3.{132-3} =di con quien ... las doblaba=, _I had with some who were
turning them_ ...
=Page 133.=--1.{133-1} =no se ... tintero=, _will not leave anything
undone_ (lit., _will leave no_ [_ink_] _in the inkstand_).
2.{133-2} =el pan ... vino=, _I call a spade a spade_.
=Page 134.=--1.{134-1} =Vete á paseo= (an expression of contempt at what
has just been said), _come now!_
2.{134-2} =á la española=; in the larger Spanish towns it is now
customary to dine at 7 or 8; but it was formerly the custom to dine much
earlier, as is still done in the country.
3.{134-3} =de lo lindo=; note here a partitive expression similar to
that which is so common in French. Transl., _something fine_.
4.{134-4} =un día malo ... cualquiera lo pasa= = _cualquiera pasa un día
malo_.
5.{134-5} =Vile= = _le vi_.
6.{134-6} In southern Europe, where much damage is done by hail, a black
cloud is greatly feared.
7.{134-7} =cuarenta mil reales de renta=; how many _pesetas_, and how
many American dollars, is this? The salaries of government employes in
Spain are popularly reckoned in _reales_. It should be borne in mind
that a _peseta_ would probably buy as much in Spain when this story was
written, as a dollar will buy to-day in the United States.
=Page 135.=--1.{135-1} =plantarle ... alba=, _to give a piece of his
mind to Lucifer himself_.
2.{135-2} =se le espeta ... cara=, _he says so to his face_.
3.{135-3} =cumplo=, _I fulfill_; =miento=, _I lie_.
=Page 136.=--1.{136-1} Note this popular saying which would imply that,
although a Spaniard should live up to an agreement made with another
Spaniard, he need not do so with a Frenchman.
=Page 137.=--1.{137-1} Cf. page 15, note 1.
2.{137-2} =se le ... palabra=, _they should understand a word she said_.
3.{137-3} =estamos ... comer=, _we who are to dine are here_.
4.{137-4} =Fígaro=, the pen-name of Mariano José de Larra, author of _El
castellano viejo_.
=Page 138.=--1.{138-1} If the text is correct, this is a curious case
of agreement, or rather of disagreement, of adjective and noun.
Apparently Larra had in mind, not =gentes=, but Braulio and his wife.
Cf. the somewhat similar use of _gens_ in French.
2.{138-2} This repetition of =entre= is unusual, but it makes clear the
meaning of the sentence.
=Page 139.=--1.{139-1} =que Dios maldiga=, _which is an abomination_, or
_curse it_.
=Page 143.=--1.{143-1} =Cerrar=, an infinitive with the force of an
imperative.
=Page 145.=--1.{145-1} For the life and works of Bécquer, see page viii
of the _Introduction_. The text of _El beso_ is taken from the _Obras de
Gustavo A. Bécquer, Tomo Segundo, Madrid, 1907_.
2.{145-2} =una parte ... siglo=. The French armies entered the Spanish
peninsula in 1807, and were finally expelled by the combined Spanish,
English and Portuguese forces in 1814. To this day the Spaniards are
fond of telling in song and story the brave exploits of their
forefathers who fought against Napoleon's men. The French devastated
parts of the country, but they also brought with them many new ideas
that helped to awaken Spain from its torpor. This war is known in
England as the "Peninsular War", and in Spain as the "_Guerra de la
Independencia_" (War of Independence).
3.{145-3} The =alcázar= (Arabic for _the castle_) stands on the highest
ground in Toledo. Originally a citadel, it was converted into a palace
which served as a royal residence. It was enlarged and embellished by
Charles V.
4.{145-4} =la Puerta del Sol=, a handsome gateway in the Moorish style,
built in the 12th century.
5.{145-5} =Zocodover=, a small three-cornered plaza in the northeastern
quarters of Toledo. It is the focus of the city's life. The name
=Zocodover= is of Moorish-Arabic origin. In Tangier, Morocco, there are
a small _socco_ ('market') and a large _socco_.
=Page 146.=--1.{146-1} =cuanto más=, _much less_.
2.{146-2} =San Juan de los Reyes=, a convent founded in 1476 by the
"Catholic Kings", Ferdinand and Isabella, and dedicated to their patron
saint, John the Baptist. It was much damaged by the French in 1808.
=Page 148.=--1.{148-1} =las antes losas sepulcrales= = _las losas, antes
losas sepulcrales_.
2.{148-2} =rey José=; Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of Napoleon, whom
the latter made king of Spain in June, 1808. Madrid was his capital.
=Page 149.=--1.{149-1} =de todo tenían menos de=, _were anything but_.
2.{149-2} =ciudad de los Césares=. Toledo was an important strategic
point and trading center during the Roman domination of Spain, but it
was not the capital city of the land.
=Page 151.=--1.{151-1} =llegar y besar el santo=, _to meet promptly with
success_. The expression probably has its origin in the fact that at the
time of a pilgrimage to a holy shrine one must usually wait a
considerable while before being able to kiss the image of the saint, and
fortunate is he who arrives and kisses without delay.
=Page 152.=--1.{152-1} =trece=, a slight discrepancy; according to the
statement at the beginning of the story there were fourteen.
=Page 154.=--1.{154-1} =ya no vivo=, _I shall have no peace_.
=Page 158.=--1.{158-1} =Elvira de Castañeda= was doubtless the lady's
maiden name, which in Spain a woman retains after marriage, and to which
she joins, connected by _de_, her husband's name.
=Page 160.=--1.{160-1} =el emperador=, Napoleon Bonaparte.
=Page 161.=--1.{161-1} =5.º= = =quinto=, _the Fifth Regiment_.
2.{161-2} =Los guerreros ... pusieron= = _dicen que los guerreros del
claustro pusieron_.
=Page 163.=--1.{163-1} For the life and works of Pereda, see page xi, of
the _Introduction_. The text of _La leva_ is taken from the _Obras
completas de D. José M. de Pereda, Tomo V, Escenas Montañesas, Madrid,
1901_. _La leva_ consists of several more or less detached incidents.
Some of these incidents, in whole or in part, have been selected for
this volume, the selections amounting in all to two-thirds of the entire
story. For the complete story, the reader is referred to _Escenas
Montañesas_. _La leva_ is a realistic description of the life of the
fisher-folk of Santander in Northern Spain, and of the distress caused
amongst these poor people by compulsory service in the Spanish navy.
It is written partly in dialect; but the dialect, for the most part, is
not local, as most of the expressions occur in the speech of the lower
classes wherever Spanish is spoken.
2.{163-2} =que no hay ... resista=, _that is irresistible_.
=Page 165.=--1.{165-1} =poeta ... Mancha=; Pereda believes that only an
inhabitant of the interior provinces of Castile or la Mancha would be
likely to idealize in poetic language the rough life of a seaman or a
fisherman.
=Page 166.=--1.{166-1} =¿Qué se te pudre?= _what ails you?_
2.{166-2} =Salú= = _salud_. Both final _d_ and intervocalic _d_ are
often dropped by the common people throughout the entire
Spanish-speaking world. Cf. =usté= (_usted_), =quitao= (_quitado_),
=arrastrao= (_arrastrado_), =na= (_nada_), =too= (_todo_), =lao=
(_lado_), =salío= (_salido_), =sentío= (_sentido_), etc.
3.{166-3} Note the common use of the augmentative suffix, _-on_, _-ona_,
in this story: =ingratona= (from _ingrata_); =chismosona= (from
_chismosa_), =borrachona= (from _borracha_), =viciosona= (from
_viciosa_), =flojón= (from _flojo_), etc. These augmentatives are here
also depreciatives.
=Page 167.=--1.{167-1} =el mi hijo= = _mi hijo_ or _el hijo mío_. Thus
one may hear _un mi amigo_ for _un amigo mío_, etc. The use of a
possessive adjective before its noun, and preceded by another modifier,
was once common, but it is now archaic or poetic.
2.{167-2} =angelucos=; note this use of the diminutive ending _-uco_ in
the Montaña. Note also =san Pedruco= (from _Pedro_). These diminutives
here express affection.
3.{167-3} =que poner=, _to put on_.
=Page 168.=--1.{168-1} =Mártiles= (= _Mártires_); jewels and candles are
frequently offered to the pictures and images of saints and martyrs to
secure their favor and assistance in enterprises, races, bull-fights,
illness, etc.
2.{168-2} =Emeterio= and =Celedonio= were Roman soldiers. They became
Christians and suffered martyrdom at Calahorra, Spain.
=Page 170.=--1.{170-1} =dos reales y medio= = approximately 21
_cuartos_, or 63 _céntimos_. See these words in Vocab.
2.{170-2} =la=; cf. page 19, note 3.
3.{170-3} =habrán=; cf. page 3, note 1.
4.{170-4} =dos reales en plata= = a silver 50-céntimos piece.
=Page 171.=--1.{171-1} =el demonio ... mujer=, _the devil himself cannot
get rid of this woman_.
=Page 172.=--1.{172-1} Note the fall of initial _d_ in =é= (_de_),
=icen= (_dicen_), etc. This is common.
2.{172-2} =la echara los Avangelios= (= _Evangelios_). This is by
analogy with _echar maldiciones_ ('curses'), _echar suertes_ ('lots'),
etc.
3.{172-3} =cogió ... lamber=, _she got frightfully drunk_. The lower
classes sometimes use =cafetera= for _borrachera_, 'drunkenness'. _No
poderse lamer_ = _estar tan privado de sí como el perro que no puede
lamerse la herida_, 'to be as much overcome as a dog that can not lick
its wound'.
4.{172-4} =paece=; note the fall of intervocalic _r_ in =pa= (_para_),
=paece= (_parece_), etc. This is common.
=Page 173.=--1.{173-1} =se había trinca(d)o=; this may mean
colloquially, _she had made fast to_, or _she had drunk_.
=Page 174.=--1.{174-1} =por hacerme ... gentes= = _porque estas pobres
gentes me hacen partícipe_.
=Page 175.=--1.{175-1} =apuyááá=; perhaps = =apura(os)=.
2.{175-2} =sin que ... nadie=, _without anyone taking trouble in my
behalf_.
=Page 176.=--1.{176-1} =traje=; his dress was evidence that he had been
drafted into the king's navy.
2.{176-2} =sobre que ... pronto=, _what must be, the sooner the better_.
3.{176-3} =güelva=; the change of initial _vue-_ or _bue-_ to _güe-_ is
common in the speech of the lower classes in Spain and in Spanish
America. See _New-Mexican Spanish_, by E. C. Hills, in _Publications of
the Modern Language Association of America, 1906_, pages 706 +
=Page 180.=--1.{180-1} =San Martín=; beyond San Martín point is situated
the main harbor, where lay at anchor the steamer that awaited the
conscripts.
=Page 181.=--1.{181-1} =Cid=; see _Cid_ in the Vocab. Those in the
=altas regiones= are the governing classes. Pereda fears that his
account of the suffering caused by conscription will have no effect upon
the rulers of Spain.
2.{181-2} =pintor de costumbres=; Pereda was, in the main, a realistic
painter of customs and manners.
3.{181-3} =que pueden=, _who have the power_.
=Page 182.=--1.{182-1} For the life and works of Fernández Guardia, see
page xviii of the _Introduction_. The text of _Un alma_ is taken from
_Cuentos Ticos, por D. Ricardo Fernández Guardia, San José de Costa
Rica, 1901_. The reader should note the purely classical Castilian used
in this story, which suggests the English of Nathaniel Hawthorne or of
Washington Irving.
=Page 185.=--1.{185-1} =¡fuego de ... armó=, _you should have seen the
tempest that was aroused!_ Cf. page 19, note 3.
2.{185-2} =su= is well used here, since _una jerigonza suya salvajina_
would be awkward. Cf. page 167, note 1.
=Page 186.=--1.{186-1} =gu sos=; =sos= = _sois_; =gu= = _ó_ (the _g_ is
here a soft spirant, as in _agua_).
=Page 188.=--1.{188-1} =se anonadaba ... deleitoso=, _she was lost in a
rapturous absorption into the divine_.
2.{188-2} =que poder=, _that she could_.
=Page 190.=--1.{190-1} For the life of Díaz Garcés, see page xviii of
the _Introduction_.
The text of _Juan Neira_ is taken from _Pájinas Chilenas, por D. Joaquín
Díaz Garcés (Ánjel Pino), Santiago de Chile, 1907_.
_Juan Neira_ is a description of conditions that existed till recently
in the rural districts of Chile. To-day the large estates are being
divided into small farms, the towns are growing, and education is
becoming general. Chile and Argentina are among the few Spanish-American
countries in which the majority of the inhabitants are of European
stock. This fact, together with their moderate climate, explains the
relatively greater progress of these two states, as compared with the
other Spanish-American countries. See also Chile in Vocab.
The student should note the difference of language and style in the two
Spanish-American stories. _Un alma_ is written in classical Spanish,
with only a few "Americanisms" that are used consciously and with due
apologies; while the story of _Juan Neira_ is told in the current
language of the upper classes of Chile, with many dialectic words and
other "Americanisms." The Spanish of _Un alma_ resembles the English of
Nathaniel Hawthorne, while that _Juan Neira_ is more like the language
of much contemporaneous fiction in the United States.
_Juan Neira_ is given with the orthography that prevails in the
South-American countries that face the Pacific. Note especially:
(1) _j_, before _e_, _i_, for _g_: _jente_ (_gente_), _jesto_ (_gesto_),
_sarjento_ (_sargento_), _enérjico_ (_enérgico_);
(2) _i_ final for _y_: _mui_ (_muy_), _rei_ (_rey_);
(3) _es_, before consonant, for _ex_: _estenso_ (_extenso_), _sesto_
(_sexto_), _testo_ (_texto_), _esperiencia_ (_experiencia_);
(4) _os-_ for _obs-_: _oscuro_ (_obscuro_);
(5) in accentuation, _n_ and _s_ final have the same effect as other
consonants, except in inflectional endings: _tambien_ (_también_);
_dotacion_ (_dotación_); _oríjen_ (_origen_); _despues_ (_después_),
_léjos_ (_lejos_);
(6) _-ia_, final, is not accented: _dia_ (_día_), _habian_ (_habían_).
(7) The diacritic accent is omitted in certain words that require it
according to the present rules of the Royal Spanish Academy: _a_ (_á_),
_mas_ (_más_), _tu_ (_tú_), _solo_ (_sólo_), _et al._
This system of accentuation, for the most part, had formerly the
authority of the Academy. When the Academy changed to the present
system, the Pacific states of South America refused to follow, although
the other Spanish-American states did so.
This independence in orthography, under the leadership of Andres Bello
(1781-1865) and other scholars, is similar to that of the United States,
under the leadership of Noah Webster and others: cf. _favor_ (_favour_),
_wagon_ (_waggon_), _meter_ (_metre_), etc.
2.{190-2} =del 51= = _del año 1851_. The reference is to one of several
political revolutions that were determined by force of arms.
3.{190-3} =guerra del 79=, between Chile and the combined forces of Peru
and Bolivia. Chile won, and took from Peru much territory, including the
valuable nitrate deposits of Atacama.
=Page 191.=--1.{191-1} =la Andrea=; the article is thus used when
speaking familiarly of a woman of the lower classes.
2.{191-2} =indignarles=; note the use of _les_ for _los_, the dir. obj.
masc. pl. This occurs in the writings of Pérez Galdós and others.
3.{191-3} =Despues habia que ir=, _then we had to go_.
=Page 192.=--1.{192-1}=--¡Bien ... venido=, _it would have been
welcome_.
=Page 193.=--1.{193-1} =dió ... de chicotazos=; this use of a partitive
construction after _dar_ is common. Cf. _dar de comer_.
=Page 194.=--1.{194-1} =hoja de maíz=; in Spanish America the working
classes use in making cigarettes dry corn-leaves instead of paper.
2.{194-2} =esperándolo=, _waiting for you_; _lo_, as the accusative case
masculine of _usted_, is the rule in Spanish America, in colloquial
language, and it is often heard in Spain also.
3.{194-3} =vos=; in South America _vos_ (with the sec. pers. plur. of
the verb) is used as a more formal expression than _tú_, but less formal
than _usted_, when addressing a single person. In Mexico and Cuba, on
the other hand, neither _vos_ nor _vosotros_ is commonly used, and
_ustedes_ serves as plural of both _tú_ and _usted_.
=Page 195.=--1.{195-1} =si estaban todos= = _si todos estaban allí_.
Note also _¿está?_ = _¿está aquí?_; _no está_ = _no está aquí_ or _no
está en casa_; etc.
2.{195-2} =llegao=; cf. page 166, note 2. Note the similarity between
the language of the unlettered as given here and in _La leva_.
=Page 196.=--1.{196-1} =se sienta y se mire=, _they may hear or see_.
=Page 197.=--1.{197-1} =apretan= = _aprietan_.
=Page 200.=--1.{200-1} It is customary in Spanish countries to put up a
cross wherever a murder is committed.