it this present time with me, which giuing forth my Defiaunce vnto
Playes, am mightily beset with heapes of aduersaries.... I thought
it necessarye to nettle one of their Orators aboue the rest, not of
any set purpose to deface hym, because hee hath dealt very grossely,
homely, and vncharitably with me, but like a good Surgeon to cut, & to
seare, when the place requireth, for his owne amendment. Which thinge I
trust shall neither displease your honor, nor any of the godly, in the
reading, so long as the person whom I touch is (as I heare by hys owne
frendes, to hys repentance if he can perceiue it) hunted by the heauy
hand of God, and become little better than a vagarant, looser than
liberty, lighter than vanitie it selfe.’ Plays are an Augean stable to
be cleansed. ‘If euer so notable a thinge bee brought to passe it must
bee done by some Hercules in the Court, whom the roare of the enimy
can neuer daunt.’ Hints that this should be Walsingham. ‘The Gentlemen
Players in the citie of London, are growen in such a heate, that by
their foming, their fretting, their stampinge, my frendes do perceiue
how their harts woorke, and enforce me to bring to your honor no
common fraighte, but as much as my life and securitie hereafter shall
be woorth. If the prouidence of God, who many times scourgeth a man
with the sinne that he loued, haue ordeined those players whom I fed
with fancies, to be a whippe to my back, and a dagger to my brest, the
fault is mine owne, the punishmente due.’ _Epistle to the Universities
and Inns of Court._ P. 165. ‘I was very willing to write at this time,
because I was enformed by some of you which heard it with your ears,
that since my publishing the _Schole of Abuse_, two Playes of my making
were brought to the Stage: the one was a cast of Italian deuises,
called, The Comedie of Captaine Mario: the other a Moral, Praise at
parting. These they very impudently affirme to be written by me since
I had set out my inuectiue against them. I can not denie, they were
both mine, but they were both penned two yeeres at the least before I
forsoke them, as by their owne friends I am able to proue: but they
haue got suche a custome of counterfaiting vpon the Stage, that it is
growen to a habite, & will not be lefte. God knoweth, before whom to
you all I doe protest, as I shall answer to him at the last day, when
al hidden secrets shal be discouered, since the first printing of my
Inuectiue, to this day, I neuer made Playe for them nor any other.... I
departed from the City of London, and bestowed my time in teaching yong
Gentlemen in the Countrie, where I continue with a very worshipfull
Gentleman, and reade to his sonnes in his owne house.... As sonne as I
had inueighed against Playes, I withdrewe my selfe from them to better
studies, which so long as I liue I trust to follow.’ _The Confutation
of Playes. The First Action._ The Efficient Cause of Plays. Defends
his own change of mind. P. 167. ‘When I firste gaue my selfe to the
studie of Poetrie, and to set my cunning abroache, by penning Tragedies
and Comedies in the Citte of London: perceiuing such a Gordians knot
of disorder in euery play house, as woulde neuer bee loosed without
extremitie, I thought it better with Alexander to draw y^e sword that
should knappe it a sunder at one stroke, than to seeke ouernisely or
gingerly to vndoe it, with the losse of my time and wante of successe.
This caused mee to bidde them the base at their owne gole, and to geue
them a volley of heathen writers: that our diuines considering the
danger of suche houses as are set vp in London against the Lord, might
better them thoroughly with greater shotts.’ An incomplete remedy.
‘Acknowledging the mischiefe bred by playes wee hope to auoid yt by
changing their day yet suffer them still to remaine amonge vs.... The
abhominable practises of playes in London haue bene by godly preachers,
both at Paules crosse, and else where so zealously, so learnedly, so
loudly cried out vpon to small redresse; that I may well say of them,
as the Philosophers reporte of the moouing of the heauens, we neuer
heare them, because we euer heare them.’ Notes an answer to him. P.
169. ‘Amongest all the fauorers of these vncircumcised Philistines,
I meane the Plaiers, whose heartes are not right, no man til of late
durst thrust out his heade to mayntaine there quarrell, but one, in
witt, simple; in learning, ignorant; in attempt, rash; in name, Lodge:
whose booke, as it came not to my handes in one whole yeere after the
priuy printing thereof, so I confesse, that to it, before this time,
I aunswered nothing, partlie because he brought nothing; partlie
because my hearte was to bigge, to wrastle with him, that wanteth
armes. Therefore considering with my selfe that such kinde of sores
might bee launced to sone, I chose rather to let him ripen and breake
of him selfe, that vomiting out his owne disgrace, & being worne out
of fauour among his own friends, I might triumph in the cause & shedde
no blood.... Some of his acquaintance haue vaunted to cut and hewe
mee, I knowe not howe.’ The Devil is the efficient cause of plays, as
noted by Tertullian. P. 171. ‘And William [‘Thomas’ on a cancel in some
copies] Lodge in that patchte pamphlet of his ... confesseth openly
that playes were consecrated by the heathens to y^e honour of their
gods.’ Expounds the policy of the Devil in the matter. P. 172. ‘First
hee sente ouer many wanton Italian bookes.... Not contented with the
number he hath corrupted with reading Italian baudery, because all
cannot reade, [he] presenteth vs Comedies cut by the same paterne,
which drag such a monstrous taile after them, as is able to sweep whole
Cities into his lap.’ Argues that plays are of idolatrous origin, and
disliked by Scipio Nasica and other severer Romans. Rome held players
infamous. P. 178. ‘Wherefore I beseech God so to touch the heartes of
our Magistrates with a perfite hatred of sinne, and feare of Iudgement;
so to stirr vp some noble Scipio in the Courte, that these daunsing
Chaplines of Bacchus and all such as set vp these wicked artes, may be
driuen out of Englande.’ _The Second Action._ The Material Cause of
Plays. P. 179. ‘Yonge Master Lodge thinking to iett vpon startoppes,
and steale an ynche of his hight by the bare name of Cicero, allegeth
from him, y^t a Play is the Schoolmistresse of life; the lookinge
glasse of manners; and the image of trueth.... It seemeth that Master
Lodge saw this in Tullie with other folkes eyes, and not his owne.
For to my remembrance I neuer read it in him, neither doe I thinke
that Master Lodge can shewe it me.’ Cites passages of Cicero against
_spectacula_. Sets down the matter of plays. P. 180. ‘The argument of
Tragedies is wrath, crueltie, incest, iniurie, murther eyther violent
by sworde, or voluntary by poyson. The persons, Gods, Goddesses,
furies, fiendes, Kinges, Quenes, and mightie men. The grounde worke of
Commedies, is loue, cosenedge, flatterie, bawderie, slye conueighance
of whoredome; The persons, cookes, queanes, knaues, baudes, parasites,
courtezannes, lecherous olde men, amorous yong men.’ Criticizes the
Lodge-Cicero metaphor in detail. Plays no schoolmistress of life. ‘The
beholding of troubles and miserable slaughters that are in Tragedies,
driue vs to immoderate sorrow, heauines, womanish weeping and mourning,
whereby we become louers of dumpes, and lamentation, both enemies to
fortitude. Comedies so tickle our senses with a pleasanter vaine, that
they make vs louers of laughter, and pleasure, without any meane, both
foes to temperance. What schooling is this? Sometime you shall see
nothing but the aduentures of an amorous knight, passing from countrie
to countrie for the loue of his lady, encountring many a terible
monster made of broune paper, & at his retorne, is so wonderfully
changed, that he can not be knowne but by some posie in his tablet,
or by a broken ring, or a handkircher, or a piece of a cockle shell.
What learne you by that? When y^e soule of your playes is eyther meere
trifles, or Italian baudery, or wooing of gentlewomen, what are we
taught?’ Aristotle forbade plays to the young. P. 182. ‘If any goodnes
were to be learned at Playes it is likely that the Players them selues
which committ euery sillable to memory shoulde profitte most ... but
the dayly experience of their behauiour sheweth, that they reape no
profit by the discipline them selues.’ Thinks Master Lodge found ‘some
peeuish index or gatherer of Tullie to be a sleepe.... Wherein I
perceiue hee is no changeling, for he disputeth as soundly being from
the vniuersitie and out of exercise, as he did when hee was there, and
at his booke.’ P. 183. Plays no glass of behaviour. Manners should
not be rebuked where no reply is possible, or before such judges as
‘the common people which resorte to Theaters being but an assemblie
of Tailers, Tinkers, Cordwayners, Saylers, olde Men, yong Men, Women,
Boyes, Girles, and such like’. The Roman law of libel restrained ‘the
ouer-lashing of players’. P. 185. Criticizes [Wilson’s] _The Three
Ladies of London_ [cf. ch. xxiii] for making Love detest and Conscience
allow plays; also a rival play of _London against the Three Ladies_.
Denies that intention either of poets or players is to profit those
they rebuke. P. 187. Plays not the image of truth. P. 188. ‘In Playes
either those thinges are fained that neuer were, as Cupid and Psyche
plaid at Paules; and a greate many Comedies more at ye Blacke friers
and in euery Playe house in London, which for breuities sake I ouer
skippe: of if a true Historie be taken in hand, it is made like our
shadows, longest at the rising and falling of the Sunne, shortest
of all at hie noone. For the Poets driue it most commonly vnto such
pointes as may best showe the maiestie of their pen in Tragicall
speaches; or set the hearers a gogge with discourses of loue; or painte
a fewe antickes to fitt their owne humors with scoffes & tauntes; or
wring in a shewe to furnish the Stage when it is to bare; when the
matter of it selfe comes shorte of this, they followe the practise of
the cobler, and set their teeth to the leather to pull it out. So was
the history of Caesar and Pompey, and the Playe of the Fabii at the
Theater, both amplified there, where the Drummes might walke, or the
pen ruffle; when the history swelled and ran to hye for the number of
y^e persons that should playe it, the Poet with Proteus [? Procrustes]
cut the same fit to his owne measure; when it afoorded no pompe at
al, he brought it to the racke to make it serue.... I may boldely say
it because I haue seene it, that the Palace of pleasure, the Golden
Asse, the Œthiopian historie, Amadis of Fraunce, the Rounde Table,
baudie Comedies in Latine, French, Italian, and Spanish, haue beene
throughly ransackt to furnish the Playe houses in London.... Forsooth
saith the Authour of the Playe of plays showen at the Theater, the
three and twentieth of Februarie last: They shalbe nowe purged, the
matter shalbe good.... As for that glosing plaie at y^e Theater which
profers you so faire, there is enterlaced in it a baudie song of a
maide of Kent, and a little beastly speech of the new stawled roge,
both which I am compelled to burie in silence, being more ashamed to
vtter them than they.’ Thinks the minority of honest plays a trick of
the devil. Repeats his points as to the idolatrous origin of plays and
the infamy of players at Rome. The devil makes them alluring. P. 192.
‘For the eye, beeside the beautie of the houses and the Stages, hee
sendeth in Gearish apparell, maskes, vauting, tumbling, daunsing of
gigges, galiardes, morisces, hobbihorses, showing of iudgeling castes.’
_The Third Action._ The Formal Cause of Plays. P. 195. ‘The Law of God
very straightly forbids men to put on womens garments.’ This is not to
be explained away as a prohibition of disguises meant to facilitate
adultery, but is absolute. P. 197. ‘In Stage Playes for a boy to put
one the attyre, the gesture, the passions of a woman; for a meane
person to take vpon him the title of a Prince with counterfeit porte,
and traine, is by outwarde signes to shewe them selues otherwise then
they are, and so with in the compasse of a lye, which by Aristotles
iudgement is naught of it selfe and to be fledde.’ Admits that Gregory
Nazianzen and Buchanan wrote plays. ‘To what ende? To be Plaied vpon
Stages? neither Players nor their friendes are able to proue it.’
Refutes another objection. P. 198. ‘Let the Author of the playe of
playes & pastimes, take heede how he reason y^t action, pronuntiation,
agility of body are y^e good gifts of God. _Ergo_, plaies consisting
of these cannot be euill.’ Even the heathens condemned the waste of
money in spectacles. _The Fourth Action._ The Final Cause of Plays. P.
201. The end of plays is sinful delight, as is proved by the admissions
of Menander and Terence, ‘By the manner of penning in these dayes,
because the Poets send theire verses to the Stage vpon such feete
as continually are rowled vp in rime at the fingers endes, which is
plaucible to the barbarous, and carrieth a stinge into the eares of
the common people. By the obiect, because Tragedies and Commedies
stirre vp affections, and affections are naturally planted in that part
of the minde that is common to vs with brute beastes.’ Analyses the
argument of the Author of the Play of Plays, ‘spreading out his battel
to hemme me in’. P. 202. ‘He tyeth Life and Delight so fast together,
that if Delight be restrained, Life presently perisheth; there, zeale
perceyuing Delight to be embraced of Life, puttes a snafle in his
mouth, to keepe him vnder. Delight beinge bridled, Zeale leadeth life
through a wildernesse of lothsomenesse, where Glutte scarreth them
all, chafing both Zeale and Delight from Life, and with the clubbe
of amasednesse strikes such a pegge into the heade of Life, that he
falles downe for dead vpon the Stage. Life beinge thus fainte, and
ouertrauailed, destitute of his guyde, robbed of Delight, is readie to
giue vp the Ghost, in the same place; then entereth Recreation, which
with music and singing rockes Life a sleepe to recouer his strength.
By this meanes Tediousnesse is driuen from Life, and the teinte is
drawne out of his heade, which the club of amasednes left behinde. At
last Recreation setteth vp the Gentleman vpon his feete, Delight is
restored to him againe, and such kinde of sportes for cullices are
brought in to nourishe him, as none but Delighte must applye to his
stomache. Then time beinge made for the benefite of Life, and Life
being allowed to followe his appetite, amongst all manner of pastimes,
Life chooseth Commedies, for his Delight, partly because Commedies are
neither chargable to y^e beholders purse, nor painful to his body;
partly, because he may sit out of the raine to veiwe the same, when
many other pastimes are hindred by wether. Zeale is no more admitted to
Life before he be somewhat pinchte in the waste, to auoyde extremitie,
and being not in the end simply called Zeale but Moderate Zeale a fewe
conditions are prescribed to Comedies, that the matter be purged,
deformities blazed, sinne rebuked, honest mirth intermingled, and fitte
time for the hearing of the same appointed. Moderate Zeale is contented
to suffer them, who wyneth with delight to direct life againe, after
which he triumphes ouer Death & is crowned with eternitie.’ P. 203.
As Fathers and Councils ‘and y^e skilfulst Deuines at this day in
England which are compelled in Sermons to cry out against them’ are
challenged by this playmaker, will answer him. Distinguishes between
carnal and spiritual delight. Plays bring carnal delight, which is
contrary to reason and comes of corruption. _The Fifth Action._ The
Effects of Plays. P. 211. Why should he write against plays, when,
although famous men in both universities cry out against plays, ‘none
of them by printing haue taken the paines to write any full discouery
against them’? Partly because, being young, he will be better excused
than they if he ‘shoulde speake but one worde against y^e sleepines
of Magistrats which in this case is necessary to be toucht’; partly
because, ‘hauing once already written against playes, which no man
that euer wrote playes, did, but one, who hath changed his coppy,
and turned himself like y^e dog to his vomite, to plays againe, and
being falsly accused my selfe to do y^e like, it is needfull for me
to write againe’. Declares the effects of plays. Wantonness on the
stage excites the passions of the spectators. Theatres are ‘markets
of bawdry’. P. 215. ‘Our Theaters, and play houses in London, are as
full of secrete adulterie as they were in Rome.... In the playhouses
at London, it is the fashion of youthes to go first into the yarde,
and to carry theire eye through euery gallery, then like vnto rauens
where they spye the carion thither they flye, and presse as nere to y^e
fairest as they can.... They giue them pippines, they dally with their
garmentes to passe y^e time, they minister talke vpon al occasions,
& eyther bring them home to their houses on small acquaintance, or
slip into tauerns when y^e plaies are done. He thinketh best of his
painted sheath, & taketh himselfe for a iolly fellow, y^t is noted of
most, to be busyest with women in all such places.’ The players are
an evil in the commonwealth. P. 215. ‘Most of the Players haue bene
eyther men of occupations, which they haue forsaken to lyue by playing,
or common minstrels, or trayned vp from theire childehood to this
abhominable exercise & haue now no other way to get theire liuinge....
In a commonweale, if priuat men be suffered to forsake theire calling
because they desire to walke gentleman like in sattine & veluet, with
a buckler at their heeles, proportion is so broken, vnitie dissolued,
harmony confounded, that the whole body must be dismembred and the
prince or the heade cannot chuse but sicken.... Let them not looke to
liue by playes; the little thrift that followeth theire greate gaine,
is a manifest token that God hath cursed it.’ A final appeal to his
countrymen, ending, ‘God is iust, his bow is bent & his arrowe drawen,
to send you a plague, if you staye too long’.
xxxi. 1583. JOHN FIELD.
[From _A godly exhortation, by occasion of the late iudgement of
God, shewed at Parris-garden, the thirteenth day of Ianuarie:
where were assembled by estimation aboue a thousand persons,
whereof some were slaine; & of that number, at the least, as is
crediblie reported, the thirde person maimed and hurt_. Giuen
to all estates for their instruction, concerning the keeping of
the Sabboth day. By Iohn Field, Minister of the word of God....
Robert Waldegrave for Henry Carre, 1583. There is no entry in
S. R., but on 21 Jan. Richard Jones and William Bartlett were
imprisoned and fined for printing ‘a thing of the fall of the
gallories at Paris Garden’ without licence (Arber, ii. 853).
On 19 Jan. Fleetwood wrote to Lord Burghley (_M. S. C._ i.
160, from _Lansdowne MS._ 37, f. 10; also in Wright, ii. 184),
‘Vpon the same day [13 Jan.] the violaters of the Sabothe were
punished by Godes providens at Paris garden and as I was writing
of these last wordes loo here is a booke sett downe vpon the
same matter’.]
Epistle to the Lord Mayor, William Fleetwood, the Recorder, and the
Aldermen. Explains the address to them. A 2^v. ‘Is it not a lamentable
thing, that after so long preaching of the Gospell, there should bee
so great prophanation amongst vs? that Theaters should be full and
churches be emptie? that the streetes shoulde be replenished, and the
places of holy exercises, left destitute? I write not this simplie but
in respect, and by comparison.... If you say that this thing belongeth
not vnto you, because that Parris garden is out of your iurisdiction,
yet why are these men suffered to bring their Beares into the citie,
that thereby they may gather your company vnto them? It were duety in
you to hinder these and to take order that none of the citie should
repaire vnto such places.... 18^{th} January 1583. Iohn Feild.’
The exhortation is mainly a general call to repentance and fear of
judgement, without special reference to the occasion. B 3. Stress is
laid on abuse of the Sabbath. B 4. ‘There is no Dicing house, Bowling
alley, Cock pit, or Theater, that can be found empty. Those flagges of
defiance against God, & trumpets that are blown to gather together such
company, will sooner preuail to fil those places, then the preaching
of the holy worde of God ... to fill Churches. Nothing can stoppe them
from the same: neyther feare of danger, losse of tyme, corruption
of maners, infection of diseases, expence of money, suspition of
honestie and such like.... Pounds and hundreds can be well ynough
afforded, in following these least pleasures, though euery dore hath
a payment, & euery gallerie maketh a yearely stipend: thogh euery dog
hath a coller, & euery Beare a prize, and euery cracke bring a great
aduenture.’ Enforces the warning of Paris Garden. B vii^v. ‘I wil set
it down as plainly as I can, and as truly as can be gathered from the
examination of those same common euidences, that haue fallen out....
You shal vnderstand therfore (beloued Christians) that vpon the last
Lords day being the thirteen day of the first month, that cruell and
lothsome exercise of bayting Beares being kept at _Parris-garden_, in
the after-noone, in the time of common praiers, and when many other
exercises of Religion, both of preaching and Catechizing were had in
sundry places of the City, diuers Preachers hauing not long before
also cryed out against such prophanations: yet (the more pitty) there
resorted thither a great company of people of al sorts and conditions,
that the like nomber, in euery respect (as they say) had not beene
seene there a long time before. Beeing thus vngodly assembled, to so
vnholy a spectacle and specially considering the time; the yeard,
standings, and Galleries being ful fraught, being now amidest their
iolity, when the dogs and Bear were in the chiefest Battel, Lo the
mighty hand of God vppon them. This gallery that was double, and
compassed the yeard round about, was so shaken at the foundation, that
it fell (as it were in a moment) flat to the ground, without post
or peere, that was left standing, so high as the stake whervnto the
Beare was tied. Although some wil say (and as it may be truly) that
it was very old and rotten and therefore a great waight of people,
being planted vpon it then was wont, that it was no maruaile that it
fayled: and would make it but a light matter. Yet surely if this be
considered, that no peece of post, boord, or stake was left standing:
though we vrge it not as a miracle, yet it must needes be considered
as an extraordinary iudgement of God, both for the punishment of those
present prophaners of the Lordes day that were then, & also informe and
warne vs that were abroad. In the fal of it, there were slaine fiue
men and two women, that are come to knowledge, who they were and where
they dwelled, to wit, _Adam Spencer_ a _Felmonger_, in _Southwarke_,
_William Cockram_ a Baker, dwelling in _Shordich_, _Iohn Burton_
Cleark, of _S. Marie Wolmers_ in _Lombard streat_, _Mathew Mason_,
seruant with Master _Garland_, dwelling in _Southwarke_, _Thomas
Peace_, seruant with _Robert Tasker_, dwelling in _Clerken well_.
The maydens names, _Alice White_, seruant to a Pursemaker without
_Cripplegate_, and _Marie Harrison_, daughter to _Iohn Harrison_, being
a waterbearer, dwelling in _Lombard streat_.’ C i^v. Nowe beside these
that were thus killed out right, with the flat fal of the Galleries,
strangely wrunge in peeces as it were by God himselfe, it could not
bee but in such confusion, there must needes come great hurt to many.
Howe many carried away death, as it were in theyr bosomes, that died
the same night, or some little tyme after, the Lorde knoweth. And we
heare since, though we know not the iust number, that many of them are
dead & buried, and namely one _Web_ a Pewterer his wife that dwelt in
_Limestreete_ who being there sore wounded, is now gon with diuers
others. Of all the multitude there, which must needes be farre aboue
a thousande, it is thought by the iudgement of most people, that not
the third personne escaped vnhurt; and by some that haue made search,
they esteme that there were sore hurt and maimed, aboue one hundred and
fiftye persons, some hauing theyr legs and armes broken, some theyr
backes, theyr bodies beeing sore brused, so that euery way into the
cittie from that time tyll towardes nine of the clocke and past: and
specially ouer _London bridge_, many were carried in Chayres, & led
betwixt their freendes, and so brought home wyth sorrowfull and heauy
heartes lyke lame cripples. They say also that at the first, when the
Scaffolde cracked (as it did once or twise) there was a crye of _fire
fire_, which set them in such a maze as was wonderfull, so that as
destitute of their wits they stood styll, and could make no shifte
for them selues, till the Scaffold was made euen with the ground....
Amongst the rest it is credibly reported that there was one Woman, that
beeing in the Gallery, threw downe her childe before her, & leaped
after herselfe; and yet thankes bee to God neyther of both had any
maner of hurt, so was it with diuers others. But it shoulde appere that
they were most hurt and in danger, which stoode vnder the Galleries on
the grounde, vpon whom both the waight of Timbre and people fel. And
sure it was a miraculous worke of God, that any one of those should
haue escaped. But heere also God shewed his power for one man falling
downe into an hole as if it had beene some sawpit, it pleased God
that it was the meane of his deliuerance, so as all things that fell
vpon him did not touch him, and by that hee was preserued, wheras two
of th’other were slaine of either side of him.’ C. iii. Urges the
magistrates to ‘take order especially on the Sabaoth dayes that no
Cittizen or Cittizens seruauntes haue libertie to repaire vnto any of
those abuse places, that albeit the place be without the Cittie, and
by that meanes they haue not to deale with them, yet that they keepe
theyr _Beares_ out, and their straggling _Wantons_ in, that they may
be better occupied. And as they haue with good commendation so far
preuailed, that vppon Sabaoth dayes these Heathenishe _Enterludes_ and
_Playes_ are banished, so it wyll please them to followe the matter
still, that they may be vtterly rid and taken away. For surely it is
to be feared, beesides the distruction bothe of bodye and soule, that
many are brought vnto, by frequenting the _Theater_, the _Curtin_ and
such like, that one day those places will likewise be cast downe by God
himselfe, & being drawen with them a huge heape of such contempners
and prophane persons vtterly to be killed and spoyled in their bodyes.
God hath giuen them as I haue heard manye faire warninges already....
January 17, 1583.’
xxxii. 1583. PHILLIP STUBBES.
[From _The Anatomie of Abuses: Contayning a Discoverie, or
briefe Summarie of such Notable Vices and Imperfections, as
now raigne in many Christian Countreyes of the Worlde: but
(especiallie) in a verie famous Ilande called Ailgna_ (S. R.
1 Mar. 1583; eds. 1 May 1583, 16 Aug. 1583, 1584, 1585, 1595),
as reprinted by F. J. Furnivall (1877–9, _N. S. S._); other
reprints are by W. D. Turnbull (1836, from 1585) and J. P.
Collier (1870). Stubbes, a layman and Londoner, was author of
various ballads and pamphlets during 1581–93. A second part of
_The Anatomie of Abuses_ (S. R. 7 Nov. 1583) has not been
reprinted.]