn in the French

cavalry.

=Calotype.= A process of printing by photography, called also

_Talbotype_.

=Calpis=, Gr. A water-jar with three handles, two at the shoulders and

one at the neck.

=Calthrops.= (See CALTRAPS.)

[Illustration: Fig. 125. Caltrap.]

=Caltraps= (for _cheval_-traps). Spikes of metal thrown on the ground to

resist a charge of cavalry. In Christian art, attributes of St.

Themistocles.

=Calvary=, Chr. An arrangement of small chapels or shrines in which the

incidents of the progress to the scene of the crucifixion are

represented. To each such “station” appropriate prayers and meditations

are allotted.

=Calvatica.= (See CALAUTICA.)

=Calyptra= (from καλύπτω, to hide). A veil worn by young Greek and Roman

women over the face. It is also called _caliptra_, but this term is less

used.

=Camail= (for cap-mail). A tippet of mail attached to the helmet. In

mediæval Latin called _camale_, _camallus_, _camelaucum_, _calamaucus_,

_calamaucum_.

=Camara.= (See CAMERA.)

=Camayeu.= Monochrome painting, i. e. in shades of one colour, or in

conventional colours not copied from nature.

=Camber=, Arch. A curve or arch.

=Camboge= or =Gamboge=. A gum-resin, forming a yellow water-colour. The

best gamboge is from Siam, and the kingdom of Camboja (whence its name).

It should be brittle, inodorous, of conchoidal fracture, orange-coloured

or reddish yellow, smooth and somewhat glistening. Its powder is bright

yellow. An artificial gamboge, of little value, is manufactured with

turmeric and other materials.

=Cambresian Faience.= The “poterie blance” of Cambrai is mentioned in a

MS. of the 16th century. It was an enamelled faience.

=Camella.= An earthenware or wooden vessel employed in certain religious

ceremonies. It probably served for making libations of milk.

=Cameo= (Ital. _cammeo_). A precious stone engraved in relief; it is

thus opposed to the INTAGLIO (q.v.), which is cut into the stone. Cameos

are generally carved from stones having several layers. They were

employed in the decoration of furniture, vases, clasps, girdles, and to

make bracelets, rings, &c. Cameos were largely made by the Egyptians,

Greeks, and Romans; by the two latter generally of sardonyx and onyx.

(See INTAGLIO, SHELL CAMEO, &c.)

=Cameo-glass.= (See GLASS.)

=Camera=, more rarely =Camara=. The vault or vaulted ceiling of an

apartment. _Camera vitrea_, a vaulted ceiling, the surface of which was

lined with plates of glass. The term was also used to denote a chariot

with an arched cover formed by hoops; an underground passage; a

pirate-vessel with a decked cabin; and, in short, any chamber having an

arched roof, as for instance the interior of a tomb.

=Camera Lucida.= An optical instrument for reflecting the outlines of

objects from a prism, so that they can be traced upon paper by a person

unacquainted with the art of drawing.

=Camera Obscura.= A darkened room in which the coloured reflections of

surrounding objects are thrown upon a white ground.

=Camfuri=, =Camphio=, Med. Lat. A decreed duel: from the German “kampf,”

battle; and the Danish “vug,” manslaughter. (_Meyrick._)

=Camies=, O. E. A light thin material, probably of silken texture.

[Illustration: Fig. 126. Caminus.]

=Caminus.= Literally, a smelting furnace, and then an oven for baking

bread; also, a hearth or fireplace. Fig. 126 represents a baker’s oven

at Pompeii.

=Camisado=, O. E. A sudden attack on a small party; a Spanish term.

“To give camisadoes on troupes that are lodged a farre off.” (_Briefe

Discourse of Warre._)

=Camisia= (a Gallic word, whence prob. Ital. _camicia_). A light linen

tunic worn next the skin (_tunica intima_).

=Camlet= or =Chamlet=, O. E. Originally a tissue of goat’s and camel’s

hair interwoven. In Elizabeth’s reign the name was given to a cloth of

mixed wool and silk, first manufactured in Montgomeryshire, on the banks

of the river Camlet.

=Cammaka.= A cloth of which church vestments were made, _temp._ Edward

III.

=Camoca=, O. E., 14th century. A textile probably of fine camel’s hair

and silk, and of Asiatic workmanship, much used for church vestments,

dress, and hangings.

=Campagus= or =Compagus=. A kind of sandal. It was worn especially by

the Roman patricians.

=Campana=, It. A bell; hence, CAMPANOLOGY, the science or study of

bells.

=Campanile.= A belfry.

=Camp-ceiling.= Where all the sides are equally inclined to meet the

horizontal part in the centre (as in an attic).

=Campestre=, R. (from _campester_, i. e. pertaining to the Field of

Mars). A short kilt worn by gladiators and soldiers when going through

violent exercises in public. The kilt fitted close to the body, and

reached two-thirds down the thigh.

=Campio Regis=, Engl. The king’s champion, who on the day of the

coronation challenges any one who disputes the title to the crown.

=Campus Martius= (i. e. Field of Mars). At Rome, as in the provinces,

this term had the same meaning which it bears in some countries at the

present day; i. e. a ground on which soldiers went through their

exercises. In ancient times, however, the Field of Mars, or simply the

Field, served also as a place of assembly for the _comitia_.

[Illustration: Fig. 127. Canaba.]

=Canaba=, Gr. and R. A Low Latin name for the slight structures common

in country places, such as we should now call sheds or hovels. Those who

lived in them were called _canabenses_. Fig. 127 is from a terra-cotta

vase found near the lake Albano.

[Illustration: Fig. 128. Canaliculus.]

=Canaliculus= (dimin. of CANALIS, q.v.). A small channel or groove; or a

fluting carved on the face of a triglyph. (Fig. 128.)

=Canalis= (akin to Sanscrit root KHAN, to dig). An artificial channel or

conduit for water. The term _canalis_ is also given to the fillet or

flat surface lying between the abacus and echinus of an Ionic capital.

It terminates in the eye of the volute, which it follows in such a way

as to give it the proper contour.

=Canathron= (Gr. κάναθρον). A carriage, of which the upper part was made

of basket-work.

=Canberia=, Med. Lat. (Fr. _jambières_). Armour for the legs.

=Cancelli= (from _cancer_, a lattice). A trellis, iron grating, or

generally an ornamental barrier separating one place from another. In

some amphitheatres the PODIUM (q.v.) had _cancelli_ at the top. In a

court of law the judges and clerks were divided from the place set apart

for the public by _cancelli_ (hence “_chancel_”).

=Candela.= A torch, made of rope, coated with tallow, resin, or pitch.

It was carried in funeral processions (hence “_candle_”).

[Illustration: Fig. 129. Candelabrum.]

=Candelabrum.= A candlestick, candelabrum, or generally any kind of

stand by which a light can be supported. There were many different

kinds. The same term is also used to denote the tall pedestal of a

portable lamp (Fig. 129). (See CANDLEBEAM.)

=Candellieri=, It. A style of grotesque ornamentation, characteristic of

the Urbino majolica ware.

=Candlebeam=, O. E. A chandelier of the Middle Ages with “_bellys of

laton_” (or brass cups) slung by a pulley from the ceiling.

=Candles.= The A.S. poets called the sun “rodores candel,” the candle of

the firmament, “woruld candel,” “heofon candel,” &c. Originally, no

doubt, the candle was a mere mass of fat plastered round a wick

(candel-weoc) and stuck upon a “candel-sticca,” or upright stick; when

the candlestick had several branches, it was called a candle-_tree_.

There were iron, bone, silver-gilt, and ornamented candlesticks. Through

the Middle Ages candles were stuck on a spike, not in a socket, and a

chandelier of the 16th century shows the same arrangement.

[Illustration: Fig. 130. Persian Candys.]

=Candys= (κάνδυς). A Persian cloak of woollen cloth, generally purple in

colour.

=Canephoria.= Greek festivals of Diana; _or_ an incident of another

feast, called _pratelia_, in which virgins about to marry presented

baskets (_canea_) to Minerva. The name, CANEPHORUS, or “basket-bearer,”

was common to the virgins who attended processions of Ceres, Minerva,

and Bacchus, with the consecrated cakes, incense, and other sacrificial

accessories, in the flat baskets called _canea_.

[Illustration: Fig. 131. Canette of white stone-ware, 1574.]

=Canette.= A conic-shaped German drinking-mug, resembling the modern

“schoppen,” of which highly ornamented examples in white stone-ware have

been produced by the potters of Cologne and other parts of Germany.

(Fig. 131.)

=Caniple=, O. E. A small knife or dagger.

=Canis= (akin to Sanscrit ÇVAN, Gr. κύων). A dog. This term has numerous

diminutives: _catulus_, _catellus_, _canicula_. However ancient any

civilization, the dog is always met with as the companion of man, and in

each nation it follows a particular type. Thus a distinct difference is

perceptible in the dogs of the Etruscans, Greeks, Romans, Egyptians,

Indians, and Gauls. The Egyptians had terriers and greyhounds,

wolf-dogs, and others for hunting or watchdogs. All these breeds are met

with on the bas-reliefs of Egyptian monuments. The Egyptian name for a

dog, _wou_, _wouwou_, is evidently onomatopoietic or imitative. (See

also DOG.)

=Canistrum=, =Canister=, or =Caneum= (κάνιστρον, from κάνη, a reed). A

wide shallow basket for carrying the instruments of sacrifice and

offerings for the gods. It was generally carried on the head by young

girls, who were called _Canephoræ_ (κανηφόραι, i. e. basket-bearers),

q.v.

=Canon= (κανὼν, from κάνη, i. e. anything straight like a reed). A fixed

rule or standard which is supposed to have served, in antiquity, as a

basis or model in forming statues, the various members of which bore a

definite proportion one to the other. The Greeks had some such _canon_.

The δορυφόρος (spearman) of Polycletus was, it is said, looked upon as

affording a standard for the proportions of the human body. The

Egyptians are also supposed to have had a canon, in which the middle

finger formed the unit of measurement.

=Canopea= or =Canopic Vases=. An Egyptian vase, made of clay, and so

named from its being manufactured at Canopus, a town of Lower Egypt, the

present Aboukir. The same name was given to funereal urns made in the

shape of the god _Canopus_, who is described by Russin as _pedibus

exiguis, attracto collo, ventre tumido in modum hydriæ, cum dorso

æqualiter tereti_ (i. e. having small feet, a short neck, a belly as

round and swelling as a water-jar, and a back to match). Canopean vases

were made of earthenware, alabaster, and limestone. They were placed at

the four corners of tombs or sarcophagi containing mummies. In them were

deposited the viscera of the dead, which were placed under the

protection of the four genii, symbolized each by the head of some animal

which served at the same time for the lid of the canopea.

=Cant=, Arch. (1) To truncate. (2) To turn anything over on its angle.

=Cantabrarii=, Med. Lat. Standard-bearers: from CANTABRUM, a kind of

standard used by the Roman emperors. (Consult _Meyrick_.)

=Canted Column=, Arch. A column polygonal in section.

=Cantellus=, Med. Lat. (Fr. _chanteau_ and _cantel_; Lat. _quantillus_).

(1) A cut with a weapon, or the portion cut away. (2) Heraldic for the

fourth part of a shield, since called a canton. (3) The hind part of a

saddle.

=Canteriolus= (dimin. of _canterius_, a prop). A painter’s easel. The

term, which is of doubtful Latinity, corresponds to the Greek ὀκρίβας.

=Canterius=, R. This term has numerous meanings; it serves to denote a

gelding, a prop, the rafters forming part of the wood-work of a roof,

and a surgical contrivance, of which the form is unknown, but which was

used for suspending horses whose legs chanced to be broken, in such a

way as to allow the bone to set.

[Illustration: Fig. 132. Cantharus (Greek).]

=Cantharus= (κάνθαρος, a kind of beetle). A two-handled vase or

drinking-cup, of Greek invention. It was particularly consecrated to

Bacchus, and accordingly, in representations of the festivals of that

god, it figures constantly in the hands of satyrs and other personages.

(Fig. 132.)

=Cantherius.= (See CANTERIUS.)

=Canthus= (κανθὸς, the felloe of a wheel). A hoop of iron or bronze

forming the _tire_ of a wheel. The Greeks called this tire ἐπίσωτρον (i.

e. that which is fastened to the felloe).

=Canticum.= An interlude of music in a Roman play.

=Cantilevers= or =Cantalivers=, Arch. Blocks framed into a wall under

the eaves, projecting so as to carry a moulding. (See MODILLION.)

=Cant-moulding=, Arch. Any moulding with a bevelled face.

=Canum.= A Greek basket, more generally called CANISTRUM (q.v.).

=Canvas= prepared for painting is kept stretched upon frames of various

sizes: e. g. _kit-cat_, 28 or 29 inches by 36; _three-quarters_, 25 by

30; _half-length_, 40 by 50; _bishop’s half-length_, 44 or 45 by 56;

_bishop’s whole length_, 58 by 94.

=Cap-a-pie= (Fr.). In full armour, from _head to foot_.

=Caparison=. The complete trappings of a war-horse.

=Capellina=, Med. Lat. The chapeline or small CHAPEL DE FER.

=Capellum=, Med. Lat. A scabbard (_not_ the hilt of a sword).

=Capellus ferreus.= (See CHAPEL DE FER.)

=Capillamentum=, R. A wig of false hair, in which the hair was long and

abundant. (See COMA.)

=Capillus= (from _caput_, the head). Hair; the hair of the head in

general. (See COMA.)

=Capis=, R. A kind of earthenware jug, with a handle. Vessels of this

kind were used in sacrifices, and the _capis_ is often found represented

on medals. Other names for it were _capedo_, _capeduncula_, and

_capula_.

=Capisterium= (deriv. from σκάφη or σκάφος, i. e. that which is scooped

out). A vessel resembling the _alveus_, or wooden trough, and which was

employed for cleansing the ears of corn after they had been threshed and

winnowed.

=Capistrum= (from _capio_, i. e. that which takes or holds). (1) A

halter or head-stall. (2) A rope employed for suspending the end of the

beam in a wine-press. (3) A muzzle made to prevent young animals from

sucking after they have been weaned. (4) A broad leather band or

cheek-piece worn by flute-players. It had an opening for the mouth to

blow through.

=Capita aut Navia= (lit. _heads or ships_; of coins having the head of

_Janus_ on one side and a ship on the reverse). A game of “heads or

tails” played by the Romans and Greeks.

=Capital= (_caput_, a head). A strip of cloth worn round the head, in

primitive times, by Roman women, to keep in their hair. Later on it was

worn only by women attached to the service of religion. (See CAPITULUM.)

=Capitellum.= (See CAPITULUM.)

=Capitium.= An article of female dress; a kind of corset or bodice.

=Capitolium= (i. e. the place of the _caput_; because a human head was

supposed to have been discovered in digging the foundations). The

Capitol, or enclosure containing the temple raised in honour of Jupiter.

The first Capitol of Rome was built on the _Mons Capitolinus_ or

_Capitolium_. The chief cities of Italy possessed each its _Capitolium_.

[Illustration: Fig. 133.]

[Illustration: Fig. 134.]

=Capital.= A term which denotes the member of architecture crowning the

top of a column, pillar, or pilaster. Figs. 133 and 134 represent

cushion capitals of the Romano-Byzantine epoch. Orders of Architecture

are known by their Capitals. (See COMPOSITE, CORINTHIAN, DORIC, IONIC,

and TUSCAN.)

=Capo di Monte=, Naples. A manufactory of faience, established by

Charles III.

=Cappagh Browns, Light= and =Dark=. Rich brown pigments, made of a

bituminous earth from Ireland. Called also _Mineral_ or _Manganese

Brown_.

=Capreolus=, R. (lit. a wild goat or roebuck). A fork for digging, with

two prongs converging together like the horns of a roebuck. The term is

also used for a strut or brace. The tie-beams and king-posts in the

frame of a roof are often connected by _capreoli_.

=Capriccio=, It. Caprice in art.

[Illustration: Fig. 135. Capricornus. The device of Cosmo de’ Medici.]

=Capricornus.= The zodiacal sign of September employed by Augustus Cæsar

in commemoration of his victory at Actium on the day when the sun enters

that sign. The same device was used by Cosmo de’ Medici, and by the

Emperor Rodolph II. of Germany, with the motto, “Fulget Cæsaris Astrum.”

(Fig. 135.)

=Caprimulgus=, Lat. A goat-milker, a common device on antique gems and

bas-reliefs, representing a man or a faun milking a goat.

=Capronæ=, R. (from _caput_ and _pronus_, i. e. that which hangs down

the forehead). The forelock of a horse, and by analogy, a lock of

curling hair falling down over the centre of the forehead, in a man or

woman.

=Capsa= or =Scrinium=, R. A box or case of cylindrical form, used for

several purposes, but more particularly for the transport of rolls or

volumes (_volumina_). The _capsæ_ were generally provided with straps

and locks, the former serving as a handle.

=Capsella= and =Capsula=, R. (dimin. of CAPSA, q.v.). A case or casket

for jewels, &c.

[Illustration: Fig. 136. Capuchon and mantle. _From an Italian painting

of the 13th century._]

=Capuchon.= A hood with neck-piece and mantle. The engraving (Fig. 136)

is a portrait of Cimabue.

=Capula.= Dimin. of CAPIS (q.v.).

=Capularis=, R. The straight handle or hilt of any kind of instrument or

weapon, in contradistinction to _ansa_, which signifies a curved haft or

handle. The term _capularis_ was applied indifferently to the handle of

a sword, a sceptre, &c.

=Car=, =Chariot=, or =Carriage=. (See CARRUS and CURRUS.)

=Carabaga=, Med. Lat. Also CALABRA. A kind of catapult or balista.

=Carabine.= (See CARBINE.)

=Carabus= (κάραβος). A small boat made of wicker-work; a kind of shallop

covered with raw hides. It was either propelled by itself or attached to

the stern of a larger vessel. Similar to the coracle.

=Caracalla= (a Celtic word). A military garment introduced from Gaul

into Rome by the Emperor Antonine, who obtained thus his surname of

_Caracalla_.

=Caracole=, Arch. A spiral staircase.

=Carbassus= or =Carbassum= (κάρπασος, fine Spanish flax). This term was

used indifferently to denote all textures made of the fine Spanish flax.

Thus any kind of linen garment, the sails of a ship, the awning of a

theatre or amphitheatre, all came under the term of _carbassus_.

=Carbatinæ= (καρβάτιναι). A rough kind of boot in common use, made of a

single piece of leather, and worn by peasants.

=Carbine=, or =Carabine=, or =Caraben=. A short gun with a wheel lock

and a wide bore, introduced in the 16th century.

=Carbonate of Lead=, or _white lead_, is the principal white pigment. It

is prepared by exposing sheets of lead to the action of acetic and

carbonic acids. It is called also _Ceruse_, _Flake-white_, _Krems_ (or

_Vienna_) _white_, _Nottingham white_. It is also known, under different

modifications of colour, as _Venice_, or as _Hamburg_, or as _Dutch

white_. It is a pigment very liable to injury from exposure to certain

gases. (See OXIDE OF ZINC.)

=Carbonates of Copper= yield blue and green pigments, known from the

earliest times, and under many names, as _Mountain_ blue and green, blue

and green _Ash_, or _Saunders’_ (for _cendres’_) blue and green. These

names are also applied to the manufactured imitations of the native

carbonates of copper. Powdered _Malachite_ is a form of the native green

carbonate. The colours called _Emerald Green_ and _Paul Veronese Green_

are artificial.

=Carbuncle= (Lat. _carbunculus_). A gem of a deep red colour. A jewel

shining in the dark. (_Milton._)

=Carcaissum=, Med. Lat. (Fr. _carquois_; It. _carcasso_; Mod. Gr.

γαρκάσιον). A quiver.

=Carcamousse=, Med. A battering-ram. The name is onomatopoetic.

=Carcanet=, O. E. A necklace set with stones, or strung with pearls.

=Carcass=, Arch. The unfinished frame or skeleton of a building.

[Illustration: Fig. 137. Carceres. Roman prisons.]

=Carcer= (akin to _arceo_, i. e. an enclosure (Gr. ἕρκος). (1) A prison.

(2) The circus. At Rome the prisons were divided into three stages: the

first, which formed a story above ground (_carcer superior_), was for

prisoners who had only committed slight offences; the _carcer interior_,

or stage on a level with the ground, served as a place of confinement in

which criminals were placed to await the execution of their sentence;

lastly there was the _carcer inferior_, or subterranean dungeon called

_robur_, for criminals condemned to death. Fig. 137 represents the

_carcer_ built at Rome by Ancus Martius and Servius Tullius; Fig. 138

the _carceres_ of the circus.

[Illustration: Fig. 138. Carceres. Stables in the circus at Rome.]

=Carchesium= (καρχήσιον). (1) A drinking-cup of Greek invention, and

having slender handles rising high over the edge, and reaching to the

foot. It was an attribute of Bacchus, and was used in the religious

ceremonies. (2) A scaffolding in the shape of the _carchesium_ at the

masthead of a ship. (Anglicè, “crow’s-nest.”)

=Cardinalis.= (See SCAPUS.)

=Cardo.= A pivot and socket used for the hinge of a door. The term was

also used in carpentry to denote a dove-tailed tenon; this was called

_cardo securi-culatus_, i. e. a tenon in the shape of an axe, the

dove-tail bearing some resemblance to the blade of that tool.

=Care-cloth=, O. E. A cloth held over the bride and bridegroom’s heads

at a wedding.

=Carellus= (Fr. _carreau_). A quarrel or arrow for cross-bows, the head

of which was either four-sided or had four projections.

=Carillon=, Fr. A set of large bells, arranged to perform tunes by

machinery, or by a set of keys touched by a musician. Antwerp, Bruges,

and Ghent are celebrated for the carillons in their steeples.

=Caristia= (from χάρις, favour or gratitude). A Roman feast, at which

the members of a family came together. It lasted three days: on the

first, sacrifices were offered to the gods; the second was consecrated

to the worship of deceased relations; and on the third the surviving

members of the family met at a banquet. Strangers were not allowed in

these gatherings.

=Carminated Lakes.= Also called _Lake of Florence_, _Paris_, or

_Vienna_. Pigments made from the liquor in which cochineal and the other

ingredients have been boiled to make _carmine_. (See MADDER.)

=Carmine.= A beautiful pigment prepared from the insect, cochineal.

Carmine is the richest and purest portion of the colouring matter of

cochineal. The various kinds of carmine are distinguished by numbers,

and possess a value corresponding thereto; the difference depending

either on the proportion of the _alumina_ added, or on the presence of

_vermilion_ added for the purpose of diluting and increasing the

quantity of the colour: the alumina produces a paler tint, and the

vermilion a tint different to that of genuine carmine. The amount of

adulteration can always be detected by the use of liquor ammoniæ, which

dissolves the whole of the carmine, but leaves the adulterating matter

untouched. Carmine is chiefly used in miniature painting and in

water-colours. It is made in large quantities in Paris.

=Carmine-madder.= (See MADDER.)

=Carnarium=, R. (_caro_, flesh). (1) A larder for fresh or salted

provisions. (2) The iron hooks on which they were hung.

=Carnificia= or =Carnificina=, R. (_carnifex_, executioner).

Subterranean dungeons, in which criminals were put to the torture, and,

in many cases, executed.

=Carnix= or =Carnyx= (Celtic and Gaulish word). A trumpet in the form of

a long horn, of which the mouth was curved so as to resemble the mouth

of an animal. This instrument gave out a peculiarly loud strident sound,

and was used more particularly by the Celtic nations, notably the Gauls.

It is constantly found represented on the coins of these nations, and on

bas-reliefs. Some archæologists have mistaken the _carnices_ on medals

for _cornucopiæ_.

=Carol=, Chr. An enclosed place; a circular gallery. In old French,

_carole_ signified a round dance, or a circle of stone. In the last

century the term was applied to the ambulatory, or circular gallery,

behind the choir in churches.

=Carpentum=, R. A two-wheeled carriage of Gaulish invention; it was

often covered with an awning, resembling in form that of the CAMARA

(q.v.). The _carpentum funebre_ or _pompaticum_ was a hearse. It was

made to resemble a shrine or small temple. Lastly, the term _carpentum_

was used to denote a cart, with two wheels, employed for agricultural

purposes.

=Carrago= (i. e. formed of _carri_ or carts). A kind of intrenchment

peculiar to certain barbarous nations. It was constructed by drawing up

waggons and war-chariots in a curved line, approaching a circle as

nearly as the nature of the ground permitted. It formed a first line of

defence, behind which the combatants sheltered themselves in order to

defend the camp proper, which lay in the centre of the _carrago_.

=Carreaux=, Med. Fr. Quarrels for cross-bows, so called from their

square form.

=Carriolum.= (See CARROCIUM.)

=Carroballista= or =Carrobalista= (_carrus_, a car). A _ballista_

mounted upon a carriage, to be transported from place to place. (See

BALLISTA.)

=Carrocium=, =Carrocerum=, Med. Lat. A standard fixed on a carriage.

=Carrotus.= A quarrel. (See CARELLUS, &c.)

=Carruca=, =Carrucha=, or =Carucha=. A carriage of costly description,

richly ornamented with bronze and ivory carvings and chased gold. It

differed widely from the ESSEDO and the RHEDA (q.v.).

=Carrus= or =Carrum= (Celtic root). A cart or chariot of Gaulish

invention, on two wheels, used in the army as a commissariat waggon. A

_carrus_ occurs among the sculptures on the column of Trajan.

=Cartamera= (Gaulish word). A Gaulish girdle made of metal, and used to

support the _braccæ_, or trousers. It was made sometimes in the form of

a serpent with its tail in its mouth, but more generally resembled a

fringe of twisted hemp, like the _torques_, by which name accordingly it

was known among the Romans. (See TORQUES.)

=Cartibulum=, R. (corrupted from _gertibulum_, i. e. that which bears or

carries). A side-board, consisting of a square slab of stone or marble,

supported in the middle by a pedestal or stem. The _cartibulum_ always

stood against a wall.

[Illustration: Fig. 139. Egyptian Cartouche.]

[Illustration: Fig. 140. Egyptian Column with Cartouche.]

=Cartouche=, Egyp. An elliptical tablet of scroll-like form, containing

the names of the Pharaohs. Fig. 139 represents the cartouche of King

Artaxerxes. Cartouches were applied to decorate columns, an illustration

of which may be seen on the abacus and capital of the column in Fig.

140.

=Caryatides= (Καρυάτιδες, i. e. women of Caryæ). Female figures, in an

upright posture, which were employed in lieu of columns to support

entablatures or any other members of architecture. One of the finest

instances of the application of caryatides to this purpose is to be

found in the portico of the temple of Pandrosos, at Athens.

=Caryatis.= A festival in honour of Artemis Caryatis, which was

celebrated at Caryæ, in Laconia.

=Case Bags=, Arch. The joists framed between a pair of girders, in naked

flooring.

=Cash.= A Chinese coin.

[Illustration: Fig. 141. Casque.]

[Illustration: Fig. 142. Casque.]

=Casque=, Fr. Helmets of every description, from those of classical

times to the present, have been called casques by the poets; but the

head-piece specially so designated is first seen in English armour of

the reign of Henry VIII. The casque was generally without a visor, and

worn more for parade than warfare. The engraving Fig. 141 represents a

Gaulish and Fig. 142 an Oriental casque.

=Casquetel.= A small open helmet without beaver or visor, having a

projecting umbril, and flexible plates to protect the neck behind.

=Cassel Black.= (See BLACK.)

=Cassel Earth.= A brown pigment.

=Cassel Yellow.= (See TURNER’S YELLOW.)

=Cassida.= (See CASSIS.)

=Cassilden=, O. E. Chalcedony.

=Cassis= or, rarely, =Cassida= (perhaps an Etruscan word). A casque or

helmet made of metal, and so distinguished from GALEA (q.v.), a helmet

made of leather. Figs. 141 and 142 represent respectively a Gaulish and

an Eastern _cassis_ (the latter, however, is considered by some

antiquaries to be Gaulish). The war-casque of the Egyptian kings,

although of metal, was covered with a panther’s skin; it was ornamented

with the URÆUS (q.v.).

=Cassock= signifies a horseman’s loose coat, and is used in that sense

by the writers of the age of Shakspeare. It likewise appears to have

been part of the dress of rustics. (_Stevens._) It was called a “vest”

in the time of Charles II. Later on it became the distinguishing dress

of the clergy.

=Cassolette=, Fr. A perfume box with a perforated lid; the perforations

in a censer.

=Cassone.= An Italian chest, richly carved and gilt, and often decorated

with paintings, which frequently held the _trousseau_ of a bride.

=Castanets.= Various peoples have employed flat pieces of wood to

produce a certain kind of noise during religious ceremonies. The

Egyptians seem to have had for this purpose “hands” of wood or ivory,

which were struck one against the other to form an accompaniment to

chants or rhythmic dances. (See CROTALA, &c.)

[Illustration: Fig. 143. Cup of Castel Durante (1525), in the Museum of

the Louvre.]

=Castel Durante.= An ancient manufactory of Urbino ware, established in

the 14th century. Fig. 143, from a cup in the Louvre, is a fine specimen

of Castel Durante majolica of the 16th century.

=Castellum= (dimin. of CASTRUM, q.v.; i. e. a small castle). A small

fortified place or citadel; also a reservoir for water. The ruins of

_castella_ still existing are very few in number; one of the most

perfect, as far as the basin is concerned, is that of the _castellum

divisorium_ or _deversorium_, at Nismes.

=Casteria.= A storehouse in which the rudder, oars, and movable tackle

of a vessel were kept.

=Castor.= The beaver; hence applied to beaver hats.

=Castoreæ=, R. Costly fabrics and dresses made of the fur of beavers.

=Castra=, R. (plur. of _castrum_, which, like _casa_, = the covering

thing). This term was applied solely to an encampment, a fortified or

intrenched camp, while the singular _castrum_, an augmentative of CASA

(q.v.), denotes a hut, or strongly-constructed post, and consequently a

fort, or fortress; but for this last the Romans preferred to use the

diminutive _castellum_.

=Castula= or =Caltula=, R. A short petticoat worn by Roman women, held

up by braces.

=Casula=, R. (dimin. of _casa_). (1) A small hut or cabin. (2) A hooded

cloak, or capote.

=Cat.= The Egyptian name for the cat (_maaou_) is evidently

onomatopoetic. As a symbol, this animal played a part which has hitherto

not been clearly determined. Certain papyri show us the cat severing the

serpent’s head from its body, a symbol which would seem to point out the

cat as the destroyer of the enemies of the daylight and the sun. Again,

the goddess _Bast_ is represented with a cat’s head, the animal being

sacred to her.

=Cat= (Med. Lat. _cattus_ or _gattus_). A covering under which soldiers

lay for shelter, while sapping the walls of a fortress, &c.

=Cataclista=, R. A close-fitting garment worn by Roman ladies, bearing a

great resemblance to those which are to be seen on Egyptian statues.

=Catacombs=, Chr. This term, the etymology of which is uncertain, serves

to denote disused stone quarries, made use of by the early Christians

for their meetings, and as subterranean cemeteries. We meet with

catacombs in several cities, but the most celebrated are unquestionably

those of Rome. Catacombs also exist at Syracuse, Catana, Palermo,

Naples, and Paris.

=Catadromus=, R. (from κατὰ and δρόμος, i. e. a running down). A

tight-rope for acrobats in a circus or amphitheatre. The _catadromus_

was stretched in a slanting direction from a point in the arena to the

top of the building.

=Catafaltus=, Med. Lat. (See CAGASUPTUS.)

=Catagrapha=, Gr. and R. (κατα-γραφὴ, i. e. a drawing or marking down).

A painting in perspective (rarely met with in the works of the ancient

painters).

=Cataphracta=, Gr. and R. (κατα-φράκτης, i. e. that which covers up). A

general term to denote any kind of breastplate worn by the Roman

infantry. [Cataphracti were heavy-armed cavalry, with the horses in

armour.]

=Cataphracti.= Decked vessels, in opposition to _aphracti_, open boats.

=Catapirates=, Gr. and R. (κατα-πειρατὴς, i. e. that which makes trial

downwards). A sounding lead, of an ovoid form, with tallow or a kind of

glue at the end, by means of which sailors were able to ascertain the

nature of the bottom.

=Catapulta=, Gr. and R. (κατα-πέλτης, i. e. that which hurls). A

military engine for discharging heavy missiles. The _ballista_ projected

stones; the _catapult_, darts; the _scorpio_ (uncertain). They were all

called _tormenta_, from the _twisting_ of the ropes of hairs or fibres

which supplied the propelling force.

=Catascopium=, Gr. and R. (dimin. of CATASCOPUS, q.v.). A post of

observation or sentry tower.

=Catascopus=, Gr. and R. (κατάσκοπος, i. e. that which explores or

spies). (1) A post of observation. (2) A vessel employed as a spy-ship;

and by analogy (3) a scout, i. e. a soldier whose duty is to act as a

spy on the enemy.

=Catasta= (from κατάστασις, i. e. a place of presentation). A platform

upon which slaves were placed to be publicly sold. Some scaffolds of

this kind were made to revolve, so that the purchaser might thoroughly

inspect every part of the slave at his leisure. _Catasta arcana_ was the

name given to a gridiron, or iron bed, upon which criminals were laid to

undergo torture. (See GRIDIRON.)

=Cateja= (Celtic word). A missile made of wood hardened in the fire. It

was employed by the Gauls, Germans, and other barbarians in the way of a

harpoon, a rope being fastened to one end of the weapon, by means of

which it could be recovered after it had been launched.

=Catella= (dimin. of CATENA, q.v.). A term specially used to denote the

finer sorts of chains made of bronze, silver, and gold. Chains made of

the precious metals were worn as trinkets. [The use of the diminutive

indicates elegance and delicacy.]

=Catellus=, R. (dimin. of CATENA, q.v.). A chain used to shackle slaves,

or perhaps merely attached to them in the way of a clog.

=Catena=, R. (1) A chain, especially (2) a chain of gold or silver worn

as an ornament round the body, like a _balteus_ (shoulder-belt), by

certain goddesses, dancing girls, bacchantes, or courtezans.

=Catenarius.= The chained dog kept at the entrance of their houses by

the Romans.

=Catharmata= (καθάρματα, from καθαίρω, i. e. that which is thrown away

in cleansing). Sacrifices in which human victims were offered up, in

order to avert the plague or similar visitations. [They were thrown into

the sea.]

=Cathedra= (καθέδρα, from κατὰ and ἕδρα, i. e. a place for sitting

down). A chair having a back, but without arms. There were various kinds

of _cathedræ_: the _cathedra strata_ was a chair furnished with

cushions; _cathedra supina_, a chair with long sloping back; _cathedra

longa_, a chair with long deep seat. The _cathedra philosophorum_ was

the equivalent of our modern term, a professor’s chair.

=Catherine Wheel.= In Gothic architecture, a large circular window,

filled with radiating divisions; called also rose-window.

=Cathetus=, Arch. (1) The axle of a cylinder. (2) The centre of the

Ionic volute.

[Illustration: Fig. 144. Catillus for grinding corn.]

=Catillus= and =Catillum= (dimin. of CATINUS, q.v.; i. e. a small bowl).

(1) The upper part of a mill for grinding corn, which served both as

grindstone and hopper or bowl. Fig. 144 represents an ancient mill, a

fourth part of the _catillus_ being suppressed in order to show the

reader the mechanism. (2) A small dish having much resemblance to the

_catinus_, and so by analogy (3) a flat circular ornament employed to

decorate the scabbard of a sword.

=Catinus= and =Catinum=, R. (akin to Sicilian κάτινον). Dishes used for

cooking, and for the table. _Catina_ might be of earthenware or metal,

of glass or other precious material, and were employed as sacrificial

vessels to hold incense, &c.

=Catty.= A Chinese weight = 1⅓ lb.

=Catulus=, R. When a slave ran away from his master, and was retaken, he

was led back in chains, the _catulus_ being the chain which was attached

to an iron collar passing round his neck. A slave was thus said to be

led back _cum manicis, catulo, collarique_, i. e. with manacles, leading

chain, and neck-collar.

=Caudex.= (See CODEX.)

=Caudicarius=, =Codicarius=, R. (from _caudex_, a tree-trunk). A wide

flat barge employed in river transport. It was of rough construction,

and was broken up on arriving at its destination.

=Caudicius=, R. A vessel of the same kind as the _caudicarius_, employed

on the Moselle.

=Caughley-ware= (Shropshire). A soft porcelain; 18th century.

=Caul=, O. E. A cap or network enclosing the hair.

=Cauliculi= or =Caulicoli=, R. (dimin. of _caulis_, a stalk). Acanthus

leaves springing from the capital of a Corinthian column.

=Caupolus.= (See CAUPULUS.)

=Caupona=, R. (_caupo_, an innkeeper). An inn or hostel for the

accommodation of travellers. The _cauponæ_ bore a general resemblance to

our roadside inns. [Also, a cooked-meat shop.]

=Cauponula=, R. (dimin. of _caupona_). A small tavern, or low wine-shop

of mean appearance.

=Caupulus=, R. A kind of boat, classed by authors among the _lembi_ and

_cymbæ_.

=Caurus=, R. An impersonation of the North-West wind; represented under

the form of an old man with a beard, pouring down rain from an urn.

=Causia=, Gr. and R. (καυσία, from καῦσις, i. e. that which keeps off

heat). A broad-brimmed felt hat, of Macedonian invention, and adopted by

the Romans. It was especially worn by fishermen and sailors.

=Cauter= (καυτὴρ, i. e. that which burns). A cautery or branding-iron.

The _cauter_ was (1) an instrument used by surgeons; it was also used

for branding cattle and slaves. (2) An instrument employed to burn in

the colours in an encaustic painting.

=Cauterium= = CAUTER (q.v.).

=Cavædium=, R. (from _cavum_ and _ædes_, i. e. the hollow part of a

house). An open courtyard. In early times the Romans had an external

courtyard to their houses. In course of time, however, the increase of

luxury and comfort brought about a change in the _cavædium_, which was

partially covered in with a roof supported by columns, a partial opening

being left in the centre, which was called the _compluvium_. When thus

altered, the _cavædium_ went under the name of ATRIUM (q.v.).

=Cavalherium.= (See CABALLARIA.)

=Cavallerius= or =Cavallero=, Med. Lat. A knight or cavalier.

=Cavea=, R. (from _cavus_, i. e. a hollow place or cavity), (1) A wooden

cage with open bars, of wood or, more generally, of iron, used for the

transport and exhibition of the wild beasts of a menagerie. (2) A

bird-cage. (3) A frame of wicker-work employed by fullers and dyers. (4)

A palisade to protect young trees when growing up, and (5) the vast

reversed cone formed by the successive stages of a theatre or

amphitheatre. This might be divided, according to the size of the

building, into one, two, or three distinct tiers, called respectively

upper, lower, and middle (_summa_, _ima_, _media cavea_). (6) A warlike

machine used in attacking cities.

=Cavetto=, Arch. (deriv. from Ital. _cavo_). A concave moulding formed

of a segment of a circle.

=Cavo-relievo.= Intaglio-sculpture cut into the stone, as in Egyptian

art.

=Ceadas= or =Cæadas= (κεάδας or καιάδας). A deep cave into which the

Spartans thrust condemned prisoners.

=Ceinture= or =Ceint=. A girdle. (See CINCTUS.)

=Celadon.= A peculiar tinted porcelain, described by Jacquemart as the

earliest tint of Chinese pottery.

=Celebê= (Κελέβη). A vase of ovoid form and with two handles. The lower

part is shaped elegantly, like an amphora, but the upper part resembles

a pitcher with a sort of projecting lip. Its peculiarity is in the

_handles_, which are “pillared” and “reeded.”

=Celes=, R. A racing or saddle horse, as opposed to a draught horse. The

same term was also applied to a vessel or boat of a peculiar form,

propelled by oars, in which each rower handled only a single oar. It was

also called _celox_.

[Illustration: Fig. 145. Plan of temple showing the Cella.]

=Cella=, R. (from _celo_, to hide). The interior of a temple, i. e. the

part comprised within the four walls. In Fig. 145 _a_ represents the

portico, _b_ the _cella_. The term is also used to denote a niche,

store-room, or, in general, any kind of cellar; e. g. _cella vinaria_,

_cella olearia_, and even a tavern situated in a cellar. The term was

also applied to slaves’ dormitories, the parts of the public baths, &c.

=Cellatio.= A suite of apartments in a Roman house set apart for various

purposes, but especially as quarters for slaves.

=Cellula= (dimin. of CELLA, q.v.). A small sanctuary, i. e. the interior

of a small temple, and by analogy any kind of small chamber.

=Celox.= (See CELES.)

=Celt.= A variety of chisels and adzes of the flint and bronze periods.

=Celtic= (Monuments) were usually constructed of huge stones, and are

known, for that reason, as _megalithic monuments_. Such are STANDING

STONES, DOLMENS, MENHIRS or PEULVANS, CROMLECHS, COVERED ALLEYS, TUMULI,

&c. (See these words.)

=Cembel.= A kind of joust or HASTILUDE.

=Cendal=, =Sandal=, &c., O. E. The name, variously spelt, of a silken

stuff used for vestments, and for banners, &c.; 13th century. We now

call this stuff _sarcenet_.

=Cenotaph= (κενο-τάφιον, i. e. an empty tomb). A monument raised to a

Roman citizen who had been drowned at sea, or who, from any other cause,

failed to receive burial.

=Censer.= A sacred vessel used for burning perfumes.

[Illustration: Fig. 146. Centaur.]

=Centaur= (κένταυρος, according to some, from κεντέω and ταῦρος, i. e.

herdsman; but prob. simply from κεντέω, i. e. Piercer or Spearman). The

Centaurs are represented with the body of a horse, and bust, head, and

arms of a man. (Fig. 146.) In Christian archæology, the Centaur is a

symbol of the swift passage of life, the force of the instincts, and in

a special sense, of adultery. The war of the Centaurs and the Lapithæ is

the subject of the frieze at the British Museum, from a temple of Apollo

in Arcadia. _Hippo-centaurs_ were half horse; _Onocentaurs_, half ass;

and _Bucentaurs_ or _Tauro-centaurs_, half ox.

[Illustration: Fig. 147. Centaur and young.]

=Cento= (κέντρων, patchwork). A covering made of different scraps of

cloth, and used as clothing for slaves. The same term denotes a coarse

cloth which was placed beneath the saddle of a beast of burden, to keep

the back of the animal from being galled by the saddle. In Christian

archæology the term was used to denote a coarse patchwork garment, and,

by analogy, a poem composed of verses taken from various authors, like

the _Cento nuptialis_ of Ausonius.

=Centunculus= (dimin. of CENTO, q.v.). A motley garment of various

colours, like that of our harlequin. It was worn, according to Apuleius,

by the actors who played in burlesques, and there are certain vases on

which Bacchus is represented, arrayed in a similar costume.

=Cepotaphium= (κηπο-τάφιον). A tomb situated in a garden.

=Cera= (akin to κηρός). Wax, and, by analogy, any objects made of wax,

such as images of the family ancestors (_imagines majorum_); or the wax

tablets for writing on with the _stylus_. These were called respectively

_ceræ duplices_, _triplices_, _quintuplices_, according as they had two,

three, or five leaves. The first, second, third, and last tablet were

called respectively _prima_, _secunda_, _tertia_, _ultima_ or _extrema

cera_.

=Ceramic.= Appertaining to POTTERY (q.v.).

=Cerberus.= The three-headed dog who guarded the gates of hell.

=Cercurus= (κέρκουρος, perhaps from Κέρκυρα, the island Corcyra). A

Cyprian vessel propelled by oars. Its form is unknown.

=Cerebrerium.= An iron skull-cap, _temp._ Edward I.

=Cere-cloth= (_cera_, wax). Cloth saturated with wax, used for

enveloping a consecrated altarstone, or a dead body.

=Cereus= (_cera_, wax). A wax candle, made either with the fibres of

cyperus or papyrus twisted together and dipped in wax, or with the pith

of elder, or rush, covered with the same material.

=Ceriolare= (_cera_, wax). A stand, holder, or candelabrum for wax

candles. There were a great variety of this kind of vessel. (See

CANDELABRUM.)

=Cernuus= (from _cer_ = κάρα, and _nuo_, i. e. with head inclined to the

ground). A tumbler who walks upon his hands with his feet in the air.

Women even used to turn series of summersaults, resting alternately on

the feet and hands, among a number of swords or knives stuck in the

ground. This exhibition was called by the Greeks εἰς μαχαίρας κυβιστᾶν,

i. e. lit. to tumble head over heels between knives).

=Cerōma= (κήρωμα, a wax-salve). A room in which wrestlers rubbed

themselves over with oil and fine sand. The room was so named from the

unguent employed, which consisted of wax mixed with oil [which was also

called _cerōma_].

=Cero—plastic.= The art of modelling in wax.

=Cero-strotum= or =Cestrotum=, Lat. A kind of encaustic painting upon

ivory or horn, in which the lines were burnt in with the cestrum, and

the furrows filled with wax.

=Certosina Work.= Florence, 15th century. Ivory inlaid into solid

cypress-wood and walnut. The style is Indian in character, and consists

in geometric arrangements of stars made of diamond-shaped pieces, varied

with conventional flowers in pots, &c.

=Certyl.= Old English for kirtle.

=Ceruse.= A name for white lead. (See CARBONATE OF LEAD.)

=Cervelliere.= (See CEREBRERIUM.)

=Cervi= (lit. stags). Large branches of trees with the forks still left

upon them, but cut down close to the stock, so that the whole presented

the appearance of a stag’s antlers. _Cervi_ were employed to strengthen

a palisade, so as to impede the advance of infantry, or resist attacks

of cavalry.

=Cervical= (from _cervix_, a neck). A cushion or pillow for supporting

the back of the head on a bed or dining-couch. (See PULVINAR.)

=Cervus.= (See STAG.)

=Ceryceum= (κηρύκειον, a herald’s staff). It is a synonym of CADUCEUS

(q.v.).

=Cesticillus= (dimin. of CESTUS, q.v.). A circular pad used as a rest by

persons who had to carry burdens on their heads.

=Cestra.= (See CESTROSPHENDONÈ.)

=Cestrosphendonè=, Gr. (a dart-sling.) A dart fixed to a wooden stock

with three short wooden wings, discharged from a sling.

=Cestrotum.= (See CERO-STROTUM.)

=Cestrum= or =Viriculum= (κέστρον, i. e. that which pricks or pierces).

A graver used in the process of encaustic painting on ivory. It was made

of ivory, pointed at one end and flat at the other. (See CERO-STROTUM,

RHABDION.)

=Cestus= (κεστὸς, embroidered), (1) In general any kind of band or tie;

but specially the embroidered girdle of Venus. (2) A boxing gauntlet.

(See CÆSTUS.)

=Cetra= (prob. a Spanish word). A small round shield in use among

several barbarous nations, but never by the Romans.

=Chaable=, Old Fr. A large ballista. (See CABULUS.) Trees blown down by

the wind are still called “caables” in France. (_Meyrick._)

=Chabasite= (χαβὸς, narrow, compressed). A crystal of a white colour.

=Chaconne=, Fr. (Sp. _chacona_; It. _ciacona_). A modification of the

dance _chica_ (q.v.).

=Chadfarthing=, O. E. A farthing formerly paid among the Easter dues,

for the purpose of hallowing the font for christenings. (_Halliwell._)

=Chafer=, O. E. (1) A beetle or May-bug. (2) A saucepan.

=Chafer-house=, O. E. An ale-house.

=Chafery=, O. E. A furnace.

[Illustration: Fig. 148. Chaffagiolo ware. Sweetmeat plate, with

arabesques, about 1509.]

=Chaffagiolo=, or =Caffagiolo=, is the place where Cosmo the Great

established the first Tuscan manufactory of majolica, and where Luca

della Robbia acquired his knowledge of the stanniferous enamel. Fig. 148

is a specimen of Chaffagiolo ware of the 15th century.

=Chain-moulding=, Arch. An ornament of the Norman period, sculptured in

imitation of a chain.

=Chain-timbers=, Arch. Bond timbers, the thickness of a brick,

introduced to tie and strengthen a wall.

=Chair.= (See SELLA.)

=Chair de Poule= (chicken’s flesh). An ornamentation of the surface of

pottery with little hemispheric points; a Chinese method.

=Chaisel=, Old Fr. (1) An upper garment. (2) A kind of fine linen, of

which smocks were often made.

=Chalameau=, Fr. Stem or straw-pipe. The lower notes of the clarionet

are called the _chalameau_ tone, from the ancient _shawm_.

=Chalcanthum= (χάλκ-ανθον, i. e. that which is thrown off by copper).

Shoemaker’s black or copperas, used for imparting a dark colour to

boot-leather. (See ATRAMENTUM.)

=Chalcedony.= (See CALCEDONY.)

=Chalcidicum= (Χαλκιδικὸν, i. e. pertaining to the city of Chalcis). The

exact meaning of this term is unknown. According to some, it was a

portico; according to others, a kind of long hall or transept.

=Chalciœcia= (χαλκι-οίκια, brazen house). A Spartan festival in honour

of Athena under that designation.

=Chalcography= (χαλκὸς, copper). Engraving on copper. _Chalcography_ was

discovered in Florence, in the 15th century, and early introduced into

England. Caxton’s “Golden Legend,” containing copper-plate prints, was

published in 1483. The process is as follows:—A perfectly smooth plate

of copper, having been highly polished, is heated in an oven, and then

white wax rubbed over it until the whole surface is covered with a thin

layer. A tracing is laid over the wax, with the black-lead lines

downwards, which transfers the design to the wax. Then the tracing-paper

is removed, and the engraver goes over the lines lightly with a fine

steel point, so as just to penetrate the wax, and scratch a delicate

outline upon the copper. The wax is then melted off, and the engraving

finished with the _graver_, or _burin_, a steel instrument with a

peculiar pyramidal point. Should the lines be cut too deeply, a smooth

tool, about three inches long, called a _burnisher_, is used to soften

them down, and to burnish out scratches in the copper. The _ridges_ or

_burrs_ that rise on each side of the engraved lines are scraped off by

a tool about six inches long, called a _scraper_, made of steel, with

three sharp edges. This method has for printing purposes been generally

superseded by other processes, principally _etching_.

=Chalcus= (χαλκοῦς). A Greek copper coin, somewhat less than a farthing.

[Illustration: Fig. 149. Chalice, silver-gilt—14th century.]

=Chalice=, Chr. (deriv. from _calix_, a cup). A sacred vessel used in

the celebration of the mass. There were many different kinds, called

_ministeriales_, _offertorii_, _majores_, and _minores_. The

_ministeriales_ served to distribute the wine; the _offertorii_ were

employed by the deacons to hold the wine offered by the faithful.

Lastly, they were distinguished according to their size, as large or

small (_majores_ and _minores_). Vessels called _calices_ were also

frequently suspended from the arches of the ciborium, and other parts of

the church, as ornaments. In Christian symbolism the chalice and serpent

issuing from it are an attribute of St. John the Evangelist.

=Chalon=, O. E. A coverlet. (_Chaucer._)

=Chamade=, Fr. A beat of drum or trumpet inviting the enemy to a parley.

=Chamber Music=, as opposed to concert music. Madrigals were probably

the earliest specimens of chamber music.

=Chambers=, O. E. Small cannon for firing on festive occasions.

=Chamberyngs=, O. E. Bedroom furniture.

[Illustration: Fig. 150. Chameleon and Dolphin.]

=Chameleon= (χαμαὶ, on the ground, and λέων, a lion). In Christian

symbolism, the emblem of inconstancy; in Chemistry, manganate of potass

is called _chameleon_ from the changes of colour which its solution

undergoes. The chameleon with a dolphin on its back (Fig. 150) was the

device of Pope Paul III.

=Chamfer=, Arch. (1) The angle of obliquity (of the sides of a steeple,

&c.). (2) A hollow channel or gutter, such as the fluting of a column.

[Illustration: Fig. 151. Chamfron.]

=Chamfron=, O. E. (Med. Lat. _chamfrenum_; Fr. _champ-frein_). A frontal

of leather or steel to a horse’s bridle. (Fig. 151.)

=Chamlet=, O. E. (See CAMLET.)

=Chammer=, O. E. (Fr. _chamarre_). A gown worn by persons of rank,

_temp._ Henry VIII.

=Champ=, Arch. A flat surface.

=Champ-levé.= A form of enamelling in which the pattern is cut out of

the metal to be ornamented.

=Chamulcus=, R. and Gr. A heavy dray for the transport of building

materials, such as blocks of marble, columns, obelisks, &c.

=Chance=, O. E. The game of hazard.

=Chancel=, Chr. (from _cancelli_, a lattice). A term anciently used to

denote the _choir_. It derived its name from the _cancelli_ or stone

screen by which it was enclosed.

=Chandaras= (Sanscrit, _chanda-rasa_, lit. moonjuice). An ancient name

for _copal_.

=Chandeleuse=, Fr. Candlemas Day.

=Chandi= (from _chand_, the moon). Indian name for silver.

=Chand-tara= (lit. moon and stars) is the name of an Indian brocade,

figured all over with representations of the heavenly bodies.

=Changeable Silk=, O. E., was woven of two colours, so that one of them

showed itself unmixed and quite distinct on one side, and the second

appeared equally clear on the other; mentioned A. D. 1327, 1543, &c.

=Changes.= The altered melodies produced by varying the sounds of a peal

of bells.

[Illustration: Fig. 152. Chante-pleure.]

=Chante-pleure=, Fr. A water pot, made of earthenware, about a foot

high, the orifice at the top the size of a pea, and the bottom full of

small holes. Immersed in water, it quickly fills. If the opening at the

top be then closed with the thumb, the vessel may be carried, and the

water distributed as required. The widow of Louis I., Duke of Orleans,

adopted this as her device, after the murder of her husband, in 1407.

=Chantlate=, Arch. A piece of wood under the eaves of a roof, by which

two or three rows of overhanging slates or tiles are supported.

=Chantry=, Chr. (Fr. _chanter_, to sing). A chapel to which is attached

a revenue as provision for a priest, whose duty it is to sing masses for

the repose of the founder’s soul.

=Chape=, O. E. (Spanish _chapa_, a thin plate of metal). (1) The

transverse guard of a sword. (2) A metal plate at the end of a scabbard.

(3) A catch by which a thing is held in its place.

[Illustration: Fig. 153. Chapeau.]

=Chapeau=, Her. Also called a _cap of dignity, of maintenance, or of

estate_. An early symbol of high dignity.

=Chapeau Chinois=, Fr. A set of small bells arranged in the form of a

Chinese hat.

=Chapel= or =Chapelle de Fer=. Iron helmet of knights of the 12th

century. The diminutive is _chapeline_.

=Chaperon=, Fr. A hood or small cap for the head.

=Chapiter=, Arch. The upper part of a capital.

[Illustration: Fig. 154. Chaplet Moulding.]

=Chaplet=, Arch. (Fr. _chapelet_). (1) A small cylindrical moulding,

carved into beads and the like. (See Fig. 154.) (2) _Chaplets of

flowers_, which were worn in England, by both sexes, on festive

occasions, during the Middle Ages, and chaplets of jewels in earlier

times. (3) Chr. It was anciently the custom to crown the newly baptized

with a chaplet or garland of flowers. (4) Chr. A succession of prayers

recited in a certain order, regulated by beads, &c. (5) In Heraldry. A

garland or wreath. (See CRANCELIN.)

=Chapter=, Chr. (Lat. _capitulum_). The body of the clergy of a

cathedral, united under the bishop.

=Chapter-house=, Chr. A place of assemblage for a CHAPTER of the clergy.

That of Westminster contains some fine wall paintings of the middle of

the 14th century.

=Chaptrel=, Arch. The capital of a column supporting an arch; an impost.

=Character=, Gr. and R. Generally, any sign or mark impressed, painted,

or engraved on any object. In a more restricted sense, it denotes the

instrument of iron or bronze with which such marks were made. In Art,

the expression means a faithful adherence to the peculiarities of

objects represented.

=Charbokull=, O. E. A carbuncle.

=Charcoal Blacks= are made of ivory, bones, vine-twigs, smoke of resin,

&c., burned in a crucible excluded from the air. The best charcoal

_crayons_ are made of box and willow; the former produces a dense hard

crayon, the latter a soft friable one. (_Fairholt._) (See BLUE BLACK.)

=Chare Thursday=, O. E. Maundy Thursday.

=Charge=, Her. Any heraldic figure or device.

=Charisia=, Gr. (Χάριτες, the Graces). Nocturnal festivals held in

honour of the Graces, at which cakes and honey were distributed to those

present.

=Charisteria=, Gr. (χάρις, gratitude). Festivals celebrated yearly at

Athens, in remembrance of the Athenian general Thrasybulus, the saviour

of his country.

=Charistia.= (See CARISTIA.)

=Charistion.= An instrument of Archimedes for weighing. Whether it bore

most resemblance to the balance (_libra_), or the steelyard (_statera_),

is uncertain, as its form is entirely unknown.

=Charles’s Wain= (Anglo-Saxon, _carles-waen_, the churl’s waggon). The

seven stars forming the constellation generally called the Great Bear.

=Charnel=, O. E. Apex of the basinet.

=Charnel-house.= A small building attached to a cemetery, for a

receptacle for the human bones disinterred when fresh graves were dug.

=Charta=, Gr. and R. Writing-paper in use among the ancients. There were

eight different kinds, which were classed as follows in the order of

their quality: (1) _Charta Augustana_ or _Claudiana_; (2) _Liviana_; (3)

_hieratica_; (4) _amphitheatrica_; (5) _Saitica_; (6) _leneotica_; (7)

_fanniana_; (8) _dentata_. The last was so called from being polished by

means of the tooth (_dens_) of some animal, or a piece of ivory. There

was also a _charta emporetica_ or packing-paper, and lastly a _charta

bibula_. It is uncertain whether this last was blotting-paper, or a kind

of transparent paper which had been steeped in oil or some other fatty

substance.

=Charter-room= or =Charter-house=. A place in which the charters of a

particular family or house were preserved.

=Chartophylax=, Chr. A man who had charge of the charters of a church.

=Chasing=. (See CÆLATURA.)

=Chasse=, Chr., Fr. A reliquary in the form of a box with a ridged top.

=Chastelain=, O. E. The lord of a castle.

=Chastons=, O. E. Breeches of mail; 13th to 16th century.

[Illustration: Fig. 155. Chasuble.]

=Chasuble= (Lat. _casula_, a cottage). Part of ancient ecclesiastical

costume common to all the Roman Catholic clergy, from the priest to the

Archbishop. It was originally made of wool, and in one piece throughout,

without sleeves, and without slit or opening in front, and perfectly

circular; but the shape varied with the material; and from the 6th

century downwards we hear of chasubles of brilliant colour and costly

materials, such as silk or thickly-embroidered cloth of gold, and oval

in form, hanging no longer in graceful folds as in the 11th century. The

engraving (Fig. 155) shows a chasuble of the year 1387. (Compare PÆNULA,

PLANETA.)

=Chatai=, Hindoo. Mats, a common manufacture all over India. Those of

Midnapore, near Calcutta, are remarkable for their fineness and

classical design of the mosaic, like patterns of stained glass.

=Chat-faux=, Med. A wooden shed—modern scaffold. (See CAGASUPTUS.)

=Chatrang= (Sanscrit _chatur-anga_, the four _angas_ or soldiers; or

_chaturaji_, the four kings). The Persian name for a very ancient game

of the “Four Kings,” supposed to be the origin of the four suits of

playing-cards. (_Rev. E. S. Taylor_, “_History of Playing-cards_.”)

=Chatzozerah=, Heb. A Jewish trumpet mentioned by Moses, used chiefly

for religious and warlike occasions.

=Chauffault=, Old Fr. A tower of wood.

=Chausses=, O. E. (1) Pantaloons of mail used by the Danes. (2) Tight

pantaloons worn by the Normans and mediæval English.

=Chaussetrap.= (See CALTRAPS.)

=Chaussons=, O. E. Breeches of mail (or of cloth).

=Chavarina=, Med. Lat. A carbine.

=Checkere=, O. E. A chess-board.

=Checkstone=, O. E. A game played by children with small round pebbles.

=Checky=, Her. (See CHEQUÉE.)

=Cheese=, Chr. St. Augustine says that a sect called the Artotyrites

offered bread and _cheese_ in the Eucharist, saying “that the first

oblations which were offered by men, in the infancy of the world, were

of the fruits of the earth and of sheep.” (_Aug. de Hæres._ c. xlviii.)

=Chef-d’œuvre=, Fr. A work of the highest excellence.

=Chekelatoun.= (See CICLATOUN.)

=Chekere=, O. E. Chess (q.v.).

=Chele= (χηλὴ, prob, from a root χα- meaning cloven). This term is

applied to a great variety of objects; it signifies a cloven foot, a

hooked claw, or anything presenting a notched or serrated appearance.

Thus a breakwater, the irregular projections of which bore some

resemblance to the teeth of an immense saw, was also called _chêlê_.

There were, besides, various engines and machines which went under this

name.

=Chelidoniacus=, sc. _gladius_ (from the Greek χελιδὼν, a swallow). A

broad-bladed sword with a double point like a swallow’s tail.

=Chelidonize=, Gr. (lit. to twitter like a swallow). Singing the

“Swallow Song” (χελιδόνισμα), a popular song sung by the Rhodian boys in

the month Boedromion, on the return of the swallows, and made into an

opportunity for begging. A similar song is still popular in Greece.

(_Fauriel_, “_Chants de la Grèce_.”) (See CORONIZE.)

=Cheliform= (χηλὴ, a claw). In the form of a claw.

=Chelonium= (a tortoise-shell, from χελώνη, a tortoise), (1) A kind of

cramp or collar placed at the extremities of the uprights of certain

machines. (2) A part of a catapult, also called _pulvinus_. (See

CATAPULTA.)

=Chelys= (χέλυς, a tortoise). (1) The lyre of Mercury, formed of strings

stretched across a tortoise-shell. (2) In the 16th and 17th centuries, a

bass-viol and division-viol were each called _chelys_. (See also

TESTUDO.)

=Chemise de Chartres=, Fr. A kind of armour mentioned among the

habiliments proper for knights who should engage in single combat.

(_Meyrick._)

=Chenbele.= (See CEMBEL [hastilude].)

=Cheng=, Chinese. A musical instrument, consisting of a box or bowl,

into which a series of tubes of different length and pitch are inserted;

the tubes have holes in them to be played upon with the fingers.

=Chêniscus= (χὴν, a goose). An ornament placed at the bow, and sometimes

the stern of ships. In shape it resembled the neck of a swan or goose.

=Chequée=, =Checky=, Her. Having the field divided into contiguous rows

of small squares; alternately of a metal (or fur) and a colour.

=Chequers=, O. E. (See CHECKSTONE.)

=Cherub=, pl. =Cherubim=, Heb. According to the classification of

Dionysius, the first _hierarchy_ of Angels consists of three _choirs_

called SERAPHIM, CHERUBIM, and THRONES, and, receiving their glory

immediately from Deity, transmit it to the second hierarchy. The first

hierarchy are as councillors; the second as governors; the third as

ministers. The SERAPHIM are absorbed in perpetual love and worship round

the throne; the CHERUBIM know and worship; the THRONES sustain the

throne. The SERAPHIM and CHERUBIM are in general represented as _heads_

merely with two or four or six wings, and of a bright red or blue

colour, &c. (Cf. _Mrs. Jameson’s Legendary Art_.) (See ANGELS, SERAPHIM.

DOMINIONS, &c.)

=Cherubic Hymn=, Chr. A hymn sung in the Greek Church before the great

entrance (see ENTRANCE); so called from its first words, οἱ τὰ χερουβὶμ

μυστικῶς εἰκονίζοντες, κ.τ.λ.

=Chesible=, for CHASUBLE (q.v.).

=Chesnut Brown.= A brown lake pigment prepared from the horse chesnut;

very durable for oils and water-colour painting.

=Chess.= Writers immediately after the Conquest speak of the Saxons as

playing at chess, which, they say, they learned from the Danes. The game

of chess is very prominent in the romances of the Middle Ages. The

Scandinavian navigators introduced some remarkable elaborately carved

chessmen, of walrus ivory, from Iceland, in the 12th century. The

castles are replaced by warriors on foot, called _hrokr_, from the

Saracen _roc_, Persian _rokh_, our _rook_. In the Saracen game the

_vizier_ represented our queen, and the _elephant_ our bishop, the

_roc_, or hero, as aforesaid, our rook. Beautifully carved chessmen in

the costumes of the 13th and 14th century exist in England. They were

all very large, a king being four inches in height and seven in

circumference. The _chess-boards_ were of corresponding size, and made

of all materials, including the precious metals, crystal, sapphires, and

topazes. The pieces varied in form: the mediæval rook had a head like a

_fleur-de-lis_, the knight was represented by a small upright column

with the upper part bent on one side. The _aufin_ or bishop was of the

same shape, but the bent end was cleft to indicate a mitre. The figures

of the 16th century much more nearly resemble those now in vogue.

=Chesse=, O. E. (Fr. _chasse_). A border, a circlet.

=Chest of Viols=, O. E. A set of instruments complete for a “consort” of

viols, i. e. two trebles, two tenors, and two basses.

=Chester=, O. E. A person who places corpses in their coffins.

=Chests= and =Coffers=, in Norman times, were adorned with elaborate

carving and richly inlaid. They were still the general depositories for

clothes and treasures. _Cupboards_ (armoires) were introduced by the

Normans, and filled with household utensils.

=Chevalet=, Fr. The _bridge_ of a violin or other stringed instrument.

=Cheval-traps.= (See CALTRAPS.)

=Chevaucheurs.= Anglo-Norman horsemen, or running messengers.

=Chevaux-de-frize.= An arrangement of iron spikes for the defence of a

battlement against assault.

=Cheveril=, O. E. Kid leather, proverbially _elastic_; hence, a

_cheveril conscience_ (that will stretch).

=Chevesaile=, Old Fr. A necklace.

=Chevetaine=, Old Fr. A captain; hence the mediæval _cheuptanus_.

=Chevron.= (1) Arch. One of the mouldings frequently used in Norman

architecture, usually called _zigzag_ (q.v.). (2) A badge on the

coatsleeve of a non-commissioned officer. (3) Her. One of the

ordinaries; the lower half of a SALTIRE (q.v.).

=Chevronel=, Her. A diminutive of the CHEVRON, of half the size.

=Chevroter=, Fr. A musical term: “to skip, quiver, to sing with

uncertain tone, after the manner of goats,” _alla vibrato_.

=Chiaroscuro=, It. (_chiaro_, light, and _oscuro_, dark). Light and

shade.

=Chiave= of Pavia. One of the Italian literary academies, composed

entirely of noble and illustrious persons, who wore a golden key

suspended round the neck, and had for a motto, _Clauditur et aperitur

liberis_, and the text from Rev. iii. 7.

=Chica.= A dance popular in Spanish South America, of a _jig_-like

character; the origin of the _Fandango_. (See CHACONNE.)

=Chief=, Her. One of the ordinaries; the _chief_ bounded by a horizontal

line contains the uppermost third of the field of a shield. _In chief_,

arranged horizontally across the upper part of the field.

=Childermas=, O. E. Innocents’ Day.

=Chilled= (Fr. _chancissure_). Said of a moisture on the varnish of a

picture by which the defect of cloudiness called _Blooming_ is caused.

=Chimæra=, Gr. A monster described by Homer, with a lion’s head, a

goat’s body, and a dragon’s tail. In Christian art it is a symbol of

cunning. (See also DOG OF FO.)

=Chime.= (1) To play bells by swinging the _hammers_, opposed to

_ringing_ by swinging the _bells_. (2) A chime of bells is a CARILLON.

=Chimere=, Chr. The outer dress of a Protestant bishop. It is made of

black satin, without sleeves.

=Chimneys= (Gr. χιμήνη, winter), carried up in the massive walls of the

castles, were first introduced into England by the Normans. The fire was

still piled up in the middle of the hall, but fireplaces were built

against the side walls in the more private apartments—the original of

the well-known mediæval fireplace and “chymené.” Leland, in his account

of Bolton Castle, which was “finiched or Kynge Richard the 2 dyed,”

notices the _chimneys_: “One thynge I muche notyd in the hawle of

Bolton, how chimeneys were conveyed by tunnells made on the syds of the

walls, betwyxt the lights in the hawle, and by this means, and by no

covers, is the smoke of the harthe in the hawle wonder strangely

conveyed.”

=Chin-band=, =Chin-cloth=. A muffler of lace worn by ladies, _temp._

Charles I.

=China.= (See POTTERY.)

=China= (or =Chinese=) =Ink=. (See INDIAN INK.)

=Chinese Paper.= A fine absorbent paper of a yellowish tint, used for

proofs of engravings, &c. Japanese paper is now frequently preferred.

=Chinese White.= OXIDE OF ZINC (q.v.). It is more _constant_ than white

lead.

=Chinny-mumps.= A Yorkshire music made by rapping the chin with the

knuckles.

=Chints= or =Chintz= (Hindoo, _chhint_, spotted cotton cloth). Cotton

cloth printed in more than two colours.

=Chiramaxium=, Gr. and R. (χειρ-αμάξιον, i. e. hand-cart). An invalid’s

chair mounted upon two wheels, and drawn or pushed by slaves.

=Chiridota=, Gr. and R. (from adj. χειριδωτὸς, i. e. lit. having

sleeves). Tunics with long sleeves, worn in especial by the Asiatic

races and by the CELTS. The early Britons, before the Roman invasion,

wore close coats checkered with various colours in divisions, open

before and with _long close sleeves to the wrist_.

=Chirimia=, Sp. (from _chirimoya_, a pear). An oboe.

=Chirography=. The art of writing with hands.

=Chirology=. The art of talking with the hands.

=Chiromancy= (μάντις, a soothsayer). Divination from the lines of the

palms of the hands.

=Chironomia=, Gr. and R. (χειρο-νομία, i. e. measured motion of the

hands). The mimetic art. By this term is expressed not only the art of

speaking with gestures and by means of the hands, but also the action of

speaking combined with gesticulation. This art dates from a high

antiquity. It was originally part of the art of dancing,—clapping the

hands in rhythm; also a gymnastic exercise, for pugilists and others.

=Chiroplast.= An instrument for teaching fingering of musical

instruments, invented by Logier in 1810.

=Chirothecæ= (Gr. χειροθήκη; Lat. _gantus_). Gloves were unknown to the

early Greeks and Romans, but in use among the ancient Persians. In

Christian archæology they are first met with in the 12th century. (See

GLOVES.)

=Chisleu=, Heb. The ninth month of the Jewish year. It begins with the

new moon of our December.

[Illustration: Fig. 157. Diana wearing the Greek chiton.]

=Chiton= (χιτών). The Greek tunic. (Fig. 157.)

=Chitte=, O. E. A sheet.

=Chivachirs= (Chevaucheurs). Old Fr. Running messengers.

=Chlaina= (Lat. _læna_). A kind of cloak, of ample size, worn by the

Greeks in campaigning. In time of peace it served as a bed coverlet. The

diminutive χλανίδιον appears to have been a woman’s mantle.

=Chlamyda.= (See CHLAMYS.)

[Illustration: Fig. 158. Apollo wearing the chlamys folded round his

arm.]

[Illustration: Fig. 159.]

=Chlamys=, Gr. A short light mantle, which was worn by Greek youths (not

by Romans) until they arrived at manhood. It was the regular equestrian

costume, and was of an oblong square shape. (Fig. 159.) The chlamys is

seen in representations of men hunting or fighting with beasts, as a

shield wrapped round the left arm, the right poising the spear. (Fig.

158.) In Botany, the floral envelope.

=Chœnix= (χοῖνιξ). A Greek measure of capacity, variously valued from a

pint and half to two quarts.

=Choir=, =Quire=, or =Quere=, Arch. The part of the church for the

singers and _clerks_, i. e. the space between the NAVE (for the people),

and the BEMA, or presbytery, for the celebrating clergy. But in mediæval

writings the term includes the BEMA. (See CHANCEL.)

=Choir Wall= or =Choir Screen= (Fr. _clôture_). The wall or screen

between the side aisles and the choir.

=Choosing-stick= (a Somersetshire provincialism). A divining-rod.

=Chopines=, It. Clogs or high shoes, of Asiatic origin, introduced from

Venice in the 16th century.

=Choragic Monuments.= Small pedestals or shrines erected by the winner

of a choral contest to display the _tripod_ which was his prize. At

Athens there was a street lined with such monuments, called the “Street

of the Tripods.” The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, still existing in

Athens, is one of the most valuable remains of Greek architecture.

=Choragium=, Gr. and R. (χορηγὸς, or chorus-leader). A large space in a

theatre, situated behind the stage. It was here that the “properties”

were kept and the rehearsals of the chorus took place. The term is also

used to denote the furniture, costumes, decorations, and, in a word, all

the accessories required in the production of a piece.

=Chordaulodion.= A self-acting musical instrument invented by Kauffmann

of Dresden in 1812.

=Chorea=, Gr. and R. (χορὸς, q.v.). A choral dance, in which the dancers

took each other by the hand and danced to the sound of their own voices.

=Chorus=, Gr. and R. (χορὸς, i. e. prop. a circle). (1) A choir of

singers in a dramatic entertainment. (2) A band of dancers who went

through their movements to the sound of their own singing. (3) A round

choral dance; in this last signification _chorea_ may equally well be

used.

=Chorus= or =Choron=, O. E. An instrument somewhat resembling a bagpipe;

the name was also applied to certain stringed instruments. The word

_choron_ originally designated a horn. (Hebrew, _Keren_.)

=Chous=, Gr. and R. (χόος, contr. χοῦς, i. e. that from which one

pours). An amphora, forming a measure of exact capacity. Another name

for it was CONGIUS (q.v.). It held twelve COTYLÆ (q.v.).

=Choutara=, Hindoo. A kind of guitar with four wire strings.

=Chrism=, Chr. (from χρίω, to smear). A composition of balsam and oil of

olives used by Christians of various denominations at the administration

of the sacraments.

=Chrismal=, =Chrismatory=, Chr. (1) The vessel made to contain the

consecrated oil. (See LABARUM.) (2) A vessel for the reservation of the

consecrated Host. (3) A cloth used to cover relics. (4) Old English

_chrisom_, a white linen cloth put upon the child’s head in baptism.

(See FONT-CLOTH.)

=Chrismarium=, Chr. (See CHRISMAL, 1.)

=Chrisom.= O. E. (1) See CHRISMAL, 4. (2) A child that dies within a

month after birth.

=Christ-cross=, O. E. (1) The Alphabet; so named from a school lesson

beginning “Christe Crosse me spede in alle my worke.” (2) The mark made

for his signature by a person who cannot write.

=Christemporeia=, Chr. Literally, the selling of Christ, simony.

=Christian Horses=, O. E. Bearers of sedan chairs.

=Christmas-boxes.= So called from the old practice of collecting them in

boxes.

=Chromatic Scale= (χρῶμα, colour). In Music, the scale that proceeds by

semi-tones; so called from the practice of printing the intermediate

notes in various colours.

=Chromatics.= The science of colours.

=Chromatrope.= An optical instrument for assisting the invention of

combinations of colours.

=Chrome, Chromium.= An important mineral, the green oxide of which

furnishes the _Chrome Green_.

=Chrome Green.= A dark green pigment prepared from oxide of chromium;

mixed with Prussian blue and chrome yellow it is called _Green

Cinnabar_.

=Chrome Ochre.= Oxide of chromium of a fine yellowish green.

=Chrome Red.= A chromate of lead; a durable pigment used in oil

painting. (See RED LEAD.)

=Chrome Yellow.= A chromate of lead, which makes a bad pigment for oil

painting. It is very poisonous and not durable; when mixed with white

lead it turns to a dirty grey. As a water-colour pigment it is less

objectionable.

=Chromite.= Chromate of iron; a mineral consisting of protoxide of iron

and oxide of chromium, used in the preparation of various pigments.

=Chronogram= (χρόνος, time). An inscription which includes in it the

date of an event.

=Chryselephantine Statues= of ivory and gold. The most celebrated were

that of _Minerva_, by Pheidias, which stood in the Acropolis at Athens,

and was 40 English feet in height; and that of Zeus, 45 feet high,

likewise by Pheidias, in the temple of Olympia. A reproduction of this

statue was shown in the Paris Exhibition of 1855.

=Chrysendeta=, R. (χρυσένδετα, i. e. set or inlaid with gold). A very

costly description of plate-service employed by wealthy Romans. Of its

precise character nothing unfortunately is known, but to judge from the

epigrams of certain authors, it must have been chased and embossed.

=Chrysoberyl= (βήρυλλος, a beryl). A gem of a yellowish green colour; a

species of _corundum_ (q.v.).

=Chryso-clavus= (Lat. _golden nail-head_). All rich purple silks, woven

or embroidered with the _clavus_ in gold, were so named. They were used

for altar frontals, and the _clavi_ were sometimes made so large that a

subject was embroidered upon them; they were then called _sigillata_ or

_sealed_. (See CLAVUS.)

=Chrysocolla= or =Gold Green= (χρυσόκολλος, inlaid or soldered with

gold). (1) Native verdigris. Its principal use was for the preparation

of a solder for gold. (See SANTERNA.) (2) The Greek term for _Green

Verditer_ and _Armenian Green_ (Latin, _Armenium_); a pigment obtained

from _malachite_ and green carbonate of copper. It was also called _pea

green_ or _grass-green_.

=Chthonia=, Gr. and R. (χθὼν, the earth). Festivals held every spring at

Argos in honour of Ceres, at which four aged women sacrificed heifers.

=Church=, in Christian art, is the attribute of a founder thereof, who

is frequently represented holding it in his hand. The most ancient

symbol of the Church is the _ark of Noah_, subsequently a _ship_, often

covered with the waves, &c., very frequent in the catacombs. On tombs it

is held to imply that the dead expired in full communion with the

Church.

=Churcheard=, =Church-haw=, =Church-litten=. Old English provincialisms

for a churchyard or burial-ground.

=Church-stile=, O. E. A pulpit.

=Chymbe=, O. E. A cymbal:—

“As a _chymbe_ or a brazen belle,

That nouther can undirstonde my telle.”

=Chymol=, =Gemell=, O. E. A hinge, still called the eastern counties a

“gimmer.”

=Chytra=, Gr. and R. (from χέω, to pour). A common kind of pot, of Greek

origin, made with red clay. It was used for cooking.

=Chytria=, Gr. An Athenian festival, which derived its name from the

χύτρα, or common pot in which were cooked the vegetables or other

provisions offered to Bacchus and Mercury in memory of the dead.

=Chytropus=, =Chytropous=, Gr. (χυτρό-πους, lit. a pot-foot). A _chytra_

with three or four feet.

=Cibilla=. (See CILLIBA.)

=Ciborium=, Gr., R., and Chr. (κιβώριον, the pod of the καλοκασία, or

Egyptian bean). (1) A drinking-vessel so called because it resembled the

Egyptian bean in shape. (2) In Christian archæology a kind of baldachino

or canopy, supported by a varying number of columns, which forms the

covering of the high altar in a church. Called also the _Tabernacle_,

_Sacrament house_, _God’s house_, or _holyroof_. (See SEVEREY.) (3)

Ciborium also signifies a vessel in which the consecrated wafer is

“reserved.”

=Ciclatoun= or =Siklatoun=. The Persian name, adopted in England, for a

textile of real gold thread; 12th century.

=Ciconia=, R. (lit. a stork). (1) A sign made in dumb show by bending

the forefinger into the form of a stork’s neck. (2) An instrument, in

shape like an inverted T, employed by farmers to make sure that trenches

dug by the spade were of uniform depth. (3) _Ciconia composita_ was the

name given to a more elaborate instrument of the same kind invented by

Columella.

=Cicuta=, R. (i. e. lit. the hemlock). A term used by analogy to denote

anything made out of the hemlock plant, especially the _Pan’s pipes_.

=Cidaris=, Gen. (κίδαρις or κίταρις, a Persian tiara). A sort of diadem

or royal bonnet worn by Eastern princes. It was tall, straight and stiff

in shape, and was ornamented with pearls or precious stones. The same

name was also applied to the bonnet worn at ceremonies by the high

priest of the Jews. (See TIARA.)

=Cilery=, Arch. Drapery or foliage carved on the heads of columns.

=Cilibantum=, R. (See CILLIBA.) A stand or table with three legs.

=Cilicium=, R. (1) A coarse cloth made of goat’s hair, and manufactured

in Cilicia. It was much used in the army and navy: in the former for

making the soldiers’ tents; in the latter for clothes for the sailors or

for sails. (2) During the time of mourning, or when suffering under any

calamity, the Jews put on a kind of _cilicium_ made of coarse canvas.

(3) A cloth mattress stuffed with sea-weed or cow-hair, which was placed

outside the walls of besieged cities to deaden the blows of the

battering-ram or of projectiles. (4) In Christian archæology the

_cilicium_ or hair-shirt is a sleeveless jacket made with a material of

horsehair and coarse hemp. The Dominicans, Franciscans, and certain

Carthusians wear the _cilicium_ to mortify the flesh.

=Cilliba=, Gr. and R. (κίλλος, an ass) A trestle, and by analogy a

dining-table supported by trestles. This form of table, which was

commonly used by the early Romans, was replaced later on by the circular

table.

=Cimbal.= An old name for the DULCIMER (q.v.).

=Cimeter=, =Cymetar=, =Scimeter=, &c. A short curved sword used by the

Persians or Turks, mentioned by Meyrick as adopted by the Hussars,

_temp._ Elizabeth.

=Cincinnus=, R. A long ringlet or corkscrew curl of hair produced with

the curling-irons. (See HAIR.)

=Cincticulus=, R. (dimin. of CINCTUS, q.v.). A kind of short petticoat

worn by youths.

=Cinctorium=, R. (from _cinctus_, a girdle). (1) A sword-belt worn round

the waist, and thus distinguished from the BALTEUS or baldric, which

passed over the shoulder. The _balteus_ was worn by private soldiers,

while the _cinctorium_ was the distinctive badge of an officer. (2) The

dagger, so called because it was suspended from or put into the girdle.

=Cincture=, Arch. The fillet, at each end of the shaft of a classical

column (q.v.).

=Cinctus=, R. (from _cingo_, i. e. a girding). A short petticoat (or

kilt) worn by men; also in the same sense as _cingula_ and cingulum, a

_girdle_. _Cinctus gabinus_ was a particular manner of arranging the

toga, by throwing one end over the head, and fastening the other round

the waist like a girdle. As an adjective, _cinctus_ was applied to any

individual of either sex who wore any kind of belt or girdle. (See

DISCINCTUS.)

[Illustration: Fig. 160. Cineraria.]

=Cinerarium=, R. (i. e. a place of ashes). A niche in a tomb,

sufficiently roomy to hold an urn of large size, or a sarcophagus. The

following was the disposition of one, or in many cases, three sides in a

Roman tomb: in the centre of the wall was a large niche (_cinerarium

medianum_) for a sarcophagus, and on each side of this two small niches

(_columbaria_), and above each of the latter was a much larger recess

for large urns. (See also COLUMBARIUM, CUBICULUM, CUPELLA.)

=Cinerarius.= A hair-dresser (who heated his tongs in the _cinders_).

=Cingulum=, R. A girdle or other fastening round the waist. In modern

archæology, _cingulo militari decorare_ signifies to create a knight,

from the practice of investing him with the military girdle; and

_cingulum militare auferre_ is to degrade a knight. (See DISCINCTUS.)

=Ciniflo=, R. A synonym for CINERARIUS (q.v.).

=Cinnabar.= Sulphide of mercury; an ancient red pigment used for sacred

and imperial purposes. (See CHROME GREEN, DRAGON’S BLOOD, VERMILION.)

=Cinnamon-stone.= A variety of lime-garnet of a clear cinnamon-brown

tint.

=Cinque-cento= (literally, 500). The Italian art of the 16th century.

[Illustration: Fig. 161. Heraldic Cinque-foil.]

=Cinque-foil=, Arch. (Fr. _cinque_ and _feuille_, a leaf). An ornamental

foliation or feathering of the lanceolated style, consisting of five

projecting points or cusps. (Fig. 161.)

=Cinta=, Med. Lat. (Fr. _enceinte_). The outside wall of a fortress.

=Cinyra.= An old term for a harp.

[Illustration: Fig. 162. Cippus (Tomb-stone).]

=Cippus=, R. (1) A short stone pillar of cylindrical form, employed to

mark the boundaries between adjoining estates or nations. (2) A pillar

of cylindrical or rectangular form, and sometimes perfectly plain,

sometimes richly ornamented, erected for a tomb-stone. (Fig. 162.) In

some instances the cippus enclosed a cavity in which the urn containing

the ashes of the dead person might be placed. A _cippus_ was placed at

the corner of a cemetery, and the measurements of the burying-ground

were recorded upon it. In Med. Lat. the word is used for the keep of the

castle.

=Circenses Ludi=, R. Games in the circus. (See CONSUALIA.)

=Circinate.= Curled in the manner of the Ionic volute, or like the

fronds of young ferns rolled inwards from the summit to the base.

=Circinus=, R. A compass; an instrument employed, as now, by architects,

sculptors, masons, and various other trades. The Romans were also

acquainted with reduction compasses.

=Circle.= The emblem of Heaven and eternity.

=Circumlitio.= An ancient Greek varnish, with which the statues of the

Greeks were tinted. (_Eastlake._)

=Circumpotatio=, R. (from _circum_ and _poto_, i. e. a drinking-around).

A funeral feast in which the guests passed round the wine from hand to

hand. It took place at the tomb of the person in whose memory it was

held, and on the anniversary of his death.

=Circumvallation.= A fortification made round a blockaded place by a

besieging army.

[Illustration: Fig. 163. Model of a Roman Circus.]

=Circus=, Gr. and R. (i. e. a circle). A flat open space near a city,

round which were raised scaffoldings for the accommodation of the

spectators. This was the form of the earliest circuses; but as

civilization advanced, they were regularly constructed of stone. The

arena was in the form of a vast rectangle terminating at one extremity

in a semicircle, and surrounded by tiers of seats for the spectators. At

the end fronting the semicircular part was a rectangular pile of

buildings, underneath which were the _carceres_ or stalls for the

horses, and down the centre of the circus ran a long low wall called the

_spina_, adorned with statues, obelisks, &c. This _spina_ formed a

barrier by which the circus was divided into two distinct parts, and at

each end of it was a _meta_ or goal, round which the chariots turned.

(See META and OVUM.) The Romans constructed circuses in England,

wherever they had a large encampment. The ruins exist at Dorchester,

Silchester, Richborough, and other places.

=Cirrus=, R. (1) A lock of hair; a ringlet curling naturally, and so

distinguished from the _cincinnus_, a curl produced by means of the

curling-iron. (2) A tuft; the forelock of a horse when tied up above its

ears. (3) A tuft of flowers forming a bunch or head, such as _phlox_,

_calceolaria_, &c. (4) Light _curled_ clouds in the sky, portending

wind, are hence called _cirri_.

=Ciselure=, Fr. Chasing. (See CÆLATURA.)

=Cissibium= or =Cissybium=, Gr. and R. (κισσύβιον, i. e. made or

wreathed with ivy). A drinking-vessel, so called because the handle was

made of ivy-wood, or more probably because it had an ivy-wreath carved

upon it.

=Cissoid= (lit. ivy-shaped). A celebrated curve, applied in the

trisection of an angle, invented by Diocles the geometer.

=Cissotomiæ=, Gr. (κισσο-τόμοι, sc. ἡμέραι, i. e. the days of

ivy-cutting). A festival held in Greece, in honour of Hebe, goddess of

youth, and a youth called Cissos, who, when dancing with Bacchus, had

fallen down and been changed into ivy. Accordingly at this festival

youths and girls danced with their heads wreathed with ivy.

=Cista=, =Cistella=, =Sitella=, R. (κίστη, a chest). (1) A large

wicker-work basket in which the voters deposited their voting-tablets at

the comitia. It was of a cylindrical shape, and about four or five feet

high. (2) A smaller basket into which the judges cast the tablets

recording their sentence. (3) A wicker-work basket in which children

carried about their playthings. (4) The cist which was carried in

procession at the Eleusinian festival, and which might be either a

wicker basket or a box of metal. It was filled with corn, rice, sesame,

salt, and pomegranates. Richly ornamented chests or boxes, with bronze

mirrors in them, found among Etruscan ruins, are called _cistæ mysticæ_.

The _sitella_, or _situla_, was a different vessel; viz. a _bucket_ of

water, into which the lots (_sortes_) were thrown. The situla had a

narrow neck, so that only one lot could come to the surface when it was

shaken. It was also called _Urna_ or _Orca_.

=Cistella=, R. A dulcimer; _lit._ a little box. (See CISTA.)

=Cistellula=, R. (dimin. of CISTA, q.v.). A very small _cista_.