Ireland were forced to trade only with strangers, and became unacquainted
with their own country, and that England gained more than it lost by a
free commerce (with Ireland), as exporting hither three times as much as
it received from hence," and mentions his surprise at their being debarred
from bringing commodities from America directly home, and being obliged to
bring them round from England, with extreme hazard and loss.--"Political
Survey of Ireland," p. 123.
[384] 22nd and 23rd Ch. II., ch. 26, sec. 11.
[385] Sir John Davis and Sir Edward Cooke.
[386] [Greek: Hemisu gar t' aretes apoainytai doulion hemar] Homer, as
quoted by Longinus.
[387] Sic utere tuo, alienum non laedas.
[388] Sir William Petty's "Political Survey of Ireland," p. 19.
[389] Sir William Temple, vol. iii., p. 7.
[390] The Act of Explanation.
[391] 15 Ch. II.
[392] Sir W. Petty, p. 9.
[393] Ib. pp. 9 and 110.
[394] Sir W. Petty, p. 89.
[395] Ib., pp. 9 and 10.
[396] Ib, pp. 34, 71, 125.
[397] 15 Ch. II., ch. 7.
[398] Carte, vol. ii., pp. 425 to 428, 465.
[399] Archb. Bishop King's State, 209. James II., in his speech from the
throne in Ireland, recommended the repeal of the Act of Settlement.
[400] Their demands in 1642 were the restitution of all the plantation
lands to the old inhabitants, repeal of Poyning's Act, &c.--Macaulay's
Hist., vol. iii, p. 222. In the meeting called a parliament, held by James
in Ireland, they repealed the Acts of Settlement and Explanation, passed a
law that the Parliament of England cannot bind Ireland, and against writs
of error and appeal to England.
[401] 3rd and 4th Anne, ch. 8.
[402] Sir W. Petty's "Survey."
[403] Ib., p. 117.
[404] Order 14th March, 1698, Lords' Journ., vol. xvi. Eng. Com. Journs.,
18th Jan., 1698, vol. xii., p. 440.
[405] The Commissioners of Trade, in their representation dated 11th
November, 1697, relating to the trade between England and Ireland, advise
a duty to be laid upon the importation of oil, upon teasles, whether
imported or _growing_ there, and upon _all the utensils_ employed in the
making any woollen manufactures, on the utensils of worsted combers, and
particularly a duty by the yard upon all cloth and woollen stuffs, except
friezes, before they are taken off the loom. Eng. Com. Journ., vol. x., p.
428.
[406] See in the Appendix an account of those articles imported from
England into Ireland for ten years, commencing in 1769, and ending in
1778.
[407] Com. Journ., vol. iii., pp. 348, 548.
[408] Sir W. Petty's "Political Survey," p. 123.
[409] Sir W. Temple, vol. iii., p. 11.
[410] Lord's Journ., 16th Feb., 1697.
[411] Lord's Journ., 19th Feb., 1697.
[412] See Dr. Smith's "Wealth of Nations."
[413] The consumption of our own people is the best and greatest market
for the product and manufactures of our own country. Foreign trade is but
a part of the benefit arising from the woollen manufacture, and the least
part; it is a small article in respect to the benefit arising to the
community, and Dr. Smith affirms that all the foreign markets of England
cannot be equal to one-twentieth part of her own.--Dr. Smith's "Memoirs of
Wool," vol. ii., pp. 113, 529, 530, and 556, from the _British Merchant_
and Dr. Davenant.
[414] Address of Eng. Commons, _ante_.
[415] King's Stat., pp. 160, 161.
[416] Eng. Com. Journ., vol. xii., pp. 514, 523, 528.
[417] Vol. iii., p. 8.
[418] See Sir John Davis's "Discourses," pp. 5, 6, 194.
[419] Summary of Imports and Exports to and from Ireland, laid before the
British House of Commons in 1779.
[420] Those states are least able to pay great charges for public
disbursements whose wealth resteth chiefly in the hands of the nobility
and gentry.--Bac., vol. i., p. 10; Smith's "Wealth of Nations," vol. ii.,
p. 22.
[421] A very judicious friend of mine has, with great pains and attention,
made a calculation of the numbers of people in Ireland in the year 1774,
and he makes the numbers of people to amount to 2,325,041; but supposes
his calculation to be under the real number. I have, therefore, followed
the calculation commonly received, which makes their number amount to
2,500,000. He computes, as has been before mentioned, the persons who
reside in houses of one hearth, to be 1,877,220. Those find it very
difficult to pay hearth money, and are thought to be unable to pay any
other taxes. If this is so, according to this calculation, there are but
447,821 people in Ireland able to pay taxes.
[422] Ireland was much more numerous in 1685 than at any time, after the
Revolution, during that century, there having been a great waste of people
in the rebellion at that era.
[423] 12 Ch. II., ch. 4. Eng.
[424] Yet, in favour of Great Britain, old and new drapery imported into
Ireland from other countries are subject to duties equal to a prohibition.
Ir. Act 14th and 15th, Ch. II., ch. 8.
[425] On every piece of old drapery exported, containing thirty-six yards,
and so for a greater or lesser quantity, 3_s._ 4_d._, and of new drapery
9_d._, for the subsidy of alnage and alnager's fee. See 17th and 18th Ch.
II., ch. 15. Ir. But the English have taken off these and all other duties
from their manufactures made or mixed with wool. Eng. Act 11 and 12 W.
III., ch. 20.
[426] 30 per cent. by the British acts of 9 and 10 Anne, ch. 39., and 12
Anne, ch. 9.
[427] This tax is _ad valorem_, and the linen not valued.
[428] Brit. Act, 9 Anne, ch. 12.
[429] Hence it is that the price of wool in England is said to be 50 per
cent. below the market price of Europe.--Smith's "Memoir's of Wool."
[430] 12 Ch. II., ch. 5. 3 and 4 Anne, ch. 4. 4 and 5 W. and M., ch. 5.
[431] 7 G. I., ch. 7.
[432] When the commercial restraints of Ireland are the subject, a source
of occasional and ruinous restrictions ought not to be passed over. Since
the year 1740, there have been twenty-four embargoes in Ireland, one of
which lasted three years.
[433] The common law of England.
[434] Heads of bills for passing into a law the Habeas Corpus Act, and
that for making the tenure of judges during good behaviour, have
repeatedly passed the Irish House of Commons, but were not returned.
[435] The Eng. Act of Ch. II, ch. --, calls the importation of cattle from
Ireland a common nuisance.
[436] This number of Irishmen was computed to have served in the fleets
and armies of Great Britain during the last war.
[437] The furs of Canada, the indigo of Florida, the sugars of Dominica,
St. Vincent, and the Grenadas, with every other valuable production of
those acquisitions Ireland was prohibited to receive but through another
channel. Her poverty scarcely gathered a crumb from the sumptuous table of
her sister.
Transcriber's Notes:
Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.
The original text includes Greek characters. For this text version these
letters have been replaced with transliterations.
The original text includes an intentional blank space. Thie is represented
by ______ in this text version.
Foonote 86 appears on page lxvii of the text, but there is no
corresponding marker on the page.