Bosnia, 19.
Bourges, Concordat of, 11.
Brand, Sebastian, author of _Narrenschiff_, quoted, 17;
on usury, 84;
on the Niklashausen pilgrims, 102;
on the diffusion of Scripture, 151 _n._; 52, 58, 118.
Brandenburg, the Elector of, Joachim I. (1499-1535), 341;
Joachim II. (1535-1571),
_Fat old Interim_, 377, 383, 395, 396;
Margrave of, George, 326, 346, 362, 373;
Margrave of Brandenburg-Culmbach, Albert Alcibiades, 383, 393;
Albert of (brother of Joachim I.), Archbishop of Mainz, see _Mainz_;
Albert of (brother of Margrave George), secularises his principality,
becomes Duke of East Prussia and a Protestant, 326;
province of, peasants die of starvation, 111;
secular administration of the Church in fifteenth century, 140.
Brask, Johan, Bishop of Linkoeping, 423.
Braunfells, Otto, 306.
Bremen, an episcopal State, 81, 320, 373.
Brenz, John, 353, 391, 392.
Breslau, _the students’ paradise_, 53, 378.
_Brethren of the Common Lot_, the, 51 _ff._;
their relation to the praying circles of the German Mystics, 154.
_Brethren, the_, mediæval evangelical nonconformists, 150, 152 _ff._;
distributed devotional literature, 155.
_Brethren of St. Anthony_, 143.
_Brethren of St. James (Jacobs-Brüder)_, 134.
Brissmann, John, 305.
_Brotherhood, the Evangelical_, 329, 334.
_Brotherhoods_ in the fifteenth century, the Blessed Virgin, 135;
of St. Anna, the Grandmother, 136;
of the Eleven Thousand Virgins (_St. Ursula’s Schifflein_), 145;
among the artisans, 146;
the Holy Brotherhood (_Hermandad_) of Spain, 28.
Brück, Dr. Gregory, Chancellor of Electoral Saxony, 266 _n._, 276, 278,
363, 366, 369.
Brunswick, the city of, churches in, 116.
Bucer, Martin, the Reformer of Strassburg, 284, 306, 310, 353, 374, 380,
391.
Bugenhagen, John, 306.
Bulls, papal, _Execrabilis et pristinis_, 5;
_Pastor Æternus_, 5;
_Inter cetera divinæ_, 5;
this Bull bestowed the continent of America upon Ferdinand and Isabella,
5 _n._;
_Unam Sanctam_, 1 _n._, 4;
_Exurge Domine_, the first Bull against Luther, 247 _f._;
_Decet Romanum_, the second Bull against Luther, 267 _n._
_Bundschuh League, the_, peasant risings under, 103 _ff._, 110;
the banner, 103, 105;
the watchword of revolt, 296.
Burchard, John, 16.
_Bürgerrecht, Das christliche_, 350.
Burgmaier, Hans, artist, 67.
Burgundy, the district of, 21;
the Duke of, see _Charles the Bold_.
Burkhardt, George, of Spelt. See _Spalatinus_.
Burning the Pope’s Bull, 251.
Burning heretics, 248;
heretical books, 259, 264, 299.
Busch, Hermann von, 52, 67.
Butzbach, Johann (a wandering student), 55.
Cadan, peace of, 377, 379.
Cajetan, Thomas de Vio, Cardinal, 232, 247, 252, 303.
Calabria, Greek spoken in, 46.
Calvin, John, and St. Anna, 136;
and Dean Colet, 165;
and the Augsburg Confession, 365;
on the doctrine of Scripture, 462, 465, 467 _n._;
_the impious mysteries of Calvin_, 398 _n._; 475, 476.
Campeggio, Lorenzo, papal nuncio, 184, 322, 361, 370.
Canon Law, based on the _Decretum_ of Gratian, 2.
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 12, 349.
Capitalist class, rise of a, 83.
Capito, Wolfgang, 309.
Cappel, battle of (Zwingli slain), 374.
Caraccioli, Marino, papal nuncio, 262, 297.
Carlstadt, Andrew Bodenstein of, 211 _n._, 237, 249, 308;
and the Wittenberg “tumult,” 311 _ff._;
dispenses the Lord’s Supper in evangelical fashion, 313;
responsible for the "_Wittenberg Ordinance_," 314, 316, 320, 337;
on the Lord’s Supper, 356, cf. 313;
in Denmark, 419.
Castile, consolidation of, 27 _f._
Catalonia, 27.
Catechism of Dietrich Kolde, 126.
Catechism of the _Brethren_, 155.
Catechisms of the Reformation:
Luther’s Small Catechism, 408, 472;
adopted in Denmark, 421;
Luther’s Large Catechism, 472;
the Heidelberg, 477, 479.
_Catholic Church_, term not conceded to Romanists, 404.
Celibacy of the clergy, 312, 343.
Celtes, Conrad, Humanist, 67;
on the diffusion of Scripture, 151.
Chancery, rules of the Roman (contain lists of prices of benefices), 10.
Charitable foundations placed under lay management, 143.
Charity in the Middle Ages, 141 _ff._
Charles V., Emperor, 37, 184, 334, 341;
elected to the Empire, 40;
crowned at Aachen, 262;
held his first Diet at Worms, 262 _ff._;
the real antagonist of Luther, 264;
_a good child_, 263;
his confession of faith, 264 _f._, 293 _f._;
his conception of the Church, 265;
differences between himself and the Diet about Luther, 267 _n._, 270
_f._, 272, 276 _ff._;
asks for Luther’s condemnation, 293;
regrets that he did not burn Luther, 295;
his views of the religious question in Germany, 360, 389;
at the Diet of Augsburg (1530), 359 _ff._;
resolves to crush the Reformation by force, 360;
finds it difficult to do so, 370;
his idea of a true reformation, 375;
conquers the Duke of Cleves, 382;
makes peace with France, 383;
forces the Pope to convoke a Council, 383;
defeats the German Protestants, 389 _f._;
his religious compromise, the _Augsburg Interim_, 390;
forced to flee from Germany, 393;
abdicates, 395.
Charles VI. of France, 22.
Charles VII. of France, 22.
Charles VIII. of France, 26.
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy 23, 37, 98 _f._, 109.
_Cheese-hunters_, 143 _f._, 302.
Chieregati, Francesco, Papal Nuncio, 321.
CHRIST, THE PERSON OF, Luther adopted the doctrinal definitions of the old
Catholic Church, 468, 470, 472 _f._;
did not like the terminology, 471;
the two Natures in, 474;
Luther put new meaning into the old definitions, 472, 474;
with the Reformers, Christ fills the whole sphere of God, 460, 472
_ff._, 478, 480;
He is the _only_ Mediator, 476;
He is the efficacy and the virtue in the sacraments, 478;
His divinity to be reached from His work, 475;
a part of the religious experience, 474 _f._, 478.
Christian II., King of Denmark, 418.
Christian III., King of Denmark, 420.
Christendom, small extent at the time of the Reformation, 18 _f._
Christianity, the sum of, 430;
how to express it, 431.
Christopher of Utenheim, Bishop of Basel, 257.
Chrysoloras, Manuel, 47.
CHURCH OF CHRIST, _doctrine of the_, a double fellowship, 480;
three conceptions of, in the mediæval Church, 481, 482;
and priesthood with the sacraments, 482, cf. 438 _f._;
Luther’s difficulties in conceiving a, 483;
his final conception of, 484;
both Visible and Invisible, 485;
made Visible by the proclamation of the Word and the manifestation of
Faith, 485 _ff._;
ministry in the, 486.
Mediæval, 1 _ff._, 31.
_The Pope’s House_, 11, 194, 205, 235, 483.
States of the, 32 _f._
A national German, 36, 324.
Churches (buildings), innumerable in Germany, 115;
full of treasures, 116.
CHURCHES, LUTHERAN TERRITORIAL, 343, 387;
principles according to which they were organised, 400 _ff._;
duties belonging to the Christian fellowship, 401;
attempted organisations before the Peasants’ War, 401 _f._;
Saxon Visitations, 405 _ff._;
_Consistorial Courts_, 410, 412, 413, 415;
ecclesiastical _circles_, 411;
_Superintendents_, 404, 411;
_Synods_, 413.
_Civitas Dei_ of Augustine, 2 _f._
Claims of the Mediæval Papacy, 1 _f._
Clergy and laity, 243, 443 _f._
Cleves, Duke of, 382.
Coburg, Luther at, 369.
Cochlæus, Johannes, R.C. theologian († 1552), 185, 368.
Colet, John, Dean of St. Paul’s, 22, 163 _ff._;
travels in Italy, 164;
lectures at Oxford on St. Paul’s Epistles, 164, 209;
rejected the allegorical interpretation of Scripture, 165;
sermon before Convocation, 165 _f._;
his idea of a true reformation, 166;
dislike to the Scholastic Theology, 167;
studies Dionysius the Areopagite, 169;
his views on the priesthood and the sacraments, 170 _f._
Collin, Rudolph (at the Marburg Colloquy), 353.
Cologne, the city of, its churches and ecclesiastical buildings, 116;
Luther’s books burnt at, 259.
Columbus, Christopher, 85.
_Concord, the Wittenberg_, 377.
Concordats, 11, 24.
Concubinage of priests, 246.
Confession, auricular, 218, 220.
_Confessions_ of the Reformation, Confessio Augustana (1530) or Augsburg
Confession, 364 _f._, 435, 467 _n._, 468, 476;
adopted in Denmark, 420;
Confession Tetrapolitana (1530), 368;
Zurich Articles (1523), 468 _n._;
Scots Confession (1560), 465, 468 _n._, 477, 478, 480;
First Helvetic Confession (1536), 467 _n._, 479;
Geneva Confession (1536), 468 _n._;
Second Helvetic Confession (1562), 468 _n._, 477, 479;
French Confession (1539), 468, 479;
Belgic Confession (1561), 468 _n._;
Netherlands Confession (1566), 477;
the Instruction of Bern (1532), 478;
the Thirty-nine Articles (1563, 1571), 468 _n._, 479;
Formula Concordiæ, 425.
_Confraternities_. See _Brotherhoods_.
_Consistorial Courts_, mediæval, 412.
_Consistories_ in the Lutheran Church,
their beginnings, 410;
of Wittenberg, 412-415.
Consolidation, the political idea of the Renaissance, 19, 43.
Constance, the city, 309, 346, 368;
Council of. See _Council_.
Constantinople, 19.
_Constitutiones Johanninæ_, 9.
Continuity of the religious life during the Reformation period, 122.
_Contritio_, 201, 222 _f._
Copernicus, 42.
Cordus, Curicius, Humanist, 255.
_Corpus Christi Processions_, 119, 362.
Cotta, Frau, 195, 427.
COUNCIL, A GENERAL, the seat of authority in the Church, 265;
demanded, 342;
Charles V. resolves upon a, 372, 383;
of Basel, 6, 23, 140, 254, 259;
of Constance, 140, 226, 254, 259, 268, 290;
of Trent, 148, 225, 383, 455.
Council, a German, 321, 323 _f._, 379.
Cradle hymn, a, 121.
Cranach, Lucas, 63, 308, 369.
Cromwell, Thomas, 374.
Crotus Rubeanus (Johann Jaeger of Dornheim), a Humanist, 66, 75, 255.
_Cujus regio ejus religio_, 397.
_Cup, the_, for the laity, 343, 437.
Curia, the Roman, the universal court of ecclesiastical appeal, 14 _f._;
sale of offices in, 15;
counted on the devotion of the Germans, 115; 245, 255, 265 _f._, 321,
332 _n._
Cusanus, Cardinal Nicholas, 57 _f._
Cuspinian of Vienna, Luther writes to him from Worms, 283.
Dalmatia, 19.
Dante and the Renaissance, 47.
Dantzig, churches in, 116.
_Decretals_, forged, 2; Luther studies the, 235.
_Decretum_ of Gratian, 2, 44.
Denmark, Reformation in, 388, 418, 420.
Deusdedit, a canonist, 2.
_Deutsche Theologie_, 155.
Deventer, the school at, 51, 64.
Devotional literature circulated by the _Brethren_, 155.
DIET, the feudal Council of the German Empire, of Worms (1521), 262 _ff._,
267, 278, 284 _ff._, 296 _f._, 304, 341;
of Nürnberg (1522-23), 321, 403;
of Speyer (1524), 324, 403;
of Augsburg (1525), 341;
of Speyer (1526), 341, 398, 403, 404, 415;
of Speyer (1529), 345, 396;
of Augsburg (1530), 360, 363 _ff._;
of Nürnberg (1532), 374 _f._;
of Augsburg (1555), 395 _ff._
Dionysius the Areopagite, 169.
_Dispensations_, fees for, 13, 382 _n._
Disputations, university, 311 _f._
Dominican Order, 70, 137, 306, 321.
Dominicans demand the destruction of Hebrew literature, 70 _f._
_Donation of Constantine_, 49.
_Dormi secure_, 117.
Dringenberg, Ludwig, 52.
Drinking habits of the Germans, 87 _f._
Dunkeld, disputed succession in the See of, 10.
Dürer, Albert, 31, 62, 63, 88, 90;
appeals to Erasmus, 188;
on Luther’s piety, 191;
his admiration for Luther, 256;
grief at report of Luther’s death, 296.
Eberlin of Gunzberg, John, controversial writer, 304 _f._, 310.
Ebernberg, the, castle of Francis V., Sickingen, 262, 273.
_Eccius dedolatus_, 249 _n._
Eck, John, Official of the Archbishop of Trier, 278, 280, 281, 283, 285,
290.
Eck, John Mayr of, professor at Ingolstadt, 235 _f._, 247, 303, 368.
Economic changes at the close of the Middle Ages, 43, 80 _f._, 108 _f._
Egypt, 18.
Ehrenberg, the Pass of, 393.
Eisenach, 193, 198.
Eisleben, 193, 385.
Electors, the German, 35, 270;
accustomed to exercise the _jus episcopale_, 140.
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 6 _n._, 398 _n._
Elizabeth, St., 195, 198.
Elsass and the Peasants’ War, 334, 338.
Emmerich, school at, 52.
Emser, Jerome, 185, 337.
Emperor, the Vicar of God, 31.
Empire, German, elective, 35;
attempts to frame a Common Council (_Reichsregiment_), 36 _f._;
extent of the, 36.
England, consolidation of, under the Tudors, 7, 20.
Eoban of Hesse (Helius Eobanus Hessus), 66, 255.
Episcopate weakened by the Papacy, 14.
_Epistolæ obscurorum virorum_, 67, 72 _f._, 74.
_Erasmici_, 255.
Erasmus, 52, 67, 71, 74, 156, 164, 171, 266 _n._, 273, 288, 299;
a typical Christian Humanist, 172; visit to England, 172, 177;
his conception of a reformation, 172 _ff._;
his _Christian Philosophy_, 173;
desire for the Scriptures in the vernacular, 174;
_Sancte Socrates, ora pro nobis_, 175, 253;
dislike to Augustinian theology, 167, 185;
writings in aid of the Reformation, 179;
on saint worship, 180;
on the monastic life, 180 _f._,
estimate of Luther, 185, 253, 301.
Erfurt, University of, 56, 64;
its foundation, 195;
theology, 196.
_Erfurt Tumult, the_, 305.
Eric, King of Denmark, 417.
_Evangelical Brotherhood_, 329, 334.
Evangelical life at the close of the Middle Ages, 124.
Excommunication of princes and its consequences, 6 and _n._, 398 _n._
Exile at Avignon, papal, 5.
Fagius, Paul, 391.
FAITH, the religious faculty which throws itself upon God, 429, 436, 438,
458;
an active and living thing, 431;
rests on the historic Christ, 446;
good works are the sign of, 431;
is the gift of God, 429, 430;
depends on promise, 441, 460;
enables us to see the meaning of the historic work of Christ, 446;
what it lays hold of in repentance, 452;
is personal trust in a personal Saviour, 203, 459;
the conceptions of Faith and of Scripture always correspond, 461;
is needed to apprehend infallibility, 464, 465, 466;
creates a natural unity in Scripture, 455, 459;
two kinds of, 429, 445;
mediæval conception of, _a frigida opinio_, 429;
is intellectual, 430, 461;
and reason in the Scholastic Theology, 469.
See _Justification_.
Family religion at the close of the Middle Ages, 121 _ff._
Famine years in Germany, 110 _ff._
_Fastnachtspiele_, 54, 90.
Ferdinand of Aragon, 5, 6, 27, 29, 30.
Ferdinand of Austria, 278, 319, 322, 342, 360, 394.
Festivals, Church, 119 _ff._, 141, 246.
Feudalism in England, 20.
Five Nations, the, 19 _ff._
Five powers of Italy, 31 _f._
Florence, 32 _f._
Florentius Radewynsohn, 51.
Folk-songs of Germany, 67, 90, 94, 99, 109.
_Fondaco dei Tedeschi_ at Venice, 83.
Forest laws, severity of, 108.
Forgeries, papal, 2, 235.
France, 7, 18, 19, 20, 22 _ff._, 31;
not a compact nation, 25;
trade in, 25.
Francis of Assisi, 125, 142, 158, 203, 433, 435.
Francis I. of France, 25, 184, 265, 342, 345.
Frank, Sebastian, his chronicle, 107.
Frankfurt-on-the-Main, 40, 87.
Frederick, Elector of Saxony. See _Saxony_.
Frederick III., Emperor, 37.
Frederick of Schleswig-Holstein, King of Denmark, 419.
Free Nobles of Germany, 83.
Frundsberg, General, 279.
_Friends of God (Gottesfreunde)_, 51, 154.
_Frigida opinio_, 429.
Fritz, Joss, founder of the Bundschuh League, 104, 135.
Froben, the Basel printer; printed Luther’s works, 256;
printed the copies of Luther’s works produced at the Diet of Worms, 281
_n._
Froscher, M. Sebastian, at the Leipzig Disputation, 237, 238.
Fugger, the, family, 84, 361;
in possession of mines, 85.
Fulda, monastery of, 46, 75.
Gaismeyer, Michael, leader in the Peasants’ War, 330.
Galileo, 42.
Gascoigne, George, 11.
Geiler of Keysersberg, 53, 59, 118, 134, 310.
Geographical discoveries, 43, 84 _f._
George of Trebizond, 47 _f._
George, Duke of Saxony. See _Saxony_.
Germany, political condition at the close of the Middle Ages, 30;
divided condition and desire for unity, 35;
attempts at unity, 36 _ff._;
connections with Italy, 50;
devotion to the Roman See, 115 _ff._;
multitude of ecclesiastical buildings in, 115 _f._;
grievances against Rome, 233, 243, 245, 270, 288, 21, 342;
divided into two separate camps, 338;
a national Church for, 324, 335; 321, 323 _f._, 379.
Gerson, Jean, Luther’s debt to, 209 and _n._, 254.
_Gilds_ in mediæval towns, 43, 81.
Ginocchino di Fiore, 47, 158.
Glapion, Jean, confessor to Charles V., 266 _n._, 273, 285.
_Glossa ordinaria_, 202.
_Golden Rose, the_, 234, 260.
Goslar, 374.
_Gospel, the Little_, 135.
Gotha, 353.
_Gottesfreunde_, 51, 154.
Göttingen, 374.
Græcia Magna, 46.
Gran in Hungary, 9.
Granada, 27, 29.
Gratian’s _Decretum_, 2, 44.
Gratius, Ortuin, 67.
_Graubund, the_, 95.
Greece, 19.
Greek, the knowledge of Greek in the Middle Ages, 46;
spoken in Sicily and Calabria, 46;
printing press in Paris, 26.
Greeks, learned, in Italy, 47.
Gregory. See _Popes_.
Gregory of Pavia, a canonist, 2.
Grimma, town in Electoral Saxony, 201, 205, 316, 318.
Grocyn, 22, 164.
Groot, Gerard, 51.
Grunbach, Argula, a learned Lutheran lady, 307.
Gruniger, a Strassburg publisher, 300.
_Gude and godlie Ballates, the_, 123 _n_.
Guelderland, 382.
Gustaf Ericsson, King of Sweden, 421;
adopts the Reformation, 422 _f._
_Haingerichte_, 331 _ff._
Hall, a town in Swabia, 353, 391.
Hamburg, 374.
_Hanseatic League_, 82 _f._
Hapsburg, House of, 35, 37, 345, 350, 359, 370, 376, 398.
Hebrew, the study of, 68.
Hebrew books to be destroyed, 69 _f._
Hedio, Caspar, 353.
Hegenau, Conference at, 379.
Hegius, Alexander, 52, 64.
Heilbronn, 347.
Held, Chancellor, 379.
Helding, Michael, 390.
Henrique, Don, of Portugal, 84.
Henry IV. of Castile, 28.
Henry VII., King of England, 20 _f._
Henry VIII., King of England, 21 _f._, 26, 184, 324, 378, 388;
on Luther’s condemnation, 298;
orders Luther’s books to be burnt, 299.
Henry, Duke of Saxony. See _Saxony_.
_Hermandad, the_, in Spain, 28 _f._
_Herredag_, 419.
Herzegovina, 19.
Hesse, the district, 347, 386, 415.
_Hierarchies, celestial and terrestrial_, 169.
_Hoc est Corpus Meum_, 358.
Hochstratten, Jacob, 70 _f._
Hohenstaufen Emperors, the, 1.
Holbein, Hans, artist, portrait of Erasmus, 177; 57, 62.
Holy days, ecclesiastical, 141, 246, 343.
Holy Roman Empire, 31 f.
Homberg, Synod at, 415.
_Homoousius_, word not liked by Luther, 471.
Honius, Christopher, theory of the Lord’s Supper, 355.
Humanists, the Christian, 158 _ff._;
weakness of their position, 186 _ff._, 299;
their ideas of a reformation, 190.
Humanists in France, 26.
Humanists, German, 39, 57;
called Poets or Orators, 64;
hatred of Aristotle, 57;
band together to defend Reuchlin, 68, 71 _f._;
societies of, in German cities, 60 _f._;
write in praise of St. Anna, 136;
in the German universities, 63 _f._, 196;
religious eclecticism among, 65;
with Luther after the Leipzig Disputation, 239, 254 _f._;
disliked Augustinian theology, 325;
how far responsible for the Peasants’ War, 328.
Humanists, Italian, 22, 115;
relations with Savonarola, 160.
Hundred Years’ War, 22.
Hussite propaganda, 98, 196, 238, 309, 325.
Hutten, Ulrich V., 59, 67, 267 _n._, 269, 273, 284;
youth and education, 75 _f._;
passion for German unity, 76;
admiration for Luther, 77;
at the Ebernberg, 262.
Hymns, evangelical, in the Mediæval Church, 121 _f._, 125;
Reformation collections of, 387, 402;
in praise of the Blessed Virgin, 135;
of St. Anna, 135;
of St. Ursula, 145;
pilgrimage, 128, 132.
Images in churches, 312.
_Immaculate Conception, the_, 135, 138.
Imperialism, intellectual, 168.
_Index expurgatorius_, 185.
_In dulci jubilo_, 122 _f._
Indulgence, an, for the Niklashausen chapel, 100;
for the church of All Saints at Wittenberg, 130;
for a bridge at Torgau, 259.
Indulgence money went to found Wittenberg University, 206;
had the effect of an endowment, 224; 245, 259.
Indulgence-sellers, 213, 226.
_Indulgences_, helped to create a capitalist class, 83;
fostered pilgrimages, 128;
the theory and practice of, 216 _ff._;
earlier abuses of, 219, 223;
did they give a remission of _guilt_, 225; 248, 306.
Industry and trade in France, 25;
in England, 21;
in Germany, 81 _ff._
Innsbruck, 393.
Inquisition in Spain, 29 _f._, 266, 267 _n._
_Instruction_, the, of Frederick of Saxony, 316.
_Instruction_ of the Synod at Bern, 478.
_Instruction_ drafted by the Saxon Visitors, 410.
Insurrections, in England, 20, 21;
in France, 23;
in Spain, 28, 30.
_Interdict_, 439 _f._
Interest on money, 84.
_Interim, the Augsburg_, 390 _ff._,
the _Leipzig_, 391 _n._
_Interim, Fat Old,_ 396.
Isabella of Castile, 5, 27 _ff._
Isidorian (pseudo-) Decretals, 2.
Isny, 347.
Italy, political condition of, 32 _f._, 30.
_Jacobs-Brüder_, 134.
Jaeger of Dornheim, Johann (Crotus Rubeanus), 66, 75, 255.
_Jak Upland_, 302.
James IV. of Scotland, 21.
Jesus the Judge, not the Mediator, 134. See _Christ_.
Jews, in Spain, 29;
persecuted, 69;
their literature to be destroyed, 70 _f._
John, Elector of Saxony. See _Saxony_.
John Frederick, Elector of Saxony. See _Saxony_.
Jonas, Justus (Jodocus Koch of Nordlingen), 255, 273 _f._, 275, 312, 385,
411.
Joss Fritz, leader in the Bundschuh League, 104, 135.
_Junker Georg_, 297, 317.
Jurisprudence of the Renaissance, 44.
Jurists, French, of the Renaissance, 26.
_Jus episcopale_, exercised by secular rulers in the fifteenth century,
140 _f._, 147, 412;
lies in the Christian magistracy, 401, 412, 413.
JUSTIFICATION BY FAITH, a divine act and therefore continuous, 447;
corresponds to the absolution by the priest, 448;
word used with different meanings, 448;
mediæval theory of, depends on initial grace, 450;
is seen in the action of the sacraments, and especially in penance, 450;
Reformation doctrine of, 447, 451;
Chemnitz on the, 451;
reformation and mediæval theories contrasted, 452.
Justinian, Code of, 44; 390.
Jüterbogk, 214.
_Kalands_, the, 146.
Kampen, Stephen, 305.
Karben, Victor V., 70.
_Karsthans_, 302.
Katharine of Aragon, 21.
Kempton, Abbey lands of, 102, 103.
Kessler, Johann, of St. Gallen, 317.
_Knight of Christ_ (Erasmus), 301.
Knox, John, 349.
Koburgers, the, printers in Augsburg, 151, 155.
Lachmann, Johann, 310.
Lacordaire on Protestant idea of Scripture, 457.
Laity and clergy, 243, 443.
Lambert, Francis, 337 _n._, 415.
Landsknechts, 40, 77, 106, 109, 110 _n._
Latin, in the Middle Ages, 46, 51;
hymns sung in school, 51, 53;
Luther’s studies in, 197.
_Latin War, the_, 56.
League of the Public Weal (France), 23.
League, the Schmalkald, 373 _ff._, 376, 380.
League, the Swabian, 323, 330, 334, 377.
Leagues of Protestants in Germany, 325, 347, 350, 373.
Leagues of Romanists in Germany, 324, 325, 341.
Learning, the New, 22, 76, 159, 165;
in France, 26;
in Germany, 50, 57, 67, 68;
how used by Erasmus, 179.
_Leipzig, The Disputation at_, 61, 77, 236 _ff._, 252, 275, 325, 385;
beginning of historical criticism of institutions, 239;
made the German Humanists support Luther, 239.
_Leisnig Ordinance_, 401.
Leitzkau, Luther at, 166, 213.
Leo Alberti, architect, 49.
Leon, 27.
_Liberty of a Christian Man_, 192, 240 _f._
Libraries, the Vatican, 49;
of San Marco, Florence, 49;
of Cardinal Cusanus, 58;
of a parish priest, 409.
Lindau, 346, 368.
Link, Wenceslas, of Nürnberg, 256.
Literature. See _Popular Literature_.
_Localis_, 202.
Lollards, 97, 171, 302.
Loriti, Heinrich (Glareanus), 67.
Louis XI. of France, 23, 25.
Louvain, 185.
Lund, Archbishop of, 379.
Luneberg, Dukes of, 341, 346, 362, 363, 373, 386.
Luther, Hans, 193.
Luther, Magdalena, 369.
Luther, Margarethe, 193.
Luther, Martin, on _wandering students_, 54;
on John Wessel, 58;
the society to which he spoke, 113;
criticism of prevalent preaching, 118;
fondness for St. Anna, 136;
on _Brotherhoods_, 146;
on begging, 143;
debt to the Mystics, 155;
religious atmosphere in which he was reared, 157;
and Savonarola, 163;
and Dean Colet, 165, 170;
and Erasmus, 167, 175 _f._, 179;
why he succeeded as a Reformer, 189 _ff._;
an embodiment of personal piety, 191;
his slow advance, 192;
embodied the Reformation, 193;
youth and education, 193 _ff._;
a _Poor Scholar_, 195;
at Erfurt University, 195 _ff._;
influenced by pictures, 198;
in the convent, 199 _ff._, 426 _f._;
his teachers in theology, 199 _f._, 223;
conversion, 203;
at Wittenberg, 205 _f._;
sent to Rome, 207;
early lectures on theology, 208;
teaches Aristotle’s Dialectic, 206;
becomes a great preacher, 207, 212;
issues his _Theses_, 215 _ff._;
his _Resolutiones_, 230 _f._;
summoned to Rome, 232;
appears before Cardinal Cajetan, 232;
interview with Miltitz, 235;
at the Leipzig Disputation, 236 _ff._;
burns the Pope’s Bull, 250 _ff._;
the representative of Germany, 252 _ff._;
writings translated into Spanish, 269, 388;
writings in Great Britain, 388;
writings burnt in the Netherlands, 271,
and at Cologne, 259;
at Oppenheim, 274;
at Worms, 275 _ff._;
first appearance before the Diet of Worms, 278;
description of his person, 279 _f._;
second appearance before the Diet, 284 _ff._;
rumours that he would recant, 286;
attitude in speaking, 288;
last words at the Diet, 291 _n._;
last scene in the Diet, 291 _f._;
conferences after the Diet, 294;
report that he had been murdered, 295;
Ban against, 297 _f._;
in the Wartburg, 297;
the hero of the popular literature, 301;
his teaching spreads, 305 _ff._, 322;
back in Wittenberg, 316 _ff._;
hopes of a National Church of Germany, 326;
how far responsible for the Peasants’ War, 327 _f._;
how the war affected him, 337, 338;
and Zwingli, 347 _ff._;
at Marburg, 352 _ff._;
his doctrine of the Sacrament of the Supper, 357;
his letters from Coburg, 369;
declared that the Turks must be driven back, 374;
his idea of a reformation, 275;
and the bigamy of Philip of Hesse, 380;
his death, 384 _ff._;
ideas of ecclesiastical organisation, 400 _ff._;
suggested did not prescribe, 402;
proposed the visitations, 405 _ff._;
preface to the Small Catechism, 408;
influence in Denmark, 419;
in Sweden, 422, 424;
his Reformation based not on doctrine, but on religious experience, 426
_ff._;
on the two kinds of faith, 429, 430 f., 445;
at Ziesar, 435;
on the priesthood of believers, 440;
on clergy and laity, 240, 441;
on _Simple Stories_ in the Bible, 460;
and the _Epistle of James_, 462 _n._;
on theological terminology, 471;
his doctrine of the Church, 484.
Lyra, Nicholas de, 117, 196, 209, 456 _n._
Machiavelli on the condition of Italy, 31.
Magdeburg, school at, 53; _Ordinance_, 401;
beginning of the Reformation in, 307; 194, 198, 384.
Magistry, the Christian, possess the _jus episcopale_, 147, 401.
_Maid who lost her shoe, There was a_, 313.
Mainz, Albert, Archbishop of, 187, 213, 229, 270, 293, 295, 296, 334, 341,
378.
Mansfeld, Counts of, 193, 295, 341, 373, 385, 386.
Mansfeld, district of, 193, 198.
Manuel, Juan, Spanish ambassador at Rome, 265, 272.
_Marburg Articles_, 353.
_Marburg Colloquy_, 352 _ff._
Margaret Tudor, 21.
Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, 21.
_Mariolatry_, 135.
Marlianus, Bishop of Puy, 185.
_Marrani_, 269.
Marriage of ecclesiastics, 343.
Marsiglio Ficino, 48, 158;
a disciple of Savonarola, 160.
_Martiniani_, 255.
Mary of Burgundy, 37.
_Mass, the_, propitiatory sacrifice in the, 312, 354.
_Mastersingers_, the, and the Reformation, 310.
Matthias Corvinus, 6, 9.
Maurice of Saxony, 382, 384 and _n._, 389, 393, 394.
Maximilian, Emperor, 31, 37, 39, 206, 232;
the Humanist Emperor, 39, 67, 184;
death, 40, 261;
in folk-song, 67;
and the Swiss, 111;
and the Landsknechts, 40, 110 _n._
Mediæval Church, struggle with the Empire, 1 _ff._
Mediæval Empire, 30 _f._
Mediæval learning, 55,
Medici, the, rulers in Florence, 32;
Lorenzo de, 49;
relations with Savonarola, 162.
_Medii fructus_, 12 f.
Melanchthon, 156, 273, 308, 313 _ff._, 316, 350, 353, 364, 380, 402.
Memmingen, 333 _f._, 337, 346, 351, 368.
Marsilius of Padua, 306 _n._, 333.
Meissen, 208, 234.
Michelangelo, 50.
Middle class in England, 20.
Milan, 32 _f._
Miltitz, Charles V., 234.
Minkwitz, Hans von, 277.
_Mirabilia Romæ_, 131.
Miracle Plays, 119.
Modrus in Hungary, 9.
Moldavia, 19.
Monasteries under secular control in Switzerland, 349.
Monastic life, Erasmus on the, 180 _f._;
Luther on the, 211;
Eberlin on the, 304.
Money exactions by the Papacy, 11, 244 _f._, 268, 304.
Monks join the Lutheran movement, 305 _f._
Monte Cassino, the Abbey of, 46.
Morals, clerical, at the close of the Middle Ages, 137 _f._, 190, 246.
More, Sir Thomas, 178, 186, 328.
Mosellanus, Peter, at the Leipzig Disputation, 237 _f._
Moslems, 18 _f._, 26.
Mühlberg, battle of, 389.
Mühlhausen, battle of, 330, 334.
Municipal interference in ecclesiastical affairs, 141, 414.
Munster, Sebastian, chronicler, 170.
Munster, town on the Ems, 52.
Münzer, Thomas, people’s priest at Zwickau, 314, 330, 334, 336.
Murad I., 19.
Murmellius, Johann, 52.
Murner, Thomas, 185, 303.
Musculus, Wolfgang, 391.
_Mutianic Host_, 68.
Mutianus (Mut, Mutti, Mudt, Mutta), Conrad, 52, 64, 185, 255.
Myconius (Mecum), Frederick, on family religion, 124, 127, 156;
on the Indulgence-seller, 213;
on the _Theses_, 230;
at Worms, 289 _n._; 305, 309, 353.
Mystics, prayer circles among the, 153;
Luther’s debt to the, 209 _n._; 256.
Naples, 32 _f._
_Narrenschiff_, 17, 102.
Nathin, John, Luther’s teacher, 199 _f._, 457.
National Church for Germany, 36, 338, 389.
National literature, 44.
Naumberg, conference of German Protestants at (1555), 396.
Navarre, seized by Ferdinand of Aragon in consequence of a papal
excommunication, 6 and _n._, 29.
Neopaganism, 48.
Nepotism, papal and kingly, 9.
_Neukarsthans_, 306 n.
_New and Old God, the_, 303.
_Nicene Creed_, 365, 468.
Niklashausen, a pilgrimage chapel, 100.
Nobility, position of, in England, 20;
in France, 25;
in Spain, 29.
_Nobility of the German Nation, Address to the_, 14, 242.
Nordlingen, 347.
Normandy, 26.
Nürnberg, 88, 234, 320, 346, 347, 353, 363, 373, 391;
Humanists in, 60, 256;
the _Brethren_ in, 152;
population of, 87;
retained its patrician constitution, 81.
Nützel, Caspar, 256.
Occam, William of, 55, 196, 199, 254.
Odense, Danish National Assembly at, 419.
Œcolampadius (Johann Hussgen), 306, 310, 353.
Œlhafen, Sixtus, deputy from Nürnberg to Worms, 284, 292.
Oppenheim, Charles V. at, 271;
Luther at, 274.
Orchan seizes Gallipoli, 19.
Ordinances for regulating public worship, 404, 414;
Wittenberg Ordinance, 315 _f._, 401;
Leisnig, 401;
Magdeburg, 401.
_Ordinary_, the Pope’s right to act as, 24.
Osiander, Andrew, 310, 353, 391.
Ottoman Turks, 19.
Pack, Otto von, 344.
Palz, John of, a defender of Indulgences, 138, 223.
Pantaleone, H., on the state of the peasants, 107.
Papacy, its claim to universal supremacy, 1;
an Italian power, 7;
superior to common morality, 7.
_Papal Tickets_, 227, 231.
Paper, effects of the invention of, 45.
Pappenheim, Ulrich von, 277.
Paris, University of, 12;
Luther’s writings in, 388.
Passau, conference of German princes at, 393.
Passion Plays, 119.
_Passional Christi et Anti-Christi_, 308.
Pastoral theology, manual of, 117.
Pastors, Lutheran, hung, 341.
_Pater Patriæ_, title given to Luther, 255.
_Patricians_ in towns, 80.
Patrizzi, master of ceremonies in Rome, 16.
_Pearl of the Passion, the_, 135.
Peasantry, the, in England, 21;
in France, 25; in Germany, 89 _ff._;
their condition of life, 90 _ff._;
their diversions, 93;
revolts by the, 95 _ff._;
causes of their revolts, 106 _ff._;
Swiss, free themselves, 44; 103, 105, 106, 109, 111.
Peasants’ War, 296, 325, 326 _ff._, 342, 386;
how far was Luther responsible for the, 327, 335 _ff._;
how far Humanist Utopias, 328;
began at Stühlingen, 329.
Pellicanus, Theobold, 310.
Peloponnese, 19.
Penance, sacrament of, 201, 219, 220.
Penances, 218.
_Penitentiaries_, 218 _f._
Petrarch and the Renaissance, 46 _f._
Petri, Olaus and Laurentius, the Reformers of Sweden, 421 _ff._
Petzensteiner, Brother, 275.
Peutinger, Dr., Deputy from Augsburg to Worms, 279, 284, 289, 291 _n._
Pfefferkorn, John, 69 _f._
Pflug, Julius von, 390.
Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, his peasants did not revolt, 331;
helps John of Saxony, 334;
proposed a democratic constitution for the Church of Hesse, 337 _n._,
415 _f._;
a leader among the Protestant princes, 325, 341;
deceived by Pack, 344;
signed the _Protests_, 346, 371;
arranges for the _Marburg Colloquy_, 352;
admires Zwingli, 350;
further attempts to unite the Protestants, 359;
signs the _Augsburg_ Confession, 363, 368;
supposed to be ready for war, 369;
at Schmalkalden, 373;
aids Duke of Würtemburg, 376;
his bigamy, 380 _ff._;
tempted by Charles V., 383;
surrenders and is imprisoned, 389;
liberated, 394;
at Naumberg, 396.
Pico della Mirandolo, 48, 64;
a disciple of Savonarola, 160;
proposed to become a Dominican, 161;
buried in San Marco, Florence, 162.
Pictures, the, which influenced Luther, 198.
Pictures in churches, 312.
Pilgrim guide-books, 131 _ff._, 226.
Pilgrim songs, 128 _n._, 132 f. and _n._, 194.
Pilgrimage places, 194;
Niklashausen, 100 _ff._;
near Mansfeld, 127;
St. Michael’s Mount, 128;
Wilsnack, 129;
the Holy Land, 130;
Rome, 131 _f._;
Compostella, 131 _ff._
Pilgrimages, epidemic of, 100, 128;
of children, 128, 129.
Pirkheimer, Willibald, 60 _ff._, 249 and _n._, 309.
Platonic Academies, 48.
Platonism, Christian, 48, 64.
Platter, Thomas, a wandering student, 55.
_Plenaria_, 149.
Plethon, Gemistos, 48.
Podiebrod, George, 6.
_Pœnæ eternæ et temporales,_ 221 _f._, 225.
Poggio Bracciolini, 49.
Poliziano, Angelo, a disciple of Savonarola, 162.
Pollich, Dr., 205, 207.
POPES—
Nicholas I. (858-867), 2;
Gregory VII. (1073-1085), 2;
Innocent IV. (1243-1254), 4;
Urban II. (1088-1099), 224;
Boniface VIII. (1294-1303), 4;
Clement V. (1305-1314), 12;
John XXII. (1316-1334), 9, 10, 11, 12, 13;
Nicholas V (1447-1455), 49;
Boniface IX. (1389-1404), 16;
Eugenius IV. (1431-1447), 23;
Pius II. (1458-1464), 5, 6;
Paul II. (1464-1471), 6;
Sixtus IV. (1471-1484), 7, 29;
Innocent VIII. (1484-1492), 34;
Alexander VI. (1492-1503), 5, 12, 16, 34;
Julius II. (1503-1513), 6, 34, 49;
Leo X. (1513-1521), 5, 16, 22, 25, 34, 187, 229, 231, 240;
Adrian VI. (1522-1523), 16, 320, 322;
Clement VII. (1523-1534), 322, 380;
Paul III. (1534-1549), 378;
Paul IV. (1555-1559), 185.
_Pope’s House_, the Church is, 11, 194, 205, 235, 483.
Popular literature, on the Lutheran controversy, 300 _ff._;
on the Augsburg _Interim_, 392.
Portugal, 29.
_Postilla_, the, of Nicholas de Lyra, 117.
_Postills_, Luther’s, 409.
_Præmunire_, statutes of, 11.
_Pragmatic Sanction_ of Bourges, 24.
Preachers and towns, 310.
Preaching in the later Middle Ages, 117 _ff._
Prices, rise in, at close of Middle Ages, 112.
Prierias, Silvester Mazzolini of Prierio, 230, 247, 303.
Priesthood, conception of, in the mediæval Church, 3, 438;
made clear by an _interdict_, 439;
Colet refused to accept it, 170;
Luther emancipated men from, 193, 444;
the, of all believers, 240, 244, 380, 435 _ff._
Priests disliked, 96.
Princes, the, of Germany represented settled government, 36.
Printing made art and literature democratic, 45;
in Germany used from the beginning to spread devotional literature, 126.
Processions, ecclesiastical, 119, 362.
_Procurationes_, 13.
Proles, Andreas, 140, 163.
_Protest, the_, at Speyer, 346;
the second, 371.
Prussia, East, 326, 386.
_Rechtern, non fechten sondern_, 372 _n._
_Red Cross, the_, 214.
Regensburg (Ratisbon), conference at, 363, 379 f.
_Reichskammersgericht_, 372, 375, 377, 379.
_Reichsregiment, the_, 36, 38, 317, 320, 322, 323, 324, 338.
_Relaxatio de injuncta pœnitentia_, 219.
Religious background of the claim for papal universal supremacy, 2.
Religious life at the close of the Middle Ages, 131;
a non-ecclesiastical religion, 139 _ff._
Religious pioneers have one method, 432.
Religious War, the, in Germany, 389 _f._
Renaissance, the, period of transition from the mediæval to the modern
world, 42;
beginning of science, 42 _f._;
geographical exploration, 43;
a revolution in art, 44;
religion of the, 45;
revival of letters, 46 _ff._
René of Provence, 23.
_Reservations_, papal, 9, 24.
_Resolutiones_ of Luther, 230 f.
Reuchlin, 67 _ff._
Reutlingen, 347, 363, 391.
Revival of religion in the fifteenth century, 127 _ff._
Revolts. See _Social revolts_.
Rhegius, Urban, 306, 310.
Rhodes, 19.
Robber-knights, 83.
Rohrbach, Jäklein, a leader in the Peasants’ War, 330.
_Roll-Brüder_, 53.
Roman Empire, Holy, 31 _f._
Roman Law and the peasants of Germany, 107.
Roman lawyers and their influence on theology, 168.
Romans, King of the, 31, 39, 360, 394.
Rome, ancient, the Papacy claims to succeed, 1 _f._
Rome, Luther in, 207; sack of, 266, 343.
Rostock, 374.
Roumania, 19.
Sachs, Hans, 93, 307 _n._, 310.
Sacrament of the Supper, 353 _ff._, 377;
Zwingli on the, 355, 357;
Wessel on the, 355;
Honius on the, 355;
Luther on the, 358, _f._;
Carlstadt on the, 356.
Sacramental efficacy, 232, 248, 478, _f._
Sacraments, Colet on the, 171.
Sacraments, the number of the, 242.
Safe-conducts for Luther, 267 _n._, 273 and _n._, 276.
St. Gallen, 347.
Salerno, University of, 46.
Salzburg, Peasants’ War in, 330.
Samlund, the Bishop of, a Lutheran, 306.
San Marino, 349.
Saracens, 18.
_Satisfactions_, 216 _f._, 447.
Savonarola, 22;
youth and education, 158;
sympathy with the New Learning, 159;
disciples among the Italian Humanists, 161 _f._;
a mediæval thinker, 163.
_Saxon Visitations_, 405 _f._
Saxony. Ernestine (_Electoral_ till 1547, then Ducal), secular
superintendence of the Church in the fifteenth century, 140,
259; 206, 214, 250, 316, 318, 347, 386, 407.
Saxony, Elector of, _Frederick_, makes a pilgrimage to the Holy Land, 130,
258;
collects relics, 214, 258;
obtains an Indulgence for his church, 130, 214;
for a bridge, 259;
his family policy of controlling the Church, 141;
founds the University of Wittenberg, 205 _ff._;
forbids Tetzel to enter his territories, 213;
protects Luther, 232 _f._, 297;
his religious position, 258 _f._, 292;
at the Diet of Worms, 263, 292;
provides for Luther’s safety, 297;
troubled at the disturbances at Wittenberg, 316 _f._, 334;
death, 336.
_John_, brother of Frederick, 292, 316, 334, 341, 345;
signs the _Protests_, 346, 371;
refuses the nuncio’s benediction, 360, 361;
signs the _Augsburg Confession,_ 363 _f._;
joins the Schmalkald League, 373.
_John Frederick,_ son of John, signs the _Augsburg Confession_, 363;
marries Sibylla of Cleves, 382;
“the born Elector,” 394;
deprived of the Electorate and imprisoned, 384, 389;
death, 394;
_Frederick_ (Duke, not Elector), son of John Frederick, 397.
Saxony, Albertine (_Ducal_ till 1547, then Electoral), 214.
Saxony, Albertine, Duke of, _George_, at _Leipzig Disputation_, 237 _f._;
desires a Reformation, 257, 203, 325;
gives a safe-conduct for Luther, 273 _n._, 276;
interferes in the affairs of Wittenberg, 316;
published Edict of Worms, 319;
feared the Hussites, 238, 324;
member of the Roman Catholic League, 341;
his daughter married Philip of Hesse, 344, 380;
death, 377.
_Henry_, brother of George, 377.
_Maurice_ (Elector from 1547), son of Henry, married a daughter of
Philip of Hesse, 382;
received the Electorate, 384 and _n._;
took the Emperor’s side in the Religious War, 389;
the _Leipzig Interim_, 391 _n._;
attacked the Emperor, 393;
at the Conference at Passau, 393;
death, 395.
_Augustus_ (Elector), 395.
_Scala sancta_ at Rome, 207.
Scandinavia, 19;
the Reformation in, 417 _ff._
Schappeller and the Twelve Articles of the Peasants, 333.
Scheurl, Christopher, of Nürnberg, 256.
Schism, the Great, 5, 136.
Schlettstadt in Elsass, school at, 52.
_Schmalkald Articles_, 374, 467 _n._, 468.
_Schmalkald League_, 373 _ff._, 380, 382, 383.
Schmalkalden, 373.
Schnepf, Erhard, Reformer of Tübingen, 391.
Scholastic, the New, 325.
_Scholastic Theology_, 55, 118, 125, 159, 161, 167, 169, 173, 181, 199
_ff._, 210, 219, 221, 223 _f._, 253;
condemned by Luther, 211;
teaches work-righteousness, 211, 450, 469;
is _sophistry_, 469;
_faith_ and _reason_ in, 469.
Schools in Germany, 51 _ff._
Schott, Peter, endows a people’s preacher for Strassburg, 118.
Schurf, Jerome, professor of Law at Wittenberg, 276, 280, 281, 317.
_Schwabach Articles_, 359.
Scientific, the scientific element in theology is the fleeting, 167.
Scotland, 21;
Luther’s books prohibited in, 299, 388.
Scotus, John Duns, 55, 169, 178, 196, 223, 449.
_Scripture, the doctrine of_;
Scripture, a personal rather than a dogmatic revelation, 165, 453;
mis-statement of the Reformation view, 453;
differences in meaning of word, 454;
unity in, natural and arbitrary, 455; theory of various senses, 165, 196
_n._, 456;
faith and, 459, 461;
Lacordaire on the Protestant doctrine of, 457;
gives direct communion with God, 460;
what is the infallibility of, 461 _ff._, 464;
Scripture and the word of God, 461 _f._;
human and divine elements in, 464, 465;
inerrancy, 464;
Calvin on the authority of, 465;
place for the Higher Criticism, 466 _f._;
in the Reformation Creeds, 467 _n._
Scriptures in the mediæval Church, 147 _f._, 454 _ff._;
reading the, a mark of heresy, 149.
Secular supervision of religious affairs in the fifteenth century, 140.
Servia, 19.
Sibylla of Cleves, wife of John Frederick of Saxony, 382, 389.
Sicily, part of Naples, 33;
Greek spoken in, 46.
Sickingen, Francis von, 268, 273, 295, 306 and _n._, 323.
Siebenberger, Maximilian, 281.
Simnel, Lambert, 21.
Sitten, Cardinal von, admires Luther, 257.
Social conditions at the close of the Middle Ages, 79 _ff._
Social revolts in the later Middle Ages, 95 _ff._;
not exclusively of peasants, 96;
detestation of priests, 96;
impregnated by religious sentiment, 97;
Hans Böhm, 99;
Bundschuh revolts, 103;
causes of the revolts, 106 _ff._
_Socius itinerarius_, 275.
Spain, 7, 18, 19, 20, 21;
divisions of, 29;
Inquisition in, 266.
Spalatin (George Burkhardt from Spelt), 66, 185, 232, 250, 274, 276, 278,
291 _n._, 292.
Spaniards at the Diet of Worms, 292.
Spanish merchants at Worms, 269.
Spanish troops in Germany, 389, 392.
Speyer, delegates from the German towns meet at, 38;
a National Council for Germany to meet at, 323.
See _Diet_.
_Spinning-room, the_, 94.
_Spiritual_, meaning of the word in the Middle Ages, 7.
_Spiritual Estate_, the false and the true, 243, 441.
Sprengel, Lazarus, of Nürnberg, 256.
State and Church, in France, 23 _f._;
in Spain, 29;
in Brandenburg, 141;
in Saxony, 140.
States of the Church, 32 _f._
States-General of France, 25.
Staupitz, Johann, 163, 185, 202, 205 _f._, 256.
Stoke-on-Trent, battle of, 21.
Stolle, Konrad, author of the _Thuringian Chronicle_, 99 _n._
Storch, Nicholas, one of the Zwickau prophets, 314.
Strassburg, Humanists in, 60;
population of, 87;
the _Brethren_ in, 152;
deputies from, at Worms, 282; 111, 309 _f._, 346, 347, 368.
Stubner, Marcus Thomä, 314.
Student-hostels, 54, 56;
dress, 56.
Students, wandering, 50, 54;
Breslau, the paradise of, 53;
burn Tetzel’s _Theses_, 233; 251.
Sturm, Caspar, the herald who conveyed Luther to Worms, 275 _f._
Styria, peasant revolts in, 330.
_Subsidies_, ecclesiastical, 13.
Sum of Christianity, the, 430.
_Superintendents_ in the Lutheran Churches, 404, 411.
Supremacy claimed by the Popes,
temporal, 5 _f._;
spiritual, 7 _f._;
Luther begins to doubt the, 235.
Suso, Heinrich, 203.
Swabia, the Peasants’ War in, 330, 333, 334.
_Swabian League_, 323, 340, 376, 377.
_Swan, the_, hotel in Worms, 274, 276.
Swaven, Peter, at Worms, 275.
Swiss, the, popular in Germany, 95 _f._
Synods in the Lutheran Churches, 413, 415.
Syria, 18.
Taborites (extreme Hussites), 97, 338.
_Taille_, the, 25.
Tausen, Hans, the Danish Luther, 420.
Temporal supremacy of the Pope, 5 _ff._
_Tertiaries_ of St. Francis, 116.
Tertullian on mitigation of ecclesiastical sentences, 217 _n._
Tetzel, John, an Indulgence-seller, 213, 229, 235.
_Textualis_, 202.
Theodore of Gaza, 47.
Theodosius, Code of, 44.
Theological proof of universal papal supremacy, 4.
Theological phraseology, Luther and technical, 210, 471.
Theology, Luther’s lectures on, 208.
See _Scholastic Theology._
_Thesaurus meritorum sire indulgentiarum_, 219, 229.
_Theses_, Luther’s, against Indulgences, 215 _ff._, 350;
make six assertions, 229;
wide circulation, 230;
Zwingli’s, 350.
_This is My Body_, 355.
Thomas Aquinas, on universal papal supremacy, 4;
his knowledge of Greek, 46 _n._;
studied by Savonarola, 159, 161;
on Indulgences, 221, 224; 55, 57, 167 _ff._, 449.
Thomas à Kempis, 126.
Thun, Frederick von, 287.
Thüringia, Peasants’ War in, 331; 193, 208.
Tithes, ecclesiastical, 12, 97 _f._, 104.
Tolomeo of Lucca, a canonist and theologian, 4 _n._
Tournaments, 371 _n._
Tours, 18.
Trade in England, 22;
in France, 25;
in Europe, 43 _f._, 83 _f._;
perils of, 83;
routes to the East, 85;
more a municipal thing than a national affair, 80.
Trading companies, English, 22;
German, 85 _ff._
_Treatises, the three Reformation_, 239 _ff._
Trent. See _Council_.
Trier, Archbishop of, 35, 270;
head of the commission to confer with Luther at the Diet of Worms, 294;
heard a statement from Luther under seal of confession, 295.
_Triumph of Truth, the_, 307.
Truchsess, general of the Swabian League, 330, 334.
Tübingen, 391.
Turkish invasions dreaded in Germany, 19, 129, 374.
Tunstall, Wolsey’s agent at Worms, 298 and _n._
_Twelve Articles_ in the Peasants’ War, 331, 336, 337.
Tyler, Wat, 20.
_Ubiquity_, doctrine of, 357, 478.
Ulm, 320, 346, 347, 391.
Ulrich, Duke of Würtemburg, 37, 376.
_Unitas Fratrum_ (1452), 154 _f._
Universities, of Paris, 12;
of Germany, 53.
Upsala, 422.
Urban, Heinrich, 66.
_Ursula’s, St., Little Ship_, 145.
_Utopia_ of Sir Thomas More, 186, 328.
Valdès, Alfonso de, on the Edict of Worms, 298 _f._
Valentia, 27.
Valla, Laurentius, 49.
_Valor ecclesiasticus_ of commuted _Annates_, 13 and _n._
Vasco da Gama, 85.
Vatican Library, 49, 262.
Venezuela, German colony in, 85.
Venice, 32 _f._;
Germans in, 50, 83.
_Vicars of God_, the Emperor and the Pope, 31.
Vienna, Concordat of, 11;
defence of, 19, 37, 374;
the _Latin War_ in, 56; 378.
Village, life in a, 90 _ff._;
government, 92;
a, sold to buy a velvet robe, 109.
Virgin, the Blessed, 123;
the Intercessor, 135;
confraternities of the, 135;
hymns in honour of, 135;
patroness of the Augustinian Eremites, 138;
of the University of Wittenberg, 205;
venerated in the social revolts, 97, 100, 135;
_Immaculate Conception_ of the, 135, 138.
_Visitations_, ecclesiastical, 405 _ff._;
Saxon, 405 _ff._
Vogler, Georg, at Worms, 274, 284.
_Vulgate, the_, studied in schools, 51;
its use in the mediæval Church, 147 _f._;
editions in the vernacular, 147, 149 _f._;
the _German_, 150, 309.
Waldenses, 238.
_Walfart und Strasse zu Sant Jacob_, 132, 226.
Wallachia, 19.
_Wandering Students_, 54.
Wanner, Johann, 310.
Warbeck, Perkin, 21.
Wartburg, the, 297, 402.
Wealth, based on possession of land, 80;
new sources of, in trade, 84 _ff._;
from farming Indulgences, 83.
Wehe, Jacob, a peasant leader, 330.
Weinsburg, the massacre at, 330.
_Weisthümer_, collections of village consuetudinary law, 90 _ff._, 103,
107.
Welser, the, family of capitalists, 85, 361.
Wesley, John, and Luther, 403.
Wessel, John, 58, 196.
Wiclif, John, 149, 238, 290.
_Wiclifites_, 150.
Wimpheling, Jacob, 52, 58, 257, 309.
Wimpina, Conrad, wrote counter-theses, 229.
Windsheim, 347.
Wissenberg, 347.
Wittenberg, town of, 204, 206, 234, 238, 389.
Wittenberg, the “tumult” in, 313, 320.
Wittenberg, University of, 205, 208, 232, 250, 311 _ff._
_Wittenberg Concord_, 377.
_Wittenberg Nightingale_, 310.
_Wittenberg Ordinance_ (1522), 315, 401.
Wolfenbüttel Library, Luther’s MSS. in the, 209.
Wolsey, Cardinal, 184, 298.
Worms, Edict of, 297, 298, 310, 319 and _n._, 342 _f._, 369, 345;
conference with Luther at, 293.
See _Diet_.
Würtemburg, Duchy of, seized by the House of Hapsburg, 37;
recovered by its Duke, 376 _f._, 392, 395.
Würzburg, the Bishop of, 334.
Zasius, Ulrich of Freiburg, 257.
Zell, Matthew, 350.
Zerbst, 214.
_Zimmerische Chronik_, 88, 134.
Zurich, 350.
Zwickau, 206, 314, 318.
_Zwickau Prophets, the_, 314, 320, 325.
Zwilling an Augustinian Eremite preacher, 313, 316.
Zwingli, relations with Luther, 347 _ff._;
influenced by Humanism, 348;
social environment, 348;
South German towns under his influence, 351;
at Marburg, 352 _ff._;
his doctrine of the Sacrament of the Supper, 356;
his death, 374; 333, 337, 352, 353, 388, 463, 467 _n._
FOOTNOTES
1 SOURCES: _Apparatus super quinque libris decretalium_ (Strassburg,
1488); Burchard, _Diarium_ (ed. by Thuasne, Paris, 1883-1885), in 3
vols.; Brand, _Narrenschiff_ (ed. by Simrock, Berlin, 1872);
Denzinger, _Enchiridion Symbolorum et Definitionum, quæ de rebus
fidei et morum a conciliis æcumenicis et summis pontificibus,
emanarunt_ (Würzburg, 1900), 9th ed.; Erler, _Der Liber Cancellariæ
Apostolicæ vom Jahre 1480_ (Leipzig, 1888); Faber, _Tractatus de
Ruine Ecclesie Planctu_ (Memmingen); Murner, _Schelmenzunft_ and
_Narrenbeschwörung_ (Nos. 85, 119-124 of _Neudrucke deutschen
Litteraturwerke_); Mirbt, _Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums_
(Freiburg i. B. 1895); Tangl, _Die päpstlichen Kanzleiordnungen von
1200-1500_ (Innsbruck, 1894); and _Das Taxwesen der päpstlichen
Kirche_ (_Mitt. des Instituts für österreichische
Geschichtsforschung_, xiii. 1892).
LATER BOOKS: “Janus,” _The Pope and the Council_ (London, 1869);
Harnack, _History of Dogma_ (London, 1899), vols. vi. vii.;
Thudichen, _Papsitum und Reformation_ (Leipzig, 1903); Haller,
_Papsitum und Kirchen-Reform_ (1903); Lea, _Cambridge Modern
History_ (Cambridge, 1902), vol. I. xix.
2 “In hac (_sc._ ecclesia) ejusque potestate duos esse gladios,
spiritualem videlicet et temporalem, evangelicis dictis
instruimur.... Ille _sacerdotis_, is manu regum et _militum_, sed ad
nutum et patienciam _sacerdotis_”; Boniface VIII. in the Bull, _Unam
Sanctam_.
3 A succinct account of these forgeries will be found in “Janus,” _The
Pope and the Council_ (London, 1869), p. 94.
4 Harnack, _History of Dogma_, vi. 132 n. (Eng. trans.).
5 Compare his _Opuscula contra errores Græcorum; De regimine
principum_. (The first two books were written by Thomas and the
other two probably by Tolomeo (Ptolomæus) of Lucca.)
_ 6 Apparatus super quinque libris Decretalium_ (Strassburg, 1488).
7 Full quotations from the Bulls, _Unam Sanctam_ and _Inter cætera
divinæ_, are to be found in Mirbt’s _Quellen zur Geschichte des
Papsttums_ (Leipzig, 1895), pp. 88, 107. The Bulls, _Execrabilis_
and _Pastor Æternus_, are in Denzinger, _Enchiridion_ (Würzburg,
1900), 9th ed. pp. 172, 174.
The Deed of Gift of the American Continent to Isabella and Ferdinand
is in the 6th section of the Bull, _Inter cætera divinæ_. It is as
follows:—“Motu proprio ... de nostra mera liberalitate et ex certa
scientia ac de apostolicæ potestatis plenitudine omnes insulas et
terras firmas inventas et inveniendas, detectas et detegendas versus
Occidentem et Meridiem fabricando et construendo unam lineam a Polo
Artico scilicet Septentrione ad Polum Antarticum scilicet Meridiem,
sive terræ firmæ et insulæ inventæ et inveniendæ sint versus Indiam
aut versus aliam quamcumque partem, quæ linea distet a qualibet
insularum, quæ vulgariter nuncupantur de los Azores y cabo vierde,
centum leucis versus Occidentem et Meridiem; ita quod omnes insulæ
et terræ firmæ, repertæ et reperiendæ, detectæ et detegendæ, a
præfata linea versus Occidentem et Meridiem per alium Regem aut
Principem Christianum non fuerint actualiter possesse usque ad diem
nativitatis Domini Nostri Jesu Christi proximi præteritum ...
auctoritate omnipotentis Dei nobis in Beato Petro concessa, ac
vicarius Jesu Christi, qua fungimur in terris, cum omnibus illarum
dominiis, civitatibus, castris, locis et villis, juribusque et
jurisdictionibus ac pertinentiis univeris, vobis hæredibusque et
successoribus vestris in perpetuum tenore præsentium donamus....
Vosque et hæredes ac successores præfatos illarum dominos cum plena,
libera et omnimoda potestate, auctoritate et jurisdictione facimus,
constituimus et deputamus.”
8 The excommunication, with its consequences, was used to threaten
Queen Elizabeth by the Ambassador of Philip II. in 1559 (_Calendar
of Letters and State Papers relating to English affairs preserved
principally in the Archives of Simancas_, i. 62, London, 1892).
_ 9 Scottish Historical Review_, i. 318-320.
10 The two English statutes of _Præmunire_ are printed in Gee and
Hardy, _Documents illustrative of English Church History_ (London,
1896), pp. 103, 122.
11 For information about the English _annates_ and the _valor
ecclesiasticus_, cf. Bird, _Handbook to the Public Records_, pp.
100, 106.
12 H. C. Lea, _Cambridge Modern History_, i. 670.
13 J. Haller, _Papsttum und Kirchen-Reform_ (1903), i. 116, 117.
14 Sebastian Brand, _Das Narrenschiff_, cap. ciii. l. 63-66. Barclay
paraphrases these lines:
“Suche counterfayte the kayes that Jesu dyd commyt
Unto Peter: brekynge his Shyppis takelynge,
Subvertynge the fayth, beleuynge theyr owne wyt
Against our perfyte fayth in euery thynge,
_So is our Shyp without gyde wanderynge,_
_ By tempest dryuen, and the mayne sayle of torne,_
_ That without gyde the Shyp about is borne_.”
—_The Ship of Fools_, translated by Alexander Barclay, ii. 225
(Edinburgh, 1874).
_ 15 Cambridge Modern History_, I. iii, vii, viii, ix, xi, xii, xiv;
Lavisse, _Histoire de France depuis les Origines jusqu’ à la
Révolution_. IV. i, ii.
16 SOURCES: Boccaccio, _Lettere edite e inedite, tradotte et commentate
con nuovi documenti da Corrazzini_ (Florence, 1877); _Francisci
Petrarchæ, Epistolæ familiares et variæ_ (Florence, 1859); Cusani,
_Opera_ (Basel, 1565); Böcking, _Ulrici Hutteni Opera_, 5 vols.
(Leipzig, 1871); Supplement containing _Epistolæ Obscurorum
Virorum_, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1864, 1869); Gillert, _Der Briefwechsel
des Konrad Mutianus_ (Halle, 1890); Reuchlin, _De Verbo Mirifico_
(1552).