—— for phymosis, ditto, 178–80
—— amputation of the thigh, 180–2
—— intended catheterization, 182–4
—— intended amputation of leg, 185–7
—— intended excision of eyeball, 187–8
—— for facial neuralgia, 188–9
—— dental, 189–90
—— removal of necrosed bone, 190–2
—— removal of tumour, 192–4
—— amputation of the thigh, 195–6
—— application of nitric acid, 196–9
—— various, details imperfect, 199–200
Operations alleged fatal from chloroform, 201–212
—— of intended tooth extraction, 201–3;
on shoulder joint, 204;
for removal of breast, _ib._;
amputation of leg, _ib._
—— for removal of tumour, 204–5
Operation of lithotrity, 205–9
—— for removal of tumour, 209–12
Operations, the effect of chloroform on results of, 263–70
—— statistics regarding, before and after chloroform, 264–9
—— administration of chloroform in the different kinds of, 271–318
—— performed under ether, 357–9
—— in which ether is preferable to chloroform, 361
—— attended with alleged death from ether, 362–9
—— _under the influence of amylene_, 387–400
—— of extraction of teeth, 387–9, 394
—— for removal of tumours, 389–393
—— for tenotomy, 389, 391–2
—— for lithotomy, 389
—— for resection of knee, 389–90
—— for resection of head of femur, 390
—— for amputation, 390–1
—— on the eye, 391
—— for lithotrity, 391
—— for forcible extension of joints, 392
—— for reduction of dislocation, 392–3
—— for fistula, death from amylene during, 408–11
—— for removal of tumour, death from amylene during, 411–15
—— under the monochlorurretted chloride of ethyle, 421–3
Oxygen gas, artificial respiration of, in case of death from
chloroform, 144
P.
Paget, Professor, on a fatal case from chloroform, 172, 192
Pain, effects of, on operations, 55
Parkinson, Ann, death of, alleged from inhalation of ether, 365–8
Partridge, Professor, performance of laryngotomy by, under chloroform,
312
Parturition, use of chloroform in, 318–29
—— use of amylene in, 394–7
Patients, varying sensations of, under chloroform, 45–8
—— susceptible to chloroform, 50
—— fears of, regarding chloroform, 76
Patients, treatment of, during recovery from chloroform, 99–100
Pearson, Dr. Richard, use of ether by, in consumption, 14, 360
Pearson, Mrs., description of a case of death from chloroform, 127–8
Perinæum, operations on, under chloroform, 310
Persian Pharmacopœia, recipe for a remedium odorativum somniferum, 13
Phthisis pulmonalis, inhalation of chloroform during existence of, 53
Phymosis, operation for, under chloroform, 311
Pliny on use of mandragora in operations, 2
Porta, John Baptista, on effects of the somniferous menstrua, 12
Post-mortem rigidity produced by chloroform, 43
—— appearances after death by chloroform, 110, 111, 124, 125, 128–9,
130, 132, 137, 140–41, 142, 146, 147, 148, 149–50, 152, 154–5,
156–7, 159–60, 161, 162, 164, 166, 168–9, 171–2, 173, 176, 177, 178,
179, 181, 183, 186, 188–90, 191–2, 197–8
—— in cases of alleged death from chloroform, 203, 207–9, 210–12
—— appearances after alleged death from ether, 363
Post-mortem appearances after death from amylene, 410–11, 414
Posture, sitting, supposed cause of death during inhalation of
chloroform, 239–40
Pregnancy, administration of chloroform during time of, 53
Preparations for inhaling chloroform, 75
Prevention of accidents from chloroform, further remarks on, 248–51
Prolapsus ani, operations for, under chloroform, 305–7
Propert, Mr., case of, where lithotrity was performed under chloroform
after apoplexy, 56–7
Pupils, state of, under chloroform, 93–4, 158
Pulse, effect of chloroform on, 43–4, 77, 89
—— before and after inhalation of chloroform, 77–8
R.
Rabbits, experiments on, with chloroform, 117
Recovery from effects of chloroform, 97, 98, 99, 100
Regnault, M. M. G., discovery of the monochlorurretted chloride of
ethyle, 420
Reichenbach, discovery of eupion, 377
Respiration modified by chloroform vapour, 69–70
—— quantity of chloroform sufficient to arrest the, 74, 115
—— artificial, its use, 121
—— artificial, applied in cases of death from chloroform, 139, 144,
150, 159, 163, 166, 167–8, 173, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187–8, 190, 191,
194, 196, 197, 207, 210
—— artificial, value of, in accidents from chloroform, 251–7
—— artificial, applied in case of death from amylene, 410, 413
Richardson, Dr. B. W., on syncope, 223
—— on the cause of the fluidity of the blood, 248
Ricord, M., on artificial respiration in accidents from chloroform, 252
Ridge, Dr. Joseph, on the death of John Hunter, 227
Rigaud, M., mode of administration of amylene, 417–18
Riggs, Dr., extraction of tooth for Horace Wells without pain, 15
Robert, M., on a case of death from syncope, 203
Roberts, Dr., reference to a death from chloroform, 200
Robinson, Mr., first administered ether in England, 18
—— case narrated by, 48
—— on case of alleged death from chloroform, 201
Robbs, Dr. William, on a case of alleged death from ether, 365–8
Rudge, Mr. Henry, on treatment of puerperal convulsions with
chloroform, 337–8
S.
Saliva, increased flow of, from chloroform, 95
Sassard, Ambroise Tranquille, on narcotics before operations, 8
Scythians inhaled narcotic vapours, 11
Sequelæ of the inhalation of chloroform, 100–7;
sickness, 100–3;
faintness and depression, 103–4;
hysteria, 104–6;
head symptoms, 106–7
Serum of blood, absorption of chloroform by, 69
—— amount of, in blood, 74
Sibson, Dr., experiments with, on dividing pneumogastric nerves, 58
—— his mouth-piece for inhaler, 83
—— treatment of neuralgia by inhalation of ether, 361
—— experiments with chloroform, 119, 120
Sibson, Dr., on cause of death from chloroform, 121, 122
—— on blood in the heart after death, 134
Sideration, 133
Signs of insensibility under chloroform, 87
Silliman on chloric ether as a stimulant, 27
Simpson, Dr., on history of anæsthesia, 1
—— his introduction of chloroform, 17
—— on use of ether during parturition, 19, 359
—— first administers and recommends chloroform, 21–2
—— on the death of Hannah Greener, 126
—— on a supposed death from chloroform, 199
—— on sudden death during an operation without an anæsthetic, 245
—— statistics of operations after chloroform, 264–5
Sitting posture supposed cause of death during inhalation of
chloroform, 239–40
Skull, raising depressed, under chloroform, 301–2
Society of Emulation of Paris, on death by chloroform, 122
Solly, Mr., on a case of death from chloroform, 143–5
Soubeiran, M., on analysis of chloroform, or chloric ether, 27
Spasm as preceding death from chloroform, 129
Spasmodic pain, treatment of, with chloroform, 342
Squire, Mr., invention of an ether inhaler by, 18
Stafford, Mr. Augustus, treatment of case of, 342–3
Stertor under chloroform how to be met, 90
St. Louis Hospital, surgeon of, on number of deaths from chloroform,
200
Strabismus, operation for, under chloroform, 297
Strength and debility in relation to effects of chloroform, 50
Stricture, operations for, with chloroform, 276
Struggling and rigidity under chloroform how to be met, 91, 92, 93
—— and rigidity under amylene, 401–2
—— exhaustion from, a supposed cause of death from chloroform, 238–9
Supposed causes of death from chloroform, 228–45
Surgeon’s knife, supposed effects of, during inhalation of chloroform,
240–3
Sylvester, Dr., on anæsthetics, 7
Symptoms in cases of death from chloroform, 124, 127–8, 130, 131, 135,
137, 139, 142, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 151, 153, 154, 155–6,
157–8, 159, 161, 162, 163, 163–4, 165, 166, 167–8, 170–1, 172–3,
174, 174–5, 175–6, 176–7, 177–8, 178–9, 180–1, 182–3, 185–6, 187–8,
189, 190, 191, 192–4, 195–6, 197
—— in alleged cases of death from chloroform, 201–205, 206–7, 209–10
Symptoms in fatal cases of inhalation, summary of, 212–17
—— to be attended to during administration of chloroform, 249–50
—— in cases of death from amylene, 409–10, 412–13
Syncope sometimes prevented by chloroform, 77–8
—— after chloroform, 104
—— possible deaths from, independently of chloroform, 204–9, 211–12
—— anæmic, distinguished from cardiac, 204;
description of, 222–4
—— the two kinds of, 222–8
—— condition of heart during, 223–6
—— does not commence at the brain, 223
—— during disease of the heart, 227
—— from mental emotion, 224–5;
from anger, 227
—— from muscular exertion, 228;
from pain, _ib._
T.
Table of fatal cases of inhalation of chloroform, 218–22
—— shewing ages of fatal cases from chloroform, 230
—— Dr. Fenwick’s, on result of operations after chloroform, 270
—— shewing quantity of chloroform vapour in air at various
temperatures, 33
—— relating to ether, 347–8
—— shewing evaporation of amylene, 377
Teeth, extraction of, under chloroform, 313–18
—— number of, extracted under, 314
—— extraction, mode of administering chloroform for, 315
Tenotomy, performance of, under chloroform, 303–4
Tetanus, use of chloroform in, 335–6
—— treatment of, by inhalation of ether, 360–1
Testicle, removal of, under chloroform, 310–11
The administration of chloroform in the different kinds of operations,
271–318
The inhalation of chloroform in medical cases, 329–44
Theodoric on prevention of pain in operations, 5
—— his directions for securing patients during operation, 7
Thigh, amputation of, under chloroform, 276–7
Thompson, Dr. Thomas, chloric ether, 27
Tobacco smoke inhaled in Asia and Eastern parts of Europe, 12
Tongue, falling back of, supposed cause of death during inhalation of
chloroform, 245
Tourdes, Professor, on amylene, 418
Treatment of suspended animation from chloroform, 251–62
Triquet and Masson, action brought against, for causing death by
chloroform, 200
Trismus, occurrence of, in fatal case from chloroform, 174
Tumours, ovarian operations of, under chloroform, 308–10
—— of upper jaw, removal of, under chloroform, 280–5
—— of lower jaw under chloroform, 285
—— of the female breast, removal of, under chloroform, 285–7
—— other, removal of, under chloroform, 287–9
—— of bone, removal of, under chloroform, 291
Turner, Professor, experiments on inhalation of ether vapour, 16
U.
Uvula, titillation of, practised in an accident from chloroform, 257
V.
Vagina, cancer of, operations on, under chloroform, 310
Valentin, M., on amount of blood in the body, 73
Vapour of chloroform, amount of, absorbed to cause the various degrees
of narcotism, 58–74
—— absorption of, by fluids, laws which govern the, 59
—— absorption of, in the lungs, formula for expressing quantity of, 59
Venesection tried in fatal cases from chloroform, 151, 159, 168, 174
—— value of, in accidents from chloroform, 261
Vomiting caused by chloroform, 74, 100–3
—— prevention of a treatment, 75, 101
—— after inhalation of ether, 361
—— rarity of, from amylene, 406–7
W.
Wakley, Mr. Thomas, experiments by, 122
Waldie, Mr., on chloroform, 17, 21–2
Warren, Dr. J. C., operation by, on a patient narcotized by ether, 16
—— report of death of Patrick Coyle from chloroform, 130
—— report of death of John Griffith from chloroform, 136–8
Water, application of, during accidents from chloroform, 258
—— bath of chloroform inhaler, uses of, 84
Watson, Dr., on dentistry and longevity, 313
Waugh, Mr., on a mouth-piece inhaler, 83
Wells, Mr. Horace, on effects of nitrous oxyde, 14, 15
Wilks, Dr., report of post-mortem after death from chloroform, 186
Willis, Dr. Robert, on treatment of hooping-cough by inhalation of
ether, 360
Wilson, Dr., Lumleian lectures of, 73
Wine of mandragora given before operations, 2
Woodville, Dr., on use of mandragora, 3
Wrist, excision of, under chloroform, 280
T. RICHARDS, 37, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN’S INN.
-----
Footnote 1:
Messrs. Maule and Polyblank have an excellent photographic portrait of
Dr. Snow in their “Scientific Portrait Gallery” series. Mr. Empson has
also a bust, which has been greatly admired for its correctness and
for its superiority as an artistic work.
Footnote 2:
Dr. Murchison, who with Dr. Budd rendered Dr. Snow all that able
assistance which the best of medicine can offer, has kindly given me
several particulars in regard to the fatal illness, which I embody in
the text, with many thanks.
Footnote 3:
Dr. Murchison has also given me an outline of the _post-mortem_
appearances, which is subjoined. “The _post-mortem_ examination
revealed slight white softening, only detectable by the microscope, in
the right corpus striatum and optic thalamus, and fatty degeneration
of the minute cerebral vessels. The heart was slightly fatty, but
there was no valvular disease, nor atheromatous disease of aorta. The
lungs were congested, and showed marked evidence of old disease at the
apices. Both the kidneys were much contracted and granular, with
numerous cysts, the right organ being almost entirely converted into
cysts; with the uriniferous tubes either denuded, or containing
granular disintegrating epithelium. There was distinct cicatrix of an
old ulcer in duodenum, and the stomach was much congested, with
numerous hæmorrhagic spots.”
Footnote 4:
See Monthly Journal of Med. Sc., vol. viii, p. 452.
Footnote 5:
Liber iv, cap. 76.?
Footnote 6:
Loc. cit.
Footnote 7:
Natural. Hist., lib. xxv, cap. 13.
Footnote 8:
De Herbarum Virtutibus, cap. 131.
Footnote 9:
Medical Botany, p. 236.
Footnote 10:
De Causis Morb. Diut., lib. i, cap. 6.
Footnote 11:
De Morbis Acutis, lib. i, cap. 4.
Footnote 12:
Vet. Acad. Handl., 1763, vol. xxiv, p. 229.
Footnote 13:
Comptes Rendus de l’Acad. de Sc., t. xxviii, 1849, p. 195.
Footnote 14:
See Herodotus, book iv, 73–5.
Footnote 15:
Lib. iv, cap. 8.
Footnote 16:
Med. Gaz., vol. xli, p. 515.
Footnote 17:
Observations sur la Physique, tome xvi (1780), p. 256.
Footnote 18:
Method of preventing or diminishing Pain in several Operations of
Surgery. Lond. 1784.
Footnote 19:
Gazette des Hôpitaux, 1st April, 1854.
Footnote 20:
Hypnotism is the term employed by Mr. Braid of Manchester for the
peculiar sleep produced by the Mesmerists.
Footnote 21:
Record of Cases treated in the Mesmeric Hospital. Calcutta, 1848.
Footnote 22:
Cary’s Herodotus, book i, 202.
Footnote 23:
Book iv, 73–5.
Footnote 24:
Liber viii, cap. 1.
Footnote 25:
Translated into Latin by Father Angelus, Paris, 1681, p. 21.
Footnote 26:
P. 287.
Footnote 27:
P. 88.
Footnote 28:
See Medicinal Use of Different Kinds of Airs, by Dr. Pearson.
Birmingham, 1795.
Footnote 29:
Researches concerning Nitrous Oxide, p. 556.
Footnote 30:
See 32nd Congress, 2nd Session [Senate] Rep. Com. No. 421, p. 17.
Footnote 31:
Vol. iv, p. 158.
Footnote 32:
A Defence of Dr. Charles T. Jackson’s Claims to the Discovery of
Etherization. Boston, 1848.
Footnote 33:
The Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether in Surgical Operations. By John
Snow, M.D. 1847.
Footnote 34:
Pharmaceutical Journal, Feb. 1847, p. 357; and Med. Gaz., 1847, vol.
xl, p. 939.
Footnote 35:
Quoted in Med. Gaz., 1847, vol. xl, p. 1153.
Footnote 36:
Lancet, Nov. 27, 1847, p. 575; and Med. Gaz., 1847, vol. xl, p. 1031.
Footnote 37:
Dr. Pereira in Pharmaceutical Journal, March 1846, vol. v, No. 9.
Footnote 38:
Silliman’s American Journal of Science and Art, vol. xxi, p. 64, Jan.
1832.
Footnote 39:
Ann. de Chim. et de Physique, t. xlviii, p. 131.
Footnote 40:
Ibid., t. xlix, p. 146.
Footnote 41:
Ibid., t. lvi, p. 134.
Footnote 42:
Formic acid is so named because it was originally obtained from the
red ant (_Formica rufa_). It is now made from starch.
Footnote 43:
Turner’s Chemistry, 8th ed., p. 1009.
Footnote 44:
Nearly all the chloroform used in Great Britain and her colonies is
made in Edinburgh, where the spirit duty is lower than in England. The
London druggists have almost ceased to make it, as they find it
cheaper to get it from the trade in Edinburgh.
Footnote 45:
The Edinburgh druggists suffered a great loss in 1850 from purifying
their chloroform in this way on the recommendation of Dr. Gregory, who
was not aware of the consequences, although they had been stated by
Dumas (_Ann. de Chim. et de Physique_, t. lvi, p. 117).
Footnote 46:
I have seen some specimens of chloroform that left a white,
limy-looking stain on the hand, which I believe was a minute quantity
of crystalline chloride of carbon. These specimens were
unobjectionable for all practical purposes, and had the merit of
keeping remarkably well.
Footnote 47:
See Med. Gaz., vol. xl, p. 1092.
Footnote 48:
Dr. Letheby in Med. Gaz., vol. xlvi, p. 1037.
Footnote 49:
Lancet, Feb. 12, 1848.
Footnote 50:
Since the above was written, I have met with an instance in which the
pulse was only 40 in the minute, as the effects of the chloroform were
subsiding. There was neither sickness nor loss of blood. The case was
that of a gentleman in good general health, who inhaled chloroform
whilst Mr. Brodhurst endeavoured to make forcible flexion of the femur
on the pelvis. He woke without any unpleasant symptoms, and the pulse
resumed its natural frequency.
Footnote 51:
Gazette des Hôpitaux, 20 Mars, 1847.
Footnote 52:
Medical Gazette, vol. xli-ii.
Footnote 53:
According to Professor Miller, chloroform was given, at one time, in
the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, in a somewhat slovenly, and not very
cleanly manner; he describes the means of applying it as, “anything
that will admit of chloroform in vapour being brought fully in contact
with the mouth and nostrils; a handkerchief, a towel, a piece of lint,
a _worsted glove_, a _nightcap_, a sponge.” He says, “In the winter
season, the _glove_ of a clerk, _dresser_, or onlooker, has been not
unfrequently pressed into the service.... The object is to produce
insensibility as completely and as _soon_ as we can; and there is no
saying, _à priori_, whether this is to be accomplished by _fifty_
drops or _five hundred_. We begin with generally two or three drachms
_spilt_ on the handkerchief or lint; and we refresh that, or not, from
time to time, as circumstances require.” _Surgical Experience of
Chloroform_, Edin., 1848, pp. 16 and 17. The italics are not in the
original.
Footnote 54:
Curious arguments are sometimes used in support of the idea of
peculiarities and idiosyncrasies. A medical man informed me, one day,
that he had seen a patient inhale an ounce of chloroform without any
effect. I expressed my opinion that if she had taken the vapour of one
drachm into her lungs within four minutes, or the vapour of a little
more than half a drachm within two minutes, she would have been
insensible; and that the chloroform had mostly evaporated into the
room, without entering the patient’s lungs. Then, he said, it would
have made all of us insensible. Now to charge the air of a moderate
sized room of twenty feet square and ten feet high, uniformly with
only a grain and a half of chloroform to each hundred cubic inches, so
that, if all the crevices were closed, a person inside might, in
course of time, absorb about eighteen minims of the medicine, and be
rendered insensible, would require nearly fifteen pounds of
chloroform.
Footnote 55:
The increase of effects of chloroform after the inhalation is
discontinued, was pointed out by Prof. Sédillot of Strasbourg and
myself almost simultaneously. I explained the circumstance in a paper
read to the Westminster Medical Society, on January 8th, 1848, and M.
Sédillot announced it to the Academy of Sciences of Paris, on January
10th. My remarks were published in the _Medical Gazette_ of January
14th, and those of M. Sédillot in the _Gazette Médicale_ of January
15th.
Footnote 56:
I have reason to conclude that the increased secretion of saliva is
caused, not so much by the action of the chloroform on the mucous
membrane of the mouth, and the extremities of the gland ducts, as by
its action on the capillary circulation of the glands themselves; for
on inhaling the vapour carefully by the nostrils, so that none enters
the mouth, I still find that there is an increased secretion of
saliva.
Footnote 57:
London Journal of Medicine, April 1852.
In one of the latest communications of Dr. Marshall Hall to the
_Lancet_, he did me the honour to quote the account of the three
following experiments, together with some accompanying remarks from
the _London Journal of Medicine_, and to make the following
observation respecting the pages from which he quoted.
“I have no hesitation in affirming that the first three pages of this
paper are amongst the most able and valuable in physiology, and I beg
to be allowed to reproduce them in the pages of the _Lancet_.”
(_Lancet_, April 18th, 1857, p. 397.)
Footnote 58:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, vol. lviii.
Footnote 59:
Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xlii, p. 414.
Footnote 60:
London Journal of Medicine, April, 1852.
Footnote 61:
London Medical Gazette, vol. xlii, 1848, p. 109.
Footnote 62:
On the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether, p. 82.
Footnote 63:
Medical Gazette, vol. xlii, p. 415.
Footnote 64:
See l’Union Médicale, 1855, No. 13.
Footnote 65:
London Medical Gazette, vol. xli, p. 255.
Footnote 66:
Opus cit., p. 253.
Footnote 67:
Opus cit., p. 341.
Footnote 68:
London Medical Gazette, vol. xli, p. 75.
Footnote 69:
London Medical Gazette, vol. xlii, p. 80, from Western Lancet, and
Phil. Med. Exam. April 1848.
Footnote 70:
Vol. xliii, p. 682.
Footnote 71:
Gazette Médicale, 8 Juillet, 1848; and London Medical Gazette, vol.
xlii, p. 211.
Footnote 72:
Proceedings of Academy on Feb. 6th, 1849. See London Journal of Med.,
1849, p. 307.
Footnote 73:
London Journal of Medicine, 1849, p. 324.
Footnote 74:
Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xliii, p. 694.
Footnote 75:
London Med. Gaz., vol. xlii, p. 84.
Footnote 76:
Bouisson, Traité de la Méthode Anesthésique, p. 398.
Footnote 77:
London Med. Gaz., vol. xliii, p. 41.
Footnote 78:
Ibid., p. 712.
Footnote 79:
Ibid., p. 747, from l’Union Médicale.
Footnote 80:
Lancet, 1849, vol. i, p. 205.
Footnote 81:
L’Union Médicale, Sept. 8th, 1849; and Med. Gaz., vol. xliv, p. 478.
Footnote 82:
Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xliv, p. 757.
Footnote 83:
Journal of Prov. Med. and Surg. Assoc., 1849, p. 698.
Footnote 84:
Casper’s Wochenschrift, Jan. 12, 1850; and Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xlv,
p. 483.
Footnote 85:
Edin. Monthly Journal, April 1850, p. 377.
Footnote 86:
Hygiea, October 1850, p. 602.
Footnote 87:
Lond. Med. Gaz., vol. xlvi, p. 39.
Footnote 88:
Lancet, 1850, vol. ii, p. 21.
Footnote 89:
L’Union Médicale, January 29, 1852.
Footnote 90:
Medical Times, 1851, vol. ii, p. 98.
Footnote 91:
Medical Times, 1851, vol. ii, p. 620.
Footnote 92:
Medical Times and Gazette, vol. i, p. 293.
Footnote 93:
Medical Times and Gazette, p. 318.
Footnote 94:
See a clinical lecture by Mr. Stanley, Med. Times, Nov. 22, 1851.
Footnote 95:
Gaz. Médicale, 1852, p. 630, from Medicinisches Correspondenz Blatt.
Footnote 96:
Medical Times and Gazette, 1852, vol. ii, p. 531.
Footnote 97:
Monthly Journal of Med., vol. xv, 1852, p. 377.
Footnote 98:
Lancet, 1853, vol. i, p. 21.
Footnote 99:
Lancet, 1853, vol. i, p. 307.
Footnote 100:
Med. Times and Gaz., 1853, vol. ii, p. 47.
Footnote 101:
Monthly Journal, Nov. 1853, p. 427.
Footnote 102:
Since writing the above, I have noted by the watch the time which a
surgeon occupied in shaving the perinæum before the operation of
lithotomy; it was twelve seconds.
Footnote 103:
Medical Times and Gazette, 1853, vol. ii, p. 422.
Footnote 104:
Medical Times and Gaz., 1853, vol. ii, p. 449.
Footnote 105:
Ibid., p. 450.
Footnote 106:
Edin. Monthly Jour., vol. xix, 1854, p. 372.
Footnote 107:
Med. Times and Gaz., 1854, vol. i, p. 19, from Med. Zeitung von den
Vercine für Heilkunde in Preussen, No. 44, Berlin, Nov. 2, 1853.
Footnote 108:
Association Med. Jour., 1854, p. 109.
Footnote 109:
L’Union Médicale, 1854, p. 171.
Footnote 110:
Ibid., p. 187.
Footnote 111:
Association Medical Journal, 1854, p. 315.
Footnote 112:
Medical Times, 1854, vol. i, p. 572.
Footnote 113:
Medical Times and Gazette, 1854, vol. ii, p. 86.
Footnote 114:
Med. Times and Gaz., 1854, vol. ii, p. 390.
Footnote 115:
Ibid., p. 442.
Footnote 116:
Med. Times and Gaz., 1854, vol. ii, p. 501.
Footnote 117:
Medical Times and Gazette, 1855, vol. i, p. 363.
Footnote 118:
Edin. Med. Jour., 1855, p. 524.
Footnote 119:
1855, vol. ii, p. 479.
Footnote 120:
Medical Times and Gazette, 1856, vol. ii, p. 442.