[1] On this head see the 3rd marquess of Salisbury's _Political
Essays_, reprinted from the _Quarterly Review_.
HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871), American Arctic explorer, was born at
Rochester, New Hampshire. After following the trade of blacksmith he
became a journalist in Cincinnati; but his enthusiasm for Arctic
exploration led him in 1859 to volunteer to the American Geographical
Society to "go in search for the bones of Franklin." With the proceeds
of a public subscription he was equipped for his expedition and sailed
in May 1860 on board a whaling vessel. The whaler being ice-bound, Hall
took up his abode in the regions to the north of Hudson Bay, where he
found relics of Frobisher's 16th-century voyages, and living with the
Eskimo for two years he acquired a considerable knowledge of their
habits and language. He published an account of these experiences under
the title of _Arctic Researches, and Life among the Esquimaux_ (1864).
Determined, however, to learn more about the fate of the Franklin
expedition he returned to the same regions in 1864, and passing five
years among the Eskimo was successful in obtaining a number of Franklin
relics, as well as information pointing to the exact fate of 76 of the
crew, whilst also performing some geographical work of interest. In 1871
he was given command of the North Polar expedition fitted out by the
United States Government in the "Polaris." Making a remarkably rapid
passage up Smith Sound at the head of Baffin Bay, which was found to be
ice-free, the "Polaris" reached on the 30th of August the lat. of 82
deg. 11', at that time, and until the English expedition of 1876 the
highest northern latitude attained by vessel. The expedition went into
winter quarters in a sheltered cove on the Greenland coast. On the 24th
of October, Hall on his return from a successful sledge expedition to
the north was suddenly seized by an illness of which he died on the 8th
of November. Capt. S. O. Buddington (1823-1888) assumed command, and
although the "Polaris" was subsequently lost after breaking out of the
ice, with only part of the crew aboard, the whole were ultimately
rescued, and the scientific results of the expedition proved to be of
considerable importance.
HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816-1902), English Nonconformist divine, was
born at Maidstone on the 22nd of May 1816. His father was John Vine
Hall, proprietor and printer of the _Maidstone Journal_, and the author
of a popular evangelical work called _The Sinner's Friend_. Christopher
was educated at University College, London, and took the London B.A.
degree. His theological training was gained at Highbury College, whence
he was called in 1842 to his first pastorate at the Albion
Congregational Church, Hull. During the twelve years of his ministry
there the membership was greatly increased, and a branch chapel and
school were opened. At Hull Newman Hall first began his active work in
temperance reform, and in defence of his position wrote _The Scriptural
Claims of Teetotalism_. In 1854 he accepted a call to Surrey chapel,
London, founded in 1783 by the Rev. Rowland Hill. A considerable sum had
been bequeathed by Hill for the perpetuation of his work on the
expiration of the lease; but, owing to some legal flaw in the will, the
money was not available, and Newman Hall undertook to raise the
necessary funds for a new church. By weekly offertories and donations
the money for the beautiful building called Christ Church at the
junction of the Kennington and Westminster Bridge Roads was collected,
and within four years of opening (1876) the total cost (L63,000) was
cleared. In 1892 Newman Hall resigned his charge and devoted himself to
general evangelical work. Most of his writings are small booklets or
tracts of a distinctly evangelical character. The best known of these is
_Come to Jesus_, of which over four million copies have been circulated
in forty different languages. Newman Hall visited the United States
during the Civil War, and did much to promote a friendly understanding
between England and America. A Liberal in politics, and a keen admirer
of John Bright, few preachers of any denomination have exercised so
far-reaching an influence as the "Dissenters' Bishop," as he came to be
termed. He died on the 18th of February 1902.
See his _Autobiography_ (1898); obituary notice in _The Congregational
Year Book_ for 1903.
HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547), English chronicler and lawyer, was born
about the end of the 15th century, being a son of John Hall of Northall,
Shropshire. Educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, he became a
barrister and afterwards filled the offices of common sergeant of the
city of London and judge of the sheriff's court. He was also member of
parliament for Bridgnorth. Hall's great work, _The Union of the Noble
and Illustre Famelies of Lancastre and York_, commonly called _Hall's
Chronicle_, was first published in 1542. Another edition was issued by
Richard Grafton in 1548, the year after Hall's death, and another in
1550; these include a continuation from 1532 compiled by Grafton from
the author's notes. In 1809 an edition was published under the
supervision of Sir Henry Ellis, and in 1904 the part dealing with the
reign of Henry VIII. was edited by C. Whibley. The _Chronicle_ begins
with the accession of Henry IV. to the English throne in 1399; it
follows the strife between the houses of Lancaster and York, and with
Grafton's continuation carries the story down to the death of Henry
VIII. in 1547. Hall presents the policy of this king in a very
favourable light and shows his own sympathy with the Protestants. For
all kinds of ceremonial he has all a lawyer's respect, and his pages are
often adorned and encumbered with the pageantry and material garniture
of the story. The value of the _Chronicle_ in its early stages is not
great, but this increases when dealing with the reign of Henry VII. and
is very considerable for the reign of Henry VIII. Moreover, the work is
not only valuable, it is attractive. To the historian it furnishes what
is evidently the testimony of an eye-witness on several matters of
importance which are neglected by other narrators; and to the student of
literature it has the exceptional interest of being one of the prime
sources of Shakespeare's historical plays.
See J. Gairdner, _Early Chroniclers of Europe; England_ (1879).
HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901), American Orientalist, was born in Troy,
New York, on the 21st of March 1825. He graduated with the degree of
civil engineer from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy in
1842, and entered Harvard in the class of 1846; just before his class
graduated he left college and went to India in search of a runaway
brother. In January 1850 he was appointed tutor, and in 1853 professor
of Sanskrit and English, in the government college at Benares; and in
1855 was made inspector of public instruction in Ajmere-Merwara and in
1856 in the Central Provinces. He settled in England in 1862 and
received the appointment to the chair of Sanskrit, Hindustani and Indian
jurisprudence in King's College, London, and to the librarianship of the
India Office. He died at Marlesford, Suffolk, on the 1st of February
1901. Hall was the first American to edit a Sanskrit text, the
_Vishnupurana_; his library of a thousand Oriental MSS. he gave to
Harvard University.
His works include: in Sanskrit, _Atmabodha_ (1852),
_Sankhyapravachana_ (1856), _Saryasiddhanta_ (1859), _Vasavadattu_
(1859), _Sankhyasara_ (1862) and _Dasarupa_ (1865); in Hindi,
Ballantynes' _Hindi Grammar_ (1868) and a _Reader_ (1870); on English
philology, _Recent Exemplifications of False Philology_ (1872),
attacking Richard Grant White, _Modern English_ (1873), "On English
Adjectives in -able, with Special Reference to Reliable" (_Am. Jour.
Philology_, 1877), _Doctor Indoctus_ (1880).
HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896), American Orientalist, was born in
Norwalk, Connecticut, on the 12th of December 1837. He graduated at
Hamilton College in 1859, was a tutor there in 1859-1863, graduated at
the Columbia Law School in 1865, practised law in New York City until
1875, and in 1875-1877 taught in the Syrian Protestant College at
Beirut, where he discovered a valuable Syriac manuscript of the
Philoxenian version of a large part of the New Testament, which he
published in part in facsimile in 1884. He worked with General di
Cesnola in classifying the famous Cypriote collection in the
Metropolitan Museum of New York City, and was a curator of that museum
from 1885 until his death in Mount Vernon, New York, on the 2nd of July
1896. He was an eminent authority on Oriental inscriptions. Following
the scanty clues given by George Smith and Samuel Birch, and working on
the data furnished by the di Cesnola collection, he succeeded about 1874
in deciphering an entire Cypriote inscription, and in establishing the
Hellenic character of the dialect and the syllabic nature of the script.
His work in Cypriote epigraphy is described in his articles in
_Scribner's Magazine_, vol. 20 (June, 1880), pp. 205-211 and in the
_Journal of the American Oriental Society_, vol. 10, No. 2 (1880), pp.
201-218. He published in facsimile the Antilegomena epistles (1886),
which he deciphered from the W. F. Williams manuscript, and edited _A
Critical Bibliography of the Greek New Testament as Published in
America_ (1884).
HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832), Scottish geologist and physicist, eldest
son of Sir John Hall, Bart., was born at Dunglass on the 17th of January
1761; and became distinguished as the first to establish experimental
research as an aid to geological investigation. He was intimately
acquainted with James Hutton and John Playfair, and having studied rocks
in various parts of Europe he was eventually led to accept and to
demonstrate the truth of Hutton's views with regard to intrusive rocks.
He commenced a series of experiments to illustrate the fusion of rocks,
their vitreous and crystalline characters, and the influence of molten
rocks in altering adjacent strata. He thus assisted in proving that
granitic veins had been injected into overlying deposits after their
consolidation. He studied the volcanic rocks in Italy and recognized
that the old lava flows and the numerous dikes in Scotland must have had
a similar origin. He made further experiments to illustrate the
contortions of rocks. The results were brought before the Royal Society
of Edinburgh. He died at Edinburgh on the 23rd of June 1832. He
represented in parliament (1807-1812) the old borough of Michael in
Cornwall; he also wrote an Essay on the _Origin, History and Principles
of Gothic Architecture_ (1813).
His eldest son, John Hall (1787-1860), who succeeded him, was a Fellow
of the Royal Society; the second son, Captain Basil Hall (q.v.), was the
distinguished traveller; the third son, James Hall (1800-1854), was a
painter, art-patron, and a friend of Sir David Wilkie.
HALL, JAMES (1793-1868), American judge and man of letters, was born at
Philadelphia on the 19th of August 1793. After for some time prosecuting
the study of law, he in 1812 joined the army, and in the war with Great
Britain distinguished himself in engagements at Lundy's Lane, Niagara
and Fort Erie. On the conclusion of the war he accompanied an expedition
against Algiers, but in 1818 he resigned his commission, and continued
the study of law at Pittsburg. In 1820 he removed to Shawneetown,
Illinois, where he commenced practice at the bar and also edited the
_Illinois Gazette_. Soon after he was appointed public prosecutor of the
circuit, and in 1824 state circuit judge. In 1827 he became state
treasurer, and held that office till 1831, but he continued at the same
time his legal practice and also edited the _Illinois Intelligencer_.
Subsequently he became editor of the _Western Souvenir_, an annual
publication, and of the _Illinois Monthly Magazine_, afterwards the
_Western Monthly Magazine_. He died near Cincinnati on the 5th of July
1868.
The following are his principal works:--_Letters from the West_,
originally contributed to the _Portfolio_, and collected and published
in London in 1828; _Legends of the West_ (1832); _The Soldier's Bride
and other Tales_ (1832); _The Harpe's Head, a Legend of Kentucky_
(1833); _Sketches of the West_ (2 vols., 1835); _Tales of the Border_
(1835); _Notes on the Western States_ (1838); _History of the Indian
Tribes_, in conjunction with T. L. M'Keeney (3 vols., 1838-1844); _The
Wilderness and the War-Path_ (1845); _Romance of Western History_
(1857).
HALL, JAMES (1811-1898). American geologist and palaeontologist, was
born at Hingham, Massachusetts, on the 12th of September 1811. In early
life he became attached to the study of natural history, and he
completed his education at the polytechnic institute at Troy in New
York, where he graduated in 1832, and afterwards became professor of
chemistry and natural science, and subsequently of geology. In 1836 he
was appointed one of the geologists on the Geological Survey of the
state of New York, and he was before long charged with the
palaeontological work. Eventually he became state geologist and director
of the museum of natural history at Albany. His published papers date
from 1836, and include numerous reports on the geology and palaeontology
of various portions of the United States and Canada. He dealt likewise
with physical geology, and in 1859 discussed the connexion between the
accumulation of sedimentary deposits and the elevation of
mountain-chains. His chief work was the description of the invertebrate
fossils of New York--in which he dealt with the graptolites,
brachiopods, mollusca, trilobites, echini and crinoids of the Palaeozoic
formations. The results were published in a series of quarto volumes
entitled _Palaeontology of New York_ (1847-1894), in which he was
assisted in course of time by R. P. Whitfield and J. M. Clarke. He
published also reports on the geology of Oregon and California (1845),
Utah (1852), Iowa (1859) and Wisconsin (1862). He received the Wollaston
medal from the Geological Society of London in 1858. He was a man of
great energy and untiring industry, and in 1897, when in his
eighty-sixth year, he journeyed to St Petersburg to take part in the
International Geological Congress, and then joined the excursion to the
Ural mountains. He died at Albany on the 7th of August 1898.
See _Life and Work of James Hall_, by H. C. Hovey, _Amer. Geol._
xxiii., 1899, p. 137 (portraits).
HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656), English bishop and satirist, was born at
Bristow park, near Ashby de la Zouch, Leicestershire, on the 1st of July
1574. His father, John Hall, was agent in the town for Henry, earl of
Huntingdon, and his mother, Winifred Bambridge, was a pious lady, whom
her son compared to St Monica. Joseph Hall received his early education
at the local school, and was sent (1589) to Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
Hall was chosen for two years in succession to read the public lecture
on rhetoric in the schools, and in 1595 became fellow of his college.
During his residence at Cambridge he wrote his _Virgidemiarum_ (1597),
satires written after Latin models. The claim he put forward in the
prologue to be the earliest English satirist:--
"I first adventure, follow me who list
And be the second English satirist"--
gave bitter offence to John Marston, who attacks him in the satires
published in 1598. The archbishop of Canterbury gave an order (1599)
that Hall's satires should be burnt with works of John Marston, Marlowe,
Sir John Davies and others on the ground of licentiousness, but shortly
afterwards Hall's book, certainly unjustly condemned, was ordered to be
"staied at the press," which may be interpreted as reprieved (see _Notes
and Queries_, 3rd series, xii. 436). Having taken holy orders, Hall was
offered the mastership of Blundell's school, Tiverton, but he refused it
in favour of the living of Halsted, Essex, to which he was presented
(1601) by Sir Robert Drury. In his parish he had an opponent in a Mr
Lilly, whom he describes as "a witty and bold atheist." In 1603 he
married; and in 1605 he accompanied Sir Edmund Bacon to Spa, with the
special aim, he says, of acquainting himself with the state and practice
of the Romish Church. At Brussels he disputed at the Jesuit College on
the authentic character of modern miracles, and his inquiring and
argumentative disposition more than once threatened to produce serious
results, so that his patron at length requested him to abstain from
further discussion. His devotional writings had attracted the notice of
Henry, prince of Wales, who made him one of his chaplains (1608). In
1612 Lord Denny, afterwards earl of Norwich, gave him the curacy of
Waltham-Holy-Cross, Essex, and in the same year he received the degree
of D.D. Later he received the prebend of Willenhall in the collegiate
church of Wolverhampton, and in 1616 he accompanied James Hay, Lord
Doncaster, afterwards earl of Carlisle, to France, where he was sent to
congratulate Louis XIII. on his marriage, but Hall was compelled by
illness to return. In his absence the king nominated him dean of
Worcester, and in 1617 he accompanied James to Scotland, where he
defended the five points of ceremonial which the king desired to impose
upon the Scots. In the next year he was one of the English deputies at
the synod of Dort. In 1624 he refused the see of Gloucester, but in 1627
became bishop of Exeter.
He took an active part in the Arminian and Calvinist controversy in the
English church. He did his best in his _Via media, The Way of Peace_, to
persuade the two parties to accept a compromise. In spite of his
Calvinistic opinions he maintained that to acknowledge the errors which
had arisen in the Catholic Church did not necessarily imply disbelief in
her catholicity, and that the Church of England having repudiated these
errors should not deny the claims of the Roman Catholic Church on that
account. This view commended itself to Charles I. and his episcopal
advisers, but at the same time Archbishop Laud sent spies into Hall's
diocese to report on the Calvinistic tendencies of the bishop and his
lenience to the Puritan and low-church clergy. Hall says he was thrice
down on his knees to the King to answer Laud's accusations and at length
threatened to "cast up his rochet" rather than submit to them. He was,
however, amenable to criticism, and his defence of the English Church,
entitled _Episcopacy by Divine Right_ (1640), was twice revised at
Laud's dictation. This was followed by _An Humble Remonstrance to the
High Court of Parliament_ (1640 and 1641), an eloquent and forceful
defence of his order, which produced a retort from the syndicate of
Puritan divines, who wrote under the name of "Smectymnuus," and was
followed by a long controversy to which Milton contributed five
pamphlets, virulently attacking Hall and his early satires.
In 1641 Hall was translated to the see of Norwich, and in the same year
sat on the Lords' Committee on religion. On the 30th of December he was,
with other bishops, brought before the bar of the House of Lords to
answer a charge of high treason of which the Commons had voted them
guilty. They were finally convicted of an offence against the Statute of
Praemunire, and condemned to forfeit their estates, receiving a small
maintenance from the parliament. They were immured in the Tower from New
Year to Whitsuntide, when they were released on finding bail for L5000
each. On his release Hall proceeded to his new diocese at Norwich, the
revenues of which he seems for a time to have received, but in 1643,
when the property of the "malignants" was sequestrated, Hall was
mentioned by name. Mrs Hall had difficulty in securing a fifth of the
maintenance (L400) assigned to the bishop by the parliament; they were
eventually ejected from the palace, and the cathedral was dismantled.
Hall retired to the village of Higham, near Norwich, where he spent the
time preaching and writing until "he was first forbidden by man, and at
last disabled by God." He bore his many troubles and the additional
burden of much bodily suffering with sweetness and patience, dying on
the 8th of September 1656. Thomas Fuller says: "He was commonly called
our English Seneca, for the purenesse, plainnesse, and fulnesse of his
style. Not unhappy at _Controversies_, more happy at _Comments_, very
good in his _Characters_, better in his _Sermons_, best of all in his
_Meditations_."
Bishop Hall's polemical writings, although vigorous and effective,
were chiefly of ephemeral interest, but many of his devotional
writings have been often reprinted. It is by his early work as the
censor of morals and the unsparing critic of contemporary literary
extravagance and affectations that he is best known. _Virgidemiarum._
_Sixe Bookes. First three Bookes. Of Toothlesse Satyrs._ (1)
_Poeticall_, (2) _Academicall_, (3) _Morall_ (1597) was followed by an
amended edition in 1598, and in the same year by _Virgidemiarum_. _The
three last bookes. Of byting Satyres_ (reprinted 1599). His claim to
be reckoned the earliest English satirist, even in the formal sense,
cannot be justified. Thomas Lodge, in his _Fig for Momus_ (1593), had
written four satires in the manner of Horace, and John Marston and
John Donne both wrote satires about the same time, although the
publication was in both cases later than that of _Virgidemiae_. But if
he was not the earliest, Hall was certainly one of the best. He writes
in the heroic couplet, which he manoeuvres with great ease and
smoothness. In the first book of his satires (_Poeticall_) he attacks
the writers whose verses were devoted to licentious subjects, the
bombast of _Tamburlaine_ and tragedies built on similar lines, the
laments of the ghosts of the _Mirror for Magistrates_, the metrical
eccentricities of Gabriel Harvey and Richard Stanyhurst, the
extravagances of the sonneteers, and the sacred poets (Southwell is
aimed at in "Now good St Peter weeps pure Helicon, And both the Mary's
make a music moan"). In Book II. Satire 6 occurs the well-known
description of the trencher-chaplain, who is tutor and hanger-on in a
country manor. Among his other satirical portraits is that of the
famished gallant, the guest of "Duke Humfray."[1] Book VI. consists of
one long satire on the various vices and follies dealt with in the
earlier books. If his prose is sometimes antithetical and obscure, his
verse is remarkably free from the quips and conceits which mar so much
contemporary poetry.
He also wrote _The King's Prophecie; or Weeping Joy_ (1603), a
gratulatory poem on the accession of James I.; _Epistles_, both the
first and second volumes of which appeared in 1608 and a third in
1611; _Characters of Virtues and Vices_ (1608), versified by Nahum
Tate (1691); _Solomons Divine Arts ..._ (1609); and, probably _Mundus
alter et idem sive Terra Australis antehac semper incognita ...
lustrata_ (1605? and 1607), by "Mercurius Britannicus," translated
into English by John Healy (1608) as _The Discovery of a New World or
A Description of the South Indies ... by an English Mercury_. _Mundus
alter_ is an excuse for a satirical description of London, with some
criticism of the Romish church, its manners and customs, and is said
to have furnished Swift with hints for _Gulliver's Travels_. It was
not ascribed to him by name until 1674, when Thomas Hyde, the
librarian of the Bodleian, identified "Mercurius Britannicus" with
Joseph Hall. For the question of the authorship of this pamphlet, and
the arguments that may be advanced in favour of the suggestion that it
was written by Alberico Gentili, see E. A. Petherick, _Mundus alter et
idem_, reprinted from the _Gentleman's Magazine_ (July 1896). His
controversial writings, not already mentioned, include:--_A Common
Apology ... against the Brownists_ (1610), in answer to John
Robinson's _Censorious Epistle_; _The Olde Religion: A treatise,
wherein is laid downe the true state of the difference betwixt the
Reformed and the Romane Church; and the blame of this schisme is cast
upon the true Authors ..._ (1628); _Columba Noae olivam adferens ..._,
a sermon preached at St Paul's in 1623; _Episcopacie by Divine Right_
(1640); _A Short Answer to the Vindication of Smectymnuus_ (1641); _A
Modest Confutation of ... (Milton's) Animadversions_ (1642).
His devotional works include:--_Holy Observations Lib. I. Some few of
David's Psalmes Metaphrased_ (1607 and 1609); three centuries of
_Meditations and Vowes, Divine and Morall_ (1606, 1607, 1609), edited
by Charles Sayle (1901); _The Arte of Divine Meditation_ (1607);
_Heaven upon Earth, or of True Peace and Tranquillitie of Mind_
(1606), reprinted with some of his letters in John Wesley's _Christian
Library_, vol. iv. (1819); _Occasional Meditations ..._ (1630), edited
by his son Robert Hall; _Henochisme; or a Treatise showing how to walk
with God_ (1639), translated from Bishop Hall's Latin by Moses Wall;
_The Devout Soul; or Rules of Heavenly Devotion_ (1644), often since
reprinted; _The Balm of Gilead ..._ (1646, 1752); _Christ Mysticall;
or the blessed union of Christ and his Members_ (1647), of which
General Gordon was a student (reprinted from Gordon's copy, 1893);
_Susurrium cum Deo_ (1659); _The Great Mysterie of Godliness_ (1650);
_Resolutions and Decisions of Divers Practicall cases of Conscience_
(1649, 1650, 1654).
AUTHORITIES.--The chief authority for Hall's biography is to be found
in his autobiographical tracts: _Observations of some Specialities of
Divine Providence in the Life of Joseph Hall, Bishop of Norwich,
Written with his own hand_; and his _Hard Measure_, a reprint of which
may be consulted in Dr Christopher Wordsworth's _Ecclesiastical
Biography_. The best criticism of his satires is to be found in Thomas
Warton's _History of English Poetry_, vol. iv. pp. 363-409 (ed.
Hazlitt, 1871), where a comparison is instituted between Marston and
Hall. In 1615 Hall published _A Recollection of such treatises as have
been ... published ..._ (1615, 1617, 1621); in 1625 appeared his Works
(reprinted 1627, 1628, 1634, 1662). The first complete _Works_
appeared in 1808, edited by the Rev. Josiah Pratt. Other editions are
by Peter Hall (1837) and by Philip Wynter (1863). See also _Bishop
Hall, his Life and Times_ (1826), by Rev. John Jones; _Life of Joseph
Hall_, by Rev. George Lewis (1886); A. B. Grosart, _The Complete Poems
of Joseph Hall ... with introductions, &c._ (1879); _Satires, &c._
(_Early English Poets_, ed. S. W. Singer, 1824). Many of Hall's works
were translated into French, and some into Dutch, and there have been
numerous selections from his devotional works.