NA
World
$154 billion official development assistance (ODA) (2004)
Yemen
$2.3 billion (2003-07 disbursements) (2003-07 disbursements)
Zambia
$651 million (2000 est.)
Zimbabwe
$178 million; note - the EU and the US provide food aid on
humanitarian grounds (2000 est.)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
======================================================================
@2065 Currency (code)
Afghanistan
afghani (AFA)
Albania
lek (ALL)
Algeria
Algerian dinar (DZD)
American Samoa
US dollar (USD)
Andorra
euro (EUR)
Angola
kwanza (AOA)
Anguilla
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Antigua and Barbuda
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Argentina
Argentine peso (ARS)
Armenia
dram (AMD)
Aruba
Aruban guilder/florin (AWG)
Australia
Australian dollar (AUD)
Austria
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; as of 1 January 2002, the euro became the only
legal tender in EMU member countries, including Austria
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijani manat (AZM)
Bahamas, The
Bahamian dollar (BSD)
Bahrain
Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Bangladesh
taka (BDT)
Barbados
Barbadian dollar (BBD)
Belarus
Belarusian ruble (BYB/BYR)
Belgium
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Belize
Belizean dollar (BZD)
Benin
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Bermuda
Bermudian dollar (BMD)
Bhutan
ngultrum (BTN); Indian rupee (INR)
Bolivia
boliviano (BOB)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
marka (BAM)
Botswana
pula (BWP)
Brazil
real (BRL)
British Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Brunei
Bruneian dollar (BND)
Bulgaria
lev (BGL)
Burkina Faso
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Burma
kyat (MMK)
Burundi
Burundi franc (BIF)
Cambodia
riel (KHR)
Cameroon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Canada
Canadian dollar (CAD)
Cape Verde
Cape Verdean escudo (CVE)
Cayman Islands
Caymanian dollar (KYD)
Central African Republic
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc
(XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central
African States
Chad
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible
authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Chile
Chilean peso (CLP)
China
yuan (CNY)
note:: also referred to as the Renminbi (RMB)
Christmas Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Australian dollar (AUD)
Colombia
Colombian peso (COP)
Comoros
Comoran franc (KMF)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congolese franc (CDF)
Congo, Republic of the
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF);
note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African
States
Cook Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Costa Rica
Costa Rican colon (CRC)
Cote d'Ivoire
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Croatia
kuna (HRK)
Cuba
Cuban peso (CUP) and Convertible peso (CUC)
Cyprus
Greek Cypriot area: Cypriot pound (CYP); Turkish Cypriot
area: Turkish lira (TRL)
Czech Republic
Czech koruna (CZK)
Denmark
Danish krone (DKK)
Djibouti
Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Dominica
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Dominican Republic
Dominican peso (DOP)
East Timor
US dollar (USD)
Ecuador
US dollar (USD)
Egypt
Egyptian pound (EGP)
El Salvador
US dollar (USD)
Equatorial Guinea
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note
- responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Eritrea
nakfa (ERN)
Estonia
Estonian kroon (EEK)
Ethiopia
birr (ETB)
European Union
euro, British pound, Danish kroner, Swedish kroner,
Cypriot pound, koruny (Czech Republic), krooni (Estonia), forint
(Hungary), lati (Latvia), litai (Lithuania), Maltese liri, zloty
(Poland), koruny (Slovakia), tolar (Slovenia)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Falkland pound (FKP)
Faroe Islands
Danish krone (DKK)
Fiji
Fijian dollar (FJD)
Finland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
France
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
French Guiana
euro (EUR)
French Polynesia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
Gabon
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note -
responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Gambia, The
dalasi (GMD)
Gaza Strip
new Israeli shekel (ILS)
Georgia
lari (GEL)
Germany
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Ghana
cedi (GHC)
Gibraltar
Gibraltar pound (GIP)
Greece
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Greenland
Danish krone (DKK)
Grenada
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Guadeloupe
euro (EUR)
Guam
US dollar (USD)
Guatemala
quetzal (GTQ), US dollar (USD), others allowed
Guernsey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Guernsey pound
Guinea
Guinean franc (GNF)
Guinea-Bissau
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African
States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used
Guyana
Guyanese dollar (GYD)
Haiti
gourde (HTG)
Holy See (Vatican City)
euro (EUR)
Honduras
lempira (HNL)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong dollar (HKD)
Hungary
forint (HUF)
Iceland
Icelandic krona (ISK)
India
Indian rupee (INR)
Indonesia
Indonesian rupiah (IDR)
Iran
Iranian rial (IRR)
Iraq
New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004
Ireland
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Israel
new Israeli shekel (ILS); note - NIS is the currency
abbreviation; ILS is the International Organization for
Standarization (ISO) code for the NIS
Italy
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Jamaica
Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Japan
yen (JPY)
Jersey
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Jersey pound
Jordan
Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Kazakhstan
tenge (KZT)
Kenya
Kenyan shilling (KES)
Kiribati
Australian dollar (AUD)
Korea, North
North Korean won (KPW)
Korea, South
South Korean won (KRW)
Kuwait
Kuwaiti dinar (KD)
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
kip (LAK)
Latvia
Latvian lat (LVL)
Lebanon
Lebanese pound (LBP)
Lesotho
loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)
Liberia
Liberian dollar (LRD)
Libya
Libyan dinar (LYD)
Liechtenstein
Swiss franc (CHF)
Lithuania
litas (LTL)
Luxembourg
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Macau
pataca (MOP)
Macedonia
Macedonian denar (MKD)
Madagascar
Madagascar ariary (MGA)
Malawi
Malawian kwacha (MWK)
Malaysia
ringgit (MYR)
Maldives
rufiyaa (MVR)
Mali
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Malta
Maltese lira (MTL)
Man, Isle of
British pound (GBP); note - there is also a Manx pound
Marshall Islands
US dollar (USD)
Martinique
euro (EUR)
Mauritania
ouguiya (MRO)
Mauritius
Mauritian rupee (MUR)
Mayotte
euro (EUR)
Mexico
Mexican peso (MXN)
Micronesia, Federated States of
US dollar (USD)
Moldova
Moldovan leu (MDL)
Monaco
euro (EUR)
Mongolia
togrog/tugrik (MNT)
Montserrat
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Morocco
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Mozambique
metical (MZM)
Namibia
Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)
Nauru
Australian dollar (AUD)
Nepal
Nepalese rupee (NPR)
Netherlands
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Netherlands Antilles
Netherlands Antillean guilder (ANG)
New Caledonia
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
New Zealand
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Nicaragua
gold cordoba (NIO)
Niger
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Nigeria
naira (NGN)
Niue
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Norfolk Island
Australian dollar (AUD)
Northern Mariana Islands
US dollar (USD)
Norway
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Oman
Omani rial (OMR)
Pakistan
Pakistani rupee (PKR)
Palau
US dollar (USD)
Panama
balboa (PAB); US dollar (USD)
Papua New Guinea
kina (PGK)
Paraguay
guarani (PYG)
Peru
nuevo sol (PEN)
Philippines
Philippine peso (PHP)
Pitcairn Islands
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Poland
zloty (PLN)
Portugal
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of
member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions within the member countries
Puerto Rico
US dollar (USD)
Qatar
Qatari rial (QAR)
Reunion
euro (EUR)
Romania
leu (ROL)
Russia
Russian ruble (RUR)
Rwanda
Rwandan franc (RWF)
Saint Helena
Saint Helenian pound (SHP)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Lucia
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
euro (EUR)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
East Caribbean dollar (XCD)
Samoa
tala (SAT)
San Marino
euro (EUR)
Sao Tome and Principe
dobra (STD)
Saudi Arabia
Saudi riyal (SAR)
Senegal
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note -
responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Serbia and Montenegro
new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro
the euro is legal tender; in Kosovo both the euro and the Yugoslav
dinar are legal
Seychelles
Seychelles rupee (SCR)
Sierra Leone
leone (SLL)
Singapore
Singapore dollar (SGD)
Slovakia
Slovak koruna (SKK)
Slovenia
tolar (SIT)
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands dollar (SBD)
Somalia
Somali shilling (SOS)
South Africa
rand (ZAR)
Spain
euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the
euro as a common currency to be used by the financial institutions
of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole
currency for everyday transactions with the member countries
Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)
Sudan
Sudanese dinar (SDD)
Suriname
Surinam dollar (SRD)
Svalbard
Norwegian krone (NOK)
Swaziland
lilangeni (SZL)
Sweden
Swedish krona (SEK)
Switzerland
Swiss franc (CHF)
Syria
Syrian pound (SYP)
Taiwan
new Taiwan dollar (TWD)
Tajikistan
somoni
Tanzania
Tanzanian shilling (TZS)
Thailand
baht (THB)
Togo
Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible
authority is the Central Bank of the West African States
Tokelau
New Zealand dollar (NZD)
Tonga
pa'anga (TOP)
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)
Tunisia
Tunisian dinar (TND)
Turkey
Turkish lira (TRL), New Turkish lira (YTL) after 1 January
2005
Turkmenistan
Turkmen manat (TMM)
Turks and Caicos Islands
US dollar (USD)
Tuvalu
Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan
dollar
Uganda
Ugandan shilling (UGX)
Ukraine
hryvnia (UAH)
United Arab Emirates
Emirati dirham (AED)
United Kingdom
British pound (GBP)
United States
US dollar (USD)
Uruguay
Uruguayan peso (UYU)
Uzbekistan
Uzbekistani sum (UZS)
Vanuatu
vatu (VUV)
Venezuela
bolivar (VEB)
Vietnam
dong (VND)
Virgin Islands
US dollar (USD)
Wallis and Futuna
Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (XPF)
West Bank
new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Western Sahara
Moroccan dirham (MAD)
Yemen
Yemeni rial (YER)
Zambia
Zambian kwacha (ZMK)
Zimbabwe
Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
======================================================================
@2066 Death rate (deaths/1,000 population)
Afghanistan
20.75 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Albania
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Algeria
4.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
American Samoa
3.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Andorra
6.07 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Angola
25.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Anguilla
5.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Antigua and Barbuda
5.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Argentina
7.56 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Armenia
8.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Aruba
6.57 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Australia
7.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Austria
9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Azerbaijan
9.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Bahamas, The
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Bahrain
4.08 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Bangladesh
8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Barbados
9.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Belarus
14.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Belgium
10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Belize
6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Benin
13.76 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Bermuda
7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Bhutan
12.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Bolivia
7.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
8.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Botswana
29.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Brazil
6.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
British Virgin Islands
4.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Brunei
3.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Bulgaria
14.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Burkina Faso
18.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Burma
12.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Burundi
17.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Cambodia
8.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Cameroon
15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Canada
7.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Cape Verde
6.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Cayman Islands
4.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Central African Republic
20.27 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Chad
16.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Chile
5.76 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
China
6.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Christmas Island
NA
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
NA
Colombia
5.59 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Comoros
8.4 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
14.43 deaths/1,000 population
(2005 est.)
Congo, Republic of the
14.82 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Cook Islands
NA
Costa Rica
4.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Cote d'Ivoire
14.94 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Croatia
11.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Cuba
7.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Cyprus
7.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Czech Republic
10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Denmark
10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Djibouti
19.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Dominica
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Dominican Republic
7.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
East Timor
6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Ecuador
4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Egypt
5.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
El Salvador
5.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Equatorial Guinea
12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Eritrea
13.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Estonia
13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Ethiopia
15.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
European Union
10.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2005 est.)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA deaths/1,000 population (2005
est.)
Faroe Islands
8.69 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Fiji
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Finland
9.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
France
9.08 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
French Guiana
4.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
French Polynesia
4.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Gabon
11.72 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Gambia, The
11.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Gaza Strip
3.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Georgia
9.09 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Germany
10.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Ghana
10.84 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Gibraltar
9.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Greece
10.15 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Greenland
7.77 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Grenada
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Guadeloupe
6.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Guam
4.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Guatemala
6.81 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Guernsey
9.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Guinea
15.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Guinea-Bissau
16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Guyana
8.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Haiti
12.34 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Honduras
6.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Hong Kong
5.98 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Hungary
13.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Iceland
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
India
8.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Indonesia
6.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Iran
5.55 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Iraq
5.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Ireland
7.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Israel
6.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Italy
10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Jamaica
5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Japan
8.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Jersey
9.19 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Jordan
2.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Kazakhstan
9.46 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Kenya
14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Kiribati
8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Korea, North
7.05 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Korea, South
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Kuwait
2.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Kyrgyzstan
7.13 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Laos
11.83 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Latvia
13.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Lebanon
6.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Lesotho
25.03 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Liberia
17.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Libya
3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Liechtenstein
7.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Lithuania
10.92 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Luxembourg
8.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Macau
4.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Macedonia
8.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Madagascar
11.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Malawi
23.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Malaysia
5.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Maldives
7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Mali
19.05 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Malta
8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Man, Isle of
11.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Marshall Islands
4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Martinique
6.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Mauritania
12.44 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Mauritius
6.83 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Mayotte
7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Mexico
4.73 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Micronesia, Federated States of
4.87 deaths/1,000 population (2005
est.)
Moldova
12.79 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Monaco
12.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Mongolia
7.03 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Montserrat
7.17 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Morocco
5.64 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Mozambique
20.99 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Namibia
18.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Nauru
6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Nepal
9.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Netherlands
8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Netherlands Antilles
6.41 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
New Caledonia
5.65 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
New Zealand
7.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Nicaragua
4.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Niger
21.33 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Nigeria
17.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Niue
NA deaths/1,000 population
Norfolk Island
NA
Northern Mariana Islands
2.3 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Norway
9.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Oman
3.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Pakistan
8.45 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Palau
6.85 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Panama
6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Papua New Guinea
7.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Paraguay
4.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Peru
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Philippines
5.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Pitcairn Islands
NA
Poland
10.01 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Portugal
10.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Puerto Rico
7.86 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Qatar
4.61 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Reunion
5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Romania
11.74 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Russia
14.52 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Rwanda
16.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Saint Helena
6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
8.47 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Saint Lucia
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6.7 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6 deaths/1,000 population (2005
est.)
Samoa
6.54 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
San Marino
8.07 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sao Tome and Principe
6.68 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Saudi Arabia
2.62 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Senegal
10.6 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Serbia and Montenegro
10.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Seychelles
6.34 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sierra Leone
20.61 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Singapore
4.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Slovakia
9.43 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Slovenia
10.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Solomon Islands
3.98 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Somalia
16.97 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
South Africa
21.32 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Spain
9.63 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sri Lanka
6.49 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sudan
9.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Suriname
7.16 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Svalbard
NA deaths/1,000 population
Swaziland
25.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Sweden
10.36 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Switzerland
8.48 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Syria
4.88 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Taiwan
6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Tajikistan
8.39 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Tanzania
16.71 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Thailand
7.02 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Togo
11.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Tokelau
NA
Tonga
5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Trinidad and Tobago
9.37 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Tunisia
5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Turkey
5.96 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Turkmenistan
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Turks and Caicos Islands
4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Tuvalu
7.22 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Uganda
12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Ukraine
16.42 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
United Arab Emirates
4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
United Kingdom
10.18 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
United States
8.25 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Uruguay
9.06 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Uzbekistan
7.95 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Vanuatu
7.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Venezuela
4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Vietnam
6.2 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Virgin Islands
6.26 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Wallis and Futuna
NA deaths/1,000 population
West Bank
3.99 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Western Sahara
NA deaths/1,000 population
World
8.78 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Yemen
8.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Zambia
20.23 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Zimbabwe
24.66 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
======================================================================
@2067 Military expenditures - dollar figure
Afghanistan
$188.4 million (2004)
Albania
$56.5 million (FY02)
Algeria
$2.48 billion (2004)
Angola
$183.58 million (2004)
Antigua and Barbuda
NA
Argentina
$4.3 billion (FY99)
Armenia
$135 million (FY01)
Australia
$16.65 billion (2004)
Austria
$1.497 billion (FY01/02)
Azerbaijan
$121 million (FY99)
Bahamas, The
NA
Bahrain
$628.9 million (2004)
Bangladesh
$995.3 million (2004)
Barbados
NA
Belarus
$176.1 million (FY02)
Belgium
$3.999 billion (2003)
Belize
$18 million (2003)
Benin
$96.5 million (2004)
Bermuda
$4.03 million (2001)
Bhutan
$13.7 million (2004)
Bolivia
$132.2 million (2004)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
$234.3 million (FY02)
Botswana
$338.5 million (2004)
Brazil
$11 billion (2004)
Brunei
$290.7 million (2004)
Bulgaria
$356 million (FY02)
Burkina Faso
$64.2 million (2004)
Burma
$39 million (FY97)
Burundi
$38.7 million (2004)
Cambodia
$112 million (FY01 est.)
Cameroon
$221.1 million (2004)
Canada
$9,801.7 million (2003)
Cape Verde
$14.1 million (2004)
Central African Republic
$15.5 million (2004)
Chad
$101.3 million (2004)
Chile
$3.42 billion (2004)
China
$67.49 billion (2004)
Colombia
$3.3 billion (FY01)
Comoros
$11.6 million (2004)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
$93.5 million (2004)
Congo, Republic of the
$126.5 million (2004)
Costa Rica
$64.2 million (2004)
Cote d'Ivoire
$180.2 million (2004)
Croatia
$620 million (2004)
Cuba
$572.3 million (2003)
Cyprus
$384 million (FY02)
Czech Republic
$2.17 billion (2004)
Denmark
$3,271.6 million (2003)
Djibouti
$28.6 million (2004)
Dominica
NA
Dominican Republic
$180 million (1998)
East Timor
$4.4 million (FY03)
Ecuador
$655 million (2004)
Egypt
$2.44 billion (2003)
El Salvador
$157 million (2003)
Equatorial Guinea
$126.2 million (2004)
Eritrea
$151 million (2004)
Estonia
$155 million (2002 est.)
Ethiopia
$337.1 million (2004)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
NA
Faroe Islands
$NA
Fiji
$36 million (2004)
Finland
$1.8 billion (FY98/99)
France
$45,238.1 million (2003)
French Guiana
$NA
Gabon
$184.8 million (2004)
Gambia, The
$1 million (2004)
Gaza Strip
NA
Georgia
$23 million (FY00)
Germany
$35.063 billion (2003)
Ghana
$49.2 million (2004)
Greece
$5.89 billion (2004)
Grenada
NA
Guatemala
$201.9 million (2004)
Guinea
$56.7 million (2004)
Guinea-Bissau
$8.9 million (2004)
Guyana
$6.5 million (2003)
Haiti
$26 million (2003)
Honduras
$100.6 million (2004)
Hong Kong
Hong Kong garrison is funded by China; figures are NA
Hungary
$1.08 billion (2002 est.)
Iceland
0
India
$18.86 billion (2005)
Indonesia
$1.3 billion (2004)
Iran
$4.3 billion (2003 est.)
Iraq
$1.3 billion (FY00)
Ireland
$700 million (FY00/01)
Israel
$9.11 billion (FY03)
Italy
$28,182.8 million (2003)
Jamaica
$31.2 million (2003)
Japan
$45.841 billion (2004)
Jordan
$1.46 billion (2004)
Kazakhstan
$221.8 million (Ministry of Defense expenditures) (FY02)
Kenya
$177.1 million (2004)
Kiribati
NA
Korea, North
$5,217.4 million (FY02)
Korea, South
$16.18 billion (2004)
Kuwait
$2,584.5 million (2004)
Kyrgyzstan
$19.2 million (FY01)
Laos
$10.7 million (2004)
Latvia
$87 million (FY01)
Lebanon
$540.6 million (2002) (2004)
Lesotho
$32.3 million (2004)
Liberia
$1.5 million (2004)
Libya
$1.3 billion (FY99)
Lithuania
$230.8 million (FY01)
Luxembourg
$231.6 million (2003)
Macedonia
$200 million (FY01/02 est.)
Madagascar
$44.6 million (2004)
Malawi
$11.1 million (2004)
Malaysia
$1.69 billion (FY00 est.)
Maldives
$41.1 million (2004)
Mali
$22.4 million (2004)
Malta
$31.1 million (2004)
Marshall Islands
NA
Mauritania
$20.8 million (2004)
Mauritius
$12.5 million (2004)
Mexico
$6.043 billion (2004)
Moldova
$8.7 million (2004)
Mongolia
$23.1 million (FY02)
Morocco
$2,305.6 million (2003)
Mozambique
$117.3 million (2004)
Namibia
$168.4 million (2004)
Nauru
NA
Nepal
$99.2 million (2004)
Netherlands
$9.408 billion (2004)
New Caledonia
$NA
New Zealand
$1.147 billion (FY03/04)
Nicaragua
$32.8 million (2004)
Niger
$33.3 million (2004)
Nigeria
$544.6 million (2004)
Norway
$4,033.5 million (2003)
Oman
$252.99 million (2004)
Pakistan
$3.848 billion (2004)
Palau
NA
Panama
$147 million (2004)
Papua New Guinea
$16.9 million (2003)
Paraguay
$53.1 million (2004)
Peru
$829.3 million (2003)
Philippines
$805.5 million (2004)
Poland
$3.5 billion (2002)
Portugal
$3,497.8 million (2003)
Qatar
$723 million (FY00)
Romania
$985 million (2002)
Russia
NA
Rwanda
$50.1 million (2004)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
NA
Saint Lucia
NA
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
NA
Samoa
NA
San Marino
$700,000 (FY00/01)
Sao Tome and Principe
$700,000 (2004)
Saudi Arabia
$18 billion (2002)
Senegal
$107.3 million (2004)
Serbia and Montenegro
$654 million (2002)
Seychelles
$12.3 million (2004)
Sierra Leone
$13.2 million (2004)
Singapore
$4.47 billion (FY01 est.)
Slovakia
$406 million (2002)
Slovenia
$370 million (FY00)
Solomon Islands
NA
Somalia
$18.9 million (2003)
South Africa
$3.172 billion (2004)
Spain
$9,906.5 million (2003)
Sri Lanka
$514.8 million (2004)
Sudan
$587 million (2001 est.) (2004)
Suriname
$7.5 million (2003)
Swaziland
$40.5 million (2004)
Sweden
$5.729 billion (2004)
Switzerland
$2.548 billion (FY01)
Syria
$858 million (FY00 est.); note - based on official budget data
that may understate actual spending
Taiwan
$7.574 billion (2003)
Tajikistan
$35.4 million (FY01)
Tanzania
$20.6 million (2004)
Thailand
$1.775 billion (FY00)
Togo
$35.5 million (2004)
Tonga
NA
Trinidad and Tobago
$66.7 million (2003)
Tunisia
$356 million (FY99)
Turkey
$12.155 billion (2003)
Turkmenistan
$90 million (FY99)
Tuvalu
NA
Uganda
$170.3 million (2004)
Ukraine
$617.9 million (FY02)
United Arab Emirates
$1.6 billion (FY00)
United Kingdom
$42,836.5 million (2003)
United States
$370.7 billion (FY04 est.) (March 2003)
Uruguay
$257.5 million (2004)
Uzbekistan
$200 million (FY97)
Vanuatu
NA
Venezuela
$1.687 billion (2004)
Vietnam
$650 million (FY98)
West Bank
NA
World
aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained
at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion
dollars (1999 est.)
Yemen
$885.5 million (2003)
Zambia
$106.8 million (2004)
Zimbabwe
$217 million (2004)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
======================================================================
@2068 Dependent areas
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Norfolk Island, Macquarie Island
France
Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French
Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands,
Juan de Nova Island, New Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and
Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint
Helena and Ascension, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands,
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1
October 1994)
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
======================================================================
@2070 Disputes - international
Afghanistan
the UN has been able to repatriate over two million
Afghan refugees but several million more continue to reside in Iran
and Pakistan in camps and elsewhere, many at their own choosing;
Coalition and Pakistani forces continue to patrol remote tribal
areas to control the borders and stem organized terrorist and other
illegal cross-border activities; regular meetings between Pakistani
and Coalition allies aim to resolve periodic claims of boundary
encroachments; occasional conflicts over water-sharing arrangements
with Amu Darya and Helmand River states
Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; thousands
of unemployed Albanians emigrate annually to nearby Italy and other
developed countries
Algeria
Algeria supports the exiled Sahrawi Polisario Front and
rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; Algeria's border
with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation
has accused the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; in
an attempt to improve relations after unilaterally imposing a visa
requirement on Algerians in the early 1990s, Morocco lifted the
requirement in mid-2004 - a gesture not reciprocated by Algeria;
Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout
the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant
disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected
on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a
claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco
American Samoa
none
Andorra
none
Angola
90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004, the
remaining refugees in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and
Zambia are expected to return in 2005; many Cabinda exclave
secessionists have sought shelter in neighboring states
Anguilla
none
Antarctica
Antarctic Treaty freezes claims (see Antarctic Treaty
Summary in Government type entry); Argentina, Australia, Chile,
France, NZ, Norway, and UK claim land and maritime sectors (some
overlapping) for a large portion of the continent; the US and many
other states do not recognize these territorial claims and have made
no claims themselves (the US and Russia reserve the right to do so);
no claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west; several states with territorial claims in
Antarctica have expressed their intention to submit data to the UN
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf to extend their
continental shelf claims to adjoining undersea ridges
Antigua and Barbuda
none
Arctic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Argentina
Argentina claims the UK-administered Falkland Islands
(Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands in
its constitution; it briefly occupied the Falklands in 1982, but in
1995 agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim
in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims (see
Antarctic disputes); unruly region at convergence of
Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering,
smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising
for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and
Uruguay over Braziliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves
the tripoint with Argentina in question
Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through
Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains
closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in
Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; tens of thousands
of Armenians emigrate, primarily to Russia, to seek employment
Aruba
none
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
Indonesian groups challenge Australia's
claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia closed the surrounding waters to
Indonesian traditional fishing and created a national park in the
region while continuing to prospect for hydrocarbons in the vicinity
Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australia
East Timor and Australia continue to meet but disagree
over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and share
unexploited petroleum resources that fall outside the Joint
Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty;
East Timor dispute hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary
with Indonesia (see also Ashmore and Cartier Islands dispute);
regional states express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of
a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime indentification zone; Australia
asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica (see Antarctica); in
2004 Australia submitted claims to UNCLOS to extend its continental
margin from both its mainland and Antarctic claims
Austria
none
Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through
Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and
Russia ratify Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on
equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth
allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in
disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on
dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the
Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia cannot resolve the alignment of
their boundary at certain crossing areas
Bahamas, The
have not been able to agree on the alignment of a
maritime boundary with the US; continues to monitor and interdict
Haitian refugees fleeing economic privation and political instability
Bahrain
none
Baker Island
none
Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in both
countries, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the
porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off
high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint
Bangladesh-India boundary inspection in 2005 revealed 92 pillars are
missing; dispute with India over New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha
Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation;
Burmese Muslim refugees strain Bangladesh's meager resources
Barbados
in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to
compulsory international arbitration that will result in a binding
award challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and
Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian
waters and the southern limit of Barbadian traditional fishing;
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves
Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which
permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large
portion of the Caribbean Sea
Bassas da India
claimed by Madagascar
Belarus
1997 boundary treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security; boundary with Latvia remains undemarcated but a
third of the border with Lithuania was demarcated in 2004
Belgium
none
Belize
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the largely
uninhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; OAS is
attempting to revive the 2002 failed Differendum that created a
small adjustment to land boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in
Caribbean, joint ecological park for disputed Sapodilla Cays, and
substantial US-UK financial package
Benin
two villages remain in dispute along the border with Burkina
Faso; accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars; much of
Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains
undemarcated, and the states expect a ruling in 2005 from the ICJ
over the disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; a joint task force
was established in 2004 that resolved disputes over and redrew the
maritime and the 870-km land boundary with Nigeria, including the
sovereignty over seven villages along the Okpara River; a joint
boundary commission continues to resurvey the boundary with Togo to
verify Benin's claim that Togo moved boundary stones
Bermuda
none
Bhutan
approximately 104,000 Bhutanese refugees live in Nepal, 90%
of whom reside in seven UN Office of the High Commissioner for
Refugees camps; Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian
separatists
Bolivia
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for
Bolivian natural gas and other commodities
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia and
Montenegro have delimited most of their boundary, but sections along
the Drina River remain in dispute; discussions continue with Croatia
on several small disputed sections of the boundary
Botswana
commission established with Namibia has yet to resolve
small residual disputes along the Caprivi Strip, including the
Situngu marshlands along the Linyanti River; downstream Botswana
residents protest Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango
hydroelectric dam at Popavalle (Popa Falls); Botswana has built
electric fences to stem the thousands of Zimbabweans who flee to
find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has long
supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between
Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River,
thereby de facto recognizing their short, but not clearly delimited
Botswana-Zambia boundary
Bouvet Island
none
Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested dispute with Uruguay over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada boundary streams and the resulting
tripoint with Argentina; in 2004 Brazil submitted its claims to
UNCLOS to extend its maritime continental margin
British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in
Mauritius, but in 2001 were granted UK citizenship and the right to
repatriation since eviction in 1965; the UK resists the Chagossians'
demand for an immediate return to the islands; repatriation is
complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that
restricts access to the largest island in the chain
British Virgin Islands
none
Brunei
in 2003 Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in
their disputed offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have
stalemated prompting consideration of international legal
adjudication; Malaysia's land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is
in dispute; Brunei established an exclusive economic fishing zone
encompassing Louisa Reef in southern Spratly Islands in 1984 but
makes no public territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Bulgaria
none
Burkina Faso
two villages are in dispute along the border with
Benin; Benin accuses Burkina Faso of moving boundary pillars;
Burkina Faso border regions remain a staging area for Liberia and
Cote d'Ivoire rebels and an asylum for refugees caught in local
fighting; the Ivoirian Government accuses Burkina Faso of sheltering
Ivoirian rebels
Burma
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic
groups with substantial numbers of kin beyond its borders; despite
continuing border committee talks, significant differences remain
with Thailand over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; ethnic Karens
flee into Thailand to escape fighting between Karen rebels and
Burmese troops, in 2004 Thailand sheltered about 118,000 Burmese
refugees; Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese
hydroelectric dam on the Salween River near the border;
environmentalists in Burma and Thailand continue to voice concern
over China's construction of hydroelectric dams upstream on the
Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan Province; India seeks cooperation
from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists from hiding in remote
Burmese uplands
Burundi
Tutsi, Hutu, other conflicting ethnic groups, associated
political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces
continue fighting in the Great Lakes region, transcending the
boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and
Uganda in an effort to gain control over populated and natural
resource areas; government heads pledge to end conflict, but
localized violence continues despite the presence of about 6,000
peacekeepers from the UN Operation in Burundi (ONUB) since 2004;
although some 150,000 Burundian refugees have been repatriated, as
of February 2005, Burundian refugees still reside in camps in
western Tanzania as well as the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Cambodia
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Thailand dispute
sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and Thai
encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with
Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over offshore islands;
Cambodia accuses Thailand of obstructing access to Preah Vihear
temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; in 2004
Cambodian-Laotian and Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commissions
reerect missing markers completing most of their demarcations
Cameroon
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission,
which continues to meet regularly to resolve differences bilaterally
and have commenced with demarcation in less-contested sections of
the boundary, starting in Lake Chad in the north; implementation of
the ICJ ruling on the Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime
boundary in the Gulf of Guinea is impeded by imprecisely defined
coordinates, the unresolved Bakassi allocation, and a sovereignty
dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the
mouth of the Ntem River; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the
Bakasi Peninsula, then agreed, but has yet to withdraw its forces
while much of the indigenous population opposes cession; only
Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's
admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes
Chad and Niger
Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the
disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; working toward greater
cooperation with US in monitoring people and commodities crossing
the border; uncontested sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Cape Verde
none
Cayman Islands
none
Central African Republic
about 30,000 refugees fleeing the 2002
civil conflict in the CAR still reside in southern Chad; periodic
skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral
populations along the border with southern Sudan persist
Chad
since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have
driven about 200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; Chad
remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict;
Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and
Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify
the delimitation treaty which also includes Chad and Niger
Chile
Chile rebuffs Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the
Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, offering instead
unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to
Bolivian gas and other commodities; Peru proposes changing its
latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line
with a southwestern axis; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean
Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims
China
in 2005, China and India initiate drafting principles to
resolve all aspects of their extensive boundary and territorial
disputes together with a security and foreign policy dialogue to
consolidate discussions related to the boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, and other matters; recent talks and
confidence-building measures have begun to defuse tensions over
Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most militarized
territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration
of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad
Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's
ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; about 90,000 ethnic
Tibetan exiles reside primarily in India as well as Nepal and
Bhutan; China asserts sovereignty over the Spratly Islands together
with Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratlys but is not the legally
binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; in March 2005, the
national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed
a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;
China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam
and Taiwan; China and Taiwan have become more vocal in rejecting
both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto
(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic
zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon
prospecting; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in an
uncontested dispute with North Korea and a section of boundary
around Mount Paektu is considered indefinite; China seeks to stem
illegal migration of tens of thousands of North Koreans; in 2004,
China and Russia divided up the islands in the Amur, Ussuri, and
Argun Rivers, ending a century-old border dispute; demarcation of
the China-Vietnam boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime
boundary delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June
2004, implementation has been delayed; environmentalists in Burma
and Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of
hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan
Province
Christmas Island
none
Clipperton Island
none
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
none
Colombia
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank;
dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Los Monjes Islands
near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics,
guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all of its
neighbors' borders and have created a serious refugee crisis with
over 300,000 persons having fled the country, mostly into
neighboring states
Comoros
claims French-administered Mayotte
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
heads of the Great Lakes states
and UN pledge to end conflict but unchecked tribal, rebel, and
militia fighting continues unabated in the northeastern region of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, drawing in the neighboring
states of Burundi, Rwanda and Uganda; the UN Organization Mission in
the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) has maintained over
14,000 peacekeepers in the region since 1999; thousands of Ituri
refugees from the Congo continue to flee the fighting primarily into
Uganda; 90,000 Angolan refugees were repatriated by 2004 with the
remainder in the Democratic Republic of the Congo expected to return
in 2005; in 2005, DROC and Rwanda established a border verification
mechanism to address accusations of Rwandan military supporting
Congolese rebels and the DROC providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe"
forces the means and bases to attack Rwandan forces; the location of
the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo
is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Congo, Republic of the
about 7,000 Congolese refugees fleeing
internal civil conflicts since the mid-1990s still reside in the
Democratic Republic of the Congo; the location of the boundary in
the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is
indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area
Cook Islands
none
Coral Sea Islands
none
Costa Rica
legal dispute over navigational rights of Rio San Juan on
the border with Nicaragua remains unresolved
Cote d'Ivoire
rebel and ethnic fighting against the central
government in 2002 has spilled into neighboring states, driven out
foreign cocoa workers from nearby countries, and, in 2004, resulted
in 6,000 peacekeepers deployed as part of UN Operation in Cote
d'Ivoire (UNOCI) assisting 4,000 French troops already in-country;
the Ivorian Government accuses Burkina Faso and Liberia of
supporting Ivorian rebels
Croatia
discussions continue with Bosnia and Herzegovina over
several small disputed sections of the boundary; the
Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would
have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and
several villages to Croatia, remains un-ratified and in dispute; as
a European Union peripheral state, neighboring Slovenia must conform
to the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and
commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close
cross-border ties with Croatia
Cuba
US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual
agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease
Cyprus
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto
autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot
Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the
1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in
Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and
south; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but Turkish-Cypriots
later opened their borders to temporary visits by Greek Cypriots; on
24 April 2004, the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities
voted in simultaneous and parallel referenda on whether to approve
the UN-brokered Annan Plan that would have ended the thirty-year
division of the island by establishing a new "United Cyprus
Republic," a majority of Greek Cypriots voted "no"; on 1 May 2004,
Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body
of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the
north
Czech Republic
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the
restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech
Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property; individual Sudeten
Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with
their expulsion after World War II
Denmark
Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands' fisheries median line;
Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe
Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue
to study proposals for full independence; uncontested sovereignty
dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between
Ellesmere Island and Greenland
Djibouti
Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with
"Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to
various factions in Somalia; although most of the 26,000 Somali
refugees in Djibouti who fled civil unrest in the early 1990s have
returned, several thousand still await repatriation in UNHCR camps
Dominica
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim
that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Dominican Republic
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico
to find work
East Timor
UN Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET) has
maintained about a thousand peacekeepers in East Timor since 2002;
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet, survey,
and delimit the land boundary, but several sections of the boundary
especially around the Oekussi enclave remain unresolved; Indonesia
and East Timor contest the sovereignty of the uninhabited coral
island of Palau Batek/Fatu Sinai, which prevents delimitation of the
northern maritime boundaries; many of 28,000 East Timorese refugees
still residing in Indonesia in 2003 have returned, but many continue
to refuse repatriation; East Timor and Australia continue to meet
but disagree over how to delimit a permanent maritime boundary and
share unexploited potential petroleum resources that fall outside
the Joint Petroleum Development Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea
Treaty; dispute with Australia also hampers creation of a southern
maritime boundary with Indonesia
Ecuador
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate
across Ecuador's shared border and caused over 20,000 refugees to
flee into Ecuador in 2004
Egypt
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer the two triangular
areas that extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along
the 22nd Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt
is developing the Hala'ib Triangle north of the Treaty line; since
the attack on Taba and other Egyptian resort towns on the Red Sea in
October 2004, Egypt vigilantly monitors the Sinai and borders with
Israel and the Gaza Strip; Egypt does not extend domestic asylum to
some 70,000 persons who identify as Palestinians but who largely
lack UNRWA assistance and, until recently, UNHCR recognition as
refugees
El Salvador
in 1992, the ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, but
despite OAS intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full
demarcation of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling
advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ
decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca
Equatorial Guinea
in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement
of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf
of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over
an island at the mouth of the Ntem River, imprecisely defined
maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision, and the unresolved Bakasi
allocation contribute to the delay in implementation; UN has been
pressing Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to pledge to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and create a
maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay
Eritrea
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002
Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but despite international intervention, mutual animosities,
accusations and armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation;
Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until
technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are
addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000
war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented
immediately without modifications; since 2000, the UN Peacekeeping
Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) monitors the 25km-wide
Temporary Security Zone in Eritrea until the demarcation; Sudan
accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; Eritrea
protests Yemeni fishing around the Hanish Islands awarded to Eritrea
by the ICJ in 1999
Estonia
in 1996, the Estonia-Russia technical border agreement was
initialed but both states have been hesitant to sign and ratify it,
with Russia asserting that Estonia needs to better assimilate
Russian-speakers and Estonian groups pressing for realignment of the
boundary based more closely on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that
would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the
Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of
the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen
border rules
Ethiopia
Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002
Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision,
but despite international intervention, mutual animosities,
accusations and armed posturing prevail, preventing demarcation;
Ethiopia refuses to withdraw to the delimited boundary until
technical errors made by the EEBC that ignored "human geography" are
addressed, including the award of Badme, the focus of the 1998-2000
war; Eritrea insists that the EEBC decision be implemented
immediately without modifications; Ethiopia has only an
administrative line and no international border with the Oromo
region of southern Somalia where it maintains alliances with local
clans in opposition to the unrecognized Somali Interim Government in
Mogadishu; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities and
trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; the UNHCR expects most of the
remaining 23,000 Somali refugees in Ethiopia to be repatriated in
2005; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan have been
delayed by civil war
Europa Island
claimed by Madagascar
European Union
the EU has no border disputes with neighboring
countries; it has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 13 EU
member states that have signed the convention implementing the
Schengen agreements (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons
and the harmonization of border controls in Europe; the Schengen
agreements ("acquis") became incorporated into EU law with the
implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; member
states are: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and Sweden;
in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic
Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full
members in 2001), bringing the total current membership to 15; the
UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in some aspects
of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal
matters; the 10 new member states that joined the EU in 2004
eventually are expected to participate in Schengen, following a
transition period to upgrade their border controls and procedures
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
Argentina, which claims the
islands in its constitution and briefly occupied the islands by
force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force;
UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks
Faroe Islands
because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources
have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full
independence have been deferred; Iceland disputes the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line boundary; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm
Fiji
none
Finland
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia
and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish
Government asserts no territorial demands
France
Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso
Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius
claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the
French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a
territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu
claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia
French Guiana
Suriname claims area between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa) in French Guiana
French Polynesia
none
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
French claim to "Adelie Land" in
Antarctica is not recognized by the United States
Gabon
UN presses Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the
sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and to
establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay; only
a few hundred out of the 20,000 Republic of the Congo refugees who
fled militia fighting in 2000 remain in Gabon
Gambia, The
attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern
Senegal's Casamance region as well as from conflicts in other west
African states
Gaza Strip
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with
current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement
- permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel announced its intention to pull out settlers and withdraw
from the Gaza Strip in 2005
Georgia
Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common
border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime
boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as
the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in
Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a
peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered
throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia;
boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups
in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the
Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia cannot resolve the
alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
Germany
none
Ghana
Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked
in the cocoa plantations and escaped rebel fighting in Cote d'Ivoire
Gibraltar
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar even greater autonomy
Glorioso Islands
claimed by Madagascar
Greece
Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their
complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the
Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of
the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Greenland
uncontested dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and
Greenland
Grenada
none
Guadeloupe
none
Guam
none
Guatemala
Guatemalan squatters continue to settle in the rain
forests of Belize's border region; OAS is attempting to revive the
2002 failed Differendum that created a small adjustment to land
boundary, a Guatemalan maritime corridor in Caribbean, a joint
ecological park for the disputed Sapodilla Cays, and a substantial
US-UK financial package; Guatemalans enter Mexico illegally seeking
work or transit to the US
Guernsey
none
Guinea
conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in
neighboring states has spilled over into Guinea, resulting in
domestic instability; Sierra Leone pressures Guinea to remove its
forces from the town of Yenga occupied since 1998
Guinea-Bissau
attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms
smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in
Senegal's Casamance region
Guyana
all of the area west of the Essequibo (river) is claimed by
Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana
has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims
before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of
land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute
over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks UNCLOS
arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over
the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich
waters
Haiti
since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization
Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite
efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians fleeing economic
privation and civil unrest continue to cross into Dominican Republic
and to sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims US-administered
Navassa Island
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
none
Holy See (Vatican City)
none
Honduras
in 1992, ICJ ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones"
(disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border, but despite
OAS intervention and a further ICJ ruling in 2003, full demarcation
of the border remains stalled; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a
tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca
with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador
continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the ICJ
ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims
Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize, but agreed to creation of a
joint ecological park and Guatemalan corridor in the Caribbean in
the failed 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum, which the OAS is
attempting to revive; Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in
1999 and against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over a complex dispute
over islands and maritime boundaries in the Caribbean Sea
Hong Kong
none
Howland Island
none
Hungary
in 2004, Hungary amended the status law extending special
social and cultural benefits and voted down a referendum to extend
dual citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living in neighboring states,
which have objected to such measures; consultations continue between
Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary
must implement the strict Schengen border rules
Iceland
Iceland disputes Denmark's alignment of the Faroe Islands'
fisheries median line; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute
Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends
beyond 200 nm
India
China and India launched a security and foreign policy
dialogue in 2005, consolidating discussions related to the dispute
over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear
proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to
Pakistan, and other matters; recent talks and confidence-building
measures have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the
world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with
portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin),
India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern
Areas); in 2004, India and Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the
Kashmir and in 2005, restored bus service across the highly
militarized Line of Control; Pakistan has taken its dispute on the
impact and benefits of India's building the Baglihar dam on the
Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir to the World Bank for arbitration;
UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has
maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not
recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964;
disputes persist with Pakistan over Indus River water sharing; to
defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary,
in 2004, India and Pakistan resurveyed a portion of the disputed
boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch;
Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat
State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves in
both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal
cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists
through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to
fence off high-traffic sections; dispute with Bangladesh over New
Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters
maritime boundary delimitation; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan
and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding
in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal
continues to demarcate minor disputed boundary sections; India has
instituted a stricter border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents
and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal
Indian Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Indonesia
East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet,
survey and delimit land boundary, but several sections of the
boundary remain unresolved; Indonesia and East Timor contest the
sovereignty of the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu
Sinai, which hinders a decision on a northern maritime boundary; a
1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of
their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award
of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left maritime
boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating
in hostile confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the
Ambalat oil block; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert
claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands;
Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005 to finalize their 1973
maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of
Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal
migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; piracy
remains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Iran
Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries
to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a
maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the
mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE engage
in direct talks and solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes
over Iran's occupation of Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island; Iran
stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of
the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors
Iraq
coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security;
Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction
disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf;
Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq
Ireland
Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that
the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm
Israel
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
announced its intention to pull out Israeli settlers and withdraw
from the Gaza Strip and four settlements in the northern West Bank
in 2005; Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the
Shab'a Farms area of Golan Heights); since 1948, about 350
peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)
headquartered in Jerusalem monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice
agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist
other UN personnel in the region
Italy
Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of
thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and
northern Africa
Jamaica
none
Jan Mayen
none
Japan
the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu,
Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as
the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril
Islands", occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by
Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to
signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities;
Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do),
occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both
Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto
(Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic
zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon
prospecting
Jarvis Island
none
Jersey
none
Johnston Atoll
none
Jordan
2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending
demarcation
Juan de Nova Island
claimed by Madagascar
Kazakhstan
in 2005, Kazakhstan agreed with Russia, Turkmenistan, and
Uzbekistan to commence demarcating their boundaries; delimitation
with Kyrgyzstan is complete; creation of a seabed boundary with
Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains unresolved; equidistant
seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the
Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water
column among any of the littoral states
Kenya
Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's
north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to
approximately a quarter of a million refugees including Ugandans who
flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's
Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; Kenya's administrative limits extend
beyond the treaty border into the Sudan, creating the Ilemi Triangle
Kingman Reef
none
Kiribati
none
Korea, North
China seeks to stem illegal migration of tens of
thousands of North Koreans escaping famine, economic privation, and
political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty
of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers and a section of
boundary around Paektu-san (mountain) is indefinite; Military
Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has
separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic maritime
disputes with South over the Northern Limit Line; North Korea
supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima)
Korea, South
Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide
Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953;
periodic maritime disputes with North Korea over the Northern Limit
Line; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks
(Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954
Kuwait
Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime
boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the
Persian Gulf
Kyrgyzstan
delimitation with Kazakhstan is complete; disputes in
Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan;
delimitation is underway with Uzbekistan but serious disputes around
enclaves and elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of
border
Laos
Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Laos and Thailand pledge to complete
demarcation of boundaries in 2005, while ongoing disputes over
squatters and boundary encroachment by Thailand including Mekong
River islets persist; in 2004 Cambodian-Laotian boundary commission
agrees to re-erect missing markers in two adjoining provinces;
concern among Mekong Commission members that China's construction of
dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels
Latvia
the Latvian-Russian boundary treaty of 1997 remains unsigned
and unratified with Russia linking it to better Latvian treatment of
ethnic Russians and Latvian politicians demanding Russian agreement
to a declaration that admits Soviet aggression during the Second
World War and other issues; the Latvian parliament has not ratified
its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to
concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms
part of the EU's external border, Latvia must implement the strict
Schengen border rules
Lebanon
intense international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian
troops and intelligence personnel from Lebanon; Lebanese Government
claims Shab'a Farms area of Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the
roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been
in place since 1978
Lesotho
none
Liberia
although Liberia's domestic fighting among disparate rebel
groups, warlords, and youth gangs was declared over in 2003, civil
unrest persists, and in 2004, 133,000 Liberian refugees remained in
Guinea, 72,000 in Cote d'Ivoire, 67,000 in Sierra Leone, and 43,000
in Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing turmoil in
Cote d'Ivoire and Sierra Leone; since 2003, the UN Mission in
Liberia (UNMIL) has maintained about 18,000 peacekeepers in Liberia;
the Cote d'Ivoire Government accuses Liberia of supporting Ivoirian
rebels; UN sanctions ban Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber
Libya
Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern
Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in Niger in currently dormant
disputes; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in
southern Libya
Liechtenstein
in February 2005, the ICJ refused to rule on the
restitution of Liechtenstein's land and property assets in the Czech
Republic confiscated in 1945 as German property
Lithuania
in 2003, the Lithuania-Russia land and maritime boundary
treaty was ratified and a transit regime established through
Lithuania linking Russia and its Kaliningrad coastal exclave,
leaving only improvements to the border demarcation in 2005; by
2004, a third of the Belarus-Lithuania boundary had been demarcated;
the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary
treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Lithuania
must implement the strict Schengen border rules
Luxembourg
none
Macau
none
Macedonia
ethnic Albanians in Kosovo object to demarcation of the
boundary with Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia
and Montenegro delimitation agreement; Greece continues to reject
the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia
Madagascar
claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands,
and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France)
Malawi
disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Malaysia
Malaysia has asserted sovereignty over the Spratly Islands
together with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly
Brunei; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the
South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is
not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties;
Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the
national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on
conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands;
disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore,
Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, maritime
boundaries, and Pedra Branca Island/Pulau Batu Putih - but parties
agree to ICJ arbitration on island dispute within three years; ICJ
awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and
Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary in the
hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute, culminating in hostile
confrontations in March 2005 over concessions to the Ambalat oil
block; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with
Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a now
dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; in 2003,
Brunei and Malaysia ceased gas and oil exploration in their disputed
offshore and deepwater seabeds and negotiations have stalemated
prompting consideration of international adjudication; Malaysia's
land boundary with Brunei around Limbang is in dispute; piracy
remains a problem in the Malacca Strait
Maldives
none
Mali
none
Malta
none
Man, Isle of
none
Marshall Islands
claims US territory of Wake Island
Martinique
none
Mauritania
Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara have been dormant in
recent years
Mauritius
Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered
British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who
reside chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship but no
right to patriation in the UK; claims French-administered Tromelin
Island
Mayotte
claimed by Comoros
Mexico
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded practices
and infrastructure in the border region have strained water-sharing
arrangements with the US; the US has stepped up efforts to stem
nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other parts of the world
from illegally crossing the border with Mexico
Micronesia, Federated States of
none
Midway Islands
none
Moldova
Moldova and Ukraine have established joint customs posts to
monitor transit through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region
which remains under OSCE supervision
Monaco
none
Mongolia
none
Montserrat
none
Morocco
claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty
remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in
effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have
failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals;
Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta,
Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de
Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; discussions
have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation setting
limits on exploration and refugee interdiction since Morocco's 2002
rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from
the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching
areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa
Mozambique
none
Namibia
border commission has yet to resolve small residual disputes
with Botswana along the Caprivi Strip, including the Situngu
marshlands along the Linyanti River; Botswana residents protest
Namibia's planned construction of the Okavango hydroelectric dam on
Popa Falls; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of
the boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported and in 2004
Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to
build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing
a short, but not clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia, boundary in the
river
Nauru
none
Navassa Island
claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing
Nepal
joint border commission continues to work on small disputed
sections of boundary with India; India has instituted a stricter
border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal
cross-border activities
Netherlands
none
Netherlands Antilles
none
New Caledonia
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia
claimed by France and Vanuatu
New Zealand
asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross
Dependency) [see Antarctica]
Nicaragua
Nicaragua filed a claim against Honduras in 1999 and
against Colombia in 2001 at the ICJ over disputed maritime boundary
involving 50,000 sq km in the Caribbean Sea, including the
Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; the
1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite
resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca,
which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over
navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica
Niger
Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant
dispute; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with
Nigeria, remains undemarcated, and states expect a ruling in 2005
from the ICJ over the disputed Niger and Mekrou River islands; only
Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's
admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes
Chad and Niger
Nigeria
ICJ ruled in 2002 on the entire Cameroon-Nigeria land and
maritime boundary but the parties formed a Joint Border Commission
to resolve differences bilaterally and have commenced with
demarcation in less-contested sections of the boundary, starting in
Lake Chad in the north; Nigeria initially rejected cession of the
Bakassi Peninsula, then agreed, but has yet to withdraw its forces
while much of the indigenous population opposes cession; in 2004,
some 17,000 Nigerian refugees fleeing ethnic conflicts between
pastoralists and farmers in 2002 still reside in Cameroon; the ICJ
ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial
Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but
imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision, the unresolved
Bakasi allocation, and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial
Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River
all contribute to the delay in implementation; a joint task force
was established in 2004 that resolved disputes over and redrew the
maritime and the 870-km land boundary with Benin on the Okpara
River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad
Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also
includes Chad and Niger
Niue
none
Norfolk Island
none
Northern Mariana Islands
none
Norway
Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud
Land and its continental shelf); despite recent discussions, Russia
and Norway continue to dispute their maritime limits in the Barents
Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits
within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Oman
boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in
2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al
Madhah exclave, but details have not been made public
Pacific Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Pakistan
recent talks and confidence-building measures have begun to
defuse tensions over Kashmir, site of the world's largest and most
militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto
administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer
Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group
of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's
ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; in 2004, India and
Pakistan instituted a cease fire in the Kashmir, and in 2005
restored bus service across the highly militarized Line of Control;
Pakistan has taken its dispute on the impact and benefits of India's
building the Baglihar dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir
to the World Bank for arbitration and in general the two states
still dispute Indus River water sharing; to defuse tensions and
prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan
resurveyed a portion of the disputed Sir Creek estuary at the mouth
of the Rann of Kutch in 2004; Pakistani maps continue to show
Junagadh in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan with UN
assistance had repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees and has
undertaken a census to count the remaining million or more, many of
whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan maintains troops in
remote tribal areas to control the border with Afghanistan and root
out organized terrorist and other illegal cross-border activities;
regular meetings with Afghan and Coalition allies aim to resolve
periodic claims of boundary encroachments
Palau
border delineation disputes being negotiated with Philippines,
Indonesia
Palmyra Atoll
none
Panama
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate
within the border region with Panama
Papua New Guinea
relies on assistance from Australia to keep out
illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including
goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and
secessionists
Paracel Islands
occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam
Paraguay
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations
Peru
Peru proposes changing its latitudinal maritime boundary with
Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis; organized
illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's
shared border; Peru does not support Bolivia's claim to restore
maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the
Peruvian border
Philippines
The Philippines claims sovereignty over certain of the
Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands,
also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has
eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in
March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines,
and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic
activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant
claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the
Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of
attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf
Pitcairn Islands
none
Poland
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Poland must implement the strict Schengen border rules
Portugal
none
Puerto Rico
increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the
Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year
looking for work
Qatar
none
Reunion
none
Romania
Romania and Ukraine have taken their dispute over
Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea
maritime boundary to the ICJ for adjudication; Romania also opposes
Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border
through Ukraine to the Black Sea; Hungary amended the status law
extending special social and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians
in Romania, to which Romania had objected
Russia
in 2004, China and Russia divided up the islands in the Amur,
Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, ending a century-old border dispute; the
sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri,
Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern
Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the
Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by
Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty
formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree
on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small,
strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE
observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the
Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; equidistant seabed
treaties were signed and ratified with Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan in
the Caspian Sea but no consensus exists on dividing the water column
among the littoral states; Russia and Norway dispute their maritime
limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond
Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone;
various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other
areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but
the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in 1996, the
Estonia-Russia technical border agreement was initialed but both
have been hesitant to sign and ratify it, with Russia asserting that
Estonia needs to better assimilate Russian-speakers and Estonian
groups advocating realignment of the boundary based more closely on
the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic
Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; the
Latvian-Russian boundary treaty of 1997 remains unsigned and
unratified with Russia linking it to better Latvian treatment of
ethnic Russians and Latvian politicians demanding Russian agreement
to a declaration that admits Soviet aggression during the Second
World War and other issues; in 2003, the Lithuania-Russia land and
maritime boundary treaty was ratified and a transit regime
established through Lithuania linking Russia and its Kaliningrad
coastal exclave, leaving only improvements to the border demarcation
in 2005; delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine is complete, but
states have agreed to defer demarcation; Russia and Ukraine continue
talks but still dispute the alignment of a maritime boundary through
the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov; Kazakhstan and Russia continue
demarcation of their long border; Russian Duma has not yet ratified
1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US in the Bering Sea
Rwanda
Tutsi, Hutu, Hema, Lendu, and other conflicting ethnic
groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various
government forces continue fighting in Great Lakes region,
transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the
Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda to gain control over populated areas and
natural resources - government heads pledge to end conflicts, but
localized violence continues despite UN peacekeeping efforts; DROC
and Rwanda established a border verification mechanism in 2005 to
address accusations of Rwandan military supporting Congolese rebels
and the Congo providing rebel Rwandan "Interhamwe" forces the means
and bases to attack Rwandan forces; as of 2004, Rwandan refugees
lived in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, and Zambia
Saint Helena
none
Saint Kitts and Nevis
joins other Caribbean states to counter
Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a
criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its
EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Lucia
joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's
claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under
UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf
over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
none
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
joins other Caribbean states to
counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human
habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to
extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the
Caribbean Sea
Samoa
none
San Marino
none
Sao Tome and Principe
none
Saudi Arabia
despite resistance from nomadic groups, the demarcation
of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary established under the 2000 Jeddah
Treaty is almost complete; Yemen protests Saudi erection of a
concrete-filled pipe as a security barrier in 2004 to stem illegal
cross-border activities in sections of the boundary; Kuwait and
Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran;
because the treaties have not been made public, the exact alignment
of the boundary with the UAE is still unknown
Senegal
The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem Senegalese
citizens from the Casamance region fleeing separatist violence,
cross border raids, and arms smuggling
Serbia and Montenegro
Kosovo remains unresolved administered by
several thousand peacekeepers from the UN Interim Administration
Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) since 1999, with Kosovar Albanians
overwhelmingly supporting and Serbian officials opposing Kosovo
independence; the international community had agreed to begin a
process to determine final status but contingency of solidifying
multi-ethnic democracy in Kosovo has not been satisfied; ethnic
Albanians in Kosovo refuse demarcation of the boundary with
Macedonia in accordance with the 2000 Macedonia-Serbia and
Montenegro delimitation agreement; Serbia and Montenegro have
delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina,
but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute
Seychelles
together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos
Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)
Sierra Leone
domestic fighting among disparate rebel groups,
warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and
Sierra Leone perpetuate insurgencies, street violence, looting, arms
trafficking, ethnic conflicts, and refugees in border areas; UN
Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) has maintained over 4,000
peacekeepers in Sierra Leone since 1999; Sierra Leone pressures
Guinea to remove its forces from the town of Yenga occupied since
1998
Singapore
disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh
water to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works,
bridge construction, maritime boundaries, and Pedra Branca
Island/Pulau Batu Putih - parties agree to ICJ arbitration on island
dispute within three years; Indonesia and Singapore pledged in 2005
to finalize their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining
unresolved areas north of Batam Island; piracy remains a problem in
the Malacca Strait
Slovakia
Hungary amended its status law extending special social and
cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Slovakia, to which
Slovakia had protested; consultations continue between Slovakia and
Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion of the
Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a
member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia
must implement the strict Schengen border rules
Slovenia
the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement,
which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to
Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in
dispute; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external
border, Slovenia must implement the strict Schengen border rules to
curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe
while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia
Solomon Islands
Australian Defense Force leads the Regional
Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) at the invitation
of the Solomon Islands' Government to maintain civil and political
order and reinforce regional security
Somalia
"Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities to
land-locked Ethiopia and establish commercial ties with regional
states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek support from
neighboring states in their secessionist aspirations and in
conflicts with each other; Ethiopia has only an administrative line
with the Oromo region of southern Somalia and maintains alliances
with local Somali clans opposed to the unrecognized Somali Interim
Government, which plans eventual relocation from Kenya to Mogadishu;
rival militia and clan fighting in southern Somalia periodically
spills over into Kenya; most of the remaining 23,000 Somali refuges
in Ethiopia are expected to be repatriated in 2005
South Africa
South Africa has placed military along the border to
stem the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape
political persecution; managed dispute with Namibia over the
location of the boundary in the Orange River
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Argentina, which claims
the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied the islands by
force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica
entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK
assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in
the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in
extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea
ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or
maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves
(the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal
claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and
150 degrees west
Spain
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over
the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de
Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and
surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of
illegal migration into Spain from North Africa
Spratly Islands
all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China,
Taiwan, and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Malaysia and the
Philippines; in 1984, Brunei established an exclusive fishing zone
that encompasses Louisa Reef in the southern Spratly Islands but has
not publicly claimed the reef; claimants in November 2002 signed the
"Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea,"
which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the
Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratlys
Sri Lanka
none
Sudan
the effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel
militia fighting since the mid-twentieth century have penetrated all
of its border states who provide shelter for fleeing refugees and
cover to disparate domestic and foreign conflicting elements; since
2003, Janjawid armed militia and Sudanese military have driven about
200,000 Darfur region refugees into eastern Chad; large numbers of
Sudanese refugees have also fled to Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya, the
Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
southern Sudan provides shelter to Ugandans seeking periodic
protection from soldiers of the Lord's Resistance Army; Sudan
accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to
demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia have been delayed by
civil and ethnic fighting in Sudan; Kenya's administrative boundary
extends into the southern Sudan, creating the "Ilemi Triangle";
Egypt and Sudan retain claims to administer triangular areas that
extend north and south of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd
Parallel, but have withdrawn their military presence; Egypt is
economically developing the "Hala'ib Triangle" north of the Treaty
Line; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water
and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations from
the Central African Republic along the border
Suriname
area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and
Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a
triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a
historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks
UNCLOS arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with
Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in
potentially oil-rich waters
Svalbard
despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their
maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights
beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone
Swaziland
none
Sweden
none
Switzerland
none
Syria
Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong
UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone
since 1964; Lebanon claims Shaba'a farms in Golan Heights;
international pressure prompts the removal of Syrian troops and
intelligence personel stationed in Lebanon since October 1976; Syria
protests Turkish hydrological projects regulating upper Euphrates
waters; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border
dispute with Jordan
Taiwan
involved in complex dispute with China, Malaysia,
Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei over the Spratly Islands;
the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China
Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code
of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands
are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003,
China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims
to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and
Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East
China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting
Tajikistan
boundary agreements signed in 2002 cede 1,000 sq km of
Pamir Mountain range to China in return for China relinquishing
claims to 28,000 sq km of Tajikistani lands but neither state has
published maps of ceded areas and demarcation has not yet commenced;
talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove
minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with
Kyrgyzstan
Tanzania
disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake
Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant
Thailand
separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim
southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia
to stem terrorist activities; southeast Asian states have enhanced
border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Laos and
Thailand pledge to complete demarcation of their boundary in 2005;
despite continuing border committee talks, significant differences
remain with Burma over boundary alignment and the handling of ethnic
rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities; Cambodia and
Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers;
Cambodia claims Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory and
obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia
by ICJ decision in 1962; ethnic Karens from Burma flee into Thailand
to escape fighting between Karen rebels and Burmese troops resulting
in Thailand sheltering about 118,000 Burmese refugees in 2004;
Karens also protest Thai support for a Burmese hydroelectric dam
construction on the Salween River near the border; environmentalists
in Burma and Thailand remain concerned about China's construction of
hydroelectric dams upstream on the Nujiang/Salween River in Yunnan
Province
Togo
in 2001 Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint
commission continues to resurvey the boundary
Tokelau
none
Tonga
none
Trinidad and Tobago
Barbados will assert its claim before UNCLOS
that the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary
with Venezuela extends into its waters; Guyana has also expressed
its intention to challenge this boundary as it may extend into its
waters as well
Tromelin Island
claimed by Mauritius
Tunisia
none
Turkey
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece
in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria
and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper
Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of
Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over
Nagorno-Karabakh
Turkmenistan
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan
creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states;
bilateral talks continue with Azerbaijan on dividing the seabed and
contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; demarcation of
land boundary with Kazakhstan has started but Caspian seabed
delimitation remains stalled
Turks and Caicos Islands
have received Haitians fleeing economic and
civil disorder
Tuvalu
none
Uganda
Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic
groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government
forces; Ugandan refugees have fled the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)
into the southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo;
LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villages across the border
Ukraine
1997 boundary treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to
unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing
border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is
complete but the parties have agreed to defer demarcation; maritime
boundary through the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait remains unresolved
despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going
expert-level discussions; Moldova and Ukraine have established joint
customs posts to monitor transit through Moldova's break-away
Transnistria Region which remains under OSCE supervision; Ukraine
and Romania have taken their dispute over Ukrainian-administered
Zmiyinyy (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary to the ICJ
for adjudication; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a
navigation canal from the Danube border through the Ukraine to the
Black Sea
United Arab Emirates
because the treaties have not been made public,
the exact alignment of the boundary with Saudi Arabia is still
unknown; boundary agreement was signed and ratified with Oman in
2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al
Madhah enclaves, but contents of the agreement and maps showing the
alignment have not been published; UAE engage in direct talks and
solicit Arab League support to resolve disputes over Iran's
occupation of Lesser and Greater Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island
United Kingdom
in 2003, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by
referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared
sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks
between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant
Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the
Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former
inhabitants since their eviction in 1965; most Chagosians reside in
Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK citizenship but no right to
patriation in the UK; UK rejects sovereignty talks requested by
Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim
in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim
and partially overlaps Chilean claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland
dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf
extends beyond 200 nm
United States
prolonged drought, population growth, and outmoded
practices and infrastructure in the border region strains
water-sharing arrangements with Mexico; the US has stepped up
efforts to stem nationals from Mexico, Central America, and other
parts of the world from crossing illegally into the United States
from Mexico; illegal immigrants from the Caribbean, notably Haiti
and the Dominican Republic, attempt to enter the US through Florida
by sea; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still
awaits Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes
with Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca,
and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; US and
Canada seek greater cooperation in monitoring people and commodities
crossing the border; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agree
on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased
from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area
can terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa
Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has
reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of
any other state; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island
Uruguay
uncontested dispute with Brazil over certain islands in the
Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada streams and the resulting tripoint with
Argentina
Uzbekistan
cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates
water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; delimitation
with Kazakhstan complete with demarcation underway; delimitation is
underway with Kyrgyzstan but serious disputes around enclaves and
elsewhere continue to mar progress for some 130 km of border; talks
continue with Tajikistan to delimit border and remove minefields
Vanuatu
Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by
Vanuatu and France
Venezuela
claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in
Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has
expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before
UNCLOS that the Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with
Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over Los
Monjes islands and maritime boundary near the Gulf of Venezuela;
Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities
penetrate Venezuela's shared border region resulting in several
thousand residents migrating away from the border; US, France and
the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's claim to give full effect to
Aves Island, which creates a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf
extending over a large portion of the Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint
Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
protest Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation
and other states' recognition of it
Vietnam
southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to
check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese
squatters and armed encroachments along border; in 2004
Laotian-Vietnamese boundary commission agrees to erect missing
markers in two adjoining provinces; demarcation of the China-Vietnam
boundary proceeds slowly and although the maritime boundary
delimitation and fisheries agreements were ratified in June 2004,
implementation has been delayed; China occupies Paracel Islands also
claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with
China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei over the
Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in
the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally
binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants;
Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the
Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China,
the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine
seismic activities in the Spratly Islands
Virgin Islands
none
Wake Island
claimed by Marshall Islands
Wallis and Futuna
none
West Bank
West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current
status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement -
permanent status to be determined through further negotiation;
Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier
along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel
announced its intention to pull out settlers and withdraw from four
settlements in the northern West Bank in 2005; since 1948, about 350
peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO),
headquartered in Jerusalem, monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice
agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist
other UN personnel in the region
Western Sahara
Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose
sovereignty remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has
remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN
Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts
to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected
all brokered proposals
World
stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 325 international land
boundaries separate the 192 independent states and 73 dependencies,
areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities;
ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states
into separate political entities as much as history, physical
terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes
arbitrary and imposed boundaries; maritime states have claimed
limits and have so far established over 130 maritime boundaries and
joint development zones to allocate ocean resources and to provide
for national security at sea; boundary, borderland/resource, and
territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to
violent or militarized; most disputes over the alignment of
political boundaries are confined to short segments and are today
less common and less hostile than borderland, resource, and
territorial disputes; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and
unmanaged boundaries, however, encourage illegal cross-border
activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial
disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they
may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic clashes continue
to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation around
the world; disputes over islands at sea or in rivers frequently form
the source of territorial and boundary conflict; other sources of
contention include access to water and mineral (especially
petroleum) resources, fisheries, and arable land; nonetheless, most
nations cooperate to clarify their international boundaries and to
resolve territorial and resource disputes peacefully; regional
discord directly affects the sustenance and welfare of local
populations, often leaving the world community to cope with
resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, deforestation,
and desertification
Yemen
Yemen protests Eritrea fishing around the Hanish Islands
awarded to Yemen by the ICJ in 1999; despite resistance from nomadic
groups, the demarcation of the Saudi Arabia-Yemen boundary
established under the 2000 Jeddah Treaty is almost complete; Yemen
protests Saudi erection of a concrete-filled pipe as a security
barrier in 2004 to stem illegal cross-border activities in sections
of the boundary
Zambia
in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections and joined Namibia in
supporting plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over
the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not
clearly delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river; 90,000
Angolan refugees were repatriated from Zambia by 2004, the remaining
160,000 are expected to return in 2005
Zimbabwe
Botswana has built electric fences and South Africa has
placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of
Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution;
Namibia has supported and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to
plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi
River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly
delimited Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river
This page was last updated on 20 October, 2005
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@2075 Ethnic groups (%)
Afghanistan
Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%,
Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%
Albania
Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb,
Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.)
note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from
1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)
Algeria
Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1%
note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the
minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the
mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also
Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural
heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for
autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has
offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools
American Samoa
native Pacific islander 92.9%, Asian 2.9%, white
1.2%, mixed 2.8%, other 0.2% (2000 census)
Andorra
Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other
6% (1998)
Angola
Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed
European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%
Anguilla
black (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%,
other 1.6% (2001 Census)
Antigua and Barbuda
black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian
Argentina
white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed
white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white
groups 3%
Armenia
Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3%
(2001 census)
Aruba
mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%
Australia
Caucasian 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%
Austria
Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians,
Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or
unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)
Azerbaijan
Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%,
other 3.9% (1999 census)
note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh
region
Bahamas, The
black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%
Bahrain
Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)
Bangladesh
Bengali 98%, tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims (1998)
Barbados
black 90%, white 4%, Asian and mixed 6%
Belarus
Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian
2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)
Belgium
Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%
Belize
mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other
9.7%
Benin
African 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja,
Yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5,500
Bermuda
black 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%,
unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)
Bhutan
Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of
several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%
Bolivia
Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry)
30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Serb 37.1%, Bosniak 48%, Croat 14.3%, other
0.6% (2000)
note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid
confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam
Botswana
Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other,
including Kgalagadi and white 7%
Brazil
white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black
6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified
0.7% (2000 census)
British Virgin Islands
black 83%, white, Indian, Asian and mixed
Brunei
Malay 67%, Chinese 15%, indigenous 6%, other 12%
Bulgaria
Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including
Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)
Burkina Faso
Mossi over 40%, Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande,
Fulani
Burma
Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian
2%, Mon 2%, other 5%
Burundi
Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%,
Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000
Cambodia
Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%
Cameroon
Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%,
Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other
African 13%, non-African less than 1%
Canada
British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European
15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed
background 26%
Cape Verde
Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%
Cayman Islands
mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of
various ethnic groups 20%
Central African Republic
Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%,
Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%
Chad
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane
(Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi,
Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are
Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang,
Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000
French citizens live in Chad
Chile
white and white-Amerindian 95%, Amerindian 3%, other 2%
China
Han Chinese 91.9%, Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao,
Manchu, Mongol, Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 8.1%
Christmas Island
Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10%
note: no indigenous population (2001)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Europeans, Cocos Malays
Colombia
mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed
black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%
Comoros
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
over 200 African ethnic groups of
which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba,
Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about
45% of the population
Congo, Republic of the
Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%,
Europeans and other 3%
note: Europeans estimated at 8,500, mostly French, before the 1997
civil war; may be half that in 1998, following the widespread
destruction of foreign businesses in 1997
Cook Islands
Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook Island
Maori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)
Costa Rica
white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%,
Chinese 1%, other 1%
Cote d'Ivoire
Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes
16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000
Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)
Croatia
Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak,
Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)
Cuba
mulatto 51%, white 37%, black 11%, Chinese 1%
Cyprus
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)
Czech Republic
Czech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4%
(2001 census)
Denmark
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian,
Somali
Djibouti
Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian
5%
Dominica
black, mixed black and European, European, Syrian, Carib
Amerindian
Dominican Republic
white 16%, black 11%, mixed 73%
East Timor
Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese
minority
Ecuador
mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%,
Spanish and others 7%, black 3%
Egypt
Eastern Hamitic stock (Egyptians, Bedouins, and Berbers) 99%,
Greek, Nubian, Armenian, other European (primarily Italian and
French) 1%
El Salvador
mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%