[1] E. Misselden, _Free Trade or the Meanes to make Trade Flourish_
(1622), p. 68; G. Malynes, _The Maintenance of Free Trade_ (1622), p.
105.
[2] H. Parker, _Of a Free Trade_ (1648), p. 8.
[3] (1787), 27 Geo. III. c. 13.
[4] Sir Walter Scott, _Guy Mannering_, chapter v.
[5] Gladstone, "Free Trade, Railways and Commerce," in _Nineteenth
Century_ (Feb. 1880), vol. vii. p. 370.
[6] Parker states a similar argument in the form in which it suited
the special problem of his day. "If merchandise be good for the
commonweal, then the more common it is made, the more open it is
laid, the more good it will convey to us." _Op. cit._ 20.
[7] Schmoller, _Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre_
(1904), ii. 607.
[8] Byles, _Sophisms of Free Trade_; L. S. Amery, _Fundamental
Fallacies of Free Trade_, 13.
[9] W. Cunningham, _Rise and Decline of the Free Trade Movement_, PP.
5-11.
[10] _Wealth of Nations_, book iv. chap. ii.
[11] _Principles of Political Economy_, 485.
[12] J. Morley, _Life of Cobden_, i. 230.
[13] "Memoire," 6 April 1776, in _Oeuvres_, viii. 460.
[14] Jefferson, _Notes on Virginia_, 275. See also the articles on
JEFFERSON and HAMILTON, ALEXANDER.
[15] One incidental effect of the failure to secure free trade was
that the African slave trade, with West Indies as a depot for
supplying the American market, ceased to be remunerative, and the
opposition to the abolition of the trade was very much weaker than it
would otherwise have been; see Hochstetter, "Die wirtschaftlichen und
politischen Motive fuer die Abschaffung des britischen
Sklavenhandels," in Schmoller, _Staats und Sozialwissenschaftliche
Forschungen_, xxv. i. 37.
[16] J. Welsford, "Cobden's Foreign Teacher," in _National Review_
(December 1905).
[17] _Compatriot Club Lectures_ (1905), p. 306.
[18] J. S. Mill, _Principles of Political Economy_, book v. chapter
x. Sec. 1.
[19] F. S. Oliver, _Alexander Hamilton_, 142.
[20] The standard is, of course, lower among the negroes and mean
whites in the South than in the North and West.
[21] F. Beauclerk, "Free Trade in India," in _Economic Review_ (July
1907), xvii. 284.
[22] A. E. Murray, _History of the Commercial and Financial Relations
between England and Ireland_, 294.
[23] For the tariff reform movement in English politics see the
article on CHAMBERLAIN, J. Among continental writers G. Schmoller
(_Grundriss der allgemeinen Volkswirtschaftslehre_, ii. 641) and A.
Wagner (Preface to M. Schwab's _Chamberlains Handelspolitik_)
pronounce in favour of a change, as Fuchs did by anticipation.
Schulze-Gaevernitz (_Britischer Imperialismus und englischer
Freihandel_), Aubry (_Etude critique de la politique commerciale de
l'Angleterre a l'egard de ses colonies_), and Blondel (_La politique
Protectionniste en Angleterre un nouveau danger pour la France_) are
against it.
FREGELLAE, an ancient town of Latium adiectum, situated on the Via
Latina, 11 m. W.N.W. of Aquinum, near the left branch of the Liris. It
is said to have belonged in early times to the Opici or Oscans, and
later to the Volscians. It was apparently destroyed by the Samnites a
little before 330 B.C., in which year the people of Fabrateria Vetus
(mod. Ceccano) besought the help of Rome against them, and in 328 B.C. a
Latin colony was established there. The place was taken in 320 B.C. by
the Samnites, but re-established by the Romans in 313 B.C. It continued
henceforward to be faithful to Rome; by breaking the bridges over the
Liris it interposed an obstacle to the advance of Hannibal on Rome in
212 B.C., and it was a native of Fregellae who headed the deputation of
the non-revolting colonies in 209 B.C. It appears to have been a very
important and flourishing place owing to its command of the crossing of
the Liris, and to its position in a fertile territory, and it was here
that, after the rejection of the proposals of M. Fulvius Flaccus for the
extension of Roman burgess-rights in 125 B.C., a revolt against Rome
broke out. It was captured by treachery in the same year and destroyed;
but its place was taken in the following year by the colony of
Fabrateria Nova, 3 m. to the S.E. on the opposite bank of the Liris,
while a post station Fregellanum (mod. Ceprano) is mentioned in the
itineraries; Fregellae itself, however, continued to exist as a village
even under the empire. The site is clearly traceable about 1/2 m. E. of
Ceprano, but the remains of the city are scanty.