obtained on May 6, 1908, by Joseph Dixon from salt marsh near Palo
Alto, Santa Clara Co., California.
_Range._--Marshes in the southern part of San Francisco Bay,
California.
_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; measurements of two
topotypes are: total length, 105, 106; tail, 39, 40; hind foot, 12,
13. Upper parts in winter Chaetura Black or near Fuscous-Black;
underparts brownish; upper parts in summer near (17'_m_) Mummy Brown;
underparts with a decided buffy wash, near (15'_d_) Light Ochraceous
Buff; rostrum relatively large; maxillary tooth-row relatively long;
teeth relatively large.
_Comparisons._--Darker ventrally, both summer and winter, than _S. v.
vagrans_; slightly more reddish dorsally in summer pelage than _S. v.
vagrans_, rostrum and teeth relatively larger; smaller externally than
_S. v. paludivagus_, paler; skull longer, narrower cranially and
broader rostrally.
_Remarks._--This subspecies seems to be restricted to salt marshes
where it occurs with _Sorex ornatus_.
_Specimens examined._--Total number, 12. CALIFORNIA: _San Francisco
Co._: San Francisco, 4 BS. _Alameda Co._: West Berkeley, 1 BS;
Berkeley, 1 BS; Dumbarton Point, 1 KU. _San Mateo Co._: San Mateo, 2
BS. _Santa Clara Co._: Palo Alto, 3 BS.
_Marginal records._--CALIFORNIA: Berkley, _Elmhurst_; _Palo Alto_; San
Mateo.
=Sorex vagrans paludivagus= von Bloeker
_Sorex vagrans paludivagus_ von Bloeker, Proc. Biol. Soc.
Washington, 52:93, June 5, 1939.
_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 5053, Los Angeles Museum of
History, Science and Art, obtained on November 3, 1938, by Jack C. von
Bloeker, Jr., from salt marsh at mouth of Elkhorn Slough, Moss
Landing, Monterey Co., California, original no. 9456.
_Diagnosis._--Size medium for the species; average and extreme
measurements of 6 topotypes are: total length, 115 (113-118); tail,
46.5 (42-48); hind foot, 14.5 (14-15) (von Bloeker, 1939:94). In
winter nearly black dorsally, deep mouse gray ventrally; in summer
nearly as dark dorsally as in winter, hairs of venter tipped with
Clove Brown; skull short, relatively broad cranially and relatively
narrow rostrally.
_Comparisons._--For comparison with _S. v. halicoetes_ see account of
that subspecies.
_Remarks._--This subspecies, occurring at the limits of the range of
the species, is uncommon in most collections. Seven specimens were
available for the original description. The summer pelage is not
completely described in the original description, but is stated to be
darker than the winter pelage of _S. v. vagrans_, and must thus be
considerably darker than the summer pelage of _S. v. halicoetes_. Two
specimens in the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, from San Gregario,
referred by Jackson to _S. v. halicoetes_, were included in the
present subspecies by von Bloeker.
_Specimens examined._--None.
_Records of occurrence_ (von Bloeker, 1939:94).--CALIFORNIA: _San
Mateo Co._: San Gregario. _Monterey Co._: Seaside; mouth of Salinas
River; Moss Landing.
_Marginal records._--CALIFORNIA: San Gregario; Seaside.
=Sorex vagrans vancouverensis= Merriam
_Sorex vancouverensis_ Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 10:70,
December 31, 1895.
_Sorex vagrans vancouverensis_, Jackson, N. Amer. Fauna,
51:106, July, 1928.
_Type._--Adult male, skin and skull; No. 71913, U. S. Biol. Surv.
Coll.; obtained on May 10, 1895, by Clark P. Streator, from
Goldstream, Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
_Range._--Vancouver Island from Sayward south, and Bowen Island.
_Diagnosis._--Size small for the species; average and extreme
measurements of 6 specimens from Alberni Valley, Vancouver Island,
are: total length, 106.5 (97-115); tail, 41.7 (40-43); hind foot, 12
(11-13) (Jackson, 1928:107). Ventral parts brownish, winter pelage
reddish brown rather than grayish.
_Comparisons._--Differs from _S. v. vagrans_ in more brownish ventral
parts and more brownish, rather than grayish, winter pelage; differs
from the sympatric _S. v. isolatus_ in shorter tail, shorter hind
foot, more narrow skull, and smaller teeth.
_Remarks._--This is a poorly differentiated subspecies which is
closely related to _S. v. vagrans_. The differences in color noted are
average ones. Some individuals of this shrew might be difficult to
separate from _S. v. isolatus_. The slight degree of morphological
divergence is such that intergrades might be expected to occur.
Possibly some habitat separation occurs, but such has not been
reported.
_Specimens examined._--Total number, 3. BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vancouver
Island: Mt. Washington, 1 KU; Nanaimo, 1 BS; type locality, 1 BS.
_Marginal records._--BRITISH COLUMBIA: Sayward (Anderson, 1947:18);
Bowen Island (Hall, 1938:463); Alberni (Jackson, 1928:107).
CONCLUSIONS
1. _Sorex vagrans_, _S. obscurus_, _S. pacificus_, and _S. yaquinae_
are conspecific with one another. Each is a valid subspecies but all
should bear the specific name _Sorex vagrans_ Baird, 1858.
2. The subspecies of _Sorex vagrans_ form a cline from large
(_pacificus_) to small (_vagrans_). The cline is bent in such a manner
that the terminal subspecies occur together. Where the two subspecies
occur together, individuals of one subspecies do not crossbreed with
individuals of the other subspecies and therefore react toward one
another as do full species. _Sorex vagrans vagrans_ occurs
sympatrically with _S. v. sonomae_, _S. v. pacificus_, _S. v.
yaquinae_, _S. v. bairdi_, _S. v. permiliensis_, and _S. v. setosus_.
_S. v. vancouverensis_ occurs sympatrically with _S. v. isolatus_.
3. The sympatric existence of the terminal subspecies of the _Sorex
vagrans_ rassenkreis is made possible by marked differences between
them in size and in ecological preference.
4. The west-coast subspecies, _sonomae_, _pacificus_, _yaquinae_,
_bairdi_, and _permiliensis_ probably differentiated from the Great
Basin and Rocky Mountain subspecies, _vagrans_, _obscurus_ and
_monticola_, during a separation caused first by aridity in the Great
Basin, and secondly by glaciation of the Cascade Mountains and the
Sierra Nevada, possibly in the Sangamonian and Wisconsinan ages
respectively.
5. _Sorex v. vagrans_ originated in the Great Basin and arrived on the
Pacific Coast after the last deglaciation of the Cascades and Sierra
Nevada.
6. In _S. vagrans_, heterogonic growth is illustrated; the larger the
skull, the larger the rostrum in proportion to the skull as a whole.
7. In the species _S. vagrans_, size and color vary geographically
more than do other features.
8. The _S. ornatus_ group, _S. longirostris_, and _S. veraepacis_ had
a common ancestor with _S. vagrans_, possibly in the Illinoian Age.
9. _S. vagrans_, the _S. ornatus_ group, _S. veraepacis_, _S.
longirostris_, _S. palustris_, _S. bendiri_, and the _S. cinereus_
group, because of structural resemblances, should be placed in a
single subgenus, _Otisorex_. _S. trowbridgii_, the _S. arcticus_ group,
the _S. saussurei_ group, _S. merriami_, _S. fumeus_, and _S. dispar_,
should be included in the subgenus _Sorex_.
10. _Sorex cinereus_ occurs with the medium-sized and large-sized _S.
vagrans_ in the Rocky Mountains and in Canada, but does not occur with
the smaller subspecies of _S. vagrans_, probably because competition
between two shrews of like size excludes _S. cinereus_.
TABLE 1--CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF SOREX VAGRANS
==========================================================================
Catalog | | | | | |
number or | | | | | Least |
number of |Condylobasal|Palatal|Maxillary|Cranial|interorbital|Maxillary
individuals| length |length |tooth-row|breadth| breadth | breadth
averaged | | | | | |
------------+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans pacificus_, Orick, California.
8 av | 21.8 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 10.4 | 4.1 | 6.6
Max | 22.8 | 10.2 | 9.0 | 11.1 | 4.3 | 6.8
Min | 21.3 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 10.2 | 4.1 | 6.4
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans yaquinae_, Newport, Oregon.
707 AW | 20.1 | 8.9 | 7.6 | 9.3 | 3.7 | 5.7
706 AW | 19.3 | 8.8 | 7.3 | 9.3 | 4.0 | 5.8
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Mapleton, Oregon.
205273 USBS| 20.6 | 9.0 | 8.2 | 9.9 | 4.2 | 6.0
205270 USBS| 20.4 | 8.9 | 7.9 | 9.3 | 3.7 | 6.0
205272 USBS| | 9.2 | 8.3 | | 4.0 | 6.1
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Vida, Oregon.
4 av | 19.5 | 8.4 | 7.5 | 9.2 | 3.6 | 5.5
Max | 20.3 | 8.8 | 7.9 | 9.5 | 3.7 | 5.7
Min | 19.3 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 3.5 | 5.3
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| McKenzie Bridge, Oregon.
6 av | 18.9 | 8.2 | 7.1 | 9.1(5)| 3.7 | 5.6
Max | 19.5 | 8.6 | 7.6 | 9.4 | 3.8 | 5.7
Min | 18.7 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 8.4 | 3.6 | 5.4
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans bairdi_, Astoria, Oregon.
6 av | 18.5 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 8.9(4)| 3.4 | 5.3
Max | 19.2 | 8.1 | 7.4 | 9.0 | 3.5 | 5.5
Min | 18.0 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 8.9 | 3.2 | 5.2
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans permiliensis_, Mt. Jefferson, Oregon.
14 av | 18.0 | 7.5 | 6.8 | 9.0 | 3.5 | 5.2
Max | 18.9 | 7.9 | 7.2 | 9.4 | 3.7 | 5.3
Min | 17.2 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 3.3 | 4.8
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans setosus_, Olympic Mts., Washington.
12 av | 17.2(9) | 7.1 | 6.5 | 8.5(8)| 3.3 | 5.0
Max | 17.9 | 7.4 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 3.4 | 5.3
Min | 16.7 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 8.3 | 3.0 | 4.8
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Mt. Rainier, Washington.
16 av | 17.2 | 7.1 | 6.5 |8.4(14)| 3.3 | 5.0
Max | 17.6 | 7.3 | 6.7 |8.7 | 3.5 | 5.2
Min | 16.4 | 6.5 | 6.1 |8.1 | 3.2 | 4.7
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans longicauda_, head Rivers Inlet, B.C.
15 av | 18.0 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 3.2 | 5.0
Max | 18.4 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 8.9 | 3.3 | 5.2
Min | 17.6 | 7.2 | 6.4 | 8.4 | 3.1 | 4.8
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Port Simpson, British Columbia.
10 av | 18.1(9) | 7.6 | 7.0 | 8.9 | 3.4 | 5.1
Max | 18.8 | 7.8 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 3.6 | 5.4
Min | 17.2 | 7.2 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 3.3 | 4.9
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Fort Wrangell, Alaska.
18 av | 18.5 |7.8(15)| 7.1 |9.0(15)| 3.3 | 5.1
Max | 18.9 |8.0 | 7.3 |9.2 | 3.5 | 5.3
Min | 17.8 |7.5 | 6.7 |8.6 | 3.2 | 5.0
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans elassodon_, Woewodsky Is., Alaska.
20550 AMNH | 18.0 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 8.7 | 3.3 | 5.0
20553 AMNH | 17.5 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 8.3 | 3.2 | 4.7
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans alascensis_,
| 9 mi. W and 4 mi. N Haines, Alaska.
10 av | 17.2 | 7.2 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 4.9
Max | 17.6 | 7.4 | 6.9 | 8.8 | 3.3 | 5.0
Min | 16.9 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 8.2 | 3.0 | 4.7
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Yakutat Bay, Alaska.
73543 USBS | 18.0 | 7.5 | 6.8 |... | 3.2 | 5.0
73536 USBS | 18.0 | 7.6 | 6.8 |8.8 | 3.4 | 5.3
73541 USBS | 17.9 | 7.4 | 6.7 |8.8 | 3.1 | 5.2
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans shumaginensis_, Sandpoint, Popof Is., Alaska.
9 av | 17.2(5) | 7.0 | 6.3 |8.3(7) | 3.1 | 4.8
Max | 17.6 | 7.2 | 6.6 |8.5 | 3.2 | 5.1
Min | 16.8 | 6.8 | 6.1 |8.0 | 3.0 | 4.7
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans obscurus_, Barkerville, British Columbia.
5 av | 17.1 | 7.1 | 6.5 |8.5(4) | 3.3 | 4.8
Max | 17.3 | 7.3 | 6.6 |8.6 | 3.3 | 5.0
Min | 16.6 | 6.7 | 6.4 |8.2 | 3.2 | 4.6
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| 10 mi. SSW Leadore, Idaho.
7 av | 17.2(4) | 7.3(9)| 6.6 |8.6(4) | 3.3 | 5.0
Max | 17.3 | 7.5 | 6.8 |8.9 | 3.4 | 5.1
Min | 17.0 | 7.1 | 6.4 |8.3 | 3.2 | 4.7
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Albany Co., Wyoming (several localities).
20 av | 17.3 | 7.3 | 6.8 |8.7(19)| 3.2 | 5.2
Max | 17.9 | 7.6 | 6.9 |9.0 | 3.4 | 5.5
Min | 16.7 | 6.9 | 6.5 |8.4 | 3.1 | 5.0
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans longiquus_, 25 mi. ESE Big Sandy, Montana.
87332 UM | 16.4 | 6.8 | 6.2 |8.2 | 3.0 | 4.8
87334 UM | 16.8 | 7.1 | 6.3 |8.1 | 3.2 | 4.7
87335 UM | 15.8 | 6.7 | 6.0 |8.4 | 3.1 | 4.9
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Highwood Mts., Montana.
10 av | 16.3(9) | 6.7 | 6.2 |8.0(9) | 3.1 | 4.7
Max | 16.9 | 6.9 | 6.4 |8.3 | 3.3 | 5.0
Min | 15.6 | 6.5 | 6.0 |7.8 | 3.0 | 4.5
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans neomexicanus_, Cloudcroft, New Mexico.
4 av | 17.6(3) | 7.6 | 7.0 | 8.7 | 3.3 | 5.2
Max | 17.7 | 7.7 | 7.1 | 8.8 | 3.4 | 5.4
Min | 17.4 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 8.5 | 3.2 | 5.1
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans monticola_, White Mts., Arizona.
12 av | 16.1(9) | 6.6 | 5.9(9) | 8.2 | 3.1(11) | 4.7
Max | 16.6 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 8.5 | 3.3 | 4.9
Min | 15.5 | 6.5 | 5.6 | 8.1 | 3.0 | 4.6
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans orizabae_, Volcan Toluca, Mexico.
55900 USBS | 17.1 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 7.8 | 2.9 | 4.5
55898 USBS | 17.1 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 4.8
55897 USBS | 16.8 | 6.9 | 6.1 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 4.6
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans vagrans_, Lincoln Co., Wyoming.
7 av | 16.5(6) | 6.6 | 6.1 | 8.2 | 2.9 | 4.7
Max | 17.1 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 4.9
Min | 16.0 | 6.4 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 2.9 | 4.5
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Gearhart Mtn., Lake Co., Oregon.
17 av | 16.5(15) | 6.6 | 5.9 | 8.1 | 2.9 | 4.6
Max | 17.1 | 7.0 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 3.1 | 4.9
Min | 16.1 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 7.8 | 2.8 | 4.4
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Willapa Bay, Washington.
9 av | 16.6 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 2.8 | 4.7
Max | 17.2 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 5.0
Min | 16.2 | 6.6 | 5.9 | 7.9 | 2.7 | 4.6
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans obscuroides_, Bishop Creek, California.
4 av | 16.7 | 7.0 | 6.3 | 8.2 | 3.2 | 4.8
Max | 16.8 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 8.3 | 3.4 | 4.9
Min | 16.6 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 8.1 | 3.1 | 4.7
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| Mt. Whitney, California.
4 av | 16.7(3) | 6.9 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 3.3 | 4.8
Max | 16.7 | 7.0 | 6.4 | 8.5 | 3.4 | 5.0
Min | 16.7 | 6.7 | 6.1 | 8.4 | 3.1 | 4.7
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
| _Sorex vagrans parvidens_, San Bernardino Peak, California.
56559 USBS | 17.1 | 7.0 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 2.9 | 4.8
56558 USBS | 16.4 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 4.8
+------------+-------+---------+-------+------------+---------
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*Vol 2. (Complete) Mammals of Washington. By Walter W. Dalquest.
Pp. 1-444, 140 figures in text. April 9, 1948.
Vol. 3. *1. The avifauna of Micronesia, its origin, evolution, and
distribution. By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 1-359, 16 figures
in text. June 12, 1951.
*2. A quantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds.
By George H. Lowery, Jr. Pp. 361-472, 47 figures in text.
June 29, 1951.
3. Phylogeny of the waxwings and allied birds. By M. Dale
Arvey. Pp. 473-530, 49 figures in text, 13 tables.
October 10, 1951.
4. Birds from the state of Veracruz, Mexico. By George H.
Lowery, Jr. and Walter W. Dalquest. Pp. 531-649,
7 figures in text, 2 tables. October 10, 1951.
Index. Pp. 651-681.
*Vol. 4. (Complete) American weasels. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 1-466,
41 plates, 31 figures in text. December 27, 1951.
Vol. 5. 1. Preliminary survey of a Paleocene faunule from the
Angels Peak area, New Mexico. By Robert W. Wilson.
Pp. 1-11, 1 figure in text. February 24, 1951.
2. Two new moles (Genus Scalopus) from Mexico and Texas.
By Rollin H. Baker. Pp. 17-24. February 28, 1951.
3. Two new pocket gophers from Wyoming and Colorado.
By E. Raymond Hall and H. Gordon Montague. Pp. 25-32.
February 28, 1951.
4. Mammals obtained by Dr. Curt von Wedel from the barrier
beach of Tamaulipas, Mexico. By E. Raymond Hall.
Pp. 33-47, 1 figure in text. October 1, 1951.
5. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of
some North American rabbits. By E. Raymond Hall and
Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 49-58. October 1, 1951.
6. Two new subspecies of Thomomys bottae from New Mexico
and Colorado. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 59-71, 1 figure in
text. October 1, 1951.
7. A new subspecies of Microtus montanus from Montana and
comments on Microtus canicaudus Miller. By E. Raymond
Hall and Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 73-79. October 1, 1951.
8. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from eastern
Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 81-85. October 1, 1951.
9. Mammals taken along the Alaskan Highway. By Rollin H.
Baker. Pp. 87-117, 1 figure in text. November 28, 1951.
*10. A synopsis of the North American Lagomorpha. By E.
Raymond Hall. Pp. 119-202, 68 figures in text.
December 15, 1951.
11. A new pocket mouse (Genus Perognathus) from Kansas.
By E. Lendell Cockrum. Pp. 203-206. December 15, 1951.
12. Mammals from Tamaulipas, Mexico. By Rollin H. Baker.
Pp. 207-218. December 15, 1951.
13. A new pocket gopher (Genus Thomomys) from Wyoming and
Colorado. By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 219-222.
December 15, 1951.
14. A new name for the Mexican red bat. By E. Raymond Hall.
Pp. 223-226. December 15, 1951.
15. Taxonomic notes on Mexican bats of the Genus Rhogeessa.
By E. Raymond Hall. Pp. 227-232. April 10, 1952.
16. Comments on the taxonomy and geographic distribution of
some North American woodrats (Genus Neotoma). By Keith R.
Kelson. Pp. 233-242. April 10, 1952.
17. The subspecies of the Mexican red-bellied squirrel,
Sciurus aureogaster. By Keith R. Kelson. Pp. 243-250,
1 figure in text. April 10, 1952.