The people now came to Moses and said, "The hour of thy death is at
hand," and he replied: "Wait until I have blessed Israel. All my life
long they had no pleasant experiences with me, for I constantly rebuked
them and admonished them to fear God and fulfil the commandments,
therefore do I not now wish to depart out of this world before I have
blessed them." [910] Moses had indeed always cherished the desire of
blessing Israel, but the Angel of Death had never permitted him to
satisfy his wish, so shortly before dying, he enchained the Angel of
Death, cast him beneath his feet, and blessed Israel in spite of their
enemy, saying, "Save Thy people, and bless Thine inheritance: feed them
also, and bear them up for ever." [911]
Moses was not the first to bestow blessings, as former generations had
also done so, but no blessing was as effective as his. Noah blessed his
sons, but it was a divided blessing, being intended for Shem, whereas
Ham, instead of being blessed, was cursed. Isaac blessed his sons, but
his blessings led to a dispute, for Esau envied Jacob his blessings.
Jacob blessed his sons, but even his blessing was not without a
blemish, for in blessing he rebuked Reuben and called him to account
for the sins he had committed. Even the number of Moses' blessings
excelled that of his predecessors. For when God created the world, He
blessed Adam and Eve, and this blessing remained upon the world until
the flood, when it ceased. When Noah left the ark, God appeared before
him and bestowed upon him anew the blessing that had vanished during
the flood, and this blessing rested upon the world until Abraham came
into the world and received a second blessing from God, who said, "And
I will make of thee a great nation, and I will bless them that bless
thee, and curse him that curseth thee." God then said to Abraham:
"Henceforth it no longer behooves Me to bless My creatures in person,
but I shall leave the blessings to thee: he whom thou blessest, shall
be blessed by Me." Abraham did not, however, bless his own son Isaac,
in order that the villain Esau might not have a share in that blessing.
Jacob, however, received not only two blessings from his father, but
one other besides from the angel with whom he wrestled, and one from
God; and the blessing also that had been Abraham's to bestow upon his
house went to Jacob. When Jacob blessed his sons, he passed on to them
the five blessings he had received, and added one other. Balaam should
really have blessed Israel with seven benedictions, corresponding to
the seven altars he had erected, but he envied Israel greatly, and
blessed them with only three blessings. God thereupon said: "Thou
villain that begrudgest Israel their blessings! I shall not permit thee
to bestow upon Israel all the blessing that are their due. Moses, who
had 'a benevolent eye,' shall bless Israel." And so, too, it came to
pass. Moses added a seventh blessing to the six benedictions with which
Jacob had blessed his twelve sons. This was not, however, the first
time that Moses blessed the people. He blessed them at the erection of
the Tabernacle, then at its consecration, a third time at the
installation of the judges, and a fourth time on the day of his death.
[912]
Before bestowing his blessing upon Israel, however, Moses intoned a
song in God's praise, for it is fitting to glorify God's name before
asking a favor of Him, and as Moses was about to ask God to bless
Israel, he first proclaimed His grandeur and His majesty. [913]
He said: "When God first revealed Himself to Israel to bestow the Torah
upon them, He appeared to them not from one direction, but from all
four at once. He 'came from Sinai,' which is in the South, 'and rose
from Seir unto them,' that is in the East; 'He shined forth from mount
Paran,' that is in the North, 'and he came from the ten thousands of
holy' angels that dwell in the West. [914] He proclaimed the Torah not
only in the language of Sinai, that is Hebrew, but also in the tongue
of Seir, that is Roman, as well as in Paran's speech, that is Arabic,
and in the speech of Kadesh, that is Aramaic, for He offered the Torah
not to Israel alone, but to all the nations of the earth. These,
however, did not want to accept it, hence His wrath against them, and
His especial love for Israel who, despite their awed fear and trembling
upon God's appearance on Sinai, still accepted the Torah. [915] Lord of
the World!" continued Moses, "When Israel shall have been driven out of
their land, be mindful still of the merits of their Patriarchs and
stand by them, deliver them in Thy mercy from 'the yoke of the
nations,' and from death, and guide them in the future world as Thou
didst lead them in the desert." [916]
At these words Israel exclaimed, "The Torah that Moses brought to us at
the risk of his life is our bride, and no other nation may lay claim to
it. [917] Moses was our king when the seventy elders assembled, and in
the future the Messiah will be our king, surrounded by seven shepherds,
and he will gather together once more the scattered tribes of Israel."
[918] Then Moses said: "God first appeared in Egypt to deliver His
people, then at Sinai to give them the Torah, and He will appear a
third time to take vengeance at Edom, and will finally appear to
destroy Gog." [919]
After Moses had praised and glorified God, he began to implore His
blessing for the tribes. His first prayer to God concerned Reuben, for
whom he implored forgiveness for his sin with Bilhah. He said: "May
Reuben come to life again in the future world for his good deed in
saving Joseph, and may he not remain forever dead on account of his sin
with Bilhah. May Reuben's descendants also be heroes in war, and heroes
in their knowledge of the Torah." God granted this prayer and forgave
Reuben's sin in accordance with the wish of the other tribes, who
begged God to grant forgiveness to their eldest brother. [920] Moses at
once perceived that God had granted his prayer, for all the twelve
stones in the high priest's breastplate began to gleam forth, whereas
formerly Reuben's stone had given forth no light. [921] When Moses saw
that God had forgiven Reuben's sin, he at once set about trying to
obtain God's pardon for Judah, saying, "Was it not Judah that through
his penitent confession of his sin with his daughter-in-law Tamar
induced Reuben, too, to seek atonement and repentance!" The sin for
which Moses asked God to forgive Judah was that he had never redeemed
his promise to bring Benjamin back to his father. Owing to this sin,
his corpse fell to pieces, so that its bones rolled about in their
coffin during the forty years' march in the desert. But as soon as
Moses prayed to God, saying, "Hear, Lord, the voice of Judah," the
bones joined together once more, but his sin was not quite forgiven,
for he was not yet admitted to the heavenly academy. Therefore Moses
continued to pray: "Bring him in unto his people," and he was admitted.
It did not, indeed, benefit him, for in punishment of his sin, God
brought it to pass that he could not follow the discussion of the
scholars in heaven, much less take part in them, whereupon Moses
prayed: "Let his hands be sufficient for him," and them he no longer
sat as one dumb in the heavenly academy. But still his sin was not
quite forgiven, for Judah could not succeed in being victorious in the
disputes of the learned, hence Moses prayed, "And Thou shalt be an help
against his adversaries." It was only then that Judah's sin was quite
forgiven, and that he succeeded in disputes with his antagonists in the
heavenly academy. [922]
As Moses prayed for Judah, so too did he pray for his seed, and
especially for David and the royal dynasty of David. He said: "When
David, king of Israel, shall be in need, and shall pray to Thee, then,
'Hear, Lord, his voice, and Thou shalt be an help against his
adversaries,' 'bring him' then back 'to his people' in peace; and when
alone he shall set out into battle against Goliath, 'let his hands be
sufficient for him, and Thou shalt be an help against his
adversaries.'" Moses at the same time prayed God to stand by the tribe
of Judah, whose chief weapon in war was the bow, that their 'hands
might be sufficient,' that they might vigorously and with good aim
speed the arrow.
As Moses had never forgiven Simeon their sin with the daughters of
Moab, he bestowed upon them no blessing, but this tribe also was not
quite forgotten, for he included this tribe in his blessing for Judah,
praying to God, that He might hear Judah's voice whenever he should
pray for the tribe of Simeon when they should be in distress, and that
furthermore He should give them their possession in the Holy Land
beside Judah's. [923]
Simeon and Levi "drank out of the same cup," for both together in their
wrath slew the inhabitants of Shechem, but whereas Levi made amends for
his sin, Simeon added another new one. It was the Levites who, in their
zeal for God, slew those that worshipped the Golden Calf; it was a
Levite, Phinehas, moreover, who in his zeal for God slew the wicked
prince of the tribe of Simeon, and his mistress. Hence Moses praised
and blessed the tribe of Levi, whereas he did not even consider Simeon
with a word.
His words first referred to Aaron, prince of the tribe of Levi. He
said: "Well may Thy Urim and Tummim belong to Aaron, who ministered
services of love to Thy children, who stood every test that Thou didst
put upon him, and who at the 'waters of rebellion' became the victim of
a wrong accusation." God had then decreed against Aaron that he was to
die in the desert, although not he, but Moses had trespassed against
Him, saying to Israel, "Hear now, ye rebels." As Aaron, prince of the
tribe of Levi, when Israel was still in Egypt, declaimed passionately
against the people because they worshipped idols, so too all the tribe
of Levi stood up by God's standard when Israel worshipped the Golden
Calf in the desert, and slew the idolaters, even if they were their
half-brothers or their daughters sons. The Levites also were the only
ones who, in Egypt as in the desert, remained true to God and His
teachings, did not abandon the token of the covenant, and were not
tempted to rebellion by the spies. "Hence," continued Moses, "shall the
Levites be the only ones from whose mouth shall issue judgement and
instruction for Israel. 'Thy shall put incense' in the Holy of Holies,
'and whole burnt offerings upon His altar.' Their sacrifices shall
reconcile Israel with God, and they themselves shall be blessed with
earthly goods. Thou, Lord, 'smitest through the loins of them that rise
up against them' that dispute the priestly rights of this tribe, Thou
didst destroy Korah, and they 'that hated them' like king Uzziah,
'shall not rise again.' [924] 'Bless, Lord, the substance of the
Levites who give from the tithes that they receive one-tenth to the
priests. Mayest Thou accept sacrifice from the hands of the priest
Elijah upon mount Carmel, 'smite the loins' of his enemy Ahab, break
the neck of the latter's false prophets, and may the enemies of the
high priest Johanan rise not again." [925]
"Benjamin," said Moses, "is the beloved of the Lord, whom he will
always shield, and in whose possession the sanctuary shall stand, in
this world as well as in the time of the Messiah, and in the future
world." [926]
Moses blessed Joseph's tribe with the blessing that their possession
might be the most fruitful and blessed land on earth; dew shall ever be
there, and many wells spring up. It shall constantly be exposed to the
gentle influences of sun and moon, that the fruits may ripen early. "I
wish him," said Moses, "that the blessings given him by the Patriarchs
and the wives of the Patriarchs may be fulfilled." And so, too, it came
to pass, for the land of the tribe of Joseph possessed everything, and
nothing within it was lacking. This was the reward to Joseph for having
fulfilled the will of God that was revealed to Moses in the bush of
thorns; and also because as king of Egypt he treated his brothers with
high honors although they had thrust him from their midst. Moses
furthermore blessed Joseph by promising him that, as he had been the
first of Jacob's sons to come to Egypt, he was also to be the first in
the future world to appear in the Holy Land. Moses proclaimed the
heroism of Joseph's seed in the words: "As it is a vain thing to try to
force the firstling bullock to labor, so little shall Joseph's sons be
yoked into service by the empires; as the unicorn with his horns pushes
away all other animals, so, too, shall Joseph's sons rule the nations,
even to the ends of the earth. The Ephraimite Joshua shall destroy
myriads of heathens, and the Manassite Gideon thousands of them." [927]
Zebulun was the tribe that before all the other tribes devoted itself
to commerce, and in this way acted as the agent between Israel and the
other nations, selling the products of Palestine to the latter, and
foreign wares to the former. Hence the blessing that Moses bestowed
upon them. "'Rejoice, Zebulun, in thy going out' on commercial
enterprises; at thy instance shall many nations pray upon the sacred
mountain of the Temple and offer their sacrifices." For the people that
came into Zebulun's realms on matters of business used to go from
thence to Jerusalem to look upon the sanctuary of the Jews, and many of
them were converted through the grand impression that the life in the
holy city made upon them. Moses furthermore blessed this tribe by
giving them an estate by the sea, which might yield them costly fish
and the purple shell, and the sand of whose shores might furnish them
the material for glass. The other tribes were therefore dependent upon
Zebulun for these articles, which they could not obtain from any one
else, for whosoever attempted to rob Zebulun of them, was doomed to bad
luck in business. It is the "Sea of Chaifa" also, within Zebulun's
territory, where all the treasures of the ocean were brought to shore;
for whenever a ship is wrecked at sea, the ocean sends it and its
treasures to the sea of Chaifa, where it is hoarded for the pious until
the Judgement Day. [928] One other blessing of Zebulun was that it
would always be victorious in battle, whereas the tribe of Issachar,
closely bound up with it, was blessed by its distinction in the "tents
of learning." For Issachar was "the tribe of scholars and of judges,"
wherefore Moses blessed them, saying that in "the future time,"
Israel's great house of instruction as well as the great Sanhedrin
would be located in this tribe. [929]
The tribe of Gad, dwelling on the boundary of the land of Israel,
received the benediction that in "the future time" it would be as
strong in battle as it had been at the first conquest of Palestine, and
would hereafter stand at the head of Israel on their return to the Holy
Land, as it had done on their first entrance into the land. Moses
praised this tribe for choosing its site on this side the Jordan
because that place had been chosen to hold Moses' tomb. Moses indeed
died on mount Nebo, which is Reuben's possession, but his body was
taken from Nebo by the pinions of the Shekinah, and brought to Gad's
territory, a distance of four miles, amid the lamentations of the
angels, who said, "He shall enter into peace and rest in his bed."
[930]
Dan, who like Gad had his territory on the boundary of the land, was
also blessed with strength and might, that he might ward off the
attacks of Israel's enemies. He was also blessed in receiving his
territory in the Holy Land in two different sections of it. [931]
Naphtali's blessing read: "O Naphtali, satisfied with favor, and full
with the blessing of the Lord: possess thou the west and the south."
This blessing was verified, for the tribe of Naphtali had in its
possession an abundance of fish and mushrooms, so that they could
maintain themselves without much labor; and the valley of Gennesaret
furthermore was their possession, whose fruits were renowned for their
extraordinary sweetness. But Naphtali was blessed not with material
blessings only, but also with spiritual; for it was the great house of
instruction at Tiberias to which Moses alluded when he said of
Naphtali, "he is 'full with the blessings of the Lord.'" [932]
Moses called Asher the favorite of his brethren, for it was this tribe
that in the years of release provided nourishment for all Israel, as
its soil was so productive that what grew of its own accord sufficed to
sustain all. But Moses blessed Asher in particular with a land rich in
olives, so that oil flowed in streams through Asher's land. Hence Moses
blessed him the words: "The treasures of all lands shall flow to thee,
for the nations shall give thee gold and silver for thine oil." He
blessed Asher moreover with many sons, [933] and with daughters that
preserved the charms of youth in their old age. [934]
As Moses uttered eleven benedictions, so likewise did he compose eleven
psalms, corresponding to the eleven tribes blessed by him. [935] These
psalms of Moses were later received into David's Psalter, where the
psalms of Adam, Melchizedek, Abraham, Solomon, Asaph, and the three
sons of Korah also found their place. [936] Moses' first psalms says,
"'Thou turnest man to destruction; and sayest, Return, ye children of
men,' and forgivest the forefather of the tribe of Reuben who sinned,
but returned again to God." Another one of Moses' psalms reads, "He
that dwelleth in the secret place of the most High shall abide under
the shadow of the Almighty," which corresponds to the tribe of Levi
that dwelled in the sanctuary, the shadow of the Almighty. To the tribe
of Judah, whose name signifies, "Praise the Lord," belongs the psalm,
"It is a good thing to give thanks unto the Lord." The psalm: "The Lord
is apparelled with majesty," is Benjamin's, for the sanctuary stood in
his possession, hence this psalm closes with the words, "Holiness
becometh Thine house, O Lord, forevermore." The psalm: "O Lord, Thou
God to whom vengeance belongeth; Thou God to whom vengeance belongeth,
shine forth," was composed by Moses for the tribe of Gad; for Elijah, a
member of this tribe, was to destroy the foundations of the heathens,
and to wreak upon them the vengeance of the Lord. To the tribe of
learned men, Issachar, goes the psalm: "O come, let us sing unto the
Lord: let us make a joyful noise to the rock of our salvation," for it
is this tribe that occupy themselves with the Torah, the book of
praise. [937]