[1] _Cal. State Papers, Dom._ (Nov. 1667-Sep. 1668). p. 106.
[2] _Lords' Journals_, 12, p. 567; _Savile Correspondence_, ed. by W.
D. Cooper, p. 136; "Character of a Trimmer," in _Life of Sir G.
Savile_, by H. C. Foxcroft, ii. 316.
[3] Foxcroft i. 160, where Hallam is quoted to this effect.
[4] _Hist. MSS. Comm. House of Lords MSS._ 1689-1690, p. 287.
[5] _Character of a Trimmer_, conclusion.
[6] Saviliana quoted by Foxcroft i. 115.
[7] Foxcroft, ii. 273 et seq., and _Hist. MSS. Comm. MSS._ of F. W.
Leyborne-Popham, p. 264.
HALIFAX, a city and port of entry, capital of the province of Nova
Scotia, Canada. It is situated in 44 deg. 59' N. and 63 deg. 35' W., on
the south-east coast of the province, on a fortified hill, 225 ft. in
height, which slopes down to the waters of Chebucto Bay, now known as
Halifax Harbour. The harbour, which is open all the year, is about 6 m.
long by 1 m. in width, and has excellent anchorage in all parts; to the
north a narrow passage connects it with Bedford Basin, 6 m. in length by
4 m., and deep enough for the largest men-of-war. At the harbour mouth
lies McNab's Island, thus forming two entrances; the eastern passage is
only employed by small vessels, though in 1862 the Confederate cruiser,
"Tallahassee," slipped through by night, and escaped the northern
vessels which were watching off the western entrance. The population in
1901 was 40,832.
The town was originally built of wood, plastered or stuccoed, but though
the wooden houses largely remain, the public buildings are of stone.
Inferior in natural strength to Quebec alone, the city and its
approaches have been fortified till it has become the strongest position
in Canada, and one of the strongest in the British Empire. Till 1906 it
was garrisoned by British troops, but in that year, with Esquimalt, on
the Pacific coast, it was taken over by the Canadian government, an
operation necessitating a large increase in the Canadian permanent
military force. At the same time, the royal dockyard, containing a
dry-dock 610 ft. in length, and the residences in connexion, were also
taken over for the use of the department of marine and fisheries. Till
1905 Halifax was the summer station of the British North American
squadron. In that year, in consequence of a redistribution of the fleet,
the permanent North American squadron was withdrawn; but Halifax is
still visited periodically by powerful squadrons of cruisers.
Though, owing to the growth of Sydney and other outports, it no longer
monopolizes the foreign trade of the province, Halifax is still a
thriving town, and has the largest export trade of the Dominion in fish
and fish products, the export of fish alone, in 1904, amounting to over
three-fifths that of the entire Dominion. Lumber (chiefly spruce deals)
and agricultural products (especially apples) are also exported in large
quantities. The chief imports are manufactures from Great Britain and
the United States, and sugar, molasses, rum and fruit from the West
Indies. Its industrial establishments include foundries, sugar
refineries, manufactures of furniture and other articles of wood, a
skate factory and rope and cordage works, the produce of which are all
exported. It is the Atlantic terminus of the Intercolonial, Canadian
Pacific and several provincial railways, and the chief winter port of
Canada, numerous steamship lines connecting it with Great Britain,
Europe, the West Indies and the United States. The public gardens,
covering 14 acres, and Point Pleasant Park, left to a great extent in
its natural state, are extremely beautiful. Behind the city is an arm of
the sea (known as the North-West Arm), 5 m. in length and 1 m. in
breadth, with high, well-wooded shores, and covered in summer with
canoes and sailing craft. The educational institutions include a
ladies' college, several convents, a Presbyterian theological college
and Dalhousie University, with faculties of arts, law, medicine and
science. Established by charter in 1818 by the earl of Dalhousie, then
lieutenant governor, and reorganized in 1863, it has since become much
the most important seat of learning in the maritime provinces. Other
prominent buildings are Government House, the provincial parliament and
library, and the Roman Catholic cathedral. St Paul's church (Anglican)
dates from 1750, and though not striking architecturally, is interesting
from the memorial tablets and the graves of celebrated Nova Scotians
which it contains. The city is the seat of the Anglican bishop of Nova
Scotia and Prince Edward Island, and of the Roman Catholic bishop of
Halifax.
Founded in 1749 by the Hon. Edward Cornwallis as a rival to the French
town of Louisburg in Cape Breton, it was named after the 2nd earl of
Halifax, president of the board of trade and plantations. In the
following year it superseded Annapolis as capital of the province. Its
privateers played a prominent part in the war of 1812-15 with the United
States, and during the American Civil War it was a favourite base of
operations for Confederate blockade-runners. The federation of the North
American provinces in 1867 lessened its relative importance, but its
merchants have gradually adapted themselves to the altered conditions.
HALIFAX, a municipal, county and parliamentary borough in the West
Riding of Yorkshire, England, 194 m. N.N.W. from London and 7 m. S.W.
from Bradford, on the Great Northern and the Lancashire & Yorkshire
railways. Pop. (1891), 97,714; (1901) 104,936. It lies in a bare hilly
district on and above the small river Hebble near its junction with the
Calder. Its appearance is in the main modern, though a few picturesque
old houses remain. The North Bridge, a fine iron structure, spans the
valley, giving connexion between the opposite higher parts of the town.
The principal public building is the town hall, completed in 1863 after
the designs of Sir Charles Barry; it is a handsome Palladian building
with a tower. Of churches the most noteworthy is that of St John the
Baptist, the parish church, a Perpendicular building with lofty western
tower. Two earlier churches are traceable on this side, the first
perhaps pre-Norman, the second of the Early English period. The old
woodwork is fine, part being Perpendicular, but the greater portion
dates from 1621. All Souls' church was built in 1859 from the designs of
Sir Gilbert Scott, of whose work it is a good example, at the expense of
Mr Edward Akroyd. The style is early Decorated, and a rich ornamentation
is carried out in Italian marble, serpentine and alabaster. A graceful
tower and spire 236 ft. high rise at the north-west angle. The Square
chapel, erected by the Congregationalists in 1857, is a striking
cruciform building with a tower and elaborate crocketed spire. Both the
central library and museum and the Akroyd museum and art gallery occupy
buildings which were formerly residences, the one of Sir Francis
Crossley (1817-1872) and the other of Mr Edward Akroyd. Among charitable
institutions the principal is the handsome royal infirmary, a
Renaissance building. The Heath grammar school was founded in 1585 under
royal charter for instruction in classical languages. It possesses close
scholarships at Oxford and Cambridge universities. The Waterhouse
charity school occupies a handsome set of buildings forming three sides
of a quadrangle, erected in 1855. The Crossley almshouses were erected
and endowed by Sir Francis and Mr Joseph Crossley, who also endowed the
Crossley orphan home and school. Technical schools are maintained by the
corporation. Among other public buildings may be noted the Piece-Hall,
erected in 1799 for the lodgment and sale of piece goods, now used as a
market, a great quadrangular structure occupying more than two acres;
the bonding warehouse, court-house, and mechanics' institute. There are
six parks, of which the People's Park of 12-1/2 acres, presented by Sir
Francis Crossley in 1858, is laid out in ornate style from designs by
Sir Joseph Paxton.
Halifax ranks with Leeds, Bradford and Huddersfield as a seat of the
woollen and worsted manufacture. The manufacture of carpets is a large
industry, one establishment employing some 5000 hands. The worsted,
woollen and cotton industries, and the iron, steel and machinery
manufactures are very extensive. There are collieries and freestone
quarries in the neighbourhood.
The parliamentary borough returns two members. The county borough was
created in 1888. The municipal borough is under a mayor, 15 aldermen and
45 councillors. Area, 13,967 acres.
At the time of the Conquest Halifax formed part of the extensive manor
of Wakefield, which belonged to the king, but in the 13th century was in
the hands of John, earl Warrenne (c. 1245-1305). The prosperity of the
town began with the introduction of the cloth trade in the 15th century,
when there are said to have been only thirteen houses, which before the
end of the 16th century had increased to 520. Camden, about the end of
the 17th century, wrote that "the people are very industrious, so that
though the soil about it be barren and improfitable, not fit to live on,
they have so flourished ... by the clothing trade that they are very
rich and have gained a reputation for it above their neighbours." The
trade is said to have been increased by the arrival of certain merchants
driven from the Netherlands by the persecution of the duke of Alva.
Among the curious customs of Halifax was the Gibbet Law, which was
probably established by a prescriptive right to protect the wool trade,
and gave the inhabitants the power of executing any one taken within
their liberty, who, when tried by a jury of sixteen of the
frith-burgesses, was found guilty of the theft of any goods of the value
of more than 13d. The executions took place on market days on a hill
outside the town, the gibbet somewhat resembling a guillotine. The first
execution recorded under this law took place in 1541, and the right was
exercised in Halifax longer than in any other town, the last execution
taking place in 1650. In 1635 the king granted the inhabitants of
Halifax licence to found a workhouse in a large house given to them for
that purpose by Nathaniel Waterhouse, and incorporated them under the
name of the master and governors. Nathaniel Waterhouse was appointed the
first master, his successors being elected every year by the twelve
governors from among themselves. Halifax was a borough by prescription,
its privileges growing up with the increased prosperity brought by the
cloth trade, but it was not incorporated until 1848. Since the Reform
Act of 1832 the burgesses have returned two members to parliament. In
1607 David Waterhouse, lord of the manor of Halifax, obtained a grant of
two markets there every week on Friday and Saturday and two fairs every
year, each lasting three days, one beginning on the 24th of June, the
other on the 11th of November. Later these fairs and markets were
confirmed with the addition of an extra market on Thursday to Sir
William Ayloffe, baronet, who had succeeded David Waterhouse as lord of
the manor. The market rights were sold to the Markets Company in 1810
and purchased from them by the corporation in 1853.
During the Civil War Halifax was garrisoned by parliament, and a field
near it is still called the Bloody Field on account of an engagement
which took place there between the forces of parliament and the
Royalists.
See _Victoria County History_, "Yorkshire"; T. Wright, _The
Antiquities of the Town of Halifax_ (Leeds, 1738); John Watson, _The
History and Antiquities of the Parish of Halifax_ (London, 1775); John
Crabtree, _A Concise History of the Parish and Vicarage of Halifax_
(Halifax and London, 1836).
HALISAH (Hebrew, [Hebrew: halitza] "untying"), the ceremony by which a
Jewish widow releases her brother-in-law from the obligation to marry
her in accordance with Deuteronomy xxv. 5-10, and obtains her own
freedom to remarry. By the law of Moses it became obligatory upon the
brother of a man dying childless to take his widow as wife. If he
refused, "then shall his brother's wife come unto him in the presence of
the elders and loose his shoe from off his foot, and spit in his face,
and shall answer and say, So shall it be done unto that man that will
not build up his brother's house." By Rabbinical law the ceremony was
later made more complex. The parties appear before a court of three
elders with two assessors. The place is usually the synagogue house, or
that of the Rabbi, sometimes that of the widow. After inquiry as to the
relationship of the parties and their status (for if either be a minor
or deformed, halisah cannot take place), the shoe is produced. It is
usually the property of the community and made entirely of leather from
the skin of a "clean" animal. It is of two pieces, the upper part and
the sole, sewn together with leathern threads. It has three small straps
in front, and two white straps to bind it on the leg. After it is
strapped on, the man must walk four cubits in the presence of the court.
The widow then loosens and removes the shoe, throwing it some distance,
and spits on the ground, repeating thrice the Biblical formula "So shall
it be done," &c. Halisah, which is still common among orthodox Jews,
must not take place on the Sabbath, a holiday, or the eve of either, or
in the evening. To prevent brothers-in-law from extorting money from a
widow as a price for releasing her from perpetual widowhood, Jewish law
obliges all brothers at the time of a marriage to sign a document
pledging themselves to submit to halisah without payment. (Compare
LEVIRATE).
HALKETT, HUGH, FREIHERR VON (1783-1863), British soldier and general of
infantry in the Hanoverian service, was the second son of Major-General
F. G. Halkett, who had served many years in the army, and whose
ancestors had for several generations distinguished themselves in
foreign services. With the "Scotch Brigade" which his father had been
largely instrumental in raising, Hugh Halkett served in India from 1798
to 1801. In 1803 his elder brother Colin was appointed to command a
battalion of the newly formed King's German Legion, and in this he
became senior captain and then major. Under his brother's command he
served with Cathcart's expeditions to Hanover, Rugen and Copenhagen,
where his bold initiative on outpost duty won commendation. He was in
the Peninsula in 1808-1809, and at Walcheren. At Albuera, Salamanca,
&c., he commanded the 2nd Light Infantry Battalion, K.G.L., in
succession to his brother, and at Venta del Pozo in the Burgos retreat
he greatly distinguished himself. In 1813 he left the Peninsula and was
subsequently employed in the organization of the new Hanoverian army. He
led a brigade of these troops in Count Wallmoden's army, and bore a
marked part in the battle of Gohrde and the action of Schestedt, where
he took with his own hand a Danish standard. In the Waterloo campaign he
commanded two brigades of Hanoverian militia which were sent to the
front with the regulars, and during the fight with the Old Guard
captured General Cambronne. After the fall of Napoleon he elected to
stay in the Hanoverian service, though he retained his half-pay
lieutenant-colonelcy in the English army. He rose to be general and
inspector-general of infantry. In his old age he led the Xth Federal
Army Corps in the Danish War of 1848, and defeated the Danes at Oversee.
He had the G.C.H., the C.B. and many foreign orders, including the
Prussian order of the Black Eagle and _pour le Merite_ and the Russian
St Anne.
See Knesebeck, _Leben des Freiherrn Hugh von Halkett_ (Stuttgart,
1865).
His brother, SIR COLIN HALKETT (1774-1856), British soldier, began his
military career in the Dutch Guards and served in various "companies"
for three years, leaving as a captain in 1795. From 1800 to the peace of
Amiens he served with the Dutch troops in English pay in Guernsey. In
August 1803 Halkett was one of the first officers assigned to the
service of raising the King's German Legion, and he became major, and
later lieutenant-colonel, commanding the 2nd Light Infantry Battalion.
His battalion was employed in the various expeditions mentioned above,
from Hanover to Walcheren, and in 1811 Colin Halkett succeeded Charles
Alten in the command of the Light Brigade, K.G.L., which he held
throughout the Peninsula War from Albuera to Toulouse. In 1815
Major-General Sir Colin Halkett commanded the 5th British Brigade of
Alten's division, and at Waterloo he received four wounds. Unlike his
brother, he remained in the British service, in which he rose to
general. At the time of his death he was governor of Chelsea hospital.
He had honorary general's rank in the Hanoverian service, the G.C.B. and
G.C.H., as well as numerous foreign orders.
For information about both the Halketts, see Beamish, _History of the
King's German Legion_ (1832).
HALL, BASIL (1788-1844), British naval officer, traveller and
miscellaneous writer, was born at Edinburgh on the 31st of December
1788. His father was Sir James Hall of Dunglass, the geologist. Basil
Hall was educated at the High School, Edinburgh, and in 1802 entered the
navy, where he rose to the rank of post-captain in 1817, after seeing
active service in several fields. By observing the ethnological as well
as the physical peculiarities of the countries he visited, he collected
the materials for a very large number of scientific papers. In 1816 he
commanded the sloop "Lyra," which accompanied Lord Amherst's embassy to
China; and he described his cruise in _An Account of a Voyage of
Discovery to the West Coast of Corea and the Great Loo-choo Island in
the Japan Sea_ (London, 1818). In 1820 he held a command on the Pacific
coast of America, and in 1824 published two volumes of _Extracts from a
Journal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru and Mexico in the Years
1820-21-22_. Retiring on half-pay in 1824, Hall in 1825 married
Margaret, daughter of Sir John Hunter, and in her company travelled
(1827-1828) through the United States. In 1829 he published his _Travels
in North America in the Years 1827 and 1828_, which was assailed by the
American press for its views of American society. _Schloss Hainfeld, or
a Winter in Lower Styria_ (1836), is partly a romance, partly a
description of a visit paid by the author to the castle of the countess
Purgstall. _Spain and the Seat of War in Spain_ appeared in 1837. _The
Fragments of Voyages and Travels_ (9 vols.) were issued in three
detachments between 1831 and 1840. Captain Hall was a fellow of the
Royal Societies of London and Edinburgh, and of the Royal Astronomical,
Royal Geographical and Geological Societies. His last work, a collection
of sketches and tales under the name of _Patchwork_ (1841), had not been
long published before its author became insane, and he died in Haslar
hospital, Portsmouth, on the 11th of September 1844.
HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812-1888), Danish statesman, son of the highly
respected artisan and train-band colonel Mads Hall, was born at
Christianshavn on the 25th of February 1812. After a distinguished
career at school and college, he adopted the law as his profession, and
in 1837 married the highly gifted but eccentric Augusta Marie, daughter
of the philologist Peter Oluf Brondsted. A natural conservatism
indisposed Hall at first to take any part in the popular movement of
1848, to which almost all his friends had already adhered; but the
moment he was convinced of the inevitability of popular government, he
resolutely and sympathetically followed in the new paths. Sent to the
_Rigsforsamling_ of 1848 as member for the first district of Copenhagen,
a constituency he continued to represent in the _Folketing_ till 1881,
he immediately took his place in the front rank of Danish politicians.
From the first he displayed rare ability as a debater, his inspiring and
yet amiable personality attracted hosts of admirers, while his
extraordinary tact and temper disarmed opposition and enabled him to
mediate between extremes without ever sacrificing principles.
Hall was not altogether satisfied with the fundamental law of June; but
he considered it expedient to make the best use possible of the existing
constitution and to unite the best conservative elements of the nation
in its defence. The aloofness and sulkiness of the aristocrats and
landed proprietors he deeply deplored. Failing to rally them to the good
cause he determined anyhow to organize the great cultivated middle class
into a political party. Hence the "June Union," whose programme was
progress and reform in the spirit of the constitution, and at the same
time opposition to the one-sided democratism and party-tyranny of the
_Bondevenner_ or peasant party. The "Union" exercised an essential
influence on the elections of 1852, and was, in fact, the beginning of
the national Liberal party, which found its natural leader in Hall.
During the years 1852-1854 the burning question of the day was the
connexion between the various parts of the monarchy. Hall was
"eiderdansk" by conviction. He saw in the closest possible union
between the kingdom and a Schleswig freed from all risk of German
interference the essential condition for Denmark's independence; but he
did not think that Denmark was strong enough to carry such a policy
through unsupported, and he was therefore inclined to promote it by
diplomatic means and international combinations, and strongly opposed to
the Conventions of 1851-1852 (See DENMARK: _History_), though he was
among the first, subsequently, to accept them as an established fact and
the future basis for Denmark's policy.
Hall first took office in the Bang administration (12th of December
1854) as minister of public worship. In May 1857 he became president of
the council after Andrae, Bang's successor, had retired, and in July
1858 he exchanged the ministry of public worship for the ministry of
foreign affairs, while still retaining the premiership.
Hall's programme, "den Konstitutionelle Helstat," i.e. a single state
with a common constitution, was difficult enough in a monarchy which
included two nationalities, one of which, to a great extent, belonged to
a foreign and hostile jurisdiction. But as this political monstrosity
had already been guaranteed by the Conventions of 1851-1852, Hall could
not rid himself of it, and the attempt to establish this "Helstat" was
made accordingly by the Constitution of the 13th of November 1863. The
failure of the attempt and its disastrous consequences for Denmark are
described elsewhere. Here it need only be said that Hall himself soon
became aware of the impossibility of the "Helstat," and his whole policy
aimed at making its absurdity patent to Europe, and substituting for it
a constitutional Denmark to the Eider which would be in a position to
come to terms with an independent Holstein. That this was the best thing
possible for Denmark is absolutely indisputable, and "the diplomatic
Seven Years' War" which Hall in the meantime conducted with all the
powers interested in the question is the most striking proof of his
superior statesmanship. Hall knew that in the last resort the question
must be decided not by the pen but by the sword. But he relied,
ultimately, on the protection of the powers which had guaranteed the
integrity of Denmark by the treaty of London, and if words have any
meaning at all he had the right to expect at the very least the armed
support of Great Britain.[1] But the great German powers and the force
of circumstances proved too strong for him. On the accession of the new
king, Christian IX., Hall resigned rather than repeal the November
Constitution, which gave Denmark something to negotiate upon in case of
need. But he made matters as easy as he could for his successors in the
Monrad administration, and the ultimate catastrophe need not have been
as serious as it was had his advice, frankly given, been intelligently
followed.
After 1864 Hall bore more than his fair share of the odium and
condemnation which weighed so heavily upon the national Liberal party,
making no attempt to repudiate responsibility and refraining altogether
from attacking patently unscrupulous opponents. But his personal
popularity suffered not the slightest diminution, while his clear,
almost intuitive, outlook and his unconquerable faith in the future of
his country made him, during those difficult years, a factor of
incalculable importance in the public life of Denmark. In 1870 he joined
the Holstein-Holsteinborg ministry as minister of public worship, and in
that capacity passed many useful educational reforms, but on the fall of
the administration, in 1873, he retired altogether from public life. In
the summer of 1879 Hall was struck down by apoplexy, and for the
remaining nine years of his life he was practically bedridden. He died
on the 14th of August 1888. In politics Hall was a practical, sagacious
"opportunist," in the best sense of that much abused word, with an eye
rather for things than for persons. Moreover, he had no very pronounced
political ambition, and was an utter stranger to that longing for power,
which drives so many men of talent to adopt extreme expedients. His
urbanity and perfect equilibrium at the very outset incited sympathy,
while his wit and humour made him the centre of every circle within
which he moved.
See Vilhelm Christian Sigurd Topsoe, _Polit. Portraetstudier_
(Copenhagen, 1878); Scholler Parelius Vilhelm Birkedal, _Personlige
Oplevelser_ (Copenhagen, 1890-1891). (R. N. B.)