Laboratory.
=Waters, William Horscroft=, B.A. Camb.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Owen’s College, Manchester,
Physiological Laboratory in 1883, also at University Cambridge
Physiological Laboratory New Museum in 1879-80-81-82-83. Certificates for
Illustrations of Lectures in 1880-81-82-83. No Experiments returned in
1882 and 1883._
=Weber, Arthur=, 33, Boulevard des Batignolles, Paris. Prof. Gen. Anat.
College of France.
=Weir-Mitchell=, S. M.D.; Mem. Nat. Acad. of Sciences, U.S.A.
=Weisman= (Dr.), Prof. of Physiol. and Prosector of Univ., Freiburg in
Baden.
=Wells, Sir T. Spencer=, Bart., 3, Upper Grosvenor Street, W. F.R.C.S.
Eng. (Hon.), 1844; M. 1841; F.K.Q.C.P. Irel. (Hon.), 1867; Dub. and St.
Thos.’s; Mem. Counc. (Vice-Pres. 1880); R.C.S. Eng.; Fell. Roy. Med.
Chir. Soc.; Mem. Roy. Inst., Path. Soc.; Imp. Soc. Surg. Paris; Soc. of
Med. Paris, and Soc. of Phys. Sweden; Hon. Mem. several foreign learned
Societies; Surg. to Queen’s Household; Cons. Surg. Samarit. Hosp. for
Women and Children; late Prof. of Surg. and Path. R.C.S. Eng.; formerly
Surg. Roy. Navy.
Author of “Diseases of the Ovaries, their Diagnosis and Treatment,” 1865
and 1872; “Ten Series of 100 cases of Ovariotomy;” Med. Chir. Trans.
1859-80, and numerous contributions to Medical Papers.
“If we could hope in diseased women for the same series of changes as
have been observed in healthy dogs and rabbits, we might agree more
completely with the conclusions of the German experimenters. But it
is one thing to remove a piece of a uterine horn, or a healthy ovary,
or a bit of omentum or mesentery, from a dog or a rabbit, and a very
different thing to remove a large uterine or ovarian tumour from a woman
whose general health has been more or less affected by the growth of the
tumour.”--_Diseases of the Ovaries_, London, 1872, p. 372.
“I made experiments upon animals for which I have been vilified, but for
which I do not reproach myself.… They corroborate what was known before,
that abdominal wounds well adjusted unite readily. This was not what I
wanted. They proved more, and were the visible standing evidence which I
did want--that, though the other tissues might be brought together, if
the cut edges of the peritoneum were left free, they retracted, direct
union did not take place, and secondary evil consequences resulted.…
Without this convincing demonstration in my hands, I might have gone on
for years, bowing to precepts and oblivious of principles, sometimes
taking up the peritoneum and sometimes leaving it loose, with perplexity
to myself and danger to my patients.”--_Ovarian and Uterine Tumours_,
London, 1882, pp. 197-98.
“Fifteen years after my first operation (in 1842), T. S. Wells came
to Manchester to be present at one of my operations, and made many
inquiries, amongst which--‘Did I include the peritoneum in my interrupted
sutures?’ I replied, ‘Certainly;’ and gave as my reason, that in
two cases where the suture had not included the peritoneum hernial
protrusions had followed. I also added, that peritonitis could only
be set up _once_, whether the sutures included the peritoneum or not.
I was for some time after in correspondence with Mr. Wells, but never
heard of vivisection in connection with ovariotomy, nor can I perceive
any advantage that ovariotomy has received from such experiments. All
my operations from first to last have shown the same average amount of
success--about 75 per cent. I have never practised nor yet countenanced
vivisection. I have given up operating after 400 cases and about 100
deaths.”--_Letter of Dr. Clay, dated April 6th, 1880._
“The whole progress of abdominal surgery dates from the first successful
case of ovariotomy performed by Robert Houston in 1701. Failing to see
the lesson taught by this, and led astray by vivisection, no further
success was achieved till 1809, by Ephraim McDowell, and it was not till
1867 that any substantial gain was made. Disregarding all the conclusions
of experiment, Baker Brown showed us how to bring our mortality of
ovariotomy down to 10 per cent., and again, in 1876, Keith proved that
it might be still further reduced. The methods of this reduction were
such as only experience on human patients could indicate; experiments on
animals could and did teach nothing, for operations have been performed
on thousands of animals every year for centuries, and nothing whatever
has been learnt from this wholesale vivisection.”--Lawson Tait, F.R.C.S.,
“_Uselessness of Vivisection_,” p. 27.
=Wertheim, G.= Prof. Med. Fac. Vienna University.
Roasted 30 living dogs.--_Annual Report of Rudolph Institute_, Vienna,
1867, pp. 172, 183.
=Wilischanin, Paul.= M.D., St. Petersburg.
Made experiments in the Clinical Lab. of Prof. Botkin.
Produced fever in dogs and rabbits by injecting decomposed defibrinised
blood, to try the effect of warm water injections.--_Centralbl. f. d.
Med. Wiss._, Sept. 22, 1883, No. 38.
=Williams, C. J. B.=, 49, Upper Brook Street, W. M.D. Edin., 1824;
F.R.C.P. Lond. 1840; (Edin. Paris, and St. Georg.), F.R.S.; Pres. Roy.
Med. and Chir. Soc. Lond.; Phys. Extr. to H.M. the Queen; formerly Prof.
Med. and Clin. Med. Univ. Coll.; Pres. (1st) Path. and New Syd. Socs.
Author of “Principles of Medicine,” 1856; Several Courses of Lectures on
Physiol. and Clin. Med.; “Medical Gazette,” 1835-45, &c., &c.
=Williams, Dawson=, 4, Oxford and Cambridge Mansions, Marylebone Road,
N.W. M.D. (worthy of gold medal), 1881. M.B. Lond. (Gold Medal in Med.)
and B.S. 1879; M.R.C.S. Eng. (Univ. Coll.)
_Held a License for Vivisection at University College, London, New
Physiological Theatre and Laboratory and Curator’s Rooms in 1882 and
1883. Certificate dispensing with obligation to kill, 1882 and 1883. No
experiments returned in 1882._
=Wirtz, S. H.= Prof. Utrecht University.
=Wittich, W. von.= Prof. of Physiol. Med. Fac. Königsberg University.
Contributor to “Handbuch der Physiologie,” edited by Prof. Hermann, of
Zurich, Leipsig, 1879.
=Wolfenden, Richard Norris=, 64, Welbeck Street, Cavendish Square. B.A.
Camb. (Honours in Nat. Sci.) 1876; M.B. 1880 (Camb., St. Barthol. and
Char. Cross); Lect. on Pract. Physiol. Char. Cross Hosp.; late House
Phys. Lond. Hosp.
Author of “Physiological Chemistry for the Laboratory,” 1880; Contrib.
“Med. Times and Gaz.,” etc., etc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Charing Cross Hospital Medical
School, No. 62 and 63, Chandos Street, in 1881 and 1882. Certificate for
Illustrations of Lectures in 1881 and 1882. No experiments returned in
1882._
=Wooldridge, Leonard Charles=, 12, Querstrasse, Leipsic, Germany. M.D.,
M.R.C.S. Eng., 1879; George Henry Lewes Student.
Author of “Zur Gerinnung des Blutes,” Du Bois Reymond’s Archiv, 1883,
p. 389 (Physiol. Abtheil); “Ueber die Function der Kammernerven des
Säugthierherzens,” _Ibid._, p. 522.
Made experiments in the Physiol. Inst., Leipsig, on the exposed heart
nerves of dogs.
=Worm, Müller Jacob.= B. at Bergen, 1834. Studied Med. and Nat. Sci.
at Christiana; Practised Med. in Christiana from 1860-1865; studied
ophthalmology Vienna and Brun, 1866, and then dedicated himself to
Physiology; Private Prof. Christiana, 1870; Prof. Extraord., 1873; Prof.
in Ord., 1878; Pres. Norwegian Med. Soc.
Contrib. various articles to Pflüger’s “Archiv,” “Untersuchungen aus dem
physiol. Lab. in Wurzburg,” “Poggendorff’s Annalen,” etc.
=Wurtz, Ch. Adolphe.= B. at Strasburg, 1817; d. in Paris, 1884. M.D.
Strasburg, 1843; Dean of Faculty of Med., Paris, 1865; Prof. Med.
Chemistry; Prof. Organic Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, 1876.
“Mémoires sur les ammoniaques composeés,” 1856; “Sur l’insalubrité
des résidus provenant des distilleries,” 1857; “Leçons de philosophie
chinique,” 1864; “Traité élémentaire de chimie médicale,” 1864; “Leçons
élémentaires de chimie moderne,” 1866; “Dictionnaire de chimie pure et
appliquée,” 1868-1878; etc.
=Wyatt, William Thomas=, 1, Shaftesbury Villas, Stamford Hill, N. M.A.
Oxon., 1880; B.A. (1st Class Honours in Nat. Sci.), 1876; M.B. 1880;
M.R.C.S., Eng., 1879 (Oxf. and St. Barthol.); Schol. in Anat. and
Physiol., 1877; Foster Prizem. in 1878; and Kirke’s Gold Medallist St.
Barthol.; formerly House Surgeon and House Phys. St. Barthol.
_Held a License for Vivisection at Saint Bartholomew’s Hospital Medical
School in 1878. No experiments returned._
=Yeo, Gerald Francis=, King’s College, Strand. W.C. M.D. Dub., 1871;
M.B. and M.Ch., 1867; Dipl. in State Med., 1871; F.R.C.S. Eng., 1878;
L.R.C.S.T. 1872 (T. C. Dub., Paris, Berlin, and Vienna); Prof. of
Physiol. King’s Coll. London; Lect. on and Exam. in Physiol. R.C.S. Eng.;
late. Asst. Surg. King’s Coll. Hosp.; and Lect. on Physiol. Carm. Sch. of
Med. Dub.; Member of the Association for the Advancement of Medicine by
Research.
Author of “Diseases of the Kidney” (awarded Gold Medal of Path. Soc.
Dub.); Contrib. to Proc. Path. Soc. Dub., etc., etc.
_Held a License for Vivisection at King’s College, London, Physiological
Laboratory and Anatomical Theatre in 1878-79-80-81-82-83. Certificates
for Illustrations of Lectures and for Dispensing with obligation to Kill
in 1878-79-80-81. Certificate for Illustrations of Lectures in 1882 and
1883._
“Why repeat the oft-told tale of horrors contained in the works of Claude
Bernard, Paul Bert, Brown-Séquard, and Richet, in France; of Goltz, in
Germany; and Flint, in America.”--G. F. Yeo, Fortnightly Review, March,
1882.
“I am proud to call him (Goltz) my friend.”--G. F. Yeo, Contem. Review,
May, 1882.
[It was reported in the _British Medical Journal_ and the _Lancet_
that at a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International
Medical Congress, held in London in 1881, Professor Ferrier had shown
two monkeys, a portion of whose cortex had been removed by himself.
As Professor Ferrier had no license for vivisection at the time, a
prosecution was instituted against him for a breach of the law. When the
case was brought into Court, the _onus_ was shifted on to Professor Yeo,
who was a licensed vivisector. Below is a comparison between the facts as
reported and the sworn evidence of the reporter of the one journal and
the editor of the other:--]
_British Medical Journal._
PUBLISHED REPORT, 20th August, 1881.
The members were shown two of the monkeys, a portion of whose cortex
had been removed by Professor Ferrier. Concerning the first of these,
Professor Ferrier said it had been his desire to remove as completely
as possible the whole of the psycho-motor region. Whether in this he
had succeeded perfectly could not be learnt for certainty until after a
_post-mortem_ examination had been made.
REPORTER’S SWORN EVIDENCE. 17th November, 1881.
Q. Did Professor Ferrier offer to exhibit two of the monkeys upon which
he had so operated?
A. At the Congress, no.
Q. Did he subsequently?
A. No; he showed certain of the members of the Congress two monkeys at
King’s College.
Q. What two monkeys?
A. Two monkeys upon which an operation had been performed.
Q. By whom?
A. By Professor Yeo.
_Lancet._
PUBLISHED REPORT, 8th October, 1881.
“The interest attaching to the discussion was greatly enhanced by the
fact that Professor Ferrier was willing to exhibit two monkeys which he
had operated upon some months previously.”…
“In startling contrast to the dog were two monkeys exhibited by Professor
Ferrier. One of them had been operated upon in the middle of January,
the left motor area having been destroyed. There had resulted from the
operation right sided hemiplegia, with conjugate deviation of eyes and
of head. Facial paralysis was at first well marked, but ceased after a
fortnight. From the first there had been paralysis of the right leg,
though the animal was able to lift it up. The arm it had never been
able to use. Lately, rigidity of the muscles of the paralysed limbs had
been coming on. The other monkey, as a consequence of paralysis of its
auditory centres, was apparently entirely unaffected by loud noises, as
by the firing of percussion caps in close proximity to its head.”
COUNSEL’S STATEMENT. 17th November, 1881.
Dr. WAKLEY, _sworn, examined by Mr. Waddy_:--
Q. Are you the editor of the _Lancet_?
A. I am.
Q. Can you tell me who it was furnished his Report?
A. I have the permission of the gentleman to give his name, Professor
Gamgee, of Owen’s College, Manchester.
Mr. WADDY: What I should ask is that one might have an opportunity of
calling Professor Gamgee.
Mr. GULLY: I have my reasons for objecting to this. We have communicated
with Professor Gamgee and I know very well that he will say precisely
what was said by Dr. Roy.
“At a meeting of the Physiological Section of the International Medical
Congress held in London in 1881, Professor Goltz exhibited a dog, and
Professors Ferrier and Yeo a monkey; from the brain of the dog a large
area of the cortex had been removed without producing any such effect as,
according to Professor Goltz, would necessarily result if the theory, as
usually held, of the localisation of function of the cortex were true;
from the brain of the monkey a definite part of the so-called motor area
had been removed, and a localised paralysis produced--a paralysis which,
according to Professors Ferrier and Yeo, could not result if that theory
were not true.”--“_On the Cortical Areas removed from the Brain of a Dog
and from the Brain of a Monkey_” _a Report by Dr. Klein, Mr. Langley, and
Professor Schäfer, Journal of Physiology_, Vol. IV., 1884, p. 231.
=Yule, C. J. F.= M.A.; Lecturer on Exper. Physiol., Magdalen Coll. Oxford.
_Held a License for Vivisection at University Oxford Laboratory, Magdalen
College in 1878 and 1882. Certificates for Illustrations of Lectures,
1878 and 1882._
=Zander, Richard.= M.D.; Prosect. Anatom. Inst., Königsberg, Prussia.
Contrib. to Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wissenchaften, 1879.
“In the year 1878 I made a series of experiments on the results of
section of the vagus in birds, occasioned by the title of the Prize
Essay of the Medical Faculty of Königsberg,--According to Blainville
and Billroth section of the nervi vagi in birds has no influence on the
condition of the lungs. It is to be experimentally proved why birds
die after this operation.… As my experiments in many points contradict
those of Eichhorst, I will here shortly give the results of over eighty
experiments on birds principally pigeons. My completed work, which was
awarded the prize by the Medical Faculty on the 18th of Jan., will
shortly appear.”--_Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss._, 1879, p. 99.
=Zuntz, Nathan.= Prof. of Anim. Physiol. Univ., Berlin; form. Prof. at
Bonn; Direct. of the Agricul. Acad., Poppelsdorf.
Author of “Beiträge zur Physiologie des Blutes,” Bonn, 1868; “Innervation
der Athmung,” Biol. Centralbl., Vol. II., No. 6 (1882); “Ueber die
Bedeutung der Amidsubstanzen für die thierische Ernährung,” Arch. f.
Physiol. (1882); “Zur Theorie des Fiebers;” Centralbl. f. d. Med. Wiss.,
No. 32, 1882, p. 561.
Made experiments with curare on rabbits.--“_Ueber den Einfluss der
Curarevergiftung auf den thierischen Stoffwechsel_,” Pflüger’s _Archiv_,
Vol. XII., p. 522.
ADDENDUM.
=Sinéty, Louis de=, 10, Rue de la Chaise, Paris. M.D., 1873. Formerly
Prof. Gen. Anat. Med. Fac.
Author of “De l’État du Foie chez les femelles en lactation” (Thèse),
Paris, 1873; “Traité pratique de Gynécologie,” Paris, 1879; second
edition, 1884.
“On female guinea-pigs, which have only a single pair of mammæ, we have
made the ablation of these glands during lactation.”--“_Manuel Pratique
de Gynécologie_,” Paris, 1879, p. 778.
“I wish to communicate to the Society the results that I have obtained
by the ablation of the mammæ in animals. Dogs and rabbits with their
six or eight mammæ were unable to survive these experiments. I chose in
preference guinea-pigs, which have, as is known, only two mammæ, and in
which the disposition of the ducts renders the operation easy, I might
almost say harmless, even during the period of lactation; for out of six
females operated on in the month of September not one died, and all of
them are still to-day subject to observation.”--_Report of the Meeting
of the Soc. de Biologie, December 20, 1873_, “_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_,”
1874, p. 36.
“I have myself made a fair number of experiments relative to the
innervation of the mammary glands on female guinea-pigs.… Considering
the contradictory results, it would be well to describe the experiments
before arriving at any conclusions.… Experiment No. 1, June 10,
1874.--Guinea-pig in lactation. The mammary nerve on one side is laid
bare, and insulated by means of a thread. The animal exhibits signs
of acute pain, especially when the nerve is stimulated by an electric
current; but the stimulation, prolonged during 10 minutes, produces no
appreciable effect on the teats nor on the amount of milk secreted. I
divided the nerve, and on the following day, June 11, there was as much
milk in one gland as in the other; nor did the electric stimulation
re-applied to both ends of the divided nerve produce any apparent effect
on the glandular function.… I have selected these five experiments
from those I had noted down in my book, as I made them under varying
conditions. In all of them the results were negative.… Rochrig observed
that in the goat the effects were different--as M. Lafont had said--which
proves once more that the conclusions arrived at must not be generalized,
and that the phenomena may vary considerably according to the species
of animal.”--“_De l’Innervation de la Mamelle_,” _Report de la Soc. de
Biologie, October 25, 1879_, “_Gaz. Méd. de Paris_,” 1879, p. 593.
THE END.