THE NATIONAL GUARD CALLED OUT.
On July 1st Uncle Sam took a hand in the game. Attorney General
Olney sent instruction to the United States district marshals, whose
jurisdiction was over that territory affected by the strike, to execute
the process of the court, and prevent any hinderance to the free
circulation of the mails. In accordance with these orders the United
States marshal of the Southern District of California called upon
General Ruger, commander of the western division of the Regular Army
to furnish assistance at Los Angeles. Six companies, three hundred
and twenty men, under the command of Colonel Shafter, were dispatched
on July 2d for this place. They left San Francisco on the 10:30 P. M.
train. To act in conjunction with the Regular Troops, Barry Baldwin,
United States Marshal for the Northern District of California was at
Sacramento with a large number of deputy United States marshals, sworn
in for the occasion. The plan was to break, almost simultaneously,
the blockade at these two places. The regulars experienced but little
difficulty at Los Angeles. Not so, however, with the United States
marshal and his deputies at Sacramento. The mob of strikers here was
larger, more desperate, and better organized than at any other place
in the State. On the afternoon of the 3d of July Baldwin attempted to
open up the blockade. The operation of making-up the trains was calmly
watched by the strikers. Everything seemed to be going smoothly, when
all of a sudden at a given signal the strikers rushed forward, and in a
few minutes demolished what had been the result of several hours labor.
At this the wrath of Marshal Baldwin knew no bounds. He attempted to
force his way through the strikers, but was thrown several times to
the ground. Regaining his feet after one of these falls he drew a
revolver; but, before he could use it, he was seized and disarmed, and,
were it not for the presence there of some cool heads, would have been
severely handled. The marshal seeing the hopelessness of the situation
withdrew, leaving the depot in possession of the strikers. That very
afternoon, however, he called upon Governor Markham for military
assistance to aid him in forcing and maintaining a free passage for the
mails. In response to this call Major General Dimond of the National
Guard of California was ordered to furnish the necessary assistance,
using his discretion as to the number of men required. It was deemed
advisable to call out a large force, as the experience of the Eastern
militia in strike troubles showed that the display of a large force
had a salutary effect. The following troops were ordered out: Of the
Second Brigade, commanded by Brigadier General Dickinson, the First
Regiment Infantry, under the command of Colonel Sullivan, the Third
Regiment Infantry, Colonel Barry commanding; one-half of the Signal
Corps, under the command of Captain Hanks, and a section of the Light
Battery, consisting of Lieutenant Holcombe, twelve men and a Gatling
gun; of the Third Brigade, Companies A and B of the Sixth Regiment,
under the command of Colonel Nunan; of the Fourth Brigade, commanded
by Brigadier General Sheehan, Companies A, E, and G; of the Second
Infantry Regiment, Colonel Guthrie commanding, the Signal Corps and
Light Battery B. In all about one thousand men. The following troops
were ordered to hold themselves in readiness: The Fifth Regiment
Infantry, Colonel Fairbanks commanding, consisting of two companies in
Oakland, one in Alameda, one in San Rafael, one in Petaluma, one in
Santa Rosa, and one in San Jose; the Second Artillery Regiment, Colonel
Macdonald commanding, and the First Troop Cavalry, commanded by Captain
Blumenberg. The San Francisco troops were ordered to be ready to leave
that evening. Companies A and B of Stockton, under command of Colonel
Nunan, were ordered to be ready to join the San Francisco troops as
they passed through Stockton the following morning. The Sacramento
troops were to join the main body upon their arrival at the Capital
City.
Colonel Sullivan received orders to assemble his troops at about
5:35 P. M. Colonel Barry was notified a little later. Both proceeded
immediately to carry out their orders. The calling out of the troops
had been anticipated by the officers of the National Guard. On Monday
evening, July 2d, Colonel Sullivan called a meeting of the company
commanding officers and arranged with them a plan that would insure the
effective and rapid massing of the troops. The plan was this: The roll
of each company was to be divided up into squads and a non-commissioned
officer assigned to each squad, whose duty it would be, in case it
became necessary, to see that the members of that squad were notified.
Experience proved that the plan was exceedingly effective. Captain Cook
lost no time in applying it to Company B. On the very same night he
assembled the non-commissioned officers of the company, and assigned a
squad of the company to each. Further, each non-commissioned officer,
for the purpose of expediency, was given the following pre-emptory
order:
“SAN FRANCISCO, JULY 3d, 1894.
“COMPANY ORDERS NO. 8.
“You are hereby commanded to report at your armory immediately in
service uniform upon reading this order. Bring your blankets, suit of
underclothing, and two days’ rations to pack in your knapsack. Report
without fail. Let B Company be the first in line for suppressing riot.
IRVING B. COOK, Commanding Company.”
This was the plan by which the company was to be massed at short notice
When the time came to test its effectiveness it had been so well
applied to the company that it was like pressing the button and the
entire machinery started in motion. Within an incredible short space
of time after Captain Cook received orders to assemble his company,
non-commissioned officers in charge of squads were speeding on their
respective missions of notification. Many members, hearing that the
militia were called out, reported without receiving any official
notice. Company B was not the only company, nor was the First Regiment
the only regiment, that had taken time by the forelock and laid plans
for the rapid massing of their men. Subsequent developments showed
that arrangements had been made beforehand in all the companies of
both regiments and that these arrangements had well fulfilled their end.
Thus far we have but considered one end of the action. Let us therefore
transfer ourselves to the other end, namely the thresholds of the homes
of the members. Here scenes occurred the memory and influence of which
will never be forgotten. What a feeling of gloom and of sadness settled
upon that household after the notifying officer had hurried up the
steps, rang violently the door-bell and notified him, who was both a
member of the family and a member of the National Guard, to report for
duty at the armory. We may now talk lightly of the things we have done.
We may now laugh heartily over the experiences of those campaigns.
The public may sneer at the results which we have accomplished, but
who could say on the night we were called out that the duty which we
were ordered to perform was not such that we had no assurance of ever
returning again to the bosom of our families. Is there a man who would
speak lightly of the tear that glistened in the mother’s eye or the
quivering of her lips? Who is there that would ridicule the sobbing of
the sisters and of the wives, or sneer at the deep, heartfelt emotion
of the father hidden beneath a gruff voice. Shame on him who has for
these no thought but scorn! “Parting is such sweet sorrow,” the poet
sings. Until the night of the 3d few of us however recognized this
truth. Parting is sorrow, but ah! how sweet it is to know something of
that great affection with which we are held. Thank God there come such
times as these when the mist of humdrum life is lifted and we behold
our position in the hearts of our family.
Many of us still remember how, while in our boyhood days, our souls
used to thrill and how inspired we were when we read that after the
battle of Lexington, old Israel Putnam left his plow yoked in the
fields, mounted his fastest horse, hurried to Boston and offered his
services to his country. But when we left those happy days behind us
and went out into the cold, prosaic, and selfish world, and thought
of Putnam’s noble and inspiring patriotism, a feeling of regret would
arise within us to feel that there were no more Putnams. But during
the late excitement we were undeceived. Right here among us we have
such patriots. Patriots whose example ought to inspire and thrill every
citizen. Like Old Putnam, they also paused in the midst of their toil
and, without waiting to be notified, hastened to offer their services
to their State. Would that the grave could open up, so that Old Putnam
might rest contented in the belief that the destinies of this Republic
are presided over by young patriots worthy of their revolutionary sires.
To come back to the First Regiment Armory again. Throughout the evening
it presented both inside and out an animated appearance. Fully five
hundred people were gathered in front of the armory watching the course
of developments. Inside of the armory men were hastening to and fro.
Others were gathered into groups talking in an excited tone over the
unusual event. In Company B’s rooms members were busily packing their
knapsacks, rolling their blankets, and getting into their uniforms.
Every now and again some member who was notified late in the evening
would come running in and endeavor to make up for lost time. The
experience of being called out was to them a novel one. Whoever thought
that they--the National Guard, the “tin soldiers”--would ever be
called upon to do anything more arduous or dangerous than to parade
the streets on a holiday for the sake of eliciting admiration from the
fair sex. Here was an opportunity for them of a lifetime to dissolve
forever the charge of the contemptuous wretch, who stands upon the edge
of the sidewalk during a parade of the National Guard and sneeringly
remarks: “If they only smelt powder, how they would run.” Every member
of the Guard determined that they would on this occasion establish a
reputation far beyond the possibility of ever being open to the charge
of being “sidewalk soldiers” again. They would--and many a noble
resolve was made that night. To those standing upon the street watching
the preparations of the militia to depart and who derisively jeered,
the men said nothing, but to themselves said: “You just wait a few days
my fine fellows and we will show you what we can do.” But alas, who
can ever tell what the wheels of time will bring forth. At the same
time everyone was more or less excited. Some were gay, others were
thoughtful, and again some probably felt a peculiar sadness, feeling
perhaps as though they were taking their last leave of those persons
and things which were closely associated with their lives. Even the
turning of the key of their locker was done with tenderness. For who
knew that this would not be the last time. All, however, were ready for
orders.
At 9:40 P. M. the command was given to “fall in.” Company B proceeded
to the drill-hall, where they were formed by First Sergeant A. F. Ramm.
On roll-call the following men answered to their names:
Captain I. B. Cook.
1st Lieut. E. C. Lundquist
2d Lieut. Geo. Filmer.
1st Sergt. A. F. Ramm.
Sergt. B. B. Sturdivant,
” A. H. Clifford,
” W. N. Kelly.
Corp. J. N. Wilson,
” B. E. Burdick,
” E. R. Burtis,
” A. McCulloch.
Musician Gilkyson,
” Murphy,
” Rupp,
” Wilson.
Private Adams,
” Bannan,
” Baumgartner,
” Claussenius, G.,
” Claussenius, M.,
” Crowley,
” Flanagan,
” Frech,
” Fetz, A.,
” Gille,
” Gehret, A. C,
” Hayes,
” Heeth, A.,
” Heizman,
” Kennedy,
” Keane,
” Lang,
” Monahan,
” McKaig,
” O’Brien,
” Overstreet,
” Perry,
” Powleson,
” Radke, R.,
” Radke, G.,
” Sullivan, H. B.
” Stealy,
” Sieberst, V.
” Shula, F.,
” Sindler,
” Tooker,
” Unger,
” Wise,
” Wilson, R. E.,
” Williams,
” Warren,
” Wear,
” Zimmerman.
Upon the completion of the roll-call the company was turned over to
the command of Captain Cook. In five minutes the entire regiment was
mustered and formed in a hollow square. The size of the companies
spoke volumes for the reputation of the regiment. It was now a little
over three hours since the non-commissioned officers started on their
tours of notification, and probably not more than an hour since some of
the members were notified; still, here was almost the full regiment,
thirty officers and three hundred and forty-six men, prepared to march.
The zeal and alacrity with which the orders were obeyed is worthy of
commendation. The men as they stood in ranks, attired in their campaign
uniforms, their knapsacks and blankets strapped to their backs,
presented a striking appearance. May their appearance that night never
fade from our memories. Colonel Sullivan stepped into the center of the
square and made the following remarks:
“Men, we have been ordered to Sacramento to preserve the peace and
dignity of the State. This is not a picnic trip; it is a serious duty.
I have confidence that every man will do his full duty. I hope that our
members will impress the enemy with the fact that we mean business,
and I hope that no other recourse will be necessary. But if it becomes
necessary to give orders to use ball and cartridge you must do it. You
must remember that your own lives are at stake, and you will fire low,
and fire to kill. These are hard words, but they are necessary words. I
hope that we will return with the full number assembled here, and with
honor and credit to the regiment. Fours right!”
Each company executed the necessary movement, and marched out of the
armory. The march was continued uninterrupted down Market street until
Spear street was reached. Here a halt was made, and ammunition served
out to the troops--twenty rounds to each man. The ammunition being
distributed, the regiment marched upon the steamer _Oakland_, where
they were joined shortly by the Third Regiment Infantry of twenty-six
officers and two hundred and fifty-one men, and at ten minutes past
eleven o’clock the troops bade farewell to San Francisco, and started
for their destination.
The farewell reception the troops received from the public on their way
down Market street, and while at the ferry, was one of a very mixed
nature. Among the persons gathered to see us take our departure were
a large number of men endowed with socialistic tendencies, whose view
of the situation was so narrow that they viewed the calling out of the
militia as an act of the Government’s to abet the railroad company in
oppressing its employees, and not as an act necessary to maintain the
laws of the land which guarantee to all equal rights in the protection
of their property. These men jeered and cast all sorts of slurs at the
men as they marched along. They sincerely wished that the strikers
would give the troops their quietus. This was one extreme. The other
extreme was made up of men of equally as narrow a view. These seemed to
think that the workman had no rights whatever, and above all things,
not even a shadow of a right to strike. They believed, or, if they did
not believe it, they certainly acted as if such were their belief,
that the workingman should submit to all restrictions placed upon
him, and that, if he attempted to rise above his conditions, then the
Government should force him back again. These are the men who called
upon us to blow the scoundrels to pieces. Between these two extremes
there was a third element, made up of men who had a true insight into
the condition of affairs: men who fully recognized the place that
strikes hold in the development of the human race; men who detect in
these visible presentations of discontent the conscious awakening of
the workingman to a noble conception of his place in the history of
civilization. It was from this stamp of men that the militia received
its real encouragement; for they saw plainly that the ends of the
workingman could not be attained through the disregard of the laws, but
it was only by his developing with them and through them that he could
even reach his true plane. Therefore, above all things, they desired to
see the supremacy of the laws maintained. Viewing the calling forth of
the militia as an instrument by which this was to be accomplished, they
cheered and urged the troops to do that duty they had sworn to fulfill.
Upon the steamer _Oakland_ reaching the other side the troops
disembarked and marched up the mole. They were wheeled into line and
halted. The command “Rest” was then given. Here the first of a series
of provoking delays took place. The trains, which were to bear the
troops to their destination were not fully made up; consequently the
troops had to remain standing, at the time they most needed rest,
upon the cold asphaltum for fully an hour. This does not speak well
for those who were managing the transportation of the troops. It was
extremely aggravating to the men, fatigued as they were after their
march down Market street laden with baggage, to feel that, had a
little foresight been exercised, they, instead of being compelled to
stand upon the pavement for over an hour, might have passed that time
in resting. A soldier, even though he is of the rank and file, is a
human being, and needs as much rest as any other human being. At 1 A.
M., July 4th, the troops were ordered aboard the train, and a start
was made for Sacramento. The train was divided into two sections.
The First Regiment was on board the first section, while the Third
Regiment, together with the section of the Light Battery, occupied the
second, and which followed after the first at about an interval of ten
minutes. Major General Dimond and staff accompanied the troops, and
took passage on the second section. Brigadier General Dickinson and
staff journeyed on the first section.
Each company had a separate car assigned to them. The members of
Company B lost no time in relieving themselves of their knapsacks and
blankets. Some of the men made up berths at once with the intention of
getting as much rest and under as favorable conditions as possible.
Others however thought it a waste of time to go to all this trouble
for what they supposed would be but a few hours rest; so they simply
stretched their legs upon the opposite seat and thus went to sleep.
Here was another mistake. How much better it would have been had the
men been informed that instead of a three hours’ journey before them
they would be on the road eight or nine hours. The men then would have
made due preparations for a good night’s rest. The Keeley Club, of
which more will be related hereafter, appropriated a section of the
sleeper to themselves, and, not knowing but what the days of some of
them were numbered, proceeded to have a good time while they yet lived,
for they knew that if any of their number did fall in the conflict
with the strikers, that they would be a long time dead. All the early
hours of the morning sounds of revelry could be heard coming from their
apartment. Every now and again some tired individual, whose repose
was broken by these revelers, would impatiently demand in language
more forcible and expressive than can be represented here why it was
they could not keep still. Ever and anon Captain Cook’s voice would
be distinguished above the dim. “That will do now, let us have more
quiet.” The effect of these commands was but temporary. A moment later
they were at it again. And so passed the morning.
Precautions were taken to attract the least amount of attention
possible. The window-shades were drawn so as to prevent the gleam of
lights from tempting missiles from the strikers. In spite of these
precautions, just after the train passed Sixteenth Street Station, a
rock was hurled through the window of the cab of the second section
narrowly missing the head of the engineer. Before the First Regiment
left the armory, details were selected from each company to act as
train guards, and placed under the command of Lieut. Thompson of
Company G. Their special duty was to guard the engine. Company B,
Third Infantry, Captain Kennedy commanding, was detailed as train guard
for the second section. Besides these guards sentinels were posted by
the First Sergeants of each company at both ends of the cars. These
men were stationed upon the platforms and relieved every hour. Their
orders were of a twofold nature: First, they were to prevent anyone
from leaving the car; Secondly, they were to alight whenever the train
stopped and see that no one interfered in any way with it. Any person
they saw approaching the train they were to call upon to “halt.” If the
order was not obeyed they were to warn him, and finally if this proved
ineffectual they were to fire upon him. Each sentinel loaded his piece
as he went on duty. No sentinel had occasion to carry out literally
his orders as the journey to Sacramento was practically uneventual. At
Sixteenth street, Oakland, the train was delayed for a short time. Here
it was found that the Block switch system would not work, the pipes
containing the wires having been cut, thus rendering the entire system
useless. The nature of the damage having been ascertained, the train
proceeded on its way.
When the train stopped at Sixteenth Street Station the sentinels
alighted in pursuance of their orders. There were a considerable number
of people gathered at this place. Here it was that an unknown person,
who was evidently a striker bent on mischief, but who claimed to be
a deputy marshal, was given an opportunity of measuring the caliber
of the men of the “City Guard” and of the National Guard in general.
This person emerged from the crowd and was approaching the train, when
Private George Claussenius, noticing him, called upon him to halt. The
fellow, not a bit disturbed merely said: “Oh, that’s all right, I’m
a deputy marshal.” This explanation might have been accepted in some
quarters, but this time he knocked upon the wrong door. Claussenius
quickly threw up his rifle, and forcibly said, “I don’t care who you
are; Halt!” The man paused, undecided whether to advance or retreat.
Lieut. Lundquist, who was standing upon the platform, took in the
situation. “Claussenius,” he quietly said, “if that man advances a
step further shoot him.” In an instant the man’s indecision vanished.
He turned and slunk back into the crowd. The man’s identity was never
ascertained. If he was a striker the reception he received was a proper
one; and if he was a deputy marshal he can thank his stars that his
departure was not accelerated by the prod of a bayonet. These men,
recruited in many instances from the scum of mankind gave themselves
the airs of a Lucifer. But before the campaign was over more than one
of them was taken down a peg or two by the different members of the
National Guard.
At Tracy Private O’Brien had an amusing experience with a rustic. It
was early in the morning. The sun had just begun to trace his westward
course in the heavens. The fields, with one exception, seemed deserted,
as far as the eye could stretch. The air held a deep stillness which
was broken only by the sweet singing of the birds and disagreeable
snoring of the soldiers. It was a beautiful opening of a Fourth of July
morning. Crossing one of the fields at this time was a country rustic
who, upon seeing the train, had his curiosity aroused; so, changing his
direction, he advanced toward it. It so happened he approached the car
that O’Brien was guarding. What a queer specimen! He was attired as the
rustic is generally represented upon the stage. His trousers were drawn
up almost to his neck by an abbreviated pair of suspenders. His head
was covered by a well-battered straw hat, and his feet incased--O’Brien
swears that they were number 14--in a cowhide pair of boots. O’Brien
amusingly sized him up until he arrived within about four feet from the
car, then suddenly stepping forward he brought his piece with a snap
to the “charge bayonet,” and cried out sharply “halt.” Astonished at
the unexpected sally, the rustic started involuntarily backward and
exclaimed, “Why the gol darn thing’s got stickers on ’em.” A visible
representation of the stickers was enough for the countryman. He did
not approach closer.
The men as they awoke into consciousness that morning, but little
refreshed by their short repose, were surprised to find that Sacramento
was still a considerable distance off. It seems that those who were
engineering the transportation of the troops thought it would be safer
to proceed to the capital by way of Stockton, instead of going direct.
The men now began to realize what a bitter teacher experience is. In
their excitement and bustle over being called out, and also on account
of the pretty general opinion that existed among the men that the
service we were to perform would not last more than a day or two at
the most, many of the men paid little attention to the order telling
them to bring rations and underclothing. As the morning gradually
advanced unto noon their stomachs began to remind them that it was time
to eat. They were ready to eat; but what? That was what troubled them.
Fortunately the company is possessed of some far-sighted minds when the
subject under consideration is the stomach. These men had brought with
them a good supply of food. But even when these divided their supply in
true Samaritan style, the quantity given to those that did not bring
food was so small that it alleviated but slightly the pangs of hunger.
Company B suffered less in this respect than did the other companies.
A large number of B’s men love their stomach too well to run the
smallest chance of having it suffer. Future developments will disclose
what dreadful effects the misusing of their beloved organ had upon the
men. The hungry mortals looked forward longingly for their arrival at
Sacramento. For here surely they would be adequately supplied. But
they were doomed to disappointment. Adjutant General Allen worked upon
this hypothesis, that if the men did not bring the rations he ordered
them to, they themselves were to blame and must therefore suffer the
consequences. But how foolish is such reasoning. What if the men are to
blame? Is it not the duty of a general to see that his men receive the
proper subsistence. It is indeed a poor commander who hopes for success
and at the same time allows his men to suffer hunger in the midst of
plenty. Happily the men did not know what awaited them, they were
content to live in hopes.
The train passed through Stockton at about 6:30 A. M. Here Companies
A and B of the Sixth Regiment were standing in line ready to join the
San Francisco regiments and proceed to the capital. They were taken on
board the second section. The journey from Stockton was soon finished,
and at 8:30 A. M. the first section arrived in Sacramento, and stopped
at Twenty-first street.
[Illustration]
[Illustration: THE MOB IN FRONT OF THE DEPOT AT SACRAMENTO, JULY 4TH,
1894. (BARRY BALDWIN HARANGUING THE STRIKERS FROM THE TOP OF A PULLMAN
CAR.)]
[Illustration]